Lab Manual Computer Course for class 7 ( Based on KVS latest syllabus)

7/23/2019 Lab Manual Computer Course for class 7 ( Based on KVS latest syllabus)

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1

ritten by

Rohit Ranjan

(M.C.A.)

© Copyright reserved.

Play WITH

COMPUTER

As per the new syllabus of KVS



2

ate Narendra Kumar



3

ote of Thanks ……..

At first I would like to thank the almighty , my GOD ,to help me in writing thisbook for my students. Thank you and Love You God.

Next, I would like to thank my wife Rashmi. She is the reason and real force

behind my writing. Next it’s time to thank my daughter Shambhavi and my

son Gaurang who have always tried not to disturb me whenerver I am struct in

something. They provided me all the support that I needed to write the book by

waiting for me for hours to complete the book and to get my attention back to

them. God bless you. Love you.

Next, I would like to thank Sh. Sudhakar Singh, Principal,

K.V.Kankarbagh Patna , Sh. Ravi Prakash, PGT (Computer Sc.), K.V.

Kankarbagh Patna and Sh. Manoj Kumar PGT (Computer Sc.), K.V.

Kankarbagh Patna for giving faith on me to write this book.

Last but not the least I would like to thank Myself for starting a beautiful journey

of writing.



4

INDEX

UNIT NAME OF THE

CHAPTER

PAGE NO.

1. Computer Security

5

2. HTML

20

3. Photoshop

28

4. Photoshop – II

37

5. Photoshop - III

46

6. APPENDIX – I

59

7. APPENDIX – II

67

8. APPENDIX – III

71

9. APPENDIX - IV

72



5

NIT - 1

Computer Security

THREATS TO COMPUTER

Computer systems are vulnerable to many threats that can inflict various types of damage

resulting in significant losses. This damage can range from errors harming database

integrity to fires destroying entire computer centers. Losses can stem, for example, from

the actions of supposedly trusted employees defrauding a system, from outside hackers, or

from careless data entry clerks. Precision in estimating computer security-related losses is

not possible because many losses are never discovered, and others are "swept under the

carpet" to avoid unfavorable publicity. The effects of various threats varies considerably:

some affect the confidentiality or integrity of data while others affect the availability of asystem.

This chapter presents a broad view of the risky environment in which systems operate

today. The threats and associated losses presented in this chapter were selected based on

their prevalence and significance in the current computing environment and their expected

growth. This list is not exhaustive, and some threats may combine elements from more

than one area. This overview of many of today's common threats may prove useful to

organizations studying their own threat environments; however, the perspective of this

chapter is very broad. Thus, threats against particular systems could be quite different from

those discussed here.

To control the risks of operating an information system, managers and users need to knowthe vulnerabilities of the system and the threats that may exploit them. Knowledge of the

threat environment allows the system manager to implement the most cost-effective

security measures. In some cases, managers may find it more cost-effective to simply

tolerate the expected losses. Such decisions should be based on the results of a risk

analysis.

1. Errors and Omissions

2. Fraud and Theft

3. Loss of Physical and Infrastructure Support

4. Malicious Hackers

5. Malicious Code

6. Threats to Personal Privacy



6

The Common Types of Computer Virus

Presuming you are already familiar with what a computer virus is, how it spreads, and what

it does, it is time for you to learn that there are a few different types of computer virus.Let’s see what these types are and how each of these computer viruses behaves.

Boot viruses

Since nobody uses floppy disks anymore, these types of computer virus are left to infect

only the master boot records of the hard disk. The boot record program loads the operating

system in the memory at startup. These viruses replace the boot record and move it to a

different part of the hard disk, or simply overwrite it. As you can imagine, once you start

your operating system, it loads into memory, along with the virus. Once the virus is in the

memory, it is free to do whatever it was programmed to do. To avoid loading the boot



7

record viruses into memory, you must boot your operating system from another source

(another hard drive or a bootable CD/DVD).

Program viruses

These types of computer virus will infect only executable files (with extensions like .BIN,.COM, .EXE, .OVL, .DRV, and .SYS). Once executed, these programs load into memory, along

with the virus contained within them. Once in the memory, the scenario repeats – the virus

is free to act and infect other files or simply deliver its payload. These viruses are friendlier

than boot viruses and can be removed a lot easier.

Multipartite viruses

These computer viruses are hybrids, derived from boot viruses and program viruses. They

infect executable files, just like the program viruses but, once the executable is executed, it

infects the master boot records. The scenario is similar to the boot virus’s one: once youboot your operating system, the virus is loaded into the memory, from where it is free to

infect other programs and replicate itself, ultimately delivering the payload.

Stealth viruses

These viruses are specialized in avoiding detection and will use a number of techniques to

do so. Most of them simply redirect the hard disk head, forcing it to read another memory

sector instead of their own. Some of them also alter the reading of the file size shown when

listing the directory. These types of computer virus are very hard to find by humans, but

antivirus software is specially designed to track them down and erase them.

Polymorphic viruses

The polymorphic viruses will always change their source code from one infection to another.

Each infection is different, and this makes detection very hard. However, detection is still

possible, depending on the antivirus.

Macro viruses

This virus is relatively new and it infects macros within a template or document. When you

open a word processing document, it activates the virus. The virus infects the Normal.dot

template, which is a general file used by all the documents. So, whenever you open an

uninfected document, by referring to the Normal.dot file, it gets infected as well. This

infection can only spread if infected documents are opened on another machine.

Active X viruses

Most people do not know how to configure ActiveX and Java controls, unconsciously leaving

a security hole. Applets are then allowed to run freely on the machine, delivering all ActiveX

viruses. By simply turning off some ActiveX and Java controls in the browser, a user can

efficiently protect their PC from this type of computer virus.



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9



10

Firewall and its use :-

If you have been using the Internet for any length of time, and especially if you work at a

larger company and browse the Web while you are at work, you have probably heard the

term firewall used. For example, you often hear people in companies say things like, "I can't

use that site because they won't let it through the firewall."

If you have a fast Internet connection into your home (either a DSL connection or a cable

modem), you may have found yourself hearing about firewalls for your home network as

well. It turns out that a small home network has many of the same security issues that a

large corporate network does. You can use a firewall to protect your home network and

family from offensive Web sites and potential hackers.

Basically, a firewall is a barrier to keep destructive forces away from your property. In fact,

that's why its called a firewall. Its job is similar to a physical firewall that keeps a fire from

spreading from one area to the next.

Cyber Law in INDIA

Why Cyber law in India ?

When Internet was developed, the founding fathers of Internet hardly had any inclination

that Internet could transform itself into an all pervading revolution which could be misused

for criminal activities and which required regulation. Today, there are many disturbing

things happening in cyberspace. Due to the anonymous nature of the Internet, it is possible

to engage into a variety of criminal activities with impunity and people with intelligence,

have been grossly misusing this aspect of the Internet to perpetuate criminal activities in

cyberspace. Hence the need for Cyberlaws in India.

What is the importance of Cyber law ?

Cyber law is important because it touches almost all aspects of transactions and activities on

and concerning the Internet, the World Wide Web and Cyberspace. Initially it may seem

that Cyberlaws is a very technical field and that it does not have any bearing to most

activities in Cyberspace. But the actual truth is that nothing could be further than the truth.

Whether we realize it or not, every action and every reaction in Cyberspace has some legaland Cyber legal perspectives.



11

Does Cyber law concern me ?

