LA EDUCACION EN SU ENTORNO - LUIS ORTIZ - PORTALGUARANI

7/21/2019 LA EDUCACION EN SU ENTORNO - LUIS ORTIZ - PORTALGUARANI

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BD LC\EDEOJ LJ U\ LJSFYJFUostlhd lcuedtovf y pfbtoeds piboeds lj ]drdkudy

Buos Frtoz (Efhpobdcfr)Cfhojoqul ClhlbljjlGudj Gfs CdzYfcfbnf LbodsBuz Kohljlz@lvoj KfltzDbojd Hdeadcf

]dtroeod HosolkfBobd HfbojolrBuos FrtozOvfjl ]lrdzzf


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Buos Frtoz (Efhpobdcfr)

Cfhojoqul Clhlbljjl

Gudj Gfs Cdz

Yfcfbnf Lbods

Buz Kohljlz

@lvoj Kfltz

Dbojd Hdeadcf

]dtroeod Hosolkf

Bobd Hfbojolr

Buos Frtoz

Ovfjl ]lrdzzf


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Bd lcuedeoj lj su ljtfrjf. Uostlhd lcuedtovf y pfbtoeds piboeds lj ]drdkudyBuos Frtoz (Efhpobdcfr)4. LcoeojDsujeoj

EDCL]/OBDO]]4;4 pks.4;-;>=-=-;

4. Lcuedeoj, 9. Uostlhd lcuedtovf, 5. ]fbtoeds ]iboeds 3. ]drdkudy,


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BFU D\SFYLU

Cfhojoqul Clhlbljjl

Ufeobfkf. Cfetfrdjtl lj Ufeofbfkd pfr bd \jovlrsocdc cl Bfvdojd, Ibkoed. Cfeljtl cl bd \jo-vlrsocdc Edtboed Jtrd. Urd. cl bd Dsujeoj. Cosldcfr y Effrcojdcfr clb prfyletf cl nfrtdbl-eoholjtf cl bd rlnfrhd lcuedtovd Lseulbd vovd Al`f`dtuvd. Dslsfr cl bd Corleeoj Kljlrdb clLcuedeoj Lsefbdr Ojckljd (CKLLO) HLE. Ojvlstokdcfr clb Eljtrl cLtucls Ufeofbfkoquls.

Gudj Gfs Cdz

Lefjfhostd. Ul clslhpld efhf prfnlsfr cl bd Hdlstrd lj Lefjfhd cl bd ]fjtoeod \jovlr-socdc Edtboed clb ]lr y clb prfkrdhd cl Lefjfhd cl bd \jovlrsocdc cl ]ourd, slcl Bohd. Uusrlds tlhtoeds ojebuylj bd lefjfhd clb clsdrrfbbf y bd lvdbudeoj cl prfkrdhds sfeodbls. Ls

Ojvlstokdcfr projeopdb clb Krupf cl Djbosos pdrd lb Clsdrrfbbf (KYDCL,) cl ]lr.

Yfcfbnf Lbods

Boeljeodcf lj ]soefbfkd pfr bd \jovlrsocdc Edtboed cl Dsujeoj y Hstlr lj ]soefbfkd Ufeodbpfr bd \jovlrsocdc cl Kulbpa, Edjdc. Lhprljco trdidgfs cl ojvlstokdeoj efhf ojtlkrdj-tl clb Eljtrf ]drdkudyf cl Lstucofs Ufeofbkoefs (E]LU). Nul efjsubtfr cl ojvlstokdeofjls ylvdbudeofjls clb Hojostlrof cl Lcuedeoj y Eubturd cl ]drdkudy ds efhf cl ftrfs frkdjoshfsjdeofjdbls l ojtlrjdeofjdbls. Cfeljtl clb Ojstotutf cl Srdidgf Ufeodb cl bd \jovlrsocdc Jdeof-jdb cl Dsujeoj y cl bd NBDEUF ]drdkudy. Effrcojdcfr Dedchoef cl lstd btohd ljtocdc y

Effrcojdcfr clb rld cl ojvlstokdeoj lj Lcuedeoj clb Ojstotutf Clsdrrfbbf (OC).

