Lab on Chip for Bioanalysis

7/22/2019 Lab on Chip for Bioanalysis

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1951A0448ECE - IIIA


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Introduction

What is Lab-on-a-chip ?

A little History on LOCs

Microfluidics

Why use Microfluidics ?

Some interesting LOC applications

Advantages and Disadvantages of LOC

LOC and Global Health


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Nanotechnology , over the years , has evolved to be the mostpopular, expanding and promising branch of science and technology.

Its various applications in life sciences have opened up doors inseveral areas like diagnostics, drug delivery and tissue engineering .

Nanotechnology is often viewed as a relatively young field, withtremendous potential to reinvent existing industries and significantly

improve standards of living.

Some other applications to the life sciences include pharmaceuticals,biotechnology, medical devices and gene therapy.


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Microtechnology

(~1954)

Pressure SensorManufacturing

(1966)

MEMs Era

First LOC systemGasChromatograph- S.C.Terry

(1979)

MMS, Valves andAirbag sensors

Micro pumps, flowsensors (1980s-

90s)

Sub- micrometer ,nano-sized channels, single cell

detection and analysis,and nano-sensors, might

become feasible

GenomicApplicationsmid

1990s

DARPA interest inportable bio/chemical

warfare agentdetection systems


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The basis for most LOC fabrication processes is photolithography.Initially most processes were in silicon, as these well-developedtechnologies were directly derived from semiconductor fabrication.

Because of demands for like specific optical characteristics, bio- orchemical compatibility, lower production costs and fasterprototyping, new processes have been developed such as glass,ceramics and metal etching.

Furthermore the LOC field more and more exceeds the bordersbetween lithography-based microsystem technology, nanotechnology and precision engineering.


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The use of microfabrication techniques from the IC industry tofabricate channels, chambers, reactors, and active components onthe size scale of the width of a human hair or smaller


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Sample savings nL of enzyme, not mL

Faster analyses can heat, cool small volumes quickly

Integration combine lots of steps onto a single device

Novel physics diffusion, surface tension, and surfaceeffects dominate

This can actually lead to faster reactions!!!


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Genetic analysis

- Portable devices for pathogen detection

- High-throughput biology

Chemical synthesis

Metabolite analysis

Drug delivery systems


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Genetic analysis may be done to identify genetic/inherited disordersand also to make a differential diagnosis in certain somatic diseasessuch as cancer.

Genetic analyses include but are not limited to moleculartechnologies such as PCR, RT-PCR, DNA sequencing, and DNAmicroarrays, and cytogenetic methods suchas karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization.

All the above methods can be used for detection either using asingle or different LOC devices .


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Food poisoning:Pathogenic E. coli: >1 in 10,000 in Canada

Salmonella spp.: as high as 1 in 50 eggs

Wound infections:

Antibiotic-resistant S. aureus: as high as 50%

Lung Disease:

Pseudomonas spp.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Biowarfare:

Anthrax, plague, smallpox

Food poisoning Wound infections Lung disease

Biowarfare


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OLD WAY : NEW WAY :

Develop bacterial pathogen detectors

that are:

Rapid (< 1 hour)

General (many different types of

pathogens)

Sensitive (detect a single cell)

Genetically Specific

Field-portable


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Complete fluorescence detection including 488-nm solid-state

laser, Photomultiplier, optics and detection electronics Heater and RTD electronics

4 high-voltage CE power supplies

PDMS microvalve hardware

Simple PC interface


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Synthesis refers to the process ofcombination of two or moreentities to form something new.

Biosynthesis , the creation of anorganic compound in a livingorganism usually aided byenzymes.

Chemical synthesis , the execution

of chemical reactions to form amore complex molecule fromchemical precursors

Peptide Synthesis


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LOCs may provide advantages, which are specific to their

application. Typical advantages are:

Low fluid volumes consumption

Faster analysis and response times

Better process control

Compactness of the systems

Massive Parallelization

Lower fabrication cost

Safer platform


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Novel technology

Physical and Chemical effects become more dominant onsmall scale

Low Signal-to-Noise ratios

Precision


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Lab-on-a-chip technology may soon become an important part of efforts toimprove global health, particularly through the development of point-of-caretesting devices .

The goal of these researchers is to create microfluidic chips that will allowhealthcare providers in poorly equipped clinics to perform diagnostic tests such

as immunoassays and nucleic acid assays with no laboratory support.

In countries where the healthcare infrastructure is less well developed,attributes such ease of use and shelf life must also be considered. The reagentsthat come with the chip, for example, must be designed so that they remaineffective for months even if the chip is not kept in a climate-controlled

environment

One active area of LOC research involves ways to diagnose andmanage HIV infections. Measuring the number of CD4+ T lymphocytes in apersons blood is an accurate way to determine if a person has HIV and to trackthe progress of an HIV infection. Recently a flow cytometer for measuring these

lymphocytes was developed for just $5 .


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2020??

Paramount

2008

PDA


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Lab on Chip for Bioanalysis

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