Labor Market Trends in the Pioneer Valley...

By Robert Clifford Policy Analyst New England Public Policy Center Federal Reserve Bank of Boston A joint project of Commonwealth CorporaBon and New England Public Policy Center of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston

Labor Market Trends in the!Pioneer Valley Region!

November 14, 2012 Labor Market Trends in the Pioneer Valley Region

Motivation!

§  Promote beLer public policy by conducBng objecBve research and analysis of regional economic/policy issues.

§  Understand the long-‐term labor force challenges facing the regional labor markets in MassachuseLs.

§  Provide detailed data on labor supply and demand trends to support workforce development policy discussions at a local level.

§  Build off the labor market work of Harrington and Fogg (2008) and the demographics research of Sasser ModesBno (2009, 2010).

November 14, 2012 Labor Market Trends in the Pioneer Valley Region 2

The Pioneer Valley Region!


Ware

Athol

Petersham

Colrain

Monson

New

Sal

em

Orange

Gill

Palmer

Warwick

Belchertown

RoyalstonHeath

Brimfield

Wendell

Ludlow

Granby

Deerfield

Northfield

Had

ley

Pelham

Amherst

Montague

Springfield

Leve

rett

Hol

yoke

Agawam Wales

Whately

Chicopee

Leyden

Phillipston

Shut

esbu

ryShelburne

Erving

Hatfi

eld

Buckland Green

field

Wilb

raha

m

Hampden

Bernardston

Hol

land

Monroe

Sout

h H

adle

ySu

nder

land

West Springfield

LongmeadowEast Longmeadow

PLAINFIELD ASHFIELDCONWAY

CUMMINGTON

HAWLEY

CHARLEMONT

ROWE

WORHTINGTON

GOSHEN

CHESTERFIELD WILLIAMSBURG

MIDDLEFIELD

CHESTER

HUNTINGT

ON

SOUTHAMPTON EASTHA

MPTONW

ESTH

AMPT

ON

NORTHAMPTON

BLANFORD

TOLLANDGRANVILLE

SOUTHWICK

WESTFIELD

RUSSELL

MONTGOM

ERY

Summary!

§  AXer nearly a decade of declining employment, Pioneer Valley is recovering at a modest pace, but conBnues to have one of the highest unemployment rates statewide.

§  An aging workforce, declines in younger workers, and a stagnant populaBon will force the region to confront demographic challenges sooner than other regions.

§  Despite gains in the educaBonal aLainment of its labor force in the past decade, Pioneer Valley sBll has the highest share of individuals with only a High School Degree or less.

§  Addressing the barriers to employment facing the region’s unemployed, parBcularly among the young and less educated, is key to the economic vitality of the region.


Outline!

§  Labor Market Performance

§  Labor Supply

§  Labor Demand

§  The Pipeline: EducaBonal Supply of Post-‐Secondary Degrees


Labor Market Performance!

§  NaBonal and State Employment Trends

§  Performance of Regional Labor Markets

§  Employment Trends by Industry in Pioneer Valley and MassachuseLs


Massachusetts is still far below its peak employment levels of the early 2000’s.!


0.94

0.96

0.98

1.00

1.02

1.04

1.06

Q1-‐2000 Q1-‐2001 Q1-‐2002 Q1-‐2003 Q1-‐2004 Q1-‐2005 Q1-‐2006 Q1-‐2007 Q1-‐2008 Q1-‐2009 Q1-‐2010 Q1-‐2011 Q1-‐2012

Total Non-‐Agricultural Employment, Q1-‐2000 to Q3-‐2012

NBER Recession United States Massachusetts

Through Q3-‐2012 Index 2000=1

Sources: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Employment Statistics.

7

Employment changes in Pioneer Valley mirrored statewide trends over most of the past decade, but trailed in the recovery.!