Yes, Cyber law does concern you. As the nature of Internet is changing and this new medium

is being seen as the ultimate medium ever evolved in human history, every activity of yoursin Cyberspace can and will have a Cyber legal perspective. From the time you register your

Domain Name, to the time you set up your web site, to the time you promote your website,

to the time when you send and receive emails , to the time you conduct electronic

commerce transactions on the said site, at every point of time, there are various Cyber law

issues involved. You may not be bothered about these issues today because you may feel

that they are very distant from you and that they do not have an impact on your Cyber

activities. But sooner or later, you will have to tighten your belts and take note of Cyber law

for your own benefit.

Cyber Law Awareness program

Are your electronic transactions legally binding and authentic? Are you verifying your

customers' identities to prevent identity theft? Does your online terms and conditions have

binding effect? Are you providing appropriate information and clear steps for forming and

concluding your online transactions? How are you ensuring data protection and information

security on your web site? Are you recognizing the rights of your data subjects?

Transacting on the Internet has wide legal implications as it alters the conventional methods

of doing business. To build enduring relationships with your online customers the legalissues of e-transactions need to be addressed from the onset.

This Awareness program will cover

the basics of Internet Security

basic information on Indian Cyber Law

Impact of technology aided crime

Indian IT Act on covering the legal aspects of all Online Activities

Types of Internet policies required for an Organization.

Minimum hardware and software, security measures required in an organization to protectdata



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How to Back Up and R

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data and installed applicationtheir system. This is often occ

12

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that it is protected by so much

ill be surprise to know that even

g on social media is fully

tracked by laws and acts.

store

store Your Computer

stem are bound to rise with continued use.

f users as well as organizations worldwide e

s and spend tens of thousands of dollars in tasioned by the fact that many a users are ne

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nd up losing vital

rying to restorever prepared to



13

face disasters such as software crash, hard disk crash and virus infection amongst others. To

save yourself from such agony and to avoid losing valuable working hours it is important to

be backing up important data stored in your system on regular basis. In the event of a

disaster, you will only need to restore the saved data and carry on with your day to day

chores. Having recognized this as a need, the article aims at providing a helping hand on

how to backup and restore your system.

Steps

1Click ‘Start’ from the taskbar and point to ‘All Programs’. In the popup menu that

appears, select ‘Accessories’ and point to ‘System Tools’ and choose ‘Backup’ in the

menu that appears,



14

1.

2Click ‘Next” in the Backup or Restore wizard that appears therein.



15

2.

3Choose ‘Backup files and settings’ and click ‘Next’. In the new page that

appears you will be prompted to choose what to backup. To backup items stored in

My Documents, Favorites, Desktop and Cookies choose ‘My Documents and

settings’. To backup data for all the users in the system inclusive of their documents,favorites and cookies select ‘Everyone’s documents and settings and to backup all

data stored in the hard disk, choose ‘All information on this computer’. However, it is

recommended that you create a special folder into which to backup all vital data and

select ‘Let me choose what to backup’.



16

3.

4Thereafter, click ‘Next’ select a location in which to save the backup and give it

a name. it is recommended that you choose an external location, i.e. flash drives or

external hard disk. Click ‘Next’ to proceed with the process. In the new page thatappears click ‘Finish’ to complete the backup process. This might take a while to

complete.



17

How to Restore backup data

1.

1Click ‘Start’ from the taskbar and point to ‘All Program’. In the popup menu that

appears, point to ‘Accessories’ and then to ‘System and Tools’ and click on ‘Backup’.In the Backup and restore wizard that appears therein select ‘Restore files and

settings’ and click ‘Next’.



18

2.

2In the new page that appears, choose the location where the backup was

created. Under the ‘items to restore box’ check the data that you want to restore and

click ‘Next’. To start the restore option, click ‘Finish’. The process might take some

time to complete so be patient.



19

e learn :-

EXERCISE

Answer the following questions :-

1. What are the types of viruses ? Explain at least two of them.

2. Name the first computer virus and its developer.3. What is difference between Backup and Restore ?

4. What is the importance of Cyber Law?

Computer security issues

What are viruses What are IT Act in India

How to back up our computer data.

How to Restore our backed up data



20

NIT - 2

HTML

(Hyper Text Markup Language)

What does H-T-M-L stand for?

HTML is an abbreviation of "HyperText Mark-up Language" - which is already more than you

need to know at this stage. However, for the sake of good order, let us explain in greater

detail.

Hyper is the opposite of linear. In the good old days - when a mouse was something

the cat chased - computer programs ran linearly: when the program had executed

one action it went to the next line and after that, the next line and so on. But HTML

is different - you can go wherever you want and whenever you want. For example, it

is not necessary to visit MSN.com before you visit HTML.net.

Text is self-explanatory.

Mark-up is what you do with the text. You are marking up the text the same way you

do in a text editing program with headings, bullets and bold text and so on.

Language is what HTML is. It uses many English words.

In this tutorial you will learn so-called XHTML (Extensible HyperText Mark-up Language)

which, in short, is a new and more well-structured way of writing HTML.

Now you know what HTML (and XHTML) stands for let's get started with what it is all about:

making websites.

Elements and tags

You are now ready to learn the essence of HTML: elements.

Elements give structure to a HTML document and tells the browser how you want your

website to be presented. Generally elements consists of a start tag, some content, and an

end tag.

"Tags"?

Tags are labels you use to mark up the begining and end of an element.

All tags have the same format: they begin with a less-than sign "<" and end with agreater-than sign ">".



21

Generally speaking, there are two kinds of tags - opening tags: <html> and closing

tags: </html>. The only difference between an opening tag and a closing tag is the

forward slash "/". You label content by putting it between an opening tag and a

closing tag.

HTML is all about elements. To learn HTML is to learn and use different tags.

Can you show me some examples?

Okay, the element em emphasis text. All text between the opening tag <em> and

the closing tag </em> is emphasised in the browser. ("em" is short for "emphasis".)

Example 1:

<em>Emphasised text.</em>

Will look like this in the browser:

Emphasised text.

The elements h1, h2, h3, h4, h5 and h6 is used to make headings (h stands for

"heading"), where h1 is the first level and normally the largest text, h2 is thesecond level and normally slightly smaller text, and h6 is the sixth and last in the

hierarchy of headings and normally the smallest text.

Example 2:

<h1>This is a heading</h1>

<h2>This is a subheading</h2>

Will look like this in the browser:

This is a heading

This is a subheading

Your HTML document should now look like this:

<html>



22

<head>

<title>My first website </title>

</head>

<body>

<p>Hurrah! This is my website.</p></body>

</html>

Done! You have now made your first real website!

Next all you have to do is to save it to your hard drive and then open it in your browser:

In Notepad choose "Save as..." under "File" in the top menu. Choose "All Files" in the "Save as type" box. This is very important - otherwise, you

save it as a text document and not as an HTML document.

Now save your document as "page1.htm" (the ending ".htm" indicates that it is an

HTML document. ".html" gives the same result. I always use ".htm", but you can

choose whichever of the two extensions you prefer). It doesn't matter where you

save the document on your hard drive - as long as you remember where you saved it

so you can find it again.

Now go to the browser:

In the top menu choose "Open" under "File" (or press CTRL+O).

Click "Browse" in the box that appears. Now find your HTML document and click "Open".



23

It now should say "Hurrah! This is my first website." in your browser. Congratulations!

Basic Html Tags

Paragraph Tags

Tag: <p> </p> (Has a closing tag) </>means closed.

What it Does: Puts 2 breaks between lines of text.

Attributes:

Align=left, right, center

Code Example:

<p align=left> This is a paragraph tag </p>

<p align=left > This isa paragraph tag </p>

What it looks like:

This is a paragraph tag.

This is a paragraph tag.

Break Tags

Tag: <br> (Has no closing tag)

What it Does: Puts a one line break between text.

Code Example:

This is a break tag. <br>

This is another break tag.

What it looks like:

This is a break tag.

