La protection s élective des r éseaux électriques - Accueil · First objectives of the...
Transcript of La protection s élective des r éseaux électriques - Accueil · First objectives of the...
La protection sélective des réseaux électriques. .ULG 21 11 2012
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© Siemens AG 2006Power Transmission and DistributionA.Belvaux
The T&D grids
Generation Transmission Distribution Industry
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The electricity network ensure an efficient supply of energy
High Voltage Transformers Medium VoltageComponents, switchgear and turnkey projects for AC and DC power
Components, switchgear and turnkey projects for AC and DC power
Power transformers, distributiontransformers with oil or cast-resin projects for AC and DC power
technology for power transmission ≤ 52 kV.
projects for AC and DC power technology for power transmission > 52 kV.
transformers with oil or cast-resininsulation.
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Energy AutomationNetwork control systems, protectionand substation automation, telecontrol systems, power quality.
ServicesNetwork planning & consulting, asset maintenance and maintenance management for grids and networks, metering services.
Energy flow in electricity networks
Main power stationMain power stationMain power stationMain power stationWindWindWindWind
HydroHydroHydroHydro
15 15 15 15 kVkVkVkV
150 150 150 150 kVkVkVkV
StorageStorageStorageStorage
CombinedCombinedCombinedCombinedindustrialindustrialindustrialindustrialprocessesprocessesprocessesprocesses
BiomassBiomassBiomassBiomass
Fuel cellFuel cellFuel cellFuel cell150 150 150 150 kVkVkVkV
15 15 15 15 kVkVkVkV
....0000 4 4 4 4 kVkVkVkV
++++ ----
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DomesticDomesticDomesticDomestic IndustryIndustryIndustryIndustry
....0000 4 4 4 4 kVkVkVkV
DomesticDomesticDomesticDomesticCombinedCombinedCombinedCombinedheat powerheat powerheat powerheat power
SolarSolarSolarSolar
StorageStorageStorageStorage ....0000 4 4 4 4 kVkVkVkV
Key Product for High VoltageNetwork: Circuit Breaker
63
50
40
Rated short-circuit breaking current [kA]
80
3AT2/3 3AT4/5
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31,5
25
072,5 123 145 300 362 420 550 800
Rated voltage [kV]170 245
3AP1 FI3AP1 FG 3AP2 FI
Coils� Air Core Dry Type
Reactors
Arrester� HV:
AIS (Porcellain, Polymer)
Products for High VoltageArrestors, Bushings, Coils & Instrument Transformer s
Instrument Transformers� Current Transformers
Bushings� Air Core Dry Type Reactors
Reactors� Line Traps� Arc Suppression Coils
AIS (Porcellain, Polymer) & GIS; HVDC, FACTS
� MV: Distribution & Traction Vehicles
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� Current Transformers� Voltage Transformers
� Air Core Dry Type Reactors� Line Traps� Arc Suppression Coils
Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) 8DN9 switchgear
�Rated voltage up to 245 kV
�Rated frequency 50 / 60 Hz
�Rated power frequency�Rated power frequency
withstand voltage (1 min) up to 460 kV
�Rated lightning impulse
withstand voltage (1,2/50 µs) up to 1050 kV
�Rated busbar current up to 3150 A
�Rated feeder current up to 3150 A
�Rated breaking current up to 50 kA
�Rated short-time current up to 50 kA
�Leakage rate per year and
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�Leakage rate per year and
gas compartment < 0.5 %
�Bay width 1500 mm
�Bay height 3500 mm
�Bay depth 4700 mm
�Bay weight 5 t
� High reliability
� Excellent field experience with more than 2
Medium Voltage ComponentsVacuum Tubes
million vacuum interrupters
� Tailormade development
� Wide product range for any application
� For use in
� LV and MV circuit-breakers, load-break
switches and contactors
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switches and contactors
� Autoreclosers
� Transformer Tap Changers
Delivery Program
690 up to 1300 V up to 65 kA up to 2500 A
7.2 up to 40.5 kV up to 72 kA up to 6300 A
Energy Automation
Do lor situs cum habilitarum itum alus causticus
� Information and network control technologyalus causticus
imanenter Status landum exus rius laudanum tum.
