Label the Skeleton BR

1. Download notes

and bone lists

2. Intro to bones

3. ID work with

models

carpals

clavicle

fibula

humerus

ilium (of coxal bone)

ischium (of coxal bone)

mandible

metacarpals

metatarsals

patella

phalanges

radius

ribs

scapula

skull

tarsals

tibia

ulna

vertebrae (lumbar)

Skeletal System

Functions:

1. Support and

protection

• Bones,

ligaments,

cartilage

2. Body movement

3. Blood cell

formation

4. Storage of inorganic

salts

Figure 7.2

Flat bone

(frontal bone)

Irregular bone

(vertebra)

Long bone (femur)

Short bone

(tarsal bone)

Bones are classified by shape:

• Long bones

• Short bones

• Flat bones

• Irregular bones

Figure 7.3a

Proximal

epiphysis

Metaphysis

Diaphysis

Metaphysis

Distal

epiphysis

(a) Humerus, anterior view

Articular cartilage

Spongy bone

Articular cartilage

Epiphyseal line

Compact bone

Spongy bone

Medullary cavity

(contains yellow bone

marrow in adult)

Endosteum

Periosteum

Perforating fibers

Nutrient artery

through nutrient foramen

Long Bone – Gross Anatomy• Diaphysis (shaft of bone)

• Compact bone – solid; gives bone its strength

• Medullary cavity

• Cavity in diaphysis – resists bending

• Contains yellow bone marrow

• Epiphysis

• Proximal and distal

• Spongy bone – withstands compressive forces

• Red bone marrow

• Metaphysis (growth plate)

• Contains epiphyseal disk/line

• Periosteum

• Covering of bone

• Important in repair

• Endosteum

• Lines medullary cavity

• Articular cartilage

• Hyaline

• Covers epiphysis

Overview of the Skeletal System

Types of boneCompact bone

• also called dense or cortical bone

• relatively dense connective bone tissue

• appears white, smooth, and solid

• 80% of bone mass

Spongy bone

• also called cancellous or trabecular bone

• located internal to compact bone

• appears porous

• 20% of bone mass

Cartilage• Hyaline cartilage

• attaches ribs to the sternum

• covers the ends of some bones

• cartilage within growth plates

• model for formation of most bones

• Fibrocartilage• weight-bearing cartilage that

withstands compression

• forms intervertebral discs

• forms pubic symphysis

• forms cartilage pads of the knees

Ligaments• Anchor bone to bone

Tendons• Anchor muscle to bone

Connective tissue keeps the skeletal system together…..

Axial vs. Appendicular Skeleton

• pectoral girdle and upper limbs

• pelvic girdle and lower limbs

• skull, hyoid, vertebral column, thoracic cage

Key Bone Terms

Sinus

• a cavity within a bone or other tissue, especially one in the bones of the face or skull connecting with the nasal cavities

Suture

• a seamlike immovable junction between two bones, such as those of the skull

Key Bone Terms

Foramen

• an opening, hole, or passage, especially in a bone

Fossa

• a shallow depression or hollow

Canal

• a tubular duct serving to convey liquid or air

Condyles

• a rounded protuberance at the end of some bones, forming an articulation with another bone

Key Bone Terms

Crest

• a ridge along the surface of a bone

Protuberance

• Anatomical landmark that appears as a blunt projection, eminence, or swelling

Process

• a natural appendage or outgrowth on or in an organism, such as a protuberance on a bone

Key Bone Terms

Meatus

• a passage or opening leading to the interior of the body

Key Bone TermsNotch

• indentation, indenture. a concave cut into a surface or edge

Tuberosity

• a large prominence on a bone usually serving for the attachment of muscles or ligaments

Download Bone list from moodle

Using the diagram book, Anatomy Revealed, and the models – start to learn the bones and bone markings –ID Test 3/17/19http://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&login=1551189998374

Complete Long Bone coloring by end of the block

Osteon BR

1. Formation of Bone

2. Skull and vertebral

column notes

3. Continue working

on ID and begin

organization lab

HW – Ch. 7 (5-10)

questions and labeling

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZ

y_GMWV87g

Intramembranous Bones• Bones of the skull

• Begin to form in first few weeks of life and grow into adulthood

• Develop from layers of connective tissue differentiating

• Formed by osteoblasts (bone stem cells) which become osteocytes (mature bone cells)

Endochronal Bone Development• Most bones of the skeleton

• Begin as hyaline cartilage

• Ossification centers

– region of bone formation

– forms from the inside out

• Epiphyseal disk

– band of hyaline cartilage between ossification centers

– The direction of growth is

toward the diaphysis (shaft of

long bone).

