Lab 1:Vertebrate evolution

1. Course overview

2. Introductions

3. Vertebrate evolution lecture

4. Cladistics worksheet A. –due end at end of lab

Next week: Lab practical #1

10 labsMay 20 Evolution of Vertebrates, Cladistics reviewMay 27 Fetal Pig Dissection & human sexualityJune 3 Sensory Physiology (sight, hearing, reflexes)June 10 Photosynthesis - lab experimentJune 17 Origin and Evolution of Plant lifeJune 25 NO LABJuly 1 Plant Anatomy July 8 Population Ecology (inc. human population)July 15 Species Interactions – collect field dataJuly 22 Species distributions & analysisJuly 29 Biodiversity and Island Biogeography

Introductions

1. Name

2. Major

3. Topic of interest

4. Something unique or interesting about you

Course resources

E-learning - Grades

My BSC - forms Syllabus, Lab Admit Form, etc.

Bioviewer – study for lab practicals

http://bsc2011summer2009a.blogspot.com/

http://bsc2011summer2009b.blogspot.com/

Class blogs

Grading – How to get an A…

A ≥ 90.0%B+ ≥ 85.0%, B ≥ 80.0%, C+ ≥ 75.0%, C ≥ 70.0%, D+ ≥ 65.0%, D ≥ 60.0%, E < 60%

Scores are NOT rounded up

Quiz bank

• You must submit question(s) for each week that you want to participate in answering questions.

• I will post questions to blog by FRIDAY.• You can participate even if your question is not chosen.• Answers for each week are due at the beginning of the next week's lab.  • Answers in your own words. Plagerism = zero grade for the entire quiz.• Answers should be about 1 paragraph and must include references of

published scientific paper, book, or government or university website.• Submitted questions can substitute for ANY questions on the quiz,

EXCEPT the 2 questions about the current lab.• YOU CHOSE when to use your quiz questions -- you can save them or use

them all on a single quiz. • Indicate with a BIG STAR and the word SUBSTITUTE on your quiz for

which questions you want replaced by your quiz bank questions• If you substitute for a question for which you wrote the correct answer, it

still counts as a substitute question.

POLICY ON ACADEMIC INTEGRITY

All students are expected to do their own work.

The taking of information by means of copying homework assignments, working together with another individual(s) on such assignments, or looking or attempting to look at another student's paper during an examination is considered dishonest. The tendering of information, such as giving your work to another student to be used or copied is also considered dishonest.

Any evidence of such academic dishonesty will result in the loss of all points on that graded assignment. Additionally, the names of those students so penalized will be reported to the University's Office of Student Judicial Affairs.

LABORATORY SAFETY1. Work in the Biology laboratory may expose students to inherently dangerous activities. Students in the

BSC laboratories may be exposed to chemicals (e.g., formaldehyde, organic solvents, acids, and other caustic chemicals), chemical fumes, laboratory equipment and supplies (e.g., scalpels, razor blades, glass slides, coverslips, and electrical equipment), toxic or irritating properties of living and dead animals, and other materials necessary to laboratory activities. Other possible hazards include broken glass on the floor or counters, combustible materials, and slippery spills.

A. 1. Smoking, eating, and drinking are expressly forbidden and NOT allowed in the laboratory. B. 2. Locate the placement of safety equipment and supplies in the laboratory: safety shower, eye wash station, fire

extinguisher, and first aid kit. Memorize these locations. You should understand the use of this equipment. Also note the locations of exits. Each laboratory has a chemical exposure manual. These include material safety data sheets on all hazardous chemicals or compounds to which you might be exposed in the BSC laboratory.

C. 3. Students should follow instructions carefully, especially when hazardous conditions occur or hazardous materials are being used.

D. 4. Students should dress appropriately in the lab. Gloves and protective aprons will be made available in the labs. Students may elect to supply their own gloves and protective aprons or laboratory coats. Only shoes that provide complete foot covering are allowed in the lab.

E. 5. You should be familiar with fire procedures. Leave the building immediately should a major fire occur or if the fire alarm sounds. Notify the appropriate authorities -- don't assume someone else remembered to do it. Meet with other students and your instructor outside the building before leaving so that an accurate headcount may be made.

F. 6. The safe use of specific equipment and tools (e.g., microscopes, slides, scalpels, and pipettes) will be demonstrated by the instructor during the laboratory sessions. Be sure you understand this usage and ask questions if you do not.

