Laboratory 9: Organs 1 (presentation)
Transcript of Laboratory 9: Organs 1 (presentation)
Liver, spleen;Circulatory, respiratory and excretory systems
Principles of AnatomyANSC 2202Fall 2006
Kidney diseases Bacterial infection in
a trout Salmonella green
kidneys in pigs Polycystic kidney
disease (PKD): genetic multiple cysts in the
kidneys start out very small
but they grow larger eventually severely disrupt the kidney kidney failure
Kidney diseases Kidney stones (calcium or potassium – any cation) Chronic renal failure:
Hypertension Infections Autoimmune disorders (i.e. lupus glomerulonephritis)
Acute renal failure Poisoning Injury Drug
Excretory system: kidney = ‘filtering factory’
Humans: size of fist ½ lb
Role: remove toxins, waste products, and extra water from
entire body urine bladder (200 quarts of blood/d)
hormones that: Stimulate the production of red blood cells Regulate blood pressure Maintain normal chemical balances in your body Regulate bone calcium content
Excretory system: kidney = ‘filtering factory’
Nephron = functional unit of kidney
Urethra
Excretory system: kidney = ‘filtering factory’
‘Loaded blood’: Afferent arteriole Bowman’s capsule Glomerulus (twisted mass
of tiny tubes, main filter of nephron) for water + soluble wastes
Out of Bowman's capsule proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle Collecting duct (urine) Ureter bladder urethra.
‘Filtered blood’ (clean): Out of the glomerulus Efferent arteriole
Loop of Henle
Spleen diseases Enlarged spleen possibly caused by
recurrent malaria, pneumonia/pulmonary edema
Tumors
Spleen Long ‘tongue-shaped’ organ (pigs, humans) 3 roles/3 tissues:
Reticuloendothelial tissue: phagocytosis of erythrocytes and cell debris from the
blood stream RBC
Venous sinusoids + power of contraction of the spleen: expulsion of the contained blood (for increased circulatory demands in certain animals).
White pulp: lymphocytes (antibodies)
Liver diseases Infectious Canine Hepatitis (ICH)
Adenovirus Vomiting, diarrhea, fever, coughing, swelling of the head and
neck due to lymph node enlargement, abdominal tenderness and even central nervous system signs (like poisoning).
Clotting factors disrupted If minimal symptoms: ocular lesions during the convalescent
phase Copper Toxicosis (Copper Storage Disease)
Copper accumulates in hepatocytes instead of being excreted with bile inflammation and scarring, ultimately leading to liver failure
Bedlington, West Highland white terriers, some Dobermans and Skye terriers.
Acute: lethargy, anorexia, and vomiting - death can occur in 2-3 days
Chronic: anemia (pale mucous membranes), depression, lethargy, and anorexia (weak, underweight).
Liver diseases Cirrhosis: atrophy of the
liver parenchyma + hypertrophy of the connective tissue.
Jaundice: accumulation of bile pigment in the blood stream (obstruction of the duct system)
Liver: great vascularity often secondary metastasis of cancer
Roundworms and parasites
Hepatitis C (picture)
Liver = ‘energy and detoxifying factory’ Hepatocyte = functional unit of the liver Role of the liver:
Energy storage Nitrogen excretion Regulation of the water and blood
distribution Detoxification (drugs, alcohol,…) 50% lymph production Blood clotting factors
Liver = ‘energy and detoxifying factory’
Liver = ‘energy and detoxifying factory’
Organization: Left lobe: smaller Right lobe: on the side of
the gallbladder fundus Highly vascularized
Food/alcohol intestines diffuses to blood:
Portal vein Hepatocytes charged in
toxins Bile bile duct (branches
with duct from pancreas) small intestines (emulsify fats)
Circulatory system and heart = ‘body pump’ Heart diseases: numerous Heart = cardiac muscle (not smooth,
not skeletal) Autonomic nervous system control Organization of the heart:
2 atria + 2 ventricles (left is the most powerful)
Valves Arteries and veins Connection with lungs and rest of the body
Circulatory system and heart = ‘body pump’
Definition: not based the level of oxygenation of the blood: Artery = vessel through which blood exits the heart Vein = vessel through which blood goes into the
heart Structure:
Artery: tough, elastic; no valves Vein: thin wall because exposed to less pressure;
valves Arteries-arterioles-capillaries-venules-veins
Circulatory system and heart = ‘body pump’
VEIN
Thin wall-less pressure
ARTERY
Tunica intima
Tunica intermedia
Tunica adventitia
lumen
lumen
Circulatory system and heart = ‘body pump’
Vena cava (superior and inferior) (deoxygenated blood)
Right atrium Atrioventricular valve Right ventricle Pulmonary valve Pulmonary arteries
(deoxygenated blood) Lungs: oxygenation of the
blood Pulmonary veins (oxygenated
blood) Left atrium Mitral valves Left ventricle Aorta (oxygenated blood)
Circulatory system
Dissected blood vessels
Lung diseases Emphysema Pulmonary
edemas Asthma Other respiratory
problems (brucellosis,…)
Respiratory system and lungs: ‘oxygenating factory’
Heart and lungs: intertwined system
Respiratory system and lungs: ‘oxygenating factory’
Alveoli = functional unit of the lungs
Air Trachea Bronchioles Alveoli
O2 from the breathed-in air diffuses through the capillary and charges the blood (coming from pulmonary arteries) in O2
CO2 from blood diffuses out of the capillaries and charges the air in CO2.
Thin epithelium: simple squamous !!
Dissection views
Heart and lungs Liver, spleen, kidney