– The newly forming spongy

bone (below the growth plate)

is not clearly organized as the

older spongy bone in the

epiphysis above the growth plate.

Endochronal Bone DevelopmentDamaged epiphyseal disk• long bone growth ceasesHomeostasis of osteoclasts (cells

that breakdown osteocytes) & osteoblasts

• reabsorption and replacementBone Cancer• abnormal increase in

osteoclastic activity

Symptoms:

•Joint and bone swelling.

•Pain.

•A hard lump felt on the

surface of a bone, often

painful when pressure is

applied.

•Fever.

•Unexplained weight

loss.

•Inability to move freely.

•Frequent bone fracture.

Fractures – many types

Fractures – All are either Complete or IncompletePartial/Incomplete• Descriptive of all breaks;

break does not completely separate the bone

Complete• Descriptive of all breaks;

break completely separates the bone

Fractures – All are either closed or open

Simple/Closed

• Complete or incomplete

• Contained within the soft tissues

• No communication with the skin or mucous membranes

Compound/Open

• Complete or incomplete

• Communicates with the outside surfaces

• Associated with bone marrow infections

Healing of a Fractured Bone1. Blood clot from fractured blood vessels form

and a hematoma results

2. Hematoma invaded by phagocytic cells

3. Osteoblasts and spongy (woven) bone formation

4. Build up of fibrocartilage

5. Cartilaginous callus (internal) forms

6. Bony callus (external) replaces fibrocartilage

7. Osteoclasts remove extra bone that forms while repairing (remodeling)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJ-ENmMX09c

Functions of BoneSkeletal System

Support and Protection

• shape and form

• underlying tissue protection

Functions of BoneBody Movement• LeversBlood Cell Formation• hematopoiesisStorage of Inorganic

Salts• quantity of calcium

phosphate initiates osteoblasts and osteoclasts

• osteoporosis

Cranial BonesFrontal• anterior; superior to eyes

Parietal• posterior to frontal• bulge on head

Occipital• posterior and base of

cranium

Temporal• lateral and base

Cranial Bones

Sphenoid and ethmoid• create sinuses

• sinusitis

Functions of the CraniumEnclose and protect

the brain

Paranasal sinuses

• reduce weight

• increase intensity of voice through resonance

Jaw BonesMaxillary bone

• upper jaw

Mandible

• Movable

Cleft Palate

Infantile Skeleton development -SkullIncomplete development

Many fontanels (“soft spots”)• Permit movement between bones • Allow skull to be compressed during birth• Allow for continued brain growth• Eventually fuse - suturesProportions are quite different from those in

an adult skull• small face• prominent forehead• large orbits

Typical Vertebrae

• Drum shaped body

• Body and bony arch surround spinal cord

• Notches provide the foramen for spinal nerves

3 Types of VertebraeCervical• first 7Thoracic• middle 12Lumbar• last 5Scoliosis

Cervical Vertebrae

Bony axis of neck

Atlas• 1st vertebrae

• supports and balances head

Axis• 2nd vertebrae

• provides pivot of head

Thoracic Vertebrae

• Larger than cervical

• Facets articulate with the ribs

Lumbar VertebraeLarge and strongSupport most body

weightSacrum• 5 fused vertebrae

Coccyx (tailbone)• 4 fused vertebrae• lowest part of vertebral

column

Infantile Skeleton development –Vertebral Column

Spinal curvatures well developed –Primary curvatures

• Thoracic

• Sacral

Cervical curvature

• Develops as baby learns to lift his/her head

Lumbar curvature

• Develops during learning to sit and walk

Disorders

Spina Bifida

• Vertebrae do not completely develop

• Genetic – quad screen test

Spina Bifida

Disorders

Herniated Disk

• Elastic portion of disk degenerates

• Back pain; loss of muscular function

Continue working on ID from bone list on the models in the classroom.

Begin Organization Lab (won’t be due until the end of class on Friday)

Bone Labeling BR

1. Notes of

Organization

2. Work on lab and ID

HW – Finish CH. 7

HW questions for

Monday

Thoracic Cage

Shaped like an inverted cone

Ribs

Thoracic vertebrae

Sternum

• Manubrium, body, xiphoid process

Costal Cartilage

• attach ribs to sternum

Why articulate with cartilage instead of bone?

