Laboratory 1

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

CIVIL ENGINEERING

LABORATORY 1

Luis Angel Bellido Dolores

Johan Chalco Collantes

Karol Guiselle De La Cruz Espinoza

Juan Eduardo Surca Hernández

Abilio Mendez Varga

Lima – Perú

2015-1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

We present the information field about the granulometry practice, for this we use the sieves to determine the course and fine aggregates in the concrete.

Obtain the percentage of accumulated retained we can calculated the fineness modulus. For make the best combination according with the ASTM.

In this laboratory we use the next sieves:

1 ½’’, 1’’, ¾’’, ½’’, 3/8’’, ¼’’ and N4 for course aggregates.

N4, N8, N16, N30, N50, N100 for fine aggregates.

Then the resistance to degradation of small size course aggregates by abrasion and impact in the Los Angeles Machine. In this test we measure the degradation of the aggregates grinding in a rotating steel drum containing a number of steel spheres.

The total evaporate moisture content of aggregate by drying, is the amount of water retained by surface pores of the aggregate, is the difference between the current state of the aggregate and dry.

The moisture is directly related to the porosity of the particles, the porosity then is related to the pore size, permeability and total volume.

The specific gravity and the absorption, the specific gravity may be expressed as bulk specific gravity, saturated-surface-dry bulk specific gravity (SSD), or apparent specific gravity; and the absorption is the relation between (SSD) with weight dry.

Standard Test Method for Materials Finer than 75-μm (No. 200) Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by Washing, this test method covers the determination of the amount of material finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve in aggregate by washing.

Clay particles and other aggregate particles that are dispersed by the wash water, as well as water-soluble materials, will be removed from the aggregate during the test.

When we use only water for the washing operation, and the other including a wetting agent to assist the loosening of the material finer than the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve from the coarser material.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................... 4

GENERAL OBJECTIVES...................................................................................................................................4SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES....................................................................................................................................4

BACKGROUND.................................................................................................................................... 5

SIEVE GRANULOMETRY FOR FINE AND COARSE AGGREGATES.............................................................5

THEORY.....................................................................................................................................................5LABORATORY PROCEDURE.............................................................................................................................6ANALYSIS AND RESULTS.................................................................................................................................7

SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION OF FINE AGGREGATES................................................................8

THEORY.....................................................................................................................................................8LABORATORY PROCEDURE.............................................................................................................................8ANALYSIS AND RESULTS.................................................................................................................................9

RESISTANCE TO DEGRADATION OF SMALL-SIZE COARSE AGGREGATE BY ABRASION AND IMPACT IN THE LOS ANGELES MACHINE.............................................................................................................. 10

THEORY...................................................................................................................................................10LABORATORY PROCEDURE...........................................................................................................................10ANALYSIS AND RESULTS...............................................................................................................................10

MOISTURE CONTENT......................................................................................................................... 11

THEORY...................................................................................................................................................11LABORATORY PROCEDURE...........................................................................................................................11ANALYSIS AND RESULTS...............................................................................................................................11

STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR MATERIALS FINER THAN 75-ΜM (NO. 200) SIEVE..............................12

LABORATORY PROCEDURE...........................................................................................................................12ANALYSIS AND RESULTS...............................................................................................................................12

CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................................................... 13

REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................... 14

APPENDICES...................................................................................................................................... 15

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INTRODUCTION

As we know for civil engineering students to carry out the execution of various tests

such as granulometry, the machine angels, specific weight of aggregate and unit

among others; applied to both fine and coarse aggregates it is essential since these

happen to be between 70 and /or 75% of the mixture of concrete or mortar; it is also

essential that the addition is optimal in order to provide the mixture strength and

durability favorable structures.

General Objectives:

Recognize the different characteristics of the aggregates by the test methods described

in the laboratory as colorimetric equivalent sand grain, wear Angeles, specific weight

and unit among others; to see if they are acceptable or not.

Specific Objectives:

- Detect unfavorable organic compounds in the sand, to know if it's indicated to

be used in the concrete mix or mortar.

- Study quantitatively the amount of fine and ultra fine sand forming.