-‐2.2%

-‐4.0%

2.2%

-‐8.0%

-‐6.0%

-‐4.0%

-‐2.0%

0.0%

2.0%

4.0%

6.0% Total Growth Rates in Employment

Q1 2001-‐Q1 2008 Q4 2007-‐Q4 2009 Q4 2009-‐Q4 2011

Sources: Massachusetts Executive Office of Labor and Workforce Development (EOLWD), ES-202 and U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW).

8

The region’s share of employment in Education & Health Services is larger than in any other regional labor market.!


33.2% 27.2% 24.3%

19.2%

18.3% 20.7%

7.6% 15.2% 13.6%

9.6% 9.8% 10.5%

9.5% 7.9% 9.1%

4.7% 6.5% 5.9% 4.7% 4.3% 3.5% 6.1% 4.1% 5.8%

3.9% 3.9% 4.5% 1.5% 2.8% 2.2%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Pioneer Valley MassachuseLs United States

Employment DistribuBon by Supersector, Q4 2011 InformaBon

ConstrucBon

Other services

Government

Financial AcBviBes

Manufacturing

Leisure & Hospitality

Professional & Business Services Trade, TransportaBon & UBliBes EducaBon & Health Services

Sources: Massachusetts EOLWD, ES-202 and U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, QCEW. 9

Between recessions, the state and region had similar employment trends across most industries.!


-‐30.0% -‐20.0% -‐10.0% 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0%

Other Services Health Care & Social Assistance

Arts, Entertainment & RecreaBon EducaBonal Services

Professional & Technical Services AccommodaBon & Food Services

ConstrucBon Financial AcBviBes

UBliBes Government

TransportaBon & Warehousing Wholesale Trade

Retail Trade AdministraBve & Support Services

InformaBon Management of Companies & Enterprises

Manufacturing

Employment Changes, Q1-‐2001 to Q1-‐2008

MassachuseLs Pioneer Valley

Sources: Massachusetts EOLWD, ES-202. 10

Similarly, in the Great Recession, the region and state had comparable employment changes across most industries.!


-‐25.0% -‐20.0% -‐15.0% -‐10.0% -‐5.0% 0.0% 5.0% 10.0%

UBliBes Other Services

Arts, Entertainment & RecreaBon Health Care & Social Assistance

Government AccommodaBon & Food Services

EducaBonal Services Financial AcBviBes

Retail Trade Professional & Technical Services

Management of Companies & Enterprises Wholesale Trade

TransportaBon & Warehousing InformaBon

AdministraBve & Support Services Manufacturing ConstrucBon




Strong employment gains in a few industries were mitigated by losses and slow growth among others in Pioneer Valley.!


-‐10.0% -‐5.0% 0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0%

AdministraBve & Support Services ConstrucBon

Arts, Entertainment, & RecreaBon Other Services

Professional & Technical Services Wholesale Trade

Retail Trade UBliBes

EducaBonal Services AccommodaBon & Food Services Health Care & Social Assistance

Government Management of Companies & Enterprises

TransportaBon & Warehousing Manufacturing

Financial AcBviBes InformaBon




Labor Supply!

§  ResidenBal PopulaBon Changes and CharacterisBcs

§  Age and EducaBon of the Civilian Labor Force §  Trends and CharacterisBcs of the Unemployed

§  CommuBng PaLerns


Pioneer Valley’s total residential population was essentially unchanged over the course of the last decade.!


-‐0.1%

0.1%

-‐1.5%

-‐1.0%

-‐0.5%

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5% Total ResidenBal PopulaBon Growth

Annual Growth Rate 2000 to 2005-‐2007

Annual Growth Rate 2005-‐2007 to 2008-‐2010

Source: U.S. Census Bureau 2000 Decennial Census Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) data files, 2005-2007 and 2008-2010 American Community Survey (ACS) Public Use Micro Sample (PUMS) data files.

14

While the total population was stagnant, the region saw growing numbers of immigrants and minorities in the past decade.!


Source: U.S. Census Bureau 2000 Decennial Census PUMS data files and 2008-2010 ACS PUMS data files.