This is another break tag.



24

Bold Tags

Tag: <b></b>(Has closing tag) </>means closed.

What it Does: Creates bold text

Code Example: <b>this is bold. </b>

What it looks like:

this is bold.

Italic Tags

Ta g: <i></i>(Has closing tag) </>means closed.

What it Does: Creates Italic text.

Code Example: <i> This text is italic. </i>

What it looks like:

This text is italic.

Unordered List Tags

Tag: <ul> </ul>(Has closing tag) </>means closed.

What it Does: The UL tag lists items using bullets. Also indents your list tags.

Code Example:

<ul>This is a ul tag</ul>

What it looks like:

This is a ul tag.

List Tags

Tag: <li> </li>(Has closing tag) </>means closed.

What it Does: Creates a bulleted list.

Code Example:

<li>Apple </li>

<li>Orange </li>

<li>Peach</li>

What it looks like:



25

· Apple

· Orange

· Peach

Hyperlink Tag

Tag: <a href="URL"></a> Has closing tag) </>means closed.

What it does:Creates a hyperlink to another page.

Attributes:

Target =”new” This opens up a new window.

Code Example:

<a href=”doc.html”> document </a>

What it looks like:

Document

To create a “hotlink” email reference:

<a href=mailto:[email protected]>[email protected]</a>

Table Tags

Tag: <table></table>Creates a table

Tag: <tr></tr>Sets off each row in a table

Tag: <td></td>Sets off Each cell in a table>

Attributes:

align=left, right, center

border=x

cellpadding=x

cellspacing= x

width=

height=

How these work and look: All these tags must be closed. </>

<table border=1 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=2>



26

<tr>

<td>cell 1</td>

<td>cell 2</td>

</tr>

</table>

How it looks:

Image Tags

Tag: <img src=”imagename.gif” alt=”description”> there is no closing tag

Attributes:

alt=”description”

Align=right or left

Border=0

What it does: Inserts an image into the page. Always have an alt tag in your images. Alt tags are part

of priority

one ADA compliance. The site will not be compliant without this tag.

Code Example: This is an image <img src=”images/arrow.gif” alt=”arrow”>.

What it looks like: This is an image .

1. Alwaysuse alt tags (alternative text) in images

2. Close your tags </>

Email Tags

<a href=”mailto:[email protected]” class=”links” >Gordon@sno- cat.com </a>

Image Tags with locations

To insert an image into text area

<img src=”images/imagemanager/filename.gif(jpg)”alt=”Title of Image”>

To place this in a left, center or right position you would:

<center><img src=”images/imagemanager/filename.gif(jpg)”alt=”Title of

Image”></center>



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27

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EXERCISE

b Task given in APPENDIX - III

re it is written

in HTML

a web page

ne. If your

plit on two



28

NIT - 3

Photoshop

In short, desktop publishing is the process of using the computer and specific types of

software to combine text and artwork to produce documents properly formatted for print,

Web, or mobile devices such as newsletters, brochures, books, business cards, Web pages,

greeting cards, letterhead, packaging, signage, etc.

The desktop publishing process is employed by both graphic designers and non-designers to

create visual communications for commercial digital printing , printing on a printing press,

or for desktop printing at home or in the office. Although desktop publishing can encompass

everything from the initial design to printing and delivery of the finished product, the core

parts of desktop publishing are the page layout and text composition and the prepress or

digital file preparation tasks.

The primary software for desktop publishing is page layout software. Graphics software,

including drawing software and a photo editor, word processing software or office suites,

and Web design software are also major tools of the graphic designer or desktop publisher.

Adobe Photoshop Tutorials

Photoshop is one of the premiere graphics software packages used in conjunction with

desktop publishing projects. Learn how to get the most out of Adobe Photoshop as a

standalone tool and when used with other desktop publishing software programs.

1) Photoshop Color Management

2) Add-ons & Tools

3) Type in Photoshop

4) Photoshop Masks/Selections

5) Art Creation & Effects

6) More Essential PS Tutorials

7) Adobe Photoshop8) Adobe Photoshop Elements

9) Fix, Correct, Repair Photos

To be create better images and be efficient with your precise time it is absolutely necessary

to become well versed with Photoshop's tools. Learning the Tools palette sometimes called

the Toolbox takes time and energy but the is well worth the effort.



29

Adobe Photoshop Tools and Tips

Marquee Tool - makes selections, rectangular or circular

Move Tool - moves the object on the layer

Polygonal Lasso Tool - creates polygonal selections

Magic Wand - makes a selection based on the selected

color

Crop Tool - crops Photoshop file

Slice Tool - creates slices

Healing Brush - used to fix or delete unwanted objects

Brush Tool - brush

Clone Stamp - used to duplicate/clone objects

History Brush - draw with history snapshots

Eraser - erase Photoshop objects

Gradient - createa gradient

Blur Tool - create blurry image

Dodge Tool - add dodge effect

Path Selection - select the whole path drawn by pen tool

Text tool - type text

Pen tool - draw vector path

Custom Shape tool - create shapes

Notes tool - create notes

Eyedropper tool - select color

Hand tool - move objects

Zoom tool - zoom in and zoom out on the image



30

The (Window> History) History Palette is like the Undo command on steroids. It allows the designer

to experiment know that one can retrace any of your steps if the next steps you take are wrong. The

number of steps is user-defined with the only limitation being the amount of HD space on the

system.

Text on a PathUse the Vector tools, such as the Pen tool, to create working paths (Window>Paths). Use the Test

tool, position the baseline indicator over the path and click, start typing. The flow of the text will be

in the direction the points were created. But using the Direct Selection tool or the Path Selection

tool the Designer can move the typed text along the path created or even flip the text.

Blur Tool

This tool is invaluable for smoothing out detail or softening the edges of your graphics. Graphic

designers can make adjustments to the brush sizes and strength. The Designer can make specific

selections on parts of an image and “blur focus” these areas if this effect is desired.

Replacing Colors

New to Photoshop CS is the Color Replacement tool. It allows the Designer another tool to quickly

change the color of any part of the graphic – without making a selection and using the color-

correction tools. This tool does automatically detect “boundaries” with optional setting for tweaking.

Layer Comps

New to Photoshop CS the Layer Comp is a snapshot of the current state of the Layer palette. Its very

useful for saving various combinations of layers within the Photoshop CS designs – the ability to save

and to recall these states is very useful when showing multiple concepts with the same document

quickly and

Sponge Tool

The Sponge Tool is very useful in applying local adjustments of saturation of colors in any graphic

image. The tool allows the increase or decrees of the saturation of color through the Options bar.

Note that in grayscale mode the tool increases or decrease contrast. Use this tool to intensify color –

as in the green eyes of a subject or to remove the color in the cheeks of a model.

The Liquify Tool

The Liguify Tool (Filter>Liguify) is a “quirky” fun tool that allows the Designer to push and pull any

parts of an image around. Used subtly it can give a photograph a watery surface in appearance, use

it to create abstract images or use it to create a glossy metallic reflections effect.

The Magic Wand Tool

The Magic Wand Tool has setting (they are not apparent) that does affect the manner it samples

pixels in a graphic image. One of these parameters is hidden. If the Designer selects the Eyedropper

tool – one Point Sample option by default is selected; however, you can make a change to 3x3 or 5x5

areas. Selecting which Point Sample is selected will affect the manner in which the Magic Wand will

work.

The Dodge and Burn Tools

These are often forgotten tools but they can be very useful. The dodge Tool reproduces an effect of

underexposing portions of the image applied too; while, the Burn Tool reproduces overexposure.



31

Basically they either lighten or darken areas of an image applied too, while still retaining important

detail.

