Laboratory 01 Intro[1]

8/3/2019 Laboratory 01 Intro[1]

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Laboratory1AnatomicalPlanesandRegionsGoals:

Definetheanatomicalposition,includingtheapplicationofthetermsrightand

left. Listandcorrectlyusethemajordirectionaltermsusedinanatomy. Identify

themajoranatomicalplanesandsections. Listanddescribethelocationof

themajoranatomicalregionsofthebody. Describethecavitiesinthehuman

bodyandname


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themajororgansarepresentineach.

Describethelocationofthefourabdominopelvicquadrantsandthenineabdominopelvic

regionsandlistthemajororganslocatedineach.1. AnatomicalPosition:Ifyou

standonyourhead,areyourfeetaboveorbelowyourhead?Wouldansweringthatyourfeetareaboveyourheadbeameaningfuldescription

oftheposition


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ofyourfeet?Fordirectionaltermsin

anatomytomakesense,wemusthaveaframeofreference.This

referencepositioniscalledtheANATOMICALPOSITION.Intheanatomicalposition,thehuman

bodyiserect,feetslightlyapart,faceandtoesfacingforwardandarmstothesidewithpalmsfacingforwardandthumbspointingawayfrom

thebody. Stand


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intheanatomicalposition.Isita

naturalpositiontostandin?Ifnot,whatisnotcomfortableabout

it?2. DirectionalTerms:RightandLeftRightorleftinanatomicaltermsrefers

totherightandleftofthesubject,nottheobserver. Placeyouhandsoneachsideofthepieceofpaperorcomputerscreen

youarereading


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thison.DONOTcrossyourarms!

Yourrighthandisthis.wayandyourlefthandis

this.way. LookattheimageinFigure1.Noticethathisright

handisonyourleftsideandthathislefthandisonyourrightside.SuperiorandInferiorSuperiormeansaboveandrefersto

thedirectionthat


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istowardthehead.Thetopof

theheadisthemostsuperiorpartofthehumanbody.Inferior

meansbelowandreferstothedirectionthatistowardsthefeet.The

mostinferiorpartofthehumanbodyisthebottomofthefeet.Figure1.Abodyintheanatomicalposition.


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2AnteriorandPosteriorAnteriormeans

towardthefrontofthebody.Thenoseisanteriortothe

sinuscavities.Posteriormeanstowardthebackofthebody.Thespineis

posteriortothechest.DorsalandVentralDorsalisfromtheLatindorsummeaningback.VentralisfromtheLatinventermeaningbelly.Hencethe

dorsalsideis


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thebacksideandtheventralside

thebellyside.Inhumans,dorsalandposteriorcanbeusedinterchangeably

ascanventralandanterior.Theexceptiontothisisinthehuman

brainwhereneuroanatomistsassumewearewalkingonallfours.Notethatinnon--bipedanimals,anteriorandventralareNOTsynonymous!Thinkofanterior/posterioras

nose/tailanddorsal/ventral


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asback/belly(Figure2).LateralandMedial

Medialdescribesstructuresthataretowardthemidlineofthetorso.Lateral

describesstructuresthatareawayfromthemidline.Thenoseismedialto

theearswhereastheearsarelateraltothenose.DistalandProximalThesetermsarepreferredoversuperior/inferiorwhenreferringtoareasonthe

appendages.Distalrefers


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tostructuresthatarefurtherfromthe

attachmentpointofthelimbtothetrunk(shoulderorhip).Proximal

describesstructuresthatarenearertotheattachmentpointofthelimbto

thetrunk.Thefingersaredistaltotheelbowwhereastheelbowisproximaltothewrist.Figure2.Directionaltermsinanatomy.


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3SuperficialandDeepSuperficialand

deepareusedtodescribetherelativeclosenessofastructureto

thebodysurface.Superficialindicatesthatastructureisclosertothesurface

whereasdeepindicatesthatitisfurtheraway.Theskinissuperficialtothemuscleswhereasthebonesaredeeptothemuscles. Practiceusing

directionaltermsto


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describetherelationshipofdifferentpartsof

thebody. Anonlineactivitytohelpwiththiscanbefound

here:http://www.wisc--online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP15305.3. PlanesoftheBodyAnatomicalplanesareimaginaryflatsurface

drawnthroughabody.Theseplanesareusefulindiscussinghumananatomysincetoeasilyviewinternalstructures,wemustmakeeithermakeacut