Demographic CharacterisBcs of Pioneer Valley

15

2000 2008-‐2010 Absolute Change

Annual Growth Rate

Resident PopulaBon 680,610 679,768 -‐842 0.0% Gender Male 326,958 325,509 -‐1,449 0.0% Female 353,652 354,259 607 0.0% NaBvity NaBve Born 600,950 586,125 -‐14,825 -‐0.3% Immigrant 79,660 93,643 13,983 1.8% Race/Ethnicity White, non-‐Hispanic 547,634 515,440 -‐32,194 -‐0.7% Black, non-‐Hispanic 35,871 37,056 1,185 0.4% Asian, non-‐Hispanic 10,919 15,118 4,199 3.7% Hispanic 74,134 100,538 26,404 3.4% Other race, non-‐Hispanic 12,052 11,616 -‐436 -‐0.4%

The labor force in Pioneer Valley increased in age over the past decade and is older than the state’s labor force.!



14.9% 13.7% 12.9% 13.2% 15.2% 14.2%

20.0% 18.2% 23.3% 20.2% 22.7% 21.5%

26.8% 21.0%

27.0% 22.0%

26.8% 22.3%

23.9%

24.7%

22.4% 23.9%

21.8% 23.3%

10.8% 17.6%

10.8% 15.8%

10.2% 14.7%

3.6% 4.8% 3.6% 4.7% 3.3% 4.0%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2000 Pioneer Valley

2008-‐2010

2000 MassachuseLs

2008-‐2010

2000 United States

2008-‐2010

Age DistribuBon of the Civilian Labor Force

Age 65+

Age 55-‐64

Age 45-‐54

Age 35-‐44

Age 25-‐34

Age 16-‐24

16

Pioneer Valley was the only region to see a decline in the number of 16-24 year olds in the labor force in the past decade.!


-‐0.5%

-‐0.6%

-‐2.2%

0.8%

6.1%

3.6%

1.3%

-‐0.6%

-‐1.3%

1.7%

5.4%

3.9%

-‐3.0% -‐2.0% -‐1.0% 0.0% 1.0% 2.0% 3.0% 4.0% 5.0% 6.0% 7.0%

Age 16-‐24

Age 25-‐34

Age 35-‐44

Age 45-‐54

Age 55-‐64

Age 65+

Annual Growth in the Civilian Labor Force by Age, 2000 to 2008-‐2010


Source: U.S. Census Bureau 2000 Decennial Census PUMS data files and 2008-2010 ACS PUMS data files. 17

The region’s labor force has the highest concentration of individuals with a High School Degree or less in the state.!



12.5% 10.1% 11.5% 8.7% 15.5% 11.8%

28.5% 28.0% 24.3% 23.5%

26.9% 26.3%

21.4% 21.0%

19.1% 18.7%

23.9% 24.0%

9.6% 10.3%

7.9% 7.9%

7.2% 8.3%

16.6% 18.4% 22.3%

24.4%

17.2% 19.1%

11.5% 12.1% 14.8% 16.8% 9.4% 10.5%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2000 Pioneer Valley

2008-‐2010

2000 MassachuseLs

2008-‐2010

2000 United States

2008-‐2010

EducaBonal AQainment of the Civilian Labor Force

Master's degree or more

Bachelor's degree

Associate's degree

Some College, no degree

High School

Less than High School

18

Educational attainment has increased considerably in the past decade, but Pioneer Valley has trailed Massachusetts.!


-‐1.9%

0.3%

0.3%

1.3%

1.7%

1.1%

-‐2.2%

0.6%

0.7%

1.0%

2.0%

2.4%

-‐3.0% -‐2.0% -‐1.0% 0.0% 1.0% 2.0% 3.0%


High School


Associate's Degree

Bachelor's Degree

Master's Degree or more MassachuseLs Pioneer Valley

Annual Growth in the Civilian Labor Force by EducaBon, 2000 to 2008-‐2010

19


The combination of lower levels of educational attainment and an aging population present challenges for Pioneer Valley.!