Tool Shortcuts

These Tool Shortcuts (plus others – the standards Ctrl+A, Crtl+C, Crtl+D …) will help you become

more efficient and help improve your workflow big time not only in Photoshop but Illustrator CS andany applications where you can customize shortcuts. I use these below in my daily

LAYERS

Layer masks make it easy to combine images placed on different layers. Layer mask defines

the transparency level of particular areas. At the same time, no change is made to the pixels

themselves.

To create a new layer mask, just click Add Layer Mask on Layers palette. A white rectangle

will appear next to the layer thumbnail. Layer mask is a grayscale image. What you paint in

black will be hidden, what you paint in white will show, and what you paint in gray shades

will show in various levels of transparency.Let's perform a simple collage using layer masks.

A montage will require at least two photos (see pic.1).

Pic.1. Creating collage

Let's replace the face of the first girl with the face of the second girl. The top layer covers

the bottom one. As the images are of the same size, only the top layer is visible. To combine

the face from the top layer with everything else from the bottom layer, everything but face

on the top layer is to be made transparent.

This can be done in several ways. For example, using the Eraser Tool to remove all the areas

on the top layer image omitting the face. However, in this case all the pixels will be lost, so if

anything goes wrong we'll have to start over. Besides, it will be rather difficult to make the

result look good. That is why layer masks are recommended.

A layer mask doesn't remove a single pixel on the layer, it just makes some of them

temporary transparent.

Painting in black makes the image transparent while painting in white makes it opaque.The

mask can be modified and corrected at any time.

To create mask on the top layer, click Add Layer Mask at the bottom of the Layerspalette.

The mask is displayed next to the layer thumbnail and automatically linked to it (this is

indicated by the link icon) (see pic.2).



32

Pic.2. Adding a layer mask

By default, the layer mask is painted white, i.e. it is absolutely opaque. Thus, no changes can

be seen.

Layer mask is editable when active. The mask sign next to the eye indicates that layer mask

is selected for editing.Brush sign instead of the mask indicates that the layer itself is selected.

You can switch to the layer mask by clicking over it.

Now fill the mask with black to make it completely transparent. Ctrl+Backspace fills the

entire layer with the foreground color (in this case the foreground color must be black).

Now use brush to configure the mask. Paint over the area that must be seen. It is the face in

this example.

Note: in Photoshop 6.0 the default foreground color for layer masks is white and the

background color is black. It was the opposite in versions 5.0 and 5.5. Erasing an area made

it opaque. In later versions work with layer masks became more natural.

If the painted area happened to be too large, it is easy to correct with the help of Erasertool.

See the girl's face change in pic. 3.

Pic.3. Creating collage with the help of layer mask

The following operations will make the whole working process easier:

to view the content of a layer mask, Alt-click over its thumbnail. To hide the mask,

repeat this action;

to disable layer mast, Shift-click over its thumbnail. Repeated click will enable the

mask. (see pic.4);



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33

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34

Discard Layer Mask;

Apply Layer Mask - transparant (i.e. black) areas on the mask are deleted;

Disable Layer Mask.

Layer mask helps to blend images using Gradient tool. For example, there are two photos of

a forest road. One of them shows autumn, the other one displays summer. With Photoshopit is easy to blend them.

First of all, use clipboard to copy each image to a separate layer. Then click Add Layer Mask

on the Layers palette to create a mask on the top layer. Staying on the mask, press G to

select Gradient tool ( in the toolbox). Make sure it is a linear black to white gradient.

Now hold the Shift key to draw an ideally straight vertical line starting from about one third

of the image from below (see pic.5).

Рис.5. Create gradient on layer mask

Note: A layer mask is only able to display shades of gray. When a colored gradient is used,

the mask itself will still show a black to white gradient.



Any drawing tools, filters, ans

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35

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36

NIT – 4

Photoshop - II

Rectangular Marquee Tool

The Rectangular Marquee Tool creates rectangular selections:

1. In the Toolbox, select the Rectangular Marquee Tool2. Drag it on your image holding down the left mouse button.3. While the New selection option is chosen on the Options bar, you delete the existing selection

by making a new selection.

4. To add an area to the existing selection you have either to choose the Add to selection optionon the Options bar or to hold down [Shift] key while selecting.

5. To subtract an area from the existing selection you have either to choose the Subtract from

selection mode on the Options bar or to hold down [Alt] key while selecting.6. To intersect an area with the existing selection you have either to choose the Intersect with

selection option on the Options bar or to hold [Shift+Alt] keys while selecting.7. To create a selection with the predefined proportions choose the Fixed Aspect Ratio style on the

Options bar and set Width and Height values.8. While creating a new selection you can constrain proportions to 1:1 (ie. create a square selection)

by holding down [Shift] key while selecting.9. To create a selection with the predefined size choose the Fixed Size style on the Options bar and

set Width and Height values.10. While the New selection option is chosen and the cursor is within the selected area the tool looks

like this and can move the selection (ie. borders of the selected area and not the image

content). You can also move the selection using the keyboard keys.



37



38

Elliptical Marquee Tool

The Elliptical Marquee Tool creates elliptical selections:

To create a selection In the Toolbox, select the Elliptical Marquee Tool; click on the image anddrag (holding mouse's left button pressed)

While New selection option choosen on the Options bar you delete the existing selection bycreating a new selection.

To add an ellipse to existing selection you have either to choose Add to selection option on theOptions bar or to press (and hold) [Shift] key while selecting.

To subtract an ellipse from existing selection you have either to choose Subtract from selectionoption on the Options bar or to press [Alt] key while selecting.

To intersect an ellipse with existing selection you have either to choose Intersect with selectionoption on the Options bar or to press [Shift+Alt] keys while selecting.

To create an elliptical selection with predefined proportions choose Fixed Aspect Ratio style on theOptions bar and set Width and Height values.

While creating new selection you can constrain proportions to 1:1 (ie. create round selection) by

pressing [Shift] key while selecting.

To create an elliptical selection with predefined size choose Fixed Size style on the Options bar and

set Width and Height values. While New selection option is chosen and the point of cursor is within selected area the tool looks

like this and can move selection (ie. borders of selected area and not image content).

While New selection option is chosen you can also move selection using keyboardcursor key



39

The Lasso Tool In PhotoshopSo far in our journey through Photoshop’s various selection tools, we’ve looked at how

the Rectangular Marquee Tool allows us to easily draw selections based on simple

rectangular or square shapes, and how the Elliptical Marquee Tool extends our selection

making abilities into the exciting world of ovals and circles. But what if we need to select

something in a photo that’s a little more complex, like someone’s eyes, an item of clothing,

or maybe a car or a bottle? Something that still has a clearly defined form to it but is beyond

the capabilities of Photoshop’s geometry-based Marquee Tools.

If you’re a more advanced Photoshop user, you’ll probably head straight for the Pen Tool,

the tool of choice for making professional quality form-based selections. But if you have a

good quality mouse (or even better, a pen tablet), decent drawing skills and a little patience,

you may find that the Lasso Tool, another of Photoshop’s basic selection tools, is all you

need.

Photoshop actually gives us three variations of lasso to work with. The one we’ll be looking

at in this tutorial is the standard Lasso Tool, which you can access by clicking on its icon in

the Tools panel. It’s the tool that looks like the sort of lasso you’d find a cowboy swinging at

a rodeo:



40

Selecting the standard Lasso Tool.

For a faster way to select the Lasso Tool, simply press the letter L on your keyboard. There

are two other types of lasso tools as well – the Polygonal Lasso Tool and the Magnetic Lasso

Tool, both of which are hiding behind the standard Lasso Tool in the Tools panel. We’ll look

at both of these tools in separate tutorials, but to access either of them, simply click and

hold your mouse button down on the standard Lasso Tool until a small fly-out menu

appears, then select either tool from the menu:

Each of the three types of lasso tool gives us a different way to draw selections.