G. 7. Never pipette by mouth. Always use a suction bulb or pipette aid. H. 8. Notify your T.A. IMMEDIATELY of any spills, breakages, or equipment malfunction. I. 9. Students should report all hazardous conditions to the instructor immediately. J. 10. All organisms, living or dead, should be treated with care and respect. Avoid direct handling when possible. K. 11. Students should clean up any supplies used and should return materials where they belong as instructed. Any

material spilled should be cleaned appropriately. Report any hazardous spills or breakages. L. 12. Broken glass and sharp metal waste should be placed only in those receptacles marked for such disposal -- do

not put these materials in normal trash receptacles. M. 13. Work areas must be left clean and dry prior to leaving the lab. Chemicals and reagents must be returned to their

proper places. N. 14. You should always wash your hands before leaving the laboratory, even if you have not knowingly come in

contact with any chemicals or biological fluids.

Today’s lab: Principal Biological Today’s lab: Principal Biological Concepts:Concepts:

A.A. Classification Classification (revisited from BSC 2010L).(revisited from BSC 2010L).B.B. Protostome vs. deuterostome (revisited).Protostome vs. deuterostome (revisited).C. C. Chordate features.Chordate features.D. D. Chordate subphyla.Chordate subphyla.E. E. Evolution of craniates from early chordates.Evolution of craniates from early chordates.F. F. Evolution of craniate classes.Evolution of craniate classes.G. G. Evolution of jaws.Evolution of jaws.H. H. Adaptations to terrestrial existence.Adaptations to terrestrial existence.I. I. Endothermy.Endothermy.J. J. Cladistic analysis.Cladistic analysis.

ClassificationClassification

A. A. Review taxonomic hierarchy - Domain, Review taxonomic hierarchy - Domain, kingdom, phylum (division), class, kingdom, phylum (division), class, order, family, genus, species.order, family, genus, species.

B. B. 3 domains3 domains1.1. BacteriaBacteria

2.2. ArchaeaArchaea

3.3. Eukarya – 5 kingdomsEukarya – 5 kingdoms

Hierarchical classificationHierarchical classification

EukaryaEukarya

a. a. "Protists" – At least 5 kingdoms"Protists" – At least 5 kingdoms

b.b. Kingdom ANIMALIAKingdom ANIMALIA

c.c. Kingdom FUNGIKingdom FUNGI

d.d. Kingdom PLANTAEKingdom PLANTAE

Kingdom ANIMALIA

We will cover:Phylum Echinodermata

Phylum Chordata

Protostome & Deuterostome Dichotomy

• Protostomes – Determinate cleavage

A cell isolated at the 4-cell stage from a mollusk forms an inviable embryo that lack parts

• Deuterostomes – Indeterminate cleavage

If the cells of a sea start embryo are separated at the 4-cell stage, each will go on to form a normal larva.

Twins in human beings

Stem cells

Know functions as well as structures.Functions of structures detailed in

the manual will not always be included in the text. You are still required to know the function.

Deuterostome Phylum Echinodermata

A. secondary radial symmetry - bilateral in larvae

B. endoskeleton - calcareous "test"

C. water vascular system (supplies oxygen to the cells and removes CO2 from the tissues)

Phylum Echinodermata

4 classes

1. sea stars (class Asteroidea)

2. brittle stars (class Ophiuroidea)

3. sea urchin (class Echinoidea)

4. sea cucumbers (class Holothuroidea)

http://www.johnkyrk.com/evolution.html

Class Asteroidea

Sea stars• Pentaradial

Anatomy of a sea star

Opening of the WVS

Class Ophiuroidea

Brittle star:Early Ordovician, ~500 million years ago Five arms joined to central body disk Organs of digestion and reproduction never enter the armsArms regenerate

Class Echinoidea - sea urchins & sand dollars

Apperaed 450 MyaTest is round and spinyNo arms

Class Holothuroidea - - sea cucumbers

Elongated body and leathery skinEndoskeleton below the skin

Chordates (phylum Chordata)

3 characters - present at some point in life

1. notochord

2. pharyngeal gill slits

3. dorsal, hollow,nerve cord

palaeo-electronica.org/2000_1/fossils/fig_14.htm

Yunnanozoon lividum is a suspected chordate from the Lower Cambrian, Chengjiang biota of Yunnan province

We would not be here if this little animal had gone extinct!!!

