Destin LewisIntro to Biological ScienceMs.DeerLab 6

1. Describe the major components of the cell theory. The major components of the cell theory are broken up into five main parts,.All

living things are composed of cells, all cells arise from preexisting cells through cell division, cells contain hereditary material, which they pass to daughter cells during cell division, the chemical composition of all cells is quite similar, and the metabolic processes associated with life occur within cells.

2. Describe the structure and function of each cellular organelle: flagella, cilia, nucleus, nucleolus, ER, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, chloroplast, cytoskeleton, vacuole, and ribosomes.

Both cilia and flagella have a structure of 9 + 2 pattern of micro-tubes and have a function of motility. The Nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane, and contains chromosomes. It's function is the control the center of the cell and directs photosynthesis. Nucleolus has a structure of the site of genes for rRNA synthesis and it assembles ribosomes. ER is a network of internal membranes and forms compartments and vesicles, synthesis and modification of proteins and lipids. Golgi Apparatus is a stack of flattened vesicles and it packages proteins for export, forms secretory vesicles. A Vesicle is a cell membrane-bound sac that stores and transports substances. Lysosomes contain hydrolytic digestive enzymes and breaks down fatty acids. Peroxisomes contain oxidative and other enzymes and they break down fatty acids. Mitochondria is a bacteria-like element with double membrane that carry out cellular respiration and produces ATP. Chloroplast are a bacteria-like element that is found in plants and is the sit of photosynthesis. The cytoskeleton is the network of protein filaments and is the structural support for cell movement. Vacuoles are a large membrane-bound sacs in plants and they are the storage compartment for water, sugars, ions, and pigments. The ribosome is the organelle within a cell where proteins are produced. Ribosomes can be found attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or floating around in the cytoplasm.

3. List the components found in the prokaryotic cell.The prokaryotic cell is composed of the cytoplasm, mesosome, pilli, nucleoid

region, flagella, ribosomes, cell wall, and plasmid.

4. List the components found in the eukaryotic cell.The eukaryotic cell is composed of the plasma membrane, nucleus, nucleolus,

Golgi complex, mitochondria, and plastids.

5. List the components found in the animal cell.The animal cell is composed of cytoplasm, cell membrane, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and the nucleus.

6. Name examples of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells.Some examples of prokaryotic cells are bacteria, nostoc and prochloron and some examples of eukaryotic cells are chlorella, saccharomyces, and diatoms.

7. Explain the major differences between a prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell including size, cell wall, ribosomes, organelles, and location of DNA. Do the same for the plan and animal cells including boundary of cell, vacuoles, and organelles unique to each. Eukaryotic cells are much larger and much more complex than prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus, bound by a double membrane. Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus. Eukaryotic DNA is linear; prokaryotic DNA is circular. Both cell types have many, many ribosomes, but the ribosomes of the eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex than those of the prokaryotic cell. Both are enclosed by plasma membranes, filled with cytoplasm, and loaded with small structures called ribosomes. Both have DNA which carries the archived instructions for operating the cell. A eukaryotic cell contains a number of chromosomes; a prokaryotic cell contains only one circular DNA molecule and a varied assortment of much smaller circlets of DNA called "plasmids." The smaller, simpler prokaryotic cell requires far fewer genes to operate than the eukaryotic cell.

8. What are the structures a cell may have that help it with mobility.Something that a cell might have to help it with mobility could be the flagella.

9. Differentiate between cilia and flagella. Identify cells that have those extensions.Cilia are short, hair like appendages extending from the surface of a living cell and flagella are long, threadlike appendages on the surface of a living cell. Cilia is found in eukaryotic cells while flagella is found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

10. Identify the major functions of the plasma membrane.Plasma membrane is semi-permeable and acts as a selective barrier. Its main functions are to separates the content of a cell from external environment, regulates the movement of substances entering and leaving the cell and allows the exchange of nutrients between the cell and its environment.

11. What are the two organic molecules that the cell membrane is composed of?Two organic molecules that the cell membrane is composed of are proteins and carbohydrates.

12. Explain the role of ATP in photosynthesis and cellular respiration.In plant photosynthesis, the plant takes in carbon dioxide as well as sunlight and releases oxygen. ATP plays a role in making the proper conversion so the plant can use the energy. Cellular respiration is the catabolic process of yielding energy from food. ATP is used as energy source to run this process during the

stage of glycolysis and the creation of fructose 6-phosphate.

13. What is the relationship between cell respiration and photosynthesis?Photosynthesis takes the energy from sunlight and uses it to put together large

sugar molecules from the raw ingredients CO2 and H2O. Cellular respiration occurs when organisms break down large sugar molecules to use the energy to do work and release the waste products CO2 and H2O.

14. What is homeostasis and how does a cell achieve homeostasis? Homeostasis is the ability or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes. In organisms, cell membranes help organisms maintain a state of homeostasis by controlling what substances may enter or leave the cells. It is semipermeable or selectively permeable, only allowing certain molecules to pass through like water, oxygen, & carbon dioxide.

15. What are three types of active transport and how is it used in a cell?There are three main types of Active Transport. They are The Sodium-Potassium

pump, Exocytosis, and Endocytosis. The Sodium-Potassium pump is a mechanism of active transport that moves potassium ions into and sodium ions out of a cell. The exocytosis is a process of cellular secretion or excretion in which substances contained in vesicles are discharged from the cell by fusion of the vesicular membrane with the outer cell membrane. The endocytosis is a process of cellular ingestion by which the plasma membrane folds inward to bring substances into the cell.