Functions of the Thoracic Cage

• Support pectoral girdle and arms

• Protect organs

–Heart and lungs

• Aid in breathing

Ribs• 12 pairs

– first seven are true

– last five are false

• Curves around chest and slope downward

• Articulate with transverse process on vertebrae

Sternum

Breast bone

Articulates with the clavicle

Red marrow

• produces RBC

Sternal puncture

• thin compact bone so easy to obtain marrow for diagnosis

Pectoral Girdle • Incomplete ring

• 2 Clavicles (collar bone)

– slender, elongated

– hold shoulders in place

– attachment site for muscles of the arm, chest, back

• 2 Scapula (shoulder blade)

– broad, triangular bones

– articulates with humerus

Upper LimbHumerus

• articulates with radius & ulna

Radius

• elbow to wrist

• articulates with humerus, ulna, wrist

Ulna

• overlaps humerus

• articulates laterally with radius

Hand

• carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

Pelvic GirdlePelvis

• sacrum, coccyx, girdle

2 Coxal bones (3 fused bones)

• Ilium (hipbone)

• Ischium (“butt” bone tuberosity

• Pubis

• Fused at the symphysis pubi

Lower Limb• Femur

– knee to hip

– longest bone in the body

• Tibia

– shinbone

• Fibula

– lateral to tibia

– bears no weight

• Foot

– Tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

– calcaneus

Male v. Female Skeleton Male

• larger

• hip bones more narrow

• more bone mass

Female

• wider hip bones

• angle at symphysis pubis is greater

• less bone mass

Continue working on ID from bone list on the models in the classroom.

Begin Organization Lab (won’t be due until the end of class on Friday)

Learn the lower limb

“Quiz” at 10:35

pollev.com/kbrelsf872

Label the Skull BR

** Turn in lab

1. Notes on

movements

2. Work on ID -

particularly the

skull

HW – xsword – Wed

Quiz – Wed

ID Practical – 3/14

Types of JointsFibrous (immovable)

• Sutures

• Between skull bones

Cartilaginous (slightly movable)

• symphysis pubis

• between vertebrae

• Between ribs and sternum

• Connected with disks offibrocartilage

Synovial (movable)

• Most common

• Synovial fluid

Types of Joints - Synovial

Covered with hyaline cartilage

Bursae

• Fluid filled sacs b/w skin and processes

Types of Joints - Synovial

Ball and socket

• Shoulder and hip

• Highly movable joint

• Allow movement in all directions

Condyloid

• Metacarpals and phalanges

• Metatarsals and phalanges

Types of Joints - SynovialGliding (sliding)• Wrist and ankle• Allows bones to slide in all

directions

Hinge• Elbow• Knee• Allows bones to

move back and forth

Types of Joints - SynovialPivot

• Radius and ulna

Saddle

• Thumb

Arthroscopy

Arthritis• Inflamed, swollen joints

Osteoarthritis

• Most common; old age

• Articular cartilage wears down

ArthritisRheumatoid

• Autoimmune disorder

• Cartilage replaced by bone

• Very disfiguring

ArthritisInfectious/Acute

• Bacterial infection

• Lyme disease

Gouty

• Result of uric acid being deposited b/c kidneys are not properly filtering

• Deposited in great toe first

Gouty Arthritis

Additional DisordersRickets

• Soft bone condition in children

• Lack of calcium and/or vitamin D

Osteomyelitis

• Acute or chronic bone infection

• Commonly caused by bacteria (at times – fungi)

Flexion - Extension• decrease - increase angleAbduction - Adduction• away - toward midlineRotation• around an axisPronation - Supination• palm down -palm upElevation - Depression• raising - lowering

Continue working on ID from bone list on the models in the classroom.

Learn the skull

“Quiz” at 11:50

pollev.com/kindrabrelsf872

Label the Upper Limb

BR

1. Joint movements

lab

2. Work on ID

3. Upper limb, coxal

bone, and sacrum at

10:35

HW – study

ID Practical – 3/13

Label the Long Bone BR

1. Review xword

2. Review Game

3. Quiz

4. Bone ID review

• Practice practical

5. Naming muscles

HW – Ch. 8 (1-14)

ID Practical – 3/13