Lorem exit vulnareus plexus est. Vulna pausta rhus tex, per
technology
� Protection and substation auto-mation, telecon-trol systems, power quality
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pausta rhus tex, per itum falor sit wunt. Sit itum causticus aurum eum et expli ndus.Cum
-detect fault and isolate only the faulted part of the power system
First objectives of the „SELECTIVE PROTECTION“
-ensure the greatest possible level of the grid and supply reliability
-limit the effect of faults on the equipments (cabl e , transformer,..)
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LE SYSTEME DE PROTECTION =
TI/TP + Relais+ Disjoncteur
SIPROTEC 4
TI/TP + Relais+ Disjoncteur
Sélectif,rapide,fiable
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Reliability of the protection relays
X
1. Fast operation ⇒ Limit damages
R
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2. High accuracy ⇒ High selectivity
3. Signal distortion does not cause delay or maloperation
SIPROTEC more than 100 Years of Experience
1910 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2012
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Analog Relays
Electromechanical Relays
Numerical Protection Relays
Time-overcurrent protection Functions
Time-overcurrent protection
Criteria for fault: overcurrent
Criteria for selectivity: time
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Time-overcurrent protection Characteristics
Tripping characteristic of a two stage time-overcur rent protection device - definite time
t [sec]
1.0
1.5
2.0
Tripping area
protection device - definite time
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0.5
x IN0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5I> I>>
Time-overcurrent protection Application
Main protection as line protection
x x x x
O/C O/C O/C O/C
t = 0mst = 300mst = 600mst = 900ms
Ttripbackup
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Advantage: simple device,only current transformers are necessary
Disadvantage: near infeed higher tripping time
distance
up
Distance protectionDistance protection
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Why impedance protection?
Situation: Meshed network and two infeedsDirectional overcurrent time relays
0,6s
0,6s
0,3s
0,3s
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0,6s
0,6s
0,3s
0,3s
non-selective trip
Localization of short-circuits by means of an impedance measurement:
� fault on the protected line Z1
Basic principle of impedance protection
� fault on the protected line
� fault outside the protected line
Z1
relay A
relay A
Z2
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selectivity
Distance measurement (principle)
ZL = RL + j XLIL1
IL2
Z
L
6 loops: 3 phase- phase loops and3 phase- ground loops
phase- phase -loop:
ZE = RE +j XEIL3
IE Z
EUL1UL2UL3
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phase- phase -loop:
The same applies to the remaining loops
UL1-L2 = ZL ( IL1 - IL2)
Measured currentmeasured voltage
06.08.97dtgerdis3
Distance measurement (principle)
IL1
IL2
ZL
ZL = RL + j XL
phase-ground-loop: UL1 = ΙL1 · ( RL + j XL )- ΙE · ( RE +j XE)
IL2
IL3
IE Z
EUL1UL2UL3
ZL = RL + j XL
ZE = RE +j XE
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ΙL1, ΙE measured currentUL1 measured voltage
06.08.97dtgerdis3
The same applies to the remaining loops
UU tjj eUeUU ωϕ ⋅=⋅=
Impedance calculation using U- and I-phasors
R Z
II tjj eIeII ωϕ ⋅=⋅=
II t⋅=ωϕ
UU t⋅=ωϕ
0=t
IUZ ϕϕϕ −=
( ) XjRjZeZZ ZZj Z ⋅+=⋅+⋅=⋅= ϕϕϕ sincos
X
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( ) ( ) ( )IUIUj
j
j
I
Uj
I
Ue
I
U
eI
eU
I
UZ IU
I
U
ϕϕϕϕϕϕϕ
ϕ
−+−⋅=⋅=⋅⋅== − sincos
R X
Numerical filtered phasor measurement
X
1. Fast operation ⇒ Use short data window
R
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1. Fast operation ⇒ Use short data window
2. High accuracy ⇒ High selectivity
3. Signal distortion does not cause delay or maloperation
ni2sin ⋅π
Fourier analysis of measured values
Sampled
C(k)S(k)(k) j III ⋅+=S(k)I
C(k)Ij ⋅ )(kI
)( inki +−
k-n
0 1 2 . . . n
i
C(k)Ik
Sampledmeasuring values
Resulting phasor
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ni2cos ⋅π
C(k)Ij ⋅
ϕS(k)I
Load and short-circuit impedances
ZL
ZLF1
ZLF2
distance relayoperating characteristic
RF RF
ZLoadDF1 F2
X
ZL
ZLF2
j L
RR
ZF1
ZF2
RR
ZLoad