All three lasso tools share the letter L as their keyboard shortcut for selecting them, so

depending on how you have things set up in Photoshop’s Preferences, you can cyclethrough the three tools either by pressing the letter Lrepeatedly or by pressing Shift+L. We

covered how to change the option in the Preferences for switching between tools in

the Elliptical Marquee Tool tutorial.

Drawing Freehand SelectionsOf all the selection tools in Photoshop, the Lasso Tool is probably the easiest to use and

understand because you simply drag a freehand selection around the object or area you

want to select, in a similar way to how you would outline something on a piece of paper

with a pen or pencil. With the Lasso Tool selected, your mouse cursor will appear as a small

lasso icon, and you simply click at the spot in the document where you want to begin the

selection, then continue holding your mouse button down and drag to draw a freeform

selection outline:



41

Drawing a selection outline with the Lasso Tool is like drawing with a pen or pencil on paper.

To complete the selection, simply return to the spot where you began and release your

mouse button. You don’t necessarily have to return the same spot you started from, but if

you don’t, Photoshop will automatically close the selection for you by drawing a straight line

from the point where you released your mouse button to the point where you began, so inmost cases, you will want to finish where you started:

Photoshop will close a selection automatically with a straight line if you don’t drag back to

the beginning point.

Cropping ToolCropping - This changes the number of pixels in an image by "cropping" awaythe pixels from the surrounding area.

In the photo editor Adobe Photoshop an image can be cropped withthe Crop tool or the Cropcommand.

To crop an image with the Crop tool, follow these instructions:

Step 1. Choose the Crop tool from the Tool Panel or press C.

Step 2. Bring the cursor to a point on the image, where a corner of the

cropped image will be, and left-click the mouse.

Step 3. Moving the cursor diagonally, keep the left mouse button

pressed.



42

Step 4. Release the left mouse button. A box will appear over the image

with marked corners, indicating the area that will be preserved. This box

can be moved, resized, and rotated.o To move the crop box move the cursor completely inside the

selected area, press the left mouse button, and while keeping theleft mouse button pressed, drag the box.

o To change the size of the selected area move the cursor to one ofthe corner markers, press the left mouse button and drag the

marker. If the cursor is dragged while pressing Shift, the size of

the box will be changed proportionally.



43

o To rotate the crop box move the cursor to one of the cornermarkers and drag the cursor.

Шаг 5. Press Enter (Return on Macintosh) or press the button in

the Options Panel to crop the image.

To close the crop box without cropping the image press Esc or press

the button in the Options Panel.

To crop an image with the Crop command from the Photoshop menu, follow

these steps: Step 1. Choose the Rectangular marquee tool from the Tool Panel.

Step 2. Select a rectangular area on the image Selection Tools in

Adobe Photoshop).

Step 3. Choose Crop from the Image menu.

EXERCISE

Note :- Solve the exercise given in APPENDIX - IV



44

NIT – 4

Photoshop - III

Eyedropper ToolThe Eyedropper Tool defines the foreground / background color.

In the Toolbox, select the Eyedropper Tool. Click somewhere on your image to define the foreground color. Look how foreground

selector on the Toolbox changes. Alt-click (click holding down the [Alt] key) to set the background color. Look how the

background selector on the Toolbox changes. In the Options bar, you can change sample size (the Eyedropper's range):

o the "Point Sample" picks up the color from the pixel you click ono all the other samples read average values from larger areas (movie).



45

Measure ToolThe Measure Tool calculates distances and angles in the work area.

In the Toolbox, select the Measure Tool. To calculate distance from one point in the work area to another, drag line between

the points. In the Info palette and in the Options bar, you can read the measuring line data:

o X, Y - coordinates of the starting pointo W - horizontal lengtho H - vertical lengtho A - angle relative to the axiso D1 - total lengtho D2 - total length of second line



46

To measure other distance, drag another measuring line, or drag an end of existingone to resize it (movie).

To measure an angle, crate a protractor by alt-drag ging (drag holding [Alt] keypressed) at an angle from one end of the measuring line.

To constrain the Measure Tool to multiples of 45°, shift-drag (drag holding [Shift]

key pressed). To hide / show annotations use [Ctrl+H] shortcut. To completely remove measuring line, drag it out of the image.

Notes ToolThe Notes Tool allows you to attach to image your notes*.

In the Toolbox, select the Notes Tool. Drag on the image where you want to attach a note. A resizable window appears. Type your text and close the note (movie).

on the Options bar you can change author's name and set font options You can drag your notes anywhere at any time; even while some other tool being

active. To edit a note, open it (double-click on it), and make your changes. To hide / show notes, use either [Ctrl+H] shortcut or pull-down menu: View > Show

> Annotations. To delete a note, either select it (clik on it) and press [Delete] key or right-click on it

and use context menu (movie) To delete all notes click "Clear All" button in the Options bar.



47

Healing Brush

The Healing Brush Tool retouches image using sampled pixels or pattern.

To retouch using sampled pixels:

1. In the Toolbox, select the Healing Brush Tool.2. Set brush size and style.

3. On the Options bar, select the Sampled option.4. Alt-click (click holding down [Alt] key) somewhere on your image to define a samplingpoint.

5. Paint with the Healing Brush Tool on the damaged area.6. The Aligned gadget on the Options bar (not selected by default) forces the starting

point to follow your cursor, even after you complete a stroke, while leaving it off startsthe sample point back to its original location at the start of each stroke.

To retouch using a pattern:

7. On the Options bar, select the Pattern option.8. Choose a pattern from the Pattern picker (movie).

9. Paint with the Healing Brush Tool on a damaged area.



48



49

Patch Tool

The Patch Tool retouches image using sampled pixels or pattern*.It works as a combination of the Healing Brush with the Lasso Tool:

There are 2 methods to retouch using sampled pixels.

Method 1:

1. In the Toolbox, select the Patch Tool.2. Drag in (select) a damaged area with the Patch Tool**(exactly likewith Lasso Tool)

3. On the Options bar, choose the Source mode.4. Drag the selection (cursor inside the selection) onto a repair-source area (movie).

Method 2:

5. Drag in a repair-source area with the Patch Tool*.6. On the Options bar, choose the Destination mode.7. Drag the selection (cursor inside of selection) onto a damaged area (movie).

To retouch with a pattern, use Method 3:

8. Drag in a damaged area with the Patch Tool*.9. In the Pattern picker, choose a pattern (movie).10. Click the Use Pattern button on the Options bar.11.



50



51

Blur Tool

The Blur Tool unfocuses image areas:

In the Toolbox, select the Blur Tool.

Choose brush size and style. Set the tool's strength.

Drag on the image.

In the Options bar, you can also specify the effect's "Mode".

Smudge ToolThe Smudge Tool spreads and mixes content of image areas:

In the Toolbox, select the Smudge Tool. Choose brush size and style. Set the tool's strength. Drag on the image. In the Options bar, you can also specify the effect's "Mode".



52

Dodge ToolThe Dodge Tool lightens image areas:

In the Toolbox, select the Dodge Tool. Choose brush size and hardness. Set exposure (stroke strength). Drag on the image. In the Options bar, you can choose also the tool's range: Shadows, Midtones or

Highlights.

Burn ToolThe Burn Tool darkens image areas:

In the Toolbox, select the Burn Tool. Choose brush size and hardness.

Set exposure (stroke strength). Drag on the image. on the Options bar you can choose also the tool's range: Shadows, Midtones or

Highlights.