- Test the size gradation of aggregate particles in order to produce a compact

packing.

- Detect the added strength greater thickness of ¾ "wear through the machine

angels.

- Calculate the specific gravity to calculate the volume occupied by the aggregate

in the concrete.

- Get the loose and compacted in thin, thick and mixed by calculating unit weight

of test unit weight aggregates.

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BACKGROUND

The study of the particle size of the aggregates occupied an important place in the investigations into the concrete, the proportioning of the fine and course mixtures to produce the highest aggregate compactness and therefore more resistant and economic led to the proposed numerous prototype curves.

In the analysis of compactness it is estimated that the aggregate dimension similarly produce the greatest number of voids, while, if exist a certain difference between sizes, their adaptation occurs with maximum compactness.

The wear rate of an aggregate is related to its resistance to abrasion by mechanical means and with the resistance capacity of concrete made with him; is particularly important in aggregates used in concrete pavements.

NCh 1369.of 78 standard establishes the procedure for determining the resistance to wear normal gravel real density.

In this case, correspond to a task force and an assay is performed only in qualified laboratories will summarize only the most useful aspects directly related to laboratories.

The method involves analyzing a coarse aggregate granulometrically, prepare a test sample is subjected to abrasion machine Los Angeles and express the loss of material or wear as the percentage of mass loss of the sample with respect to its initial mass.

SIEVE GRANULOMETRY FOR FINE AND COARSE AGGREGATES

Theory

Maximum Size (of aggregate) - in specifications for, or description of aggregate, the smallest sieve opening through which the entire amount of aggregate is required to pass.

Nominal Maximum Size (of aggregate) - in specifications for, or description of

aggregate, the smallest sieve opening through which the entire amount of the aggregate is permitted to pass.

Laboratory procedure

Coarse aggregate:

1. Select a sample of 5000 grams and place on a tray.2. Put the sample into the coarse aggregate shaking machine.3. Turn on the machine for one minute and observe the material retained on the

various sieves.

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4. Removing the material retained on each sieve and weighs it in the balance to obtain the retained weights.

Fine aggregate:

1. Select a sample of 500 grams and place on a tray.2. Pour the material in the sieves, previously placed in the fine aggregate shaking

machine.3. Turn on the machine for one minute and observe the procedure.4. Removing the material retained on each sieve and weighs it in the balance to

obtain the retained weights.

Analysis and results

Coarse aggregate:

Mass retained in weight:

w retained=wretained+tray−w tray

% retained in weight:

%Retained=massof soil retainedtotal mass

×100%

% accumulated retained in weight:

% Accumulated Retained=%retained∈the sieve+% accumulated retained∈previous sieve

In table 1 we show the all process.

Sieve No Mass retained % retained % retained acumulate

% Passing

1 ½’’ 0 0 0 1001’’ 196 3.923 3.923 96.077¾’’ 2283 45.697 49.620 50.380½’’ 2045 40.933 90.553 9.4473/8’’ 315 6.305 96.858 3.142¼’’ 119 2.382 99.240 0.760No 4 0 0 99.240 0.760Pan 38 0.761 100 0Total 4996Table 1

Sieves for coarse aggregate = 1 ½, ¾, 3/8, Nº 4, Nº 8, Nº 16, Nº 30, Nº 50, Nº 100

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FINENESS MODULUS = ∑ %retained acumulate100

F.M =

0+49.620+90.553+96.858+99.240+100+100+100+100+100100

F.M= 8.36

Maximum aggregate size: 1 1/2"Nominal maximum aggregate size: 1"

Fine aggregate:

Mass retained in weight:

w retained=wretained+tray−w tray

% retained in weight:

%Retained=massof soil reta inedtotal mass

×100 %

% accumulated retained in weight:

% Accumulated Retained=%retained∈the sieve+% accumulated retained∈previous sieve

% passing in weight:

% pass=100 %−% Accumulated Retained

Sieve No Mass retained % retained % retained acumulate

% Passing

3/8’’ 0 0 0 100No 4 16.5 3.317 3.317 96.683No 8 76 15.275 18.592 81.408No 16 116 23.316 41.908 58.092No 30 118 23,718 65.626 34.374No 50 86 17.285 82.911 17.089No 100 50 10.050 92.961 7.039Pan 35 7.035 100 0

497.5Table 2:

Fineness Modulus:

Sieves for coarse aggregate = 1 ½, ¾, 3/8, Nº 4, Nº 8, Nº 16, Nº 30, Nº 50, Nº 100

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FM=∑ R i100

Ri = cumulative percent retained on sieve sequence.