Source: U.S. Census Bureau 2008-2010 ACS PUMS data files.

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000


High School

Some College

Associate's Degree

Bachelor's Degree

Master's Degree or more

EducaBonal AQainment of the Civilian Labor Force in Pioneer Valley

Age 55-‐64

Age 45-‐54

Age 35-‐44

Age 25-‐34

20

In the Great Recession the unemployment rate reached 9.0 percent in Pioneer Valley, third highest among all regions.!


0.0%

1.0%

2.0%

3.0%

4.0%

5.0%

6.0%

7.0%

8.0%

9.0%

10.0%

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Unemployment Rates, 2000 to 2011

United States MassachuseQs Pioneer Valley

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey and Massachusetts EOLWD, Labor Force and Unemployment Rates.

21

The unemployed in Pioneer Valley are disproportionately younger and have lower levels of educational attainment.!


13.7%

31.1% 18.2%

19.8% 21.0%

17.6% 24.7%

19.4%

17.6% 9.2%

4.8% 2.9%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Civilian Labor Force Unemployed

Age DistribuBon

Age 65+ Age 55-‐64 Age 45-‐54

Age 35-‐44 Age 25-‐34 Age 16-‐24


10.1% 24.4%

28.0%

35.5% 21.0%

20.5% 10.3%

5.1% 18.4%

10.6% 12.1%

3.9%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Civilian Labor Force Unemployed

EducaBon DistribuBon

Master's degree or more Bachelor's degree Associate's degree Some College, no degree High School Less than High School

22

Compared to other labor markets, Pioneer Valley has strong commuting ties to Connecticut but weak ties with other regions.!


Source: U.S. Census Bureau 2008-2010 ACS PUMS data files. 23

Number Percent of Total

Total number of employed persons living in Pioneer Valley… 324,026 100.0% …that work in:

Pioneer Valley 277,172 85.5% Central Mass 8,718 2.7% Berkshire 5,431 1.7% Other parts of MassachuseLs 4,714 1.5% ConnecBcut 23,550 7.3% Vermont 1,337 0.4% New York 1,032 0.3% Other places outside MassachuseLs 2,072 0.6%

Total number of persons working in Pioneer Valley… 302,831 100.0% …that live in:

Pioneer Valley 277,172 91.5% Central Mass 5,902 1.9% Berkshire 2,762 0.9% Other parts of MassachuseLs 2,309 0.8% ConnecBcut 10,797 3.6% New York 1,039 0.3% Vermont 832 0.3% Other places outside MassachuseLs 2,018 0.7%

Net in-‐commuBng -‐21,195 -‐

Labor Demand!

§  EducaBonal ALainment of Employed

§  EducaBonal ALainment and ComposiBon of Industries and OccupaBons

§  Demand for Workers with Post-‐Secondary EducaBon Pre-‐Recession


The educational attainment of those employed in Pioneer Valley is closer to the nationwide workforce than statewide.!



11.7% 8.6% 10.6% 7.6% 14.4% 10.7%

28.4% 27.5% 24.0%

22.7%

26.7% 25.7%

21.5% 21.0% 19.2%

18.6%

24.1% 24.0%

9.3% 10.7%

8.1% 8.2%

7.3% 8.5%

17.0% 19.3% 22.9%

25.4%

17.7% 19.9%

12.1% 13.0% 15.1% 17.5% 9.7% 11.2%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2000 Pioneer Valley

2008-‐2010

2000 MassachuseLs

2008-‐2010

2000 United States

2008-‐2010

EducaBonal AQainment of Individuals Employed in the Region

Master's degree or more

Bachelor's degree

Associate's degree


High School


25

A growing number of employees have an Associate's Degree or higher, while a shrinking number have lower levels of education.!