Buz Kohljlz

Lefjfhostd. Eursd detudbhljtl ujd Hdlstrd lj Lefjfhltrd lj bd \jovlrsocdc Sfreudtf CoSlbbd, Drkljtojd. Nul efjsubtfrd cl bd \jocdc cl Lefjfhd Ufeodb clb Hojostlrof cl Adeoljcd cl]drdkudy y cl bd Corleeoj cl Lstucofs Lefjhoefs clb ^oelhojostlrof cl Lefjfhd l Ojtlkrd-eoj, cl bd hoshd edrtlrd cl Lstdcf.

@lvoj Kfltz

Klkrdnf. Hstlr lj Klfkrdnd. Cfetfrdjtl lj Klfkrdnd lefjhoed lj bd \jovlrsocdc cl Sfu-bfusl, Nrdjeod. Nul efjsubtfrd cl bd \jocdc cl Lefjfhd Ufeodb clb Hojostlrof cl Adeoljcd cl]drdkudy. Detudbhljtl ls efjsubtfr cl bd Ulerltdrd Sejoed cl ]bdjoedeoj cl bd ]rlsocljeodcl bd Ylpiboed clb ]drdkudy. Ojvlstokdcfr dsfeodcf clb Ojstotutf cl Eoljeods Ufeodbls cl ]drd-

kudy (OEUF ]drdkudy).

Dbojd Hdeadcf

Boeljeodcd y Hdkostlr lj Lefjfhd pfr bd Ndeubtdc cl Eoljeods Lefjhoeds y cl Dchojostrd-eoj (NEL_D) cl bd \jovlrsocdc cl bd Ylpiboed (\clbdY). Detudbhljtl ls edjcocdtd d Cfetfrdlj Lefjfhd pfr bd \jovlrsocdc Jdeofjdb cl Bd ]bdtd, Drkljtojd. Cfeljtl clb Ojstotutf cl Lef-jfhd cl bd NEL_D y cl bd Hdlstrd lj Clhfkrdnd cl bd Ndeubtdc cl Eoljeods Ufeodbls cl bd\clbdY. Ojvlstokdcfrd clb Ojstotutf cl Lefjfhd cl bd NEL_D \clbdY.


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]dtroeod Hosolkf

Boeljeodcd lj Eoljeods cl bd Lcuedeoj pfr bd \jovlrsocdc Dutjfhd cl Dsujeoj. Eurs bdHdlstrd lj Lcuedeoj efj jndsos lj Ojvlstokdeoj lcuedtovd, cl bd \jovlrsocdc Edtboed clDsujeoj. Cfeljtl clb Ojstotutf ]lcdkkoef cl bd \jovlrsocdc Edtboed Jtrd. Urd. cl bd Dsuj-

eoj. Lspleodbostd lj tlhds cl lcuedeoj y jolz. Ojvlstokdcfrd clb rld cl lcuedeoj clb Ojs-totutf Clsdrrfbbf (OC).

Bobd Hfbojolr

Boeljeodcd y Hdlstrd lj Lefjfhd pfr bd \jovlrsocdc Jdeofjdb Dutjfhd cl Hxoef, Hxoef.Lspleodbostd lj Edpdeotdeoj, Coslf y Klstoj cl ]fbtoeds Ufeodbls. Nul efjsubtfrd cl ojvls-tokdeoj ds efhf cl coslf y klstoj cl pfbtoeds piboeds pdrd lb Hojostlrof cl Lcuedeojy Eubturd (HLE) cl ]drdkudy, lb Hojostlrof cl Udbuc ]iboed y Ioljlstdr Ufeodb (HU]IU) y bdUlerltdrd cl bd Jolz y Dcfblseljeod (UJJD). Ls dutfrd cl ojvlstokdeofjls sfirl pfbtoeds y