FM=0+3.317+18.592+41.908+65.626+82.911+92.961100

FM=3.05

SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION OF FINE AGGREGATES

Theory

Specific Gravity - the ratio of the mass in air of a unit volume of material to the mass of the same volume of water at a specified temperature (without units).

Apparent Specific Gravity - the ratio of the weight in air of a unit volume of the impermeable portion of aggregate to the weight in air of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at specified temperature.

Bulk Specific Gravity - the ratio of the weight in air of a unit volume of aggregate (including the permeable and impermeable voids in the particles, but not including the voids between particles) to the weight in air of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at specified temperature.

Bulk Specific Gravity (SSD) - the ratio of the weight in air of a unit volume of aggregate, including the weight of water within the voids filled to the extent achieved by submersion in water for 24 hour (but not including the voids between particles) to the weight in air of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at specified temperature.

Absorption - the increase in the weight of aggregate due to water in the pores of the material, but not including water adhering to the outside surface of the particles, expressed as a percentage of the dry weight. Dry aggregate is achieved when all uncombined water has been removed at a temperature of 110°C.


Coarse aggregate:

1. A day before, wash the sample of 3000 grams and leave it completely submerged in water.

2. The sample is dried with a soft cloth on a flat surface.3. Weighs the basket where you will put the sample. .4. Weighs the basket and the sample in the balance.5. Places the sample in the oven for 24 hours to dry and then remove it and weigh

it again.

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Fine aggregate:

1. A day earlier, taking a sample and dry it.2. Make the cone test to the sample and determine what is appropriate for this

trial.3. Weighs the balloon and take a sample of 500 grams.4. Put the sample into the bucket and add water until it is unified and ensure that

contains no bubbles.5. Weighs the balloon and the sample in the balance.6. Put the sample in the oven for 24 hours and then weigh it again.


Coarse aggregate Peso de la muestra secada al horno A 2771.0 gr.Peso de la muestra saturada superficalmente seca B 3000.0 gr.Peso de la muestra saturada en agua + peso de la canastilla 2779.9 gr.Peso de la canastilla 872.9 gr.Peso de la muestra saturada en agua C 1907.0 gr.

Peso especifico de masa A/ (B-C) 2.54Peso especifico de masa superficialmente seco B/ (B-C) 2.74Peso especifico aparente A/ (A-C) 3.21Porcentaje de absorción (B-A) X 100/A 8.26 %

Fine aggregate

Peso de la arena superficialmente seca 500.0 gr.Peso de la arena superficialmente seca + peso del balón + peso del agua 950.8 gr.Peso del balón 140.7 gr.Peso del agua W 310.1 gr.Peso de la arena seca al horno A 493.4 gr.Volumen del balón V 500.0 ml Peso específico de masa A/ (V-W) 2.60Peso específico de masa superficialmente seco 500/ (V-W) 2.63Peso específico aparente A/ (V-W) - (500-A) 2.69Porcentaje de absorción (500-A) X 100/A 1.34 %

RESISTANCE TO DEGRADATION OF SMALL-SIZE COARSE AGGREGATE BY ABRASION AND IMPACT IN THE LOS ANGELES MACHINE

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Theory

The aggregates have features of the mother rock, which is in the quarry, so the resistance to abrasion depends of hardness of this mother rock.

These features have more importance when the particles of the aggregate are in contact with other materials with certain hardness.

The wear depends the contact resistance with the steel spheres, and if the loss a little so the aggregate has a good resistance for use in concrete. To measure this wear we use the Los Angeles Machine.

The revolutions and grinding time depends of the granulometry and particles weight of the aggregates.


