LABORELEC © LABORELEC – 2006 – 1

dr. ir. Marcel Diddenmarcel.didden@laborelec.com

0032 - 479 77 01 35

Choosing the appropriate voltage dip mitigation deviceLABORELEC

LABORELEC © LABORELEC – 2006 – 2

ContentContent

1.1. IntroductionIntroduction

2.2. Mitigation equipmentMitigation equipment

3.3. Dip immunization capabilityDip immunization capability

4.4. Other aspectsOther aspects

5.5. ConclusionConclusion

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1. 1. IntroductionIntroduction

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Voltage dips / sagsVoltage dips / sags

Dips are mainly caused by short circuitsDips are mainly caused by short circuits

> 10%> 10%

< 2 s< 2 s

DipDip

LABORELEC © LABORELEC – 2006 – 5

0 10.000 20.000 30.000 40.000 50.000 60.000 70.000 80.000 90.000 100.000

DairyDairyFood

TextileFood

PlasticsTextileTextileDairy

TextileTextileTextileTextile

FoodNon-Ferro

TextileAutomotive

SemiconductorBasic Chemicals

190 000

Cost per process outage (cases Laborelec 2004/2005)

100 000

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a. Adaptation processes b. Adaptations protections c. Installing mitigation equipment d. Grid restructuring

VSD 1

VSD 2

PLC

a

b d

Sensitive Processes

Entrance company

grid

c

Mitigation possibilitiesMitigation possibilities

Options a, b and d are most interesting, but not always Options a, b and d are most interesting, but not always possiblepossible

Sometimes c is the only option• Installing a UPS is the easiest way to mitigate dips but too expensive• This presentation analyses alternatives

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Mitigation equipmentMitigation equipment2.2.

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FlywheelFlywheel

grid load

converters

M/G G

static switch

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Static UPSStatic UPS

battery

AC/DC-converter DC/AC-converter

grid load

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Dynamic Voltage RestorerDynamic Voltage Restorer

DC-link with possibleenergy

reserve

grid load

transformer

converter

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StatcomStatcom

DC-link with optional energy storage

grid load

transformer

converter

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Shunt connected Shunt connected synchronous motorsynchronous motor

grid load optional damping coil

synchronous machine

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Transformerless series Transformerless series injectioninjection

load

static switch

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Dip immunization Dip immunization capabilitycapability3.3.

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0102030405060708090

100

0 20 40 60 80 100

Voltage drop (%)

% o

f sag

s le

ss th

an v

olta

ge d

rop

P

Dip distributionDip distribution

0102030405060708090

100

0 20 40 60 80 100

Voltage drop (%)

% o

f sag

s le

ss th

an v

olta

ge d

rop

B1FB2NLUSC

P

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1. -x1%: Immunity process 1 2. -x2%: Immunity process 2

sag (% Urated)

0

-100

1. 2.

Immunization levelImmunization level

1. -x1%: Immunity process 1 2. -x2%: Immunity process 2 3. -(x1%+y%): Immunity process 1 with DVR 4. -(x2%+y%): Immunity process 2 with DVR 5. -z%: Immunity process 1 with Transformerless Series Injector 6. -z%: Immunity process 2 with Transformerless Series Injector

sag (% Urated)

0

-100

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. -x1%: Immunity process 1 2. -x2%: Immunity process 2 3. -(x1%+y%): Immunity process 1 with DVR 4. -(x2%+y%): Immunity process 2 with DVR

sag (% Urated)

0

-100

1. 2. 3. 4. .

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Immunization levelImmunization level

Percentage of outages due to sags that will be reduced: 40 - 60% 60 - 80% 80 -100%

Max

imum

vol

tage

dro

p be

ing

prot

ecte

d in

%

Max

imum

vol

tage

lift

in %

‘Cig

re b

us b

ar’ (

C)

, ini

tial

imm

unity

–10

%

‘Cig

re b

us b

ar’ (

C)

, ini

tial

imm

unity

–30

%

Bel

gian

bus

bar

(B

2) ,

initi

al

imm

unity

–10

%

Bel

gian

bus

bar

(B

2) ,

initi

al

imm

unity

–30

%

Flywheel 100 /

Static UPS 100 /

DVR-Cap1 / 30

DVR-Cap2, 200% load / 50

DVR-Cap2, 400% load / 25

Statcom-SMES / 60

Shunt Connected SM / 60

Transformerless series injection 50 /

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Other aspectsOther aspects4.4.

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SizeSize - : only > 1MW = : only > 100 kW + : also < 100 kW

Purchase cost - : > 250 €/kVA = : 150 – 250 €/kVA + : < 150 €/kVA

Maintenance - : annual maintenance required + : no annual maintenance required

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EfficiencyEfficiency + : losses <0,5% Srated

= : losses 0,5-2% Srated

- : losses >2% Srated

Harmonics, reactive power = : no influence + : positive influence

Reaction time + : reaction or activation transient < 1 ms = : transient 1-5 ms - : transient > 5 ms

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SummarySummary

Siz

e

Pu

rch

ase

co

st

Ma

inte

nan

ce

Eff

icie

ncy

Re

act

ion

time

Vo

ltage

h

arm

on

ics

C

urr

en

t h

arm

on

ics

Re

act

ive

po

we

r

Te

chn

olo

gy

ma

turit

y

Flywheel = - - - = + + + + Static UPS + = - - + + + + + DVR-1 + + + = = = = + = DVR-2, 200% load - + + - = + = = = DVR-2, 400% load - + + - = + = = = Statcom-SMES - = - = - = = + - Shunt connected SM + - - -/= = + +1 + - Transformerless series injector + = + + = = = = =

1 The harmonic currents are reduced by creating a low impedance path through the SM

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ConclusionConclusion5.5.

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Most cost efficientMost cost efficient DVR without energy storageDVR without energy storage Transformerless series injectorTransformerless series injector

If harmonics are an issueIf harmonics are an issue Synchronous motorSynchronous motor

If all sags have to be dealt withIf all sags have to be dealt with Flywheel or static UPSFlywheel or static UPS

further information onmanufacturers or concrete case studies

marcel.didden@laborelec.com