-‐3.3%

-‐0.3%

-‐0.2%

1.6%

1.5%

0.9%

-‐3.3%

-‐0.3%

0.0%

0.5%

1.5%

2.0%

-‐4.0% -‐3.0% -‐2.0% -‐1.0% 0.0% 1.0% 2.0% 3.0%


High School


Associate's degree

Bachelor's degree

Master's degree or more MassachuseLs Pioneer Valley

Annual Growth in the Employed by EducaBon, 2000 to 2008-‐2010

26


Industries in Pioneer Valley have smaller shares of employees with a Bachelor’s Degree or Higher, but larger shares with “middle-skills”.!



27.2%

15.8%

47.5%

51.6%

38.2%

19.8%

35.2%

27.9%

34.6%

64.4%

17.3%

20.5%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Health Care & Social Assistance

EducaBonal Services

Retail Trade

Manufacturing

EducaBonal AQainment of Employees by Selected Major Industries in Pioneer Valley

23.0%

11.7%

42.1%

37.3%

33.2%

15.5%

33.1%

23.8%

43.8%

72.7%

24.8%

38.8%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Health Care & Social Assistance

EducaBonal Services

Retail Trade

Manufacturing

High School Degree or Less Some College or Associate's Degree Bachelor's Degree or Higher

EducaBonal AQainment of Employees by Selected Major Industries in MassachuseQs

27

The pattern persists across occupations, especially for Healthcare Practitioners & Technical occupations.!



6.3%

6.4%

38.6%

64.2%

39.6%

16.2%

36.5%

28.1%

54.1%

77.4%

24.9%

7.7%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Healthcare PracBBoners & Technical

EducaBon, Training, & Library Services

Sales

ProducBon

EducaBonal AQainment of Employees by Selected OccupaBons in Pioneer Valley

6.4%

5.8%

31.5%

65.6%

29.9%

13.2%

31.0%

23.2%

63.8%

81.0%

37.5%

11.1%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Healthcare PracBBoners & Technical

EducaBon, Training, & Library Services

Sales

ProducBon

High School Degree or Less Some College or Associate's Degree Bachelor's Degree or Higher

EducaBonal AQainment of Employees by Selected OccupaBon in MassachuseQs

28

Prior to the recession, there were higher vacancy rates in the more highly educated occupations than the less educated ones.!


0.0%

1.0%

2.0%

3.0%

4.0%

5.0%

6.0%

20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0% 90.0% 100.0%

Occup

aBon

al Vacancy Rate

Share of Employees with a Post-‐Secondary EducaBon by Major OccupaBon

Pioneer Valley MassachuseLs Linear (Pioneer Valley) Linear (MassachuseLs)

Job Vacancies and EducaBonal AQainment by OccupaBon, Pre-‐Recession

ProducBon

Sales

EducaBon, Training, & Library

Healthcare PracBBoners

Source: Massachusetts EOLWD, Job Vacancy Survey and U.S. Census Bureau 2005-2007 ACS PUMS data files.

The Pipeline: Educational Supply of Post-Secondary Degrees!

§  Enrollment PaLerns

§  Degree CompleBons


Enrollments at institutions in Pioneer Valley have trailed statewide trends, and most national trends, in the past decade.!


7.6%

2.0% 0.9% 1.6%

-‐3.9%

-‐8.0%

-‐4.0%

0.0%

4.0%

8.0%

12.0%

Pioneer Valley MassachuseLs United States Pioneer Valley MassachuseLs United States

Annual Growth in Enrollments, 2000 to 2010

Less-‐than-‐Two-‐Year InsBtuBons Two-‐Year InsBtuBons Four-‐Year InsBtuBons

Part-‐Time Enrollment

21.0%

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Post-Secondary Educational Data System.

Full-‐Time Enrollment

Over the last decade completions of programs and degrees in Pioneer Valley have trailed state and national trends.!


4.0%

1.1%

1.9%

0.0%

1.0%

2.0%

3.0%

4.0%

5.0%

6.0%


Annual Growth in CompleBons, 2000 to 2010

CerBficates Associate's Degrees Bachelor's Degrees


Completions from public institutions in Pioneer Valley have outpaced private ones in the region.!