53

Painting Tools in PhotoshopThe main painting tools in Adobe Photoshop are the Pencil and the Brush.The Pencil draws free form lines with a hard edge, and the Brush - draws lines

with a softer edge. It is possibe to draw distinct or fuzzy lines with the Brush,but they will always be a little soft, because its edges are indistinguishable fromthe background. Lines drawn with the Pencil always have a sharp edge, becausethere is no interaction with the background.

Both of these tools occupy one cell in the Toolbar, and are always portrayed witha pictogram of the last tool used. To choose another tool, press the right mousebutton on the arrow next to the tool and choose the required tool from the menuthat appears. The menu will also appear if you press and hold the tool's button.

To draw free lines with the Pencil or Brush, follow these steps:



54

Step 1. Choose a tool from the Toolbar.

Step 2. Set the color with which colors will be drawn.

Step 3. Choose the parameters for the chosen tool in the Options Panel.

Step 4. Bring the cursor over the image in the photo editor.

Step 5. Press the left mouse button and, while keeping the buttonpressed, move the cursor across the image.

Most of the parameters used to define the Pencil and Brush tools in the Optionspanel are the same, but there are some small differences.

Brush. The Brush parameter shows the current shape and size ofthe brush. To change the shape and size of the brush:

o left-click on the triangle to open the drop-down palette;

o in this palette set the size and hardness of the brush or choose the

shape of the brush from the list of presets.This menu can also be brought up by right-clicking anywhere in the imagewindow.In addition the shape and size of the brushes can be changed through theBrushes palette, which can be opened by pressing or by using thecommand Window - Brushes.

Mode. The Mode parameter sets the mode used by the brush. Thesemodes affect how the colors applied by the brush interact with the colorsof the background.

Opacity. The Opacity parameter affects the level of opacity in which a line

is drawn. To change this parameter enter a value from 1 to 100 in theparameter's field, or press the triangle button and move the slider. Atlower values of Opacity, the color of the lines drawn by the tool blendmore intensely with the backgrounds' colors.

Auto Eraser. The Auto Eraser parameter is only available for the Penciltool. When Auto Eraser is checked, the Pencil tool draws over areas of thebackgrounds' colors with the primary color and in areas occupied by theprimary color in the backgrounds' colors, but if strokes begin where theprimary color is not present, then the tool will use the primary color,which is shown at the bottom of the toolbar.

Flow. The Flow parameter affects every point of color applied by the tool.Each new application of color is more opaque than the one before. Thisparameter is only available for the Brush tool.

Airbrush. The Airbrush option can also only be set for the Brush tool.

When the Airbrush is pressed the Brush tool paints a line with aborder like that of a airbrush.

The Pencil and Brush tools not only can be used to draw free form lines, butalso for drawing straight lines. To draw a straight line with either tool (vertically

or horizontally) press Shift and, while holding it down, start to move the cursor

in either a vertical or horizontal direction.



55

Paint Bucket ToolThe Paint Bucket Tool fills the continuously colored area with the forground color orpattern.

To fill with foreground color:

In the Toolbox, select the Paint Bucket Tool. Click on your image to fill the area. Use Tolerance field to adjust the tool's sensitivity. "Contiguous" option limits the tool's range to adjacent areas. in the Options bar you can also choose the blending mode and opacity.

To fill with pattern:

in the Options bar, choose Fill mode "Pattern". In the Pattern picker, choose a pattern sample. Click on your image to fill the area.



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software. I a

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Marquee tool

Healing Brush

Painting tools

Lasso Tool et

56

Photoshop is really interesting

enjoying it on Lab.

EXERCISE

cise given in APPENDIX - IV

57

APPENDIX – I

HTML Tags Ordered by Category

Basic Tags

Tag Description

<!DOCTYPE> Defines the document type

<html> Defines an HTML document

<title> Defines a title for the document

<body> Defines the document's body

<h1> to <h6> Defines HTML headings

<p> Defines a paragraph

<br> Inserts a single line break

<hr> Defines a thematic change in the content

 Defines a comment

Formatting

Tag Description

<acronym> Not supported in HTML5. Use <abbr> instead.

Defines an acronym

<abbr> Defines an abbreviation

<address> Defines contact information for the author/owner of a document/article

<b> Defines bold text



58

<bdi> Isolates a part of text that might be formatted in a different direction

from other text outside it

<bdo> Overrides the current text direction

<big> Not supported in HTML5. Use CSS instead.

Defines big text

<blockquote> Defines a section that is quoted from another source

<center> Not supported in HTML5. Use CSS instead.

Defines centered text

<cite> Defines the title of a work

<code> Defines a piece of computer code

<del> Defines text that has been deleted from a document

<dfn> Defines a definition term

<em> Defines emphasized text

<font> Not supported in HTML5. Use CSS instead.

Defines font, color, and size for text

<i> Defines a part of text in an alternate voice or mood

<ins> Defines a text that has been inserted into a document

<kbd> Defines keyboard input

<mark> Defines marked/highlighted text

<meter> Defines a scalar measurement within a known range (a gauge)

<pre> Defines preformatted text

<progress> Represents the progress of a task

<q> Defines a short quotation



59

<rp> Defines what to show in browsers that do not support ruby annotations

<rt> Defines an explanation/pronunciation of characters (for East Asian

typography)

<ruby> Defines a ruby annotation (for East Asian typography)

<s> Defines text that is no longer correct

<samp> Defines sample output from a computer program

<small> Defines smaller text

<strike> Not supported in HTML5. Use <del> instead.

Defines strikethrough text

<strong> Defines important text

<sub> Defines subscripted text

<sup> Defines superscripted text

<time> Defines a date/time

<tt> Not supported in HTML5. Use CSS instead.

Defines teletype text

<u> Defines text that should be stylistically different from normal text

<var> Defines a variable

<wbr> Defines a possible line-break

Forms and Input

Tag Description

<form> Defines an HTML form for user input

<input> Defines an input control



60

<textarea> Defines a multiline input control (text area)

<button> Defines a clickable button

<select> Defines a drop-down list

<optgroup> Defines a group of related options in a drop-down list

<option> Defines an option in a drop-down list

<label> Defines a label for an <input> element

<fieldset> Groups related elements in a form

<legend> Defines a caption for a <fieldset> element

<datalist> Specifies a list of pre-defined options for input controls

<keygen> Defines a key-pair generator field (for forms)

<output> Defines the result of a calculation

Frames

Tag Description

<frame> Not supported in HTML5.

Defines a window (a frame) in a frameset

<frameset> Not supported in HTML5.

Defines a set of frames

<noframes> Not supported in HTML5.

Defines an alternate content for users that do not support frames

<iframe> Defines an inline frame



61

Images

Tag Description

<img> Defines an image

<map> Defines a client-side image-map

<area> Defines an area inside an image-map

<canvas> Used to draw graphics, on the fly, via scripting (usually JavaScript)

<figcaption> Defines a caption for a <figure> element

<figure> Specifies self-contained content

Audio / Video

Tag Description

<audio> Defines sound content

<source> Defines multiple media resources for media elements (<video> and

<audio>)

<track> Defines text tracks for media elements (<video> and <audio>)

<video> Defines a video or movie

Links

Tag Description

<a> Defines a hyperlink

<link> Defines the relationship between a document and an external resource

(most used to link to style sheets)

<nav> Defines navigation links



62

Lists

Tag Description

<ul> Defines an unordered list

<ol> Defines an ordered list

<li> Defines a list item

<dir> Not supported in HTML5. Use <ul> instead.