ortakean


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image(e.g.x--rays)alongoneofthese

planes.Sagittalplane.Sagitalplanesdividethebodyverticallyintorightand

leftparts.Themidsagittalplane,alsocalledthemedianplane,isasagittal

planethatdividesthebodydownthemiddleintoequalrightandleftsections.Frontalplane.Thefrontalplane,alsocalledthecoronalplane,divides

thebodyvertically


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intoanteriorandposteriorsections.Frontalplanes

areata90oangletosagittalplanes.Transeverseplane.Transverseplanes

areperpendiculartothelongitudalaxisofthebodyanddividesthebody

intosuperiorandinferiorsections.Obliqueplane.Obliquereferstoanyplanethatisnotparalleltooneoftheotherthreeplanes.Obliqueplanes

areatan


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angleandoftenmoredifficulttoget

onesanatomicalbearings. Lookatavailablesectionsandimages.Determineifthe

anatomicalplaneofeach. Discusswhichorgansorbodypartscouldbedivided

byeachtypeofsection.Figure3.Planesofthehumanbody.


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44. BodyRegionsThebodyis

dividedintotwomajorregions:Axialincludesthehead,neck,spinalcolumn

andtrunk;Appendicularincludesthepectoralgirdle(shoulder),arm,pelvicgirdle(hips),and

legs.Theaxialregionissubdividedintothecephalicarea(head),cervicalarea(neck),thoracicarea(chest),abdominalarea,pelvicarea,anddorsum(back).These

canbefurther


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regionUmbilicalareaaroundthebelly

buttonPelvicregionInguinalgroinareaGenitalareacontainingthe

sexorgansDorsumScapularshoulderbladeareaVertebralspinalareaLumbar

lowerbackarea,belowtheribs,abovethehipsSacralareabetweenthehipsGlutealbuttocksTheappendicularregioniscomposedof

thepectoralgirdle,


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arm,pelvicgirdle,andlegs.Armand

PectoralGirdleAcromonialpointoftheshoulderBrachialupperarm

OlecranialposteriorofelbowAntecubitalanteriorofelbowAntebrachialforearm

CarpalwristManushandPalmarpalmDigitalfingersortoes(onthefoot)LegandPelvicGirdleCoxalhipsFemoral

thighPatellar


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anteriorofkneePoplitealposterior

ofkneeCruralcalfoflegPedalfootPlantar

soleoffoot Practicenamingdifferentbodyregions.Quizeachotherinyour

group.


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55.BodyCavitiesThetwo

majorbodycavitiesarethedorsalcavityandtheventralcavity.Dorsal

CavityThedorsalcavityissubdividedintothecranialcavityandthevertebral

cavity.Thecranialcavityiswithintheskullandhousesthebrain.Thecranialcavityiscontiguouswiththevertebralcavity.Thevertebralcavityis

withinthebones


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ofthespine(vertebrae)andishome

tothespinalcord.VentralCavityTheventralcavityhastwomajor

subdivisions:thesuperiorthoraciccavityandtheinferiorabdominopelviccavity.Figure4.Regions

oftheHumanBody.


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6Thethoraciccavityiswithin

theribcagewiththeinferiorborderbeingthediaphragm.Ithouses

theheartandlungs.Itiscomprisedofthetwopleuralcavitities,the

pericardialcavity,andthemediastinum.Thepairedpleuralcavitiessurroundthelungs.Inbetween,isthepericardialcavitywhichsurroundstheheartandthemediastinum

thatcontainsthe


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esophagus,trachea,andthymus.Theabdominopelviccavity

alsohastwomajorsubdivisions:theabdominalcavityandthepelviccavity.

Theabdominalcavityisinferiortothethoraciccavityandsuperiortothe

pelviccavity.Itcontainsthedigestiveorgans,thespleenandthekidneys.Thepelviccavityisboundedbythebonesofthepelvisandcontains

thereproductiveorgans,


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rectumandurinarybladder. Locateeachmajor

bodycavityonamodel. Identifythemajororgansineachmajor

bodycavity.Thetorsomodelsareusefulforthis. Findtheanatomicalfeatures

thatmarktheseparationofeachbodycavity.6. RegionsoftheAbdominopelvicCavityTheabdominopelviccavitycanbedividedintofourquadrants:rightupperquadrant,

leftupperquadrant,


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rightlowerquadrant,andleftlowerquadrant.