Extra

12-week-old human fetus

We do have gill slitsN becomes vertebral columnDHNC becomes spinal cord

Extra

3 subphyla - 2 "protochordates" and vertebrates

1. subphylum Urochordata -tunicates or sea squirts - 3,000 species

2. subphylum Cephalochordata - lancelets (Amphioxus) - 30 species

3. subphylum Craniata- craniates - animals with backbones; 57,674 species

Chordata

Subphylum Urochordata -tunicates or sea squirtsMostly marine and sessile

Chordata

N?

DHNC?

Subphylum Urochordata -

tunicate larva

Chordata

Subphylum Cephalochordata - lancelets (Amphioxus)

Chordata

Half buried in the sand

Filters food

Subphylum Craniata- 9 classes

1. Class Myxini - hagfishes2. Class Cephalaspidomorphi -

lampreys3. Class Chondrichthyes -

cartilagenous fishes -sharks, rays, skates

"Osteichthyes"4. Class Actinopterygii - ray-

finned fishes 5. Class Actinistia - lobe-

finned fishes6. Class Dipnoi - lungfishes

7. Class Amphibia - frogs, toads, salamanders

8. Class Mammalia – mammals9. Class Reptilia

subclass Testudinessubclass Lepidosauria -

snakes, lizards, tuatara

subclass Crocodylia - alligators and crocodiles

Subclass Aves - birds

Myxini and LampreysOnly animals which have a skull but not a vertebral column

Class Myxini - hagfishes

Diet?

Class Cephalaspidomorphi - lampreys

jawless “fish” with a toothed, funnel-like sucking mouth.

Class Chondrichthyes - cartilagenous fishessharks, rays, skates

The evolution of vertebrate jaws

"Osteichthyes" - - informal name for bony fishes

Class Actinopterygii - ray-finned fishes Class Actinistia - lobe-finned fishesClass Dipnoi - lungfishes

Class Actinopterygii - ray-finned fishes – 25.000 sp.

Class Actinistia - lobe-finned fishes

They were believed to have been extinct since the end of the Cretaceous, until the first specimen was found off the east coast of

South Africa, off the Chalumna River in 1938

Class Dipnoi - lungfish

These fish have lungs

Live in arid habitats that experience seasonal droughts

Anatomy of a trout, a representative bony fish

Tetrapods are vertebrate animals having four feet, legs or leglike appendages

•Amphibians• Reptiles• Dinosaurs• Birds• Mammals • Even the limbless snakes are tetrapods by descent

The Devonian radiation of fishes

Intermediate between

fish with fins and tetrapods

with limbs

Extra

Class Amphibia - amphibians - frogs, toads, salamanders

• Amphibian remain near water (what it means?)

• The skin is living (no dead cells)

• Most breath air through lungs as adults, rather than gills

•Amphibians are cold-blooded animals that metamorphose

• Three-chambered heart

The amniotic or cleidoic egg

Phylogeny of the amniotes

Class Reptiliacompleted the transition to land

Subclass Testudines - turtles Subclass Lepidosauria - lizards, snakes, tuataraSubclass Crocodylia – crocodiliansSubclass Aves – birds

• Scaly skin (keratine)• Evolved Amniotic egg

• Three-chambered heart as amphibians

Extra

They used to have teeth!

220-million-year-old turtle

from China

The avian wing and feather

What makes a bird a bird?

• Feathers• A beak with no teeth• High metabolic rate• A four-chambered heart• Lightweight but strong skeleton• Warm-blooded

Archaeopteryx - transitional fossil between dinosaurs and birds

Class Mammalia• Evolved from reptiles

• Endothermic

• Hair (evolved from the scaly skin)

• Mammary glands

A four-chambered heart

Prototherian mammals

Metatherian mammals

Eutherian mammals

Cladistic Analysis (Chapter 2)

You must complete this and hand it in before you leave (DS1 - 10 pts., pp. 21-27)

Introduction to cladistics - http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/clad/clad1.html

Constructing a phylogenetic tree using cladistic analysis

Lab “practical” next week

10 questions

60 seconds per question

You can use word list (Appendix C)

How to studyRead Ch 1 and 2

Know latin names and shared derived characters of taxons

Test yourself on BioViewer

Classification of organisms-- Latin names of all phylum, subphylum & classes studied – see

Appendix B Microscope slidesLab modelsImage search

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D0EhPMo06Kk&fmt=6

***You will need your dissecting equipment next lab***

Next week: Fetal pig dissection