Defines a directory list

<dl> Defines a description list

<dt> Defines a term/name in a description list

<dd> Defines a description of a term/name in a description list

<menu> Defines a list/menu of commands

<menuitem> Defines a command/menu item that the user can invoke from a popup

menu

Tables

Tag Description

<table> Defines a table

<caption> Defines a table caption

<th> Defines a header cell in a table

<tr> Defines a row in a table

<td> Defines a cell in a table

<thead> Groups the header content in a table



63

<tbody> Groups the body content in a table

<tfoot> Groups the footer content in a table

<col> Specifies column properties for each column within a <colgroup> element

<colgroup> Specifies a group of one or more columns in a table for formatting

Styles and Semantics

Tag Description

<style> Defines style information for a document

<div> Defines a section in a document

<span> Defines a section in a document

<header> Defines a header for a document or section

<footer> Defines a footer for a document or section

<section> Defines a section in a document

<article> Defines an article

<aside> Defines content aside from the page content

<details> Defines additional details that the user can view or hide

<dialog> Defines a dialog box or window

<summary> Defines a visible heading for a <details> element



64

Meta Info

Tag Description

<head>

Defines information about the document

<meta> Defines metadata about an HTML document

<base> Specifies the base URL/target for all relative URLs in a document

<basefont> Not supported in HTML5. Use CSS instead.

Specifies a default color, size, and font for all text in a document

Programming

Tag Description

<script> Defines a client-side script

<noscript> Defines an alternate content for users that do not support client-side

scripts

<applet> Not supported in HTML5. Use <object> instead.Defines an embedded applet

<embed> Defines a container for an external (non-HTML) application

<object> Defines an embedded object

<param> Defines a parameter for an object



65

APPENDIX – II

Photoshop Toolbox Reference And Shortcut

KeysSelectingDraw Marquee from Center Alt-Marquee

Add to a Selection Shift

Subtract from a Selection Alt

Intersection with a Selection Shift-Alt

Make Copy of Selection w/Move tool Alt-Drag Selection

Make Copy of Selection when not in Move tool Ctrl-Alt-Drag Selection

Move Selection (in 1-pixel Increments) Arrow Keys

Move Selection (in 10-pixel Increments) Shift-Arrow Keys

Select all Opaque Pixels on Layer Ctrl-click on Layer Thumbnail (in Layers panel)

Restore Last Selection Ctrl-Shift-D

Feather Selection Shift-F6

Move Marquee while drawing selection Hold Space while drawing marquee

ViewingFit on Screen Double-click on Hand tool or Ctrl-0

100% View Level (Actual Pixels) Double-Click on Zoom Tool or Ctrl-Alt-0

Zoom in Ctrl-Space-Click or Ctrl-Plus(+)

Zoom out Alt-Space-Click or Ctrl-Minus(–)

Hide all tools and panels Tab

Hide all panels except Toolbox and Options bar Shift-Tab

Rotate through full screen modes F

Scroll image left or right in window Ctrl-Shift-Page Up/Down

Jump/Zoom to part of Image Ctrl-drag in Navigator panel

Toggles layer mask on/off as rubylith \

Layer ShortcutsCreate new layer Ctrl-Shift-N

Select non-contiguous layers Ctrl-Click layers

Select contiguous layers Click one layer, then Shift-Click another layer

Delete Layer Delete key (while in the Move tool)View contents of layer mask Alt-Click layer mask icon

Temporarily turn off layer mask Shift-Click layer mask icon

Clone layer as you move it Alt-Drag

Find/Select layer containing object Right-Click on the object w/Move tool

Change layer opacity Number pad keys (w/Move tool selected)

Cycle down or up through blend modes Shift-Plus(+) or Minus(–)

Change to a specific blend mode (w/Move tool) Shift-Alt-letter (ie: N=Normal,

M=Multiply. etc.)

Switch to layer below/above current layer Alt-[ or Alt-]

Move layer below/above current layer Ctrl-[ or Ctrl-]



66

Type ShortcutsSelect all text on layer Double-Click on T thumbnail in Layers panel

Increase/Decrease size of selected text by 2 pts Ctrl-Shift->/<

Increase/Decrease size of selected text by 10 pts Ctrl-Shift-Alt->/<

Increase/Decrease kerning/tracking Alt-Right/Left ArrowAlign text left/center/right Ctrl-Shift-L/C/R

PaintingFill selection with background color Ctrl-Backspace

Fill selection with foreground color Alt-Backspace

Fill selection with foreground color using

Lock Transparent Pixels

Shift-Alt-Backspace

Fill selection with source state in History panel Ctrl-Alt-Backspace

Display Fill dialog box Shift-Backspace

Sample as background color Alt-Click w/Eyedropper tool

To get Move tool While in any painting/editing tool-hold Ctrl

To get Eyedropper with Paint tools Alt

Change paint opacity (with Airbrush OFF) Number keys

Change paint opacity (with Airbrush ON) Shift-Number keys

Change Airbrush flow (with Airbrush ON) Number keys

Change Airbrush flow (with Airbrush OFF) Shift-Number keys

Cross-Hair Cursor Any painting/editing tool-turn Caps Lock on

Decrease/Increase Brush Size [ or ]

Decrease/Increase Hardness of Brush Shift-[ or Shift-]

Switch between preset Brushes < or >

Open Brushes pop-up panel Right-Click in Image window

Erase to History panel's source state Alt-Eraser

Cycle down or up through blend modes Shift-Plus(+) or Minus(–)

Change to a specific blend mode Shift-Alt-letter (ie: N=Normal, M=Multiply, etc.)

Create fixed color target from within a dialog box Shift-Click in image window

Delete fixed color target Alt-Click on target with Color Sampler tool

Create new spot-color channel from

current selection

Ctrl-Click on New Channel button in

Channels panel

Pen Tool ShortcutsTo get Direct Selection tool while using Pen Ctrl

Switch between Add-Anchor and Delete-Anchor

Point tools

Alt

Switch from Path Selection tool to Convert Point

tool when pointer is over anchor point

Ctrl-Alt

To Select a whole path w/Direct Selection tool Alt-click

Convert path to a selection Ctrl-click on path name (in Paths panel)

Panel ShortcutsShow/Hide Brushes panel F5

Show/Hide Color panel F6

Show/Hide Layers panel F7

Show/Hide Info panel F8



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Show/Hide Actions panel Alt-F9

Open Adobe Bridge Ctrl-Alt-O

Other ShortcutsSwitch between open documents Ctrl-Tab

Undo or Redo operations beyond last one Ctrl-Alt-Z/Ctrl-Shift-ZApply Last Filter Ctrl-F

Opens Last Filter Dialog Box Ctrl-Alt-F

Hand Tool Spacebar

Reset Dialog Box Hold Alt, Cancel turns into Reset Button, Click it

Increase/Decrease value (in any option field) by

1 unit

Up/Down Arrow

Increase/Decrease value (in any option field) by

10 units

Shift-Up/Down Arrow

Replay last Transformation Ctrl-Shift-T

Measure Angle between Lines (ProtractorFunction)

After ruler is drawn, Alt-Drag end of line with RulerTool

Move Crop Marquee while creating Hold Space while drawing

Snap Guide to Ruler ticks Hold Shift while dragging

Highlight Fields in Options bar (n/a for all tools) Enter

Don't Snap object edge while moving Hold Control while dragging

Tools

V Move

M Marquee tools

L Lasso tools

W Quick Selection, Magic Wand

C Crop and Slice Tools

I Eyedropper, Color Sampler, Ruler, Note, Count

J Spot Healing Brush, Healing Brush, Patch, Red Eye

B Brush, Pencil, Color Replacement, Mixer Brush

S Clone Stamp, Pattern Stamp



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Y History Brush, Art History Brush