kdstfs sfeodbls (\JD, IOC, HA) ds efhf sfirl kdstf piboef lj jolz y dcfblseljeod (]J\C,\L/UDU). Cfeljtl clb Ojstotutf cl Srdidgf Ufeodb y cl bd Ndeubtdc cl Eoljeods Lefjhoeds clbd \jovlrsocdc Jdeofjdb cl Dsujeoj. Ls corletovd l ojvlstokdcfrd, clscl su nujcdeoj (4??5)adstd bd detudbocdc, clb Sdbblr ]lcdkkoef Dbtlrjdtovf (Sdpld).

Buos Frtoz

Cfetfr lj Ufeofbfkd pfr bd Lseulbd cl Dbtfs Lstucofs lj Eoljeods Ufeodbls (]drs, Nrdjeod).Hstlr lj Eoljeods Ufeodbls pfr bd Ndeubtdc Bdtojfdhlroedjd cl Eoljeods Ufeodbls (HxoefC.N., Hxoef). Boeljeodcf lj Ufeofbfkd pfr bd \jovlrsocdc Edtboed Jtrd. Urd. cl bd Dsujeoj

(Dsujeoj, ]drdkudy). Nul efjsubtfr cl conlrljtls ljtocdcls piboeds, y detudbhljtl cl frkd-jozdeofjls jf kuilrjdhljtdbls ds efhf cl frkdjoshfs hubtobdtlrdbls cl effplrdeoj. ]rfnl-sfr cl bd \jovlrsocdc Edtboed y cl bd NBDEUF ]drdkudy. Ojvlstokdcfr dsfeodcf clb EDCL].Corletfr l ojvlstokdcfr clb Ojstotutf cl Eoljeods Ufeodbls cl ]drdkudy (OEUF ]drdkudy). Uubjld cl ojvlstokdeoj efjsostl lj bd Lcuedeoj y clsokudbcdc sfeodb.

Ovfjl ]lrdzzf

Boeljeodcd lj Lefjfhd pfr bd \jovlrsocdc cl bd Ylpiboed Froljtdb clb \rukudy y Hstlr ljLefjfhd pfr bd hoshd ujovlrsocdc. Cfeljtl l ojvlstokdcfrd clb Ojstotutf cl Lefjfhd cl bdNdeubtdc cl Eoljeods Lefjhoeds cl bd \jovlrsocdc cl bd Ylpiboed. Ul lspleodbozd lj bds rlds

hlredcf cl trdidgf, costroiueoj clb ojkrlsf y lvdbudeoj cl pfbtoeds piboeds.


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JCOEL

]YBFKFNlrjdjcf Hdso ?

OJSYFC\EEOJ

Buos Frtoz 44

LB UOUSLHD LC\EDSO^F FIBOKDSFYOF_ KYDS\OSF LJ ]DYDK\D_. N\JCDHLJSFU

]DYD U\ \JO^LYUDBOWDEOJ _ EDBONOEDEOJBobd Hfbojolr 4 cl hdrzf cl 4??4, pfr bfs hdjcd-tdrofs cl Drkljtojd, Irdsob, ]drdkudy y \rukudy.

3 Lb df cl ojoeof cl bd rlnfrhd lcuedtovd vdrd slkj lb aotf efj lb qul sl ocljtonoed7 o. lb lstdibleoholjtf clb EfjslgfDslsfr cl bd Ylnfrhd Lcuedtovd (4??=)0 oo. bd lbdifrdeoj clb prfelsf clb codkjstoef jdeofjdb (4??4-4??9) y clb prfyle-

tf cl rlnfrhd0 ooo. lb Efjkrlsf Jdeofjdb cl Lcuedeoj (4??9) y bfs Efjkrlsfs Ylkofjdbls (4??5), cfjcl sl prlsljtd yvdbocd lb codkjstoef0 ov. bd nujcdhljtdeoj cl bd rlnfrhd y bd lbdifrdeoj cl bfs clbojldholjtfs eurroeubdrls cl bd lcu-edeoj ojoeodb y cl bd lcuedeoj lsefbdr isoed (4??5)0 y, lb ojoeof cl bd ohpblhljtdeoj krdcudb cl bd rlnfrhd eurroeubdrlj dubd, lhplzdjcf pfr lb prllsefbdr y lb prohlr krdcf (4??3).


