Lab 4: Heart sounds and vessels
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Transcript of Lab 4: Heart sounds and vessels
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Lab 4: Heart sounds and vessels
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Overview
• Review• Heart sounds• Blood supply to the heart• Blood vessels
– Veins• Portal systems• New lab website:
http://isu.indstate.edu/~jowhitak/cmritzi.htm• Practical lab review: Sunday 2-5 pm
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Review
• How do volume and pressure in the ventricles change during atrial contraction?
• What region of the heart controls the electrical signal through the heart?
• Which standard limb lead has a negative lead on the right arm and a positive lead on the left arm?
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Overview
• Review• Heart sounds• Blood supply to the heart• Blood vessels
– Veins• Portal systems
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Heart sounds“lubb-dubb”
• S1: longer and louder• S2: softer and shorter• S3: found in children and juveniles
• S1 & S2 occur in conjunction with the opening and closing of valves
• Actually caused by turbulence of blood
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Valvular troubles• Valvular Insufficiency:
valve failure causing backwards flow
• Any defect in the valves can lead to heart failure
• Defective valves can be replaced with artificial valves or with pig valves
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Valvular Troubles (cont)
• Mitral valve prolapse: tri- or bicuspid cusps bulge back into the atrium.– Symptoms: chest pain, fatique, shortness of breath– Cause: hereditary
• Valvular Stenosis: cusps of the valve are stiff and opening is constricted by scar tissue– Results from autoimmune disease– Causes enlarged heart– Blood moving backwards through the valves causes a heart
murmur
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Break for Dynamic Human
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Blood supply to the heart muscles
• The endocardium prevents blood from seeping through the heart
• How is blood supplied to the myocardium and the pericardium?– Coronary arteries originating from the aortic
arch
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Arteries in the heartAorta
Right Coronary Left Coronary
Marginal artery Circumflex Artery Posterior IV Artery Anterior IV Artery
Anastomoses
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Anastomoses
• Point where two arteries join to reach a common destination
• If one artery becomes blocked, the other can take blood to the appropriate destination
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Arteries of the heart
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Veins in the heart
Greater Cardiac Vein Small Cardiac Vein
Middle Cardiac Vein
Coronary Sinus
Right Atrium
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Coronary Veins
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Artherosclerosis
• Contributes to over 710,000 heart attack and stroke, and
peripheral vascular disease deaths each year. • Fatty blockage in
coronary artery
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Artherosclerosis
• Cause: Abundance of low-density lipids and defective receptors for LDL in the coronary arteries.– LDL: cholesterol, free fatty acids and
phospholipids– Arterial cells with defective receptors will take
in too much cholesterol– Results in obstruction of the arterial lumen
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Cardiac Ischemia and Infarction
• Ischemia: Loss of blood flow• Infarction: Death of myocardial cells; heart attack
• Cause: Artheriosclerosis blocks a cardiac artery. The downstream region does not receive enough oxygen causing cell death. The death of these cells weakens the heart wall disrupting electrical pathways leading to fibrillation.
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Break for Dynamic Human
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Overview
• Review• Heart sounds• Blood supply to the heart• Blood vessels
– Veins• Portal systems
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Blood Vessels
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
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Structure of Blood Vessels
• Tunica externa: loose connective tissue
• Tunica media: smooth muscle, elastin, collagen
• Tunica interna: endothelium
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Types of Arteries
• Conducting (elastic)– Passively accommodate blood flow
• Distributing (muscular)– High smooth muscle content– Deliver blood to specific organs
• Arterioles– Control blood flow– Link to capillaries
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Capillaries
• Pre-capillary sphincters– Open and close
capillary beds– ¾ of all capillaries are
ususally closed
• Structure: endothelium only
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Types of Capillaries• Continuous:
uninterrupted tube– Only allow small solutes
such as glucose to enter– Blood-brain barrier
• Fenestrated: riddled with pores– Allow rapid passage of
small molecules– Hold proteins in the vessels– Important in organs that
engage in rapid filtration
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Veins
• Venules: Collect blood from capillaries– Porous
• Veins: – Lower pressure than the arteries– Thinner walls (little tunica media or externa)
but larger lumens– Walls expand easy and accomadate more blood
than arteries
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How does blood travel in veins?
1. Messaging action of skeletal muscle
2. Pressure gradient in the body:– Positive pressure in the abdominal cavity and
negative in the thoracic cavity draws blood up
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Venous Valves
3.Venous valves prevent backflow
• Failure of valves results in varicose veins
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Special Circulations: Portal Systems
• Portal systems: Blood flows between two consecutive capillary beds before returning to the heart
Artery
Capillary 1
Capillary 2
Vein
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Hepatic Portal System
• Connects capillaries of the intestines to capillaries of the liver
• Delivers newly absorbed nutrients to the liver
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Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
• Connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland
• Responsible for transporting hormones
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Dynamic Human
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Overview
• Review• Heart sounds• Blood supply to the heart• Blood vessels
– Valves• Portal systems• Cat heart and human heart
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Cat Dissection
• Finish identifying arteries and veins
• Remove cat heart and dissect in half– Valves and chambers– Chordae Tendinai– Coronary Arteries