E Eraser tools

G Gradient, Paint Bucket

O Dodge, Burn, Sponge

P Pen tools

T Type tools

A Path Selection, Direct Selection

U Rectangle, Rounded Rectangle, Ellipse, Polygon, Line, Custom Shape

K 3D Tools

N 3D Camera Tools

H Hand

R Rotate View

Z Zoom

D Default colors

X Switch Foreground and Background colors

Q Quick Mask Mode

To switch between all tools within groups, add the Shift key to the letters above

For example, to switch between rectangular and elliptical marquee hit Shift-M



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APPENDIX – III

Assignments on HTML

Create an HTML document to display the following text in the title bar of the

browser. “Welcome to the world of computers”

Explain the use of <BLOCKQUOTE> with an example

Give an example for header tags {<H1> TO <H6>}

Incorporate the following in a single HTML document. BOLD, ITALICS, SMALL,

SUPERSCRIPT, SUBSCRIPT, UNDERLINE

What is the role of the following tags: -

1. <pre>

2. <tt>

Display the following equation in your page – 34x4

+54x3+62x2+2x0=0

Display the following Text “India is my country” center aligned on the page Display the following chemical symbols on the page

1. H2O

2. H2SO4

3. A2 + B2 + C = 0

What is the role of <hr>tag? What are the various attributes it can take?

How do you give comments inside your source codes

Create a series of rows and columns with out using the <TABLE> tag

What is the tag that is not supported by IE and the tag not supported by

Netscape

Display the follow on the page1. 67 >23

2. x >= a <= b

How do you display a textbox for accepting password from the user

Explain the difference between the ordered list unordered list with examples

How would you display a list item with a different bullet

Insert an image in an HTML document and align the text to the right side of the

image

Create an hyperlink for Microsoft’s site

Without using the form tag also we can place objects like checkboxes,

textboxes on the form. Then what is the significance of the form tag? Discuss

What is the use of the <a> tag? How would you navigate between multiple pages?

Create an internal hyperlink from the top of your page to the bottom of the

same page

Create a form with all the attributes and the tags available

Create a table with and without border to see the difference between them

Create web pages to explain the use of column span and row span

Divide a GIF image into two areas and create different hyperlinks for them

Create a style and use them in various places in your HTML document



70

APPENDIX – IV

Questions on Photoshop

I. Fill in the following

1. Extension file of a Photoshop is --------(Psd)2. Duplicate layer in Photoshop is in -------- menu (image)3. Shortcut key for paste is ---------4. We can use Gradient tool with------------ (Photoshop)5. It is possible to rasterise a ---------- in Photoshop (Layer)

6. Show library is a --------- (Plug-in)7. -------- is a filter (Pattern maker)8. We can -------- an image in Photoshop (Crop)9. ---------is the shortcut key for creating a new file in Photoshop(Ctrl+N)10. In Photoshop, distort is a --------- (filter)11. In Photoshop, shear is a -------- (filter)12. Force justify is a ---------- (Alignment)13. Extension file of Photoshop is -------- (Psd)14. JPEG stands for --------- (Joint Photographic Experts Group)15. ---------- tool paints with a sample of an image in Photoshop. (Clone stamp

tool)16. --------- is a lens effect (Magnify)17. ---------- is used for Reselect (Shift+Ctrl+D)18. In Photoshop ---------- tool is used to move the image (Move tool)19. Crop tool is in -------- software (Photoshop)

20. Ctrl+B is the shortcut key for ------ (Colour balance)21. Duplicate is in --------- menu (image)22. ---------- tool is used to smoothen images in Photoshop (smudge)23. ---------- is a lens effect (filter)24. --------- is used for Reselect (Shift+Ctrl+D)25. In Photoshop ------- tool is used to move the image (Move tool)26. Crop tool is in --------- software. (Photoshop)27. --------- tool is used to smoothen images in Photoshop (smudge)28. Stain utility is in ---------- (Photoshop)29. In Photoshop 3D effect is in ------- menu (Filter)

II. True or False1. Images cannot be duplicated in Photoshop (False)2. Magnetic Lasso is a tool available in Photoshop (True)3. It is possible to save a Photoshop image in different formats (True)4. Channels represent RGB combinations (True)5. JPEG is a movie format (False)6. It is possible to take a printout from Photoshop (True)7. Ctrl+P is the short cut key to define boundary. (False)8. Ctrl+S is the shortcut key for save (True)9. Print option is in file menu (True)10. Crop tool is in Photoshop software (True)11. The short-cut for italics is Ctrl+I (True)

12. Ctrl+C is the short-cut key for copy (True)13. The Zoom tool magnifies or reduces an area of the page (True)



71

14. DTP stands for Desk Top Publishing (True)15. The computerized typesetting or composing is known as DTP (True)16. Rounded corners option is located under the Type menu (False)17. Kerning is the moving of character closer together (True)18. Ctrl +X is the short cut key for cut (True)

19. Short cut key for select all is Ctrl+A (True)20. Control palette is in window menu (True)21. Ctrl+I is the shortcut for invert option in Photoshop (True)22. Alt+Ctrl+0 is the shortcut for actual pixels in Photoshop (True)23. Short cut key for cut is Ctrl +C (False)

Short Questions

1. What is cloning?2. What is stroke? Describe with example.3. Write the uses of any four filter option in Photoshop4. What are Layers?

5. Difference between 'Save' and 'Save as'.6. What is cropping?7. What is the use of sponge tool?8. In Photoshop which kinds of files compress better as GIF than as JPEG or

PNG?9. A picture has a lot of red in it and the red mask is hard to see, Is there a way

to change it to some other colour?10. How a filter can be applied to a gradient?11. What is the use of Blur command in Photoshop?12. Describe different layer concept and history in Photoshop. How you can go

back to the starting stage of picture editing?

13. How you can create and adjust the size of the Rectangle14. Explain document setup dialog box in Photoshop15. What is a Bitmap image?16. What is Vector image?

Essays

1. What are the different filter options in Photoshop?2. Explain the tools available in Photoshop Tool box3. What are the colour modes in Photoshop?4. What are the different filter options in Photoshop?5. What are the different operations that can be applied to a text?

6. Describe the features of Photoshop7. Explain different colour modes in Photoshop?8. Explain working with layers in Photoshop?

Summative Assessment Questions

1. Write uses of filters in adobe Photoshop?2.

Write few filter names (minimum 5) from filter gallery that you havealready worked with?

3. Write the use and function of Liquify filter?4. Explain five image adjustments you have learned from Adobe

Photoshop?



5. When you work onany project. W

6. Difference betweenPhtoshop?

7. What are the differe

other than any8. What are channels?9. Which option is use10. Use of Path and Pen

11. Write uses of filters12. Write few filter nam

already worked

13. Explain five image aPhotoshop?

14. When you work on

any project. Why 15. Difference between16. What are the differe

other than any g17. Write the adv

• Bitmapped• Blending opt

18. Image mode – (a). R

19. Explain any three F

hotoshop, Layer window has the main y?ilter galleries from other effects availabl

nces you have experienced from Photos

graphic software?

d to convert path to selection and wheretool in Adobe Photoshop?

in adobe Photoshop?s (minimum 3) from filter gallery that yith?

djustments you have learned from Adob

hotoshop, Layer window has the main

?ilter galleries from other individual filte

nces you have experienced from Photos raphic software?

antages or disadvantages:pplicationions

B (b) CMYK (c) Grey Scale

le formats- JPEG, TIFF, BMP, PSD, HT

ope you have learnt a lot

nd enjoy the syllabus. We

ill meet again in class VIII.

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Lab Manual Computer Course for class 7 ( Based on KVS latest syllabus)

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Transcript of Lab Manual Computer Course for class 7 ( Based on KVS latest syllabus)