Wash and let dry material per 24 hours. After this time, get a sample of 5000 grams, later to place it into the LA machine together with the charge.The LA machine should turn around 50 laps, then remove the material and perform the sieve analysis, obtaining other weight.


Charge – the charge shall consist of steel spheres averaging approximately 46.8 mm in diameter and each weighing between 390 and 445 g. The charge, depending upon the grading of the test sample, shall be as follows:

Grading Number of Spheres

Weight of Charge, g

A 12 5000 +/- 25

In this test we used 5kg of coarse aggregate, method “A” with 12 spheres.

INITIAL WEIGHT= 5000 gr.FINAL WEIGHT (after passing the abrasion machine) = 4897gr

5000−48975000

X 100=2.06 %

Resistance of the aggregate to wear.

Typically U.S. state specifications limit the abrasion of coarse aggregate for HMA use to a maximum ranging from 25 to 55 percent, with most states using a specification of 40 or 45 percent . Requirements for Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) tend to be similar, while requirements for specialized mixes such as

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Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) tend to be lower; AASHTO specifies a maximum L.A. abrasion loss of 30 percent for SMA.

MOISTURE CONTENT

Theory

The aggregate has 4 states:

Dry .- It is achieved by an oven at 110ºC

Partially dry . - In the open air.

Saturated surface dry (SSD) .- It is an ideal state, is when the pores are filled with water and are superficially dry.

Wet . - When the pores and surface are filled with water.


1. Take a sample of 500 grams of sand and a sample of 1000 grams of stone

2. Put the samples to dry in the oven for 24 hour

3. Removing the samples and weigh them again to determine their moisture

content.


Sand:

P = (W – D) / D x 100where:

P = total evaporable moisture content (%)W = original mass of the sample (gr)D = dry mass of the sample (gr)

Initial weight (W) 500 gr.Dry weight (D) 493.3 gr.

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Water weight in the mass 6.7 gr.Moisture content % (P) 1.36 %

Stone:

P = (W – D) / D x 100where:

P = total evaporable moisture content (%)W = original mass of the sample (gr)D = dry mass of the sample (gr)

Initial weight (W) 1000 gr.Dry weight (D) 995 gr.Water weight in the mass 5 gr.Moisture content % (P) 0.5 %

Standard test method for materials finer than 75-μm (no. 200) sieve


1. Take a dry sample of 500 grams2. Passing the sample through the sieve number 200, adding water to make all

possible material passes.3. Later, the material obtained was put in the oven to dry and thus obtain a weight.


Ensayo malla N° 200Peso inicial 500 gr.Peso seco 451.8 gr.Ensayo de control de calidad 9.64 %

Quality control test: NO MORE THAN 10% ACCEPTED AND MORE THAN 15% (REJECTED)

CONCLUSIONS

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- Sampling procedures aggregate and the crushed pidra and gravel extracted

from the river, where we have seen the quality of each aggregate concrete

technology laboratory will serve as an important.

- Upon completion of the sampling procedure we can see that to be a reference

to the strength and quality of the material (aggregate) we always do a test

sample by the quartering method.

- We can identify aggregates brought from a particular quarry or site are different

from those brought from another.

- For this test we must clean organic materials

REFERENCES

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- ASTM C-75, Standard Practice aggregate sample.

- ASTM C-33, Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates.

- Mix design ADDED John Harman.

- NATURE OF CONCRETE AND MATERIALS Henry L. Rivva

- ADDED TESTS ON FINE AND GRUESOS.ASTM-C117

- ASTM C-136, determination methodof sampling fine aggregates by sieving

method.

- ASTM-D75, sampling of coarse and fine aggregate for research, quality control,

acceptance or rejection of material

APPENDICES

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COARSE AGGREGATE SHAKING MACHINE FINE AGGREGATE SHAKING MACHINE

RETAINED WEIGHTS (FINE AGGREGATE)COARSE AGGREGATE

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SPECIFIC WEIGHT TEST (SAND)

SIEVE Nº 200 TEST

L.A.MACHINE FOR ABRASION TEST

Laboratory 1

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