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Lj eudjtf d bd lcuedeoj, rlefjfeo qul tfcd plrsfjd toljl clrleaf d bd lcuedeojojtlkrdb y plrhdjljtl, y cospusf bd fibokdtfrolcdc cl bd lcuedeoj lsefbdr isoed cljulvl krdcfs, ds efhf lb hjohf prlsupulstdrof clb 9= % cl bd dsokjdeoj d bd Dcho-jostrdeoj Eljtrdb pdrd bd lcuedeoj.

Yljfv bfs jls cl bd lcuedeoj efhf lb clsdrrfbbf pbljf cl bd plrsfjdbocdc auhdjdy bd prfhfeoj cl bd boilrtdc, bd pdz, bd gustoeod sfeodb, bd sfbocdrocdc, bd effplrdeojy bd ojtlkrdeoj cl bfs pulibfs0 lb rlspltf d bfs clrleafs auhdjfs y bfs projeopofsclhfertoefs0 bd drhdeoj clb efhprfhosf efj bd pdtrod, cl bd ocljtocdc eubturdb y bdnfrhdeoj ojtlbletudb, hfrdb y evoed, ds efhf bd lbohojdeoj cl bfs efjtljocfs lcued-tovfs cl edretlr coserohojdtovf. Sdhioj, lstdibleo qul bfs figltovfs plrhdjljtls,sfj bd lrrdcoedeoj clb djdbndiltoshf y bd edpdeotdeoj pdrd lb trdidgf (EfjstotueojJdeofjdb, 4??9, Drt. ;5).

Lj lstl efjtlxtf cl dplrturd pfbtoed y cl trdjsoeoj adeod uj rkohlj clhfertoefbd, rlnfrhd nfrh pdrtl cl bd clhdjcd rlotlrdcd cl bfs sletfrls clhfertoefs, pfr bfqul lb prohlr kfiolrjf cl bd trdjsoeoj efjnfrh uj Efjslgf Dslsfr cl bd YlnfrhdLcuedtovd (EDYL) efj 49 rlefjfeocfs lxpfjljtls jdeofjdbls cl bd lcuedeoj clhf-ertoed, bd bfsfnd, bds eoljeods sfeodbls, bd eubturd y bds drtls, y lb trdidgf sfeodb. CoeafEfjslgf, sl efjstotuy lj uj detfr projeopdb pdrd bd lbdifrdeoj clb codkjstoef jd-eofjdb cl bd lcuedeoj pdrdkudyd, lj efjtdetf corletf efj bfs lquopfs cl corletovfs ytejoefs rlbdtovdhljtl edboedcfs cl tfcfs bfs jovlbls cl bd lstrueturd clb Hojostlrofcl Lcuedeoj (4??4 4??9), y qul nulrd coseutocf y vdbocdcf lj cfs Efjkrlsfs Jd-

eofjdbls y 41 Efjkrlsfs Ylkofjdbls (4??9, 4??5), gujtf efj bfs julvfs jls y figlto-vfs cl bd lcuedeoj pdrdkudyd (HLE-IOC, 4???).

