Lab 6 - Angiosperms
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Million years of evolution:
Angiosperm
Cooksonia
Angiosperms and plant anatomy
Practical # 3Mid-term evaluations (lab 6 of 10)LectureScavenger HuntTurn in cladistics worksheet p 123-4
Next week:Last lab practical
400mya
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• http://www.johnkyrk.com/evolution.html
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Paleo plant and insect interactions
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Older Younger
Insects and plants evolved together
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The unique character of angiosperms is that the ovules are
completely enclosed in a carpel
1. gametophytes only a few cells
2. immotile sperm- carried to ovule by pollen tube
3. No “spores” because reduced gametophyte
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Controversy about its floral morphology interpretation
Extinct
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/flower/anat-flash.html
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/flower/
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Knowing the flower anatomy…let’s review the fossil record of earliest angiosperms
keep in mind:
• To date, the origin of the angiosperms remains controversial
• No consensus about the ancestral relative
• Molecular evidence suggest a Jurassic origin (>150 Ma), but the oldest fossils is early Cretaceous (~125 Ma)
MORE INFO: http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/welcome.html
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UF grad student found this one!
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Extinct
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Many early flowers arerelated to living
Angiosperms families
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Pollination of ‘primitive’ flowers
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Flowers adapted for pollination by "smart" insects
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Insects can see uv light
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Insects can see uv light
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What pollinates these?
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Wind-pollinated flowerssecondarily derived in Angiosperms
-- flowers are green, small, and often lack petals. Wind pollinated flowers of deciduous trees species open in early spring –
why?
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Pick the Pollinator
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/flower/pollinator.html
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Plant parts
Take a look…
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Primitive vs Derived characters
• http://botany.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/tfplab/primder.htm
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Fruit and seed dispersal
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Don’t forget…
Also: ichthyochory
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?
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What disperses these?
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Pleistocene extinction
Gomphothere
Late Pleistocene Extinctions
– 13,000 years ago, N & S America
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“Re-wilding of N. America?”
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Angiosperms often used for medicine – why?
Preparing ayahuasca
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3 clades
A. Monocotyledones (monocots)
B. Magnoliids
C. Eudicotyledones (dicots)
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ANGIOSPERMS
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Generalized distinguishing characteristics:
MONOCOTSone cotyledon
parallel venation
scattered vascular bundles
floral parts in 3's
adventitious roots
pollen monosulcate
EUDICOTStwo cotyledons
reticulate venation
vascular bundles in rings
floral parts in 4's or 5's
taproots common
pollen tricolpate
MAGNOLIIDStwo cotyledons
reticulate venation
vascular bundles in rings
parts in 3's or numerous
taproots common
pollen monosulcate
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A comparison of monocots and dicots -- know this for lab practical
Lab exercise – can you tell them apart?
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All flesh is grass” -- Isaiah
Grasses evolved directly with mammals
MONOCOTS
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Bamboo
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Pineapple Onion
Banana
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Palms!
Harvesting palm hearts
‘ivory palm’
Coconuts
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Bactris gasipaes
‘peach palm’
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One apical bud!!
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Monocot stem -- vascular bundles
xylem
phloem
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Dicot stem
Dicots have secondary growth
Xylem and phloem in rings
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Which tree has a better chance to
live?
Monocot (palm)Dicot
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Annual growth rings?
Illegal mahagony logging
Dicot stems
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We eat many, many dicot fruitsExamples?
Theobroma cacao
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In common?
Chinese kale
cabbage
Kale
Collard greens
Califlower
Brussel sprouts
Broccoli
Kohlrabi
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Brassica oleracea
Chinese kale
cabbage
Kale
Collard greens
Califlower
Brussel sprouts
Broccoli
Kohlrabi
‘wild mustard’
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Brassica oleracea
‘wild mustard’
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Vavilov Centers of origin
for crop plants
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/history/lecture05/lec05.html
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Anatomy study slides
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The life cycle of an angiosperm
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Angiosperm life cycle
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Plant morphology/anatomy
Primary vs. secondary growthA. Apical meristems - primary growth
B. Cambium (vascular or cork) - secondary growth
C. In lab -. Apical meristems1. Coleus - stem tip (no. 3) - herbaceous dicot
2. Zea - root longitudinal section (no. 4) - monocot
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Seed anatomy Scan
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StemsA. Anatomy
1.parenchyma (pith) 6. xylem2.sclerenchyma 7. phloem3.epidermis 8. vascular cambium4.cork & cork cambium 9. meristem5.cortex 10. node
B. In lab:1.Helianthus - stem (no. 5) - herbaceous dicot2.Tilia - stem cross sections (no. 6) - woody dicot3.Zea - stem cross section (no. 7)
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Morphology of a flowering plant
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Morphology of a winter twig
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Anatomy of a tree trunk
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Organization of primary tissues in young stems
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Leaves
A. Anatomy1. palisade mesophyll 5.
stomata
2. spongy mesophyll 6. xylem
3. epidermis 7. phloem
4. cuticle
B. In lab:1. Ligustrum - leaf section (no. 8)
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Leaf anatomy
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Simple versus compound leaves
a. Simpleb. Compound
i. palmateii. pinnate
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RootsA. Anatomy
1.epidermis 5. casparian strip2.cortex 6. pericycle3.stele 7. xylem4.endodermis 8. phloem
B. In lab:1.Ranunculus - root (no. 9)2.Salix - branch root (no. 10)3.radish root hairs4.sweet potato demo - storage root5.carrot - root stores sugars
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Primary growth of a root
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Organization of primary tissues in young roots
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The formation of lateral roots
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Root hairs of a radish seedling
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Storage organs
A. white potato demo - modified stem
B. green onion demo - leaves modified for storage
C. celery - leaf petiole modified
D. sweet potato demo - storage root
E. carrot - root stores sugars
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Principal Biological Concepts this lab:
A. Angiosperms as dominant plant taxon.B. Ovules enclosed within two integuments and a carpel
wall.C. Structure and function of flowers, and importance of
pollinators.D. Carpel wall may ripen as pericarp = fruit.E. Monocots versus dicotsF. Double fertilization.G. Plant tissues.H. Primary and secondary growth.I. Structure and function of shoots, roots, and leaves.
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To study for next lab practical
• Moncots vs dicots• Flower parts• Leaf structures• Stem structures, xylem vs phloem,
monocots vs dicot vasculature• Root tissues & functions• Xylem vs phloem
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Complete Plant Cladistic Exercise
A. Follow directions in Plant Cladistics data sheet (pp. 123-124).
B. Complete the cladogram and hand in before you leave.