Abstract: In this experiment we will use techniques to define the various types of solids in a

water and waste water such as weighting and filtration techniques to determine some

common concentration which include TS, TVS, TFS, TSS, FSS, VSS, TDS and

TVDS. These parameters indicate the quality of water, in general as this

concentration increase the quality will be effected.

The experiment results, indicate that surface water has the highest concentration then

mixed water and the top water have the lowest concentration because its treated

water. The other techniques involve evaporation at 105c, combustion conducted at

550c and finally filtration.

Three water samples will be used: tap water, surface waters and mixed, for each

type of water the following parameters will be determined.

Introduction:

Environmental engineering is concerned with the solid material in a wide range of

natural waters and

wastewaters. The usual definition of solids (referred to as "total solids") is the matter

that remains as residue upon evaporation at 103~105°C.

Solids can be classified as organic biodegradable and organic – biodegradable and

inorganic solids.33

The various components of "total solids" can be simplified as

follows:

Total Solids (TS) are the total of all solids in a water sample. They include the total

suspended solids and total dissolved solids. Total Suspended Solids (TSS) are the

amount of filterable solids in a water sample.

Samples are filtered through a glass fiber filter. The filters are dried and weighed to

Picture: 1

determine the amount of total suspended solids in mg/l of sample. Total Dissolved

Solids (TDS) are those solids that pass through a filter with a pore size of 2.0

micron. or smaller.They are said to be non-filterable. After filtration the filtrate

(liquid) is dried and the remaining residue is weighed and calculated as mg/l of

Total Dissolved Solids.

The total solids (TS) contents of wastewater are used in the design and process

control of wastewater treatment facilities.

Total dissolved solids (TDS) are used to evaluate the suitability of water for both

domestic supplies and industrial purposes. The total suspended solids (TSS),

including the volatile fraction (VSS), are commonly monitored to evaluate the

degree of pollution in natural waters and serves as a key process control parameter

for wastewater treatment operation.

Objective: To become familiar with the measurement and interpretation of total, dissolved,

suspended, and volatile solids.

Apparatus:

Porcelain dish ,100 ml

Aluminum Evaporating dishes with capacity 25ml

Drying oven (179-181C)

Analytical balance ,semimicro to 0.1 mg

Glass fiber filter disk

Filtration apparatus with vacuum filtration apparatus and vacuum source Tweezer

Muffle furnace at 550C

Steam bath or Vacuum oven

Drying oven (103-105C)

Desiccator

Sample:

Sample from a Tap water

Sample from wastewater effluent

Laboratory prepared sample of :

Glucose 500mg/l

Na2CO3 500mg/l

NaCl 500mg/l

Bentonite 250mg/l

Picture:2 Apparatus

Procedure: Total solids(TS)

1. Ignite a clean evaporating dish at 550C in a muffle furnace for 1 hr.

2. Cool the dish, weigh and keep it in a desiccator.

3. Transfer carefully 50ml of sample into the dish and evaporate to dryness on

a steam bath

4. Place the evaporated sample in an oven adjusted at 103C and dry it for 1hr.

5. Repeat drying at 103C till constant weight is obtained.

Total volatile solids:

1. Ignite the above dish with residue at 550˚C for 15 min.

2. Allow the dish to cool partially in air aid transfer to a desiccator.

3. Weight till constant weight is obtained.

Suspended solids(TSS)

1. With tweezers transfer pre washed and predrilled filter from the

desiccator to a balance and determine tare weight to nearest 0.1 mg. Drying

and weighing should continue until a content weight is recorded.

2. Place the filter in a Millipore filtration apparatus or equivalent, and apply

suction.

3. Pour through 50ml of the sample

4. Wash sample container, filter holder and filter edges sequentially with

tow 10ml portions of distilled water and suction the water through the filter.

5. Carefully remove the filter with tweezers

6. Dry the filter for 1 hr .at 103˚C in the oven

7. Cool the filter in dish in a desiccator.

8. Weigh the filter to nearest 0.1-mg, repeat the drying and weighing till

constant weight is obtained.

Volatile suspended Solids (TVS)

1. Place the filter with residue in a per ignited pre cooled and pre weighed

evaporating dish.

2. Ignite the above dish with residue on the filter for 30 min at 550˚C

3. Allow the dish to cool partially in air and transfer to a desiccator for

further cooling.

Test additional water samples by the same procedure

Total dissolved Solids

Use data of total solids and suspended solids for calculation of total

dissolved solids.( appendix)

Total volatile dissolved solids

Use the data of total volatile solid and volatile suspended solids for

calculation of total volatile solids.( appendix)

Picture: 3 procedure

Data and Results: *Weight of crucible cup : 18.6 g

*Weight of filter paper : 0.9055 g *Weights after drying process for 24 hours:

*Crucible cup: 18.6655 g.

*Filter paper: 0.9066 g.

*Weights after ignition process for 1 hour:

*Crucible cup= 18.6553 g

*Fikter paper= 0.9065 g

Table 1:

parameter TS(mg/L) 1.31

TVS(mg/L) 0.204 TFS(mg/L) 1.106 TSS(mg/L) 0.022 FSS(mg/L) 0.02 TDS(mg/L) 1.288

Conclusion: *The water samples were not suitable for the drinking because of the high

content of the T.D.S. and the low of T.S.S. .but T.V.S. were lower than T.F.S. The values in this experiment is theoretical values but not the exact

values this is cause due to some errors such that : *Some personal errors like reading errors, The dishes were not clean

*Filtration can be used to separate small size solids (less than 1-1.2µ) from

suspended solids, and by using high temperature 550C the organic material

could be destroyed.

*The recovery of temperature is very important, for instance at 180C thermal

decomposition of some ammonium salts occur.

Combustion method differentiate between organic and inorganic material.

References: *Lab manual

*class notes

Appendix: Sample Calculations:

Total solids = (wt of residue + evaporation dish ) – (dish Tare weight )

T.S. = (18.6655 – 18.6) * (1000 / 50) = 1.31 (mg/L)

Total volatile solids = (wt of residue + evaporated dish ) - (wt of residue

+ dish after ignition at 550°C )

T.V.S. = 1.31-1.106= 0.204 (mg/l)

Total fixed solids = (wt of residue + dish after ignition at 550°C ) – (dish

Tare weight )

T.F.S. = (18.6553 – 18.6) * (1000 / 50) = 1.106 (mg/L)

Total suspended solids = (wt of residue + filter after drying at 103°C) -

(wt of dried filter)

T.S.S. = [(0.9065) – (0.9055)] * (1000 / 50) = 0.022 (mg/L)

Total dissolved solids = total solids – total suspended solids

T.D.S. = 1.31– 0.022 = 1.288 (mg/L)

F.S.S=(0.9065-0.9055)*(1000/50)=0.02 (mg/L)

Jordan University of Science and Technology

Faculty of Engineering

Civil Engineering Department

“Environmental lab”

“Solid Determination”

Experiment (1)

Student Name: Anas Mohammad Maghayreh.

Student ID: 20120023117.

Section #:1

Submission Date: 6/7/2015.

Submitted to: Dr. hani abu qdaies