5.1%

3.4%

1.2%

-‐1.0%

2.0% 1.8%

-‐2.0%

0.0%

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

Pioneer Valley MassachuseLs United States Pioneer Valley MassachuseLs United States

Annual Growth in CompleBons, 2000 to 2010

CerBficates Associate's Degrees Bachelor's Degrees

Private


Public

Public institutions in Pioneer Valley play a larger role in all forms of post-secondary education than statewide.!


36.6%

95.6%

56.5%

0.0%

25.0%

50.0%

75.0%

100.0%


Share of CompleBons at Public InsBtuBons, 2000

34

40.6%

96.4%

57.0%

0.0%

25.0%

50.0%

75.0%

100.0%


Share of CompleBons at Public InsBtuBons, 2010

CerBficates Associate's Degrees Bachelor's Degrees Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Post-Secondary Educational Data System.

Summary!

§  An aging workforce, declines in younger workers, and a stagnant populaBon will force the region to confront demographic challenges sooner than other regions.

§  Despite gains in the educaBonal aLainment of its labor force in the past decade, Pioneer Valley sBll has the highest share of individuals with only a High School Degree or less.

§  Addressing the barriers to full employment facing the region’s unemployed, parBcularly among the young and less educated, is key to the recovery of the region.

§  Given such trends, what should be done to ensure the future economic vitality of Pioneer Valley moving forward?


Thank You!


[email protected]!!

www.bostonfed.org/neppc!

Health Sciences and Services have accounted for most of the Certificates completed in Pioneer Valley.!


0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Business Engineering & Computer Sciences Arts, HumaniBes, & Social Sciences Services Health Sciences

Annual CerBficate CompleBons by Major in Pioneer Valley, 2000 to 2010


Nearly 40 percent of Associate’s Degrees completed in Pioneer Valley are in Arts, Humanities, & Social Sciences.!


0

400

800

1,200

1,600

2,000

2,400

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Engineering & Computer Sciences Services Business Health Sciences Arts, HumaniBes, & Social Sciences

Annual Associate’s Degree CompleBons by Major in Pioneer Valley, 2000 to 2010


Similar to Associate’s Degrees, more than 40 percent of the region’s Bachelor’s Degrees are in Art, Humanities, & Social Sciences.!


0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Health Sciences Services Science & MathemaBcs Business Arts, HumaniBes, & Social Sciences

Annual Bachelor’s Degree CompleBons by Major in Pioneer Valley, 2000 to 2010


Nearly 70 percent of the region’s unemployed are in Hampden County, where the unemployment rate peaked at 10.0 percent.!


0.0%

1.0%

2.0%

3.0%

4.0%

5.0%

6.0%

7.0%

8.0%

9.0%

10.0%

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Unemployment Rates, 2000 to 2011

United States MassachuseQs Pioneer Valley Franklin/Hampshire Hampden

40

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey and Massachusetts EOLWD, Labor Force and Unemployment Rates.

Those with less than a high school education are seven times more likely to be unemployed than those with a Master’s Degree or higher.!


21.6%

11.3%

8.7%

4.5%

5.1%

2.9%

17.9%

10.9%

9.1%

6.0%

5.3%

3.4%

0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0%


High School


Associate's degree

Bachelor's degree

Master's degree or more MassachuseLs Pioneer Valley

Unemployment Rates by EducaBon, 2008-‐2010

41


One in five 16-24 year olds in Pioneer Valley is unemployed, and is more likely to be unemployed than any other age group.!


20.3%

9.7%

7.5%

7.0%

4.7%

5.4%

16.2%

7.7%

6.7%

6.8%

6.4%

7.1%

0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0%

Age 16-‐24

Age 25-‐34

Age 35-‐44

Age 45-‐54

Age 55-‐64

Age 65+ MassachuseLs Pioneer Valley

Unemployment Rates by EducaBon, 2008-‐2010

42


Labor Market Trends in the Pioneer Valley...

Documents

Transcript of Labor Market Trends in the Pioneer Valley...