Thequadrantsaredefinedbybisectingtheabdomenwithamidsagittalplane

andatransverseplanethroughthebellybutton.Figure5.MajorCavitiesof

theHumanBody.Figure6.FourQuadrantsoftheAbdominopelvicCavity..


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7Theabdominopelviccavitycanalso

bedividedintoninereions.Thetwosagittalplanesinthisdivision

schemearelocatedatthemiddleoftheclavicle(collarbone).Thetwotransverse

planesarethetranspyloricplane,atthelevelofthepylorusofthestomach,nearthelowerrib,andthetranstubercularplaneattheupper

crestofthe


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pelvicbone.Theumbilicalregionisin

themiddle,intheareasurroundingthebellybutton.Oneitherside

oftheumbilicalregionistherightandleftlumbarregions.Theepigastric

andhypogastricregionsareaboveandbelowtheumbilicalregion,respectively.Therightandlefthypochondriacareasaretoeithersideoftheepigastricarea

whiletheright


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andleftiliacareaaretoeither

sideofthehypogastricarea. Usingtorsomodels,identifythefourabdominopelvic

quadrants. Listtheorganspresentineachquadrant. Identifythenineabdominopelvicregions.

Usingtorsomodels,listtheorganspresentineachofthenineregions.Figure7.NineRegionsoftheAbdominopelvicCavity.


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8Attirbutionofimagesusedin

thisdocument:Figure 1. Google Body.Figure 2. Human sketches courtesy of Wikimedia, user Osteomyoamare.Figure 3. Wikimedia Commons, user YassineMrabet.Figure 4. PSG with MakeHuman software.Figure 5. PSG.Figure 6. Wikimedia Commons, user Mariana Villarreal.Figure 7. Gray's Anatomy by Henry Gray, 20th Edition, 1918.Figure 8: PSG with MakeHuman software.Figure 9: NLM, Visible Human Project.Figure 10: Human sketches courtesy of Wikimedia, user Osteomyoamare.


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9Laboratory1Name:_______________________________________Section:

__________1.Isthisimageintheanatomicalposition?Whyorwhy

not?2.Fillintheblankwiththeproperdirectionaltermforeach

statementbelow.A. Thesternalareais_______________________________________tothedorsum.B. Theheadis_______________________________________tothefeet.C. Thebrainis_______________________________________totheeyes.D. The

pelviccavityis


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_______________________________________tothethoraciccavity.E. Thelungs

are_______________________________________totheheart.F. Theelbowis_______________________________________tothewrist.

G. Theribsare_______________________________________tothelungs.H. Thehipsare_______________________________________tothe

shoulders.I. Thepoplitealregionis_______________________________________tothepatellarregion.J. Thepedalareais_______________________________________tothefemoralarea.


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103.Indicatewhichanatomicalplane

isindicatedbyeachimageordescriptionbelow.Donotuseoblique

asananswer._________________________________________________________________________________________________E. Separatesthestomachfromtheliver:

____________________________________F.Separatesthestomachfromtheheart:____________________________________G. Separatesthetwolungs:____________________________________H. Separatesthepectoralandscalpulaareas:____________________________________I.Separatesthekidneys

fromthebladder:


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____________________________________J. Separatespatellarfrompoplitealareas:____________________________________

4.Labeltheregionsofthebody.A. AbdominalB. AcromonialC. AntebrachialD. AntecubitalE. Brachial

F. BuccalG. CarpalH. CervicalI. CoxalJ. CruralK. DorsalL. GlutealM. FemoralN. FrontalO. LumbarP. OlecranalQ. PalmarR. Patellar

S. PectoralT. PedalU. PelvicV. PlantarW. PoplitealX. SacralY. SternalZ. Vertebral


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115.Fillinthemissing

bodycavitiesinthischart.6.Identifyinwhichbodycavityeach

ofthefollowingorgansislocated.Bespecific!A. Heart_________________________________B. Brain_________________________________C. Liver

_________________________________D. Bladder_________________________________E. Esophagus_________________________________F. Kidneys_________________________________G. Spinalcord_________________________________H. Lungs_________________________________I. Rectum_________________________________J. Stomach_________________________________7.Placethefollowingorganslocatedinthecorrectabdominalregion.:

liver(2regions),


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stomach(2regions),colon(ascending,transverse,descending,

sigmoid,andcecum),smallintestine(2regions),andurinarybladder.


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Laboratory 01 Intro[1]

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