ZLF1
Fault area
Phase - Phase Fault
RR ≈ RF / 2
Phase - Earth Fault
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Rj SC1
j SC2
j L
Fault in reverse
direction Load area
Minimum Load Impedance:Minimum voltage 0,9 UnMaximum current 1,1 InMaximum angle ± 30°
RR ≈ RF /(1 + RE/RL)
X
Z5
Line
Impedance zones of digital relays
Distance zones
Inclined with line angle ϕAngle α prevents overreach of
R
ϕϕϕϕ LoadLoad
Z1
Z2
Z4
Z1B
Z5
αααα
Angle α prevents overreach of Z1 on faults with fault resistance that are fed from both line ends
Fault detection
no fault detection polygon: the
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Z3
no fault detection polygon: the largest zone determines the fault detection characteristic
simple setting of load encroachment area with Rmin and ϕLoad
Graded distance zones
time t3Z2
Z3
∆t = grading time
D1 D2 D3
t1
t2Z1
distance
A CB D
Grading rules:
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Z1 = 0,85 ZAB
Z2 = 0,85 (ZAB + 0,85 ZBC)Z3 = 0,85 (ZAB + 0,85 (ZBC + 0,85 ZCD))
Safety margin is 15 %:� line error� CT, VT error� measuring error
Grading rules:
Ring feeder: with grading against opposite end
0.6
grading time(s)0.6
0.3
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The same grading from both sides
Differential protection
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I1
Measuring Principle
Lines and Cables
I2
I
I5
Lines and Cables
Busbar
Transformer
Generator
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Kirchhoff: I1+I2+I3+I4+I5=0
I3
I4Motor
Line differential protection
over 3 line ends
7SD52
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7SD52
7SD52
No restrictions for communicationNo restrictions for communication
� Communication with …
� direct FO connection up to 100 km
� digital communication network (G703, X21)
� ISDN-connection
� 2 or 3 wire pilot wire (twisted, screened)
FO
or
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Digitalcommunication network
or7SD
5
ISDN
or2/3 wire pilot wire (Cu)
or
7SD
5OEEO
EO
EO
OE
OE
Transformer differential protection
UN1 = 110kV UN2 = 30kV
SN = 100MVA
IP1 = 500A(load current)
IP2 = 1833A(load current)
1000/5A 2000/5A
winding 1 winding 2
7UT512
IN, Trafo = 525A IN, Trafo = 1924A
IS1 = 2.5A IS2 = 4.58A measuredsecondary currents
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IDiff = ? IStab= ?
Method of Vector Group Determination
Side 2: Side 1:
1L12L1
2L2
IL1,S1IL1,S2 = IL1 - IL2
1L2
1L3
2L2
2L3
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330°(n * 30°)
Vector group is
Y d 11
Current transformer saturation
Saturation during steady-state current
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Saturation during offset current
Idiff fault line (k=1)
Ideal internal fault
� Idiff = I1
Trip Characteristic
Idiff fault line (k=1)
internal fault
external fault oroperation condition
� Idiff = I1
� Istab = I1
� fault is on fault line
External fault
� Idiff = 0
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Istab
� Istab = |I1|+|I2|+...|In|
security for CT deviations
X X X X
Busbar protection - summation transformer version
X
1
X
2
X
3
X
7
. . .
100 mA
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Summation transformer 4AM5120
Distributed System
substation
central unit
.
terminal panel terminal panel terminal panel terminal panel
22 22
fibre optics
1,5 km
bay unit
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50
terminal panel
50
terminal panel
50
terminal panel
50
terminal panel
Reliability of the protection relays
X
1. Fast operation ⇒ Limit damages
X
R
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2. High accuracy ⇒ High selectivity
3. Signal distortion does not cause delay or maloperation
Power System Influencesi1
t
i1
t
Inrush currents
Transformer overexcitation
CT saturation
t/s0,995 1,000 1,005 1,010 1,015 1,020 1,025 1,030 1,035 1,040 1,045 1,050
U/V
-100
-50
0
50Non system frequent voltages with capacitive voltage transformers
-XC
Leitung
R
X
-XC
Leitung
R
X
Variable system impedances with FACTS
GAP
MOV
ZS
GAP
MOV
ZS
Sub-synchronous frequencies with series compensation
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High equipment and route capacity
utilization
i/kA
t/ms500
u/kV
t/ms500
200
-3
6
3
i/kA
t/ms500
u/kV
t/ms500
200
-3
6
3
Power swings
Inter-area oscillations