Lstfs prfelsfs cl ojslreoj cl bd lcuedeoj pdrdkudyd lj lb efjtlxtf jdeofjdb cldplrturd y trdjsoeoj pfbtoed pfs-coetdcurd lstuvolrfj defhpddcfs lj lb pbdjfhujcodb pfr lb hfvoholjtf prfhfvocf pfr bd \JLUEF, lj Gfhtolj, hdrzf cl 4??=,efj bd Clebdrdeoj cl bd Lcuedeoj ]drd Sfcfs lj lb 9===y su ]bdj cl Deeoj, y lj lbpbdjf rlkofjdb, pfr bfs efhprfhosfs dsuhocfs lj lb ]rfyletf ]rojeopdb cl Lcuedeoj lj

Dhroed Bdtojd y lb Edroil (4??= 4??3/4??1. Lj tfcfs lbbfs, bd prfhfeoj cl bd lcuedeoj kljlrdb i-soed y cl bd lsefbdr isoed, lj pdrtoeubdr, ls uj clrleaf pdrd tfcfs y tfcds, lj rlbdeoj

efj su efjtlxtf sfeodb efjerltf y curdjtl tfcf lb eoebf cl vocd.


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4?

Sdhioj edil efjsoclrdr lb efjtlxtf ndvfrdibl kljlrdcf pfr bd Clebdrdeoj Hujcodb sf-irl bd Uuplrvovljeod, bd ]rftleeoj y lb Clsdrrfbbf clb Jof,y su ]bdj cl Deeoj Kbfidb 4??= 9===, cl bd Euhirl Hujcodb d Ndvfr cl bd Ojndjeod, Julvd _fr` slptolhirl cl 4??=,rhdcd pfr lb kfiolrjf jdeofjdb, y rdtoedcd pfr lb Efjkrlsf Jdeofjdb. Lj lstl edsf,

bd Efjstotueoj Jdeofjdb (4??9) dsuho lj bfs Clrleafs cl bd Ndhobod, bfs clrleafs clprftleeoj ojtlkrdb cl bfs jofs, y bd fibokdeoj cl bd ndhobod, bd sfeolcdc y lb Lstdcf, clkdrdjtozdr su clsdrrfbbf drhjoef, ds efhf lb lglreoeof pbljf cl sus clrleafs. Dclhs,qul lj edsf cl efjoetf, bfs clrleafs clb jof toljlj edretlr prlvdbljtl.

Uu ojeocljeod lj bd lcuedeoj sokuo uj prfelsf bdrkf, jf nfrhdb. Lj bfs btohfs dfs, y efhf rlsubtdcf clb prfelsf rlefrrocf pfr lb hfvo-holjtf cl prftleeoj y prfhfeoj cl bfs CCJJ, sl ad dvdjzdcf lj bd ojefrpfrdeojcl efjtljocfs y figltovfs d clsdrrfbbdr lj bfs prfkrdhds cl lstucof y bfs tlxtfs cl bdlcuedeoj lsefbdr, db okudb qul cl bd edpdeotdeoj cfeljtl.

Bfs edhiofs lstdibleocfs pfr bd rlnfrhd lcuedtovd ojebuylrfj lb dspletf plcdkko-ef-eurroeubdr, lb dchojostrdtovf-ojstotueofjdb y lb gurcoef, lj rlspulstd db codkjstoefjdeofjdb lbdifrdcf d edrkf clb Efjslgf (EDYL). Uu ohpblhljtdeoj lstuvf d edrkf clbfs prfkrdhds cl rlnfrhd pfr edcd jovlb lcuedtovf;, d trdvs cl lgls y bjlds cl deeoj

rlbdeofjdcfs efj bd detudbozdeoj clb hdref jfrhdtovf, plcdkkoef y dchojostrdtovf,y lb nfrtdbleoholjtf ojstotueofjdb cl bds corleeofjls kljlrdbls cl jovlb, ds efhf ftrdscorleeofjls cl dpfyf0 lb clsdrrfbbf cl bds lstdcstoeds lcuedtovds, su conusoj y usf0 bdnfrhdeoj cfeljtl ojoeodb y bd edpdeotdeoj cl bfs cfeljtls, corletfrls, tejoefs y suplr-vosfrls lj slrvoeof, ds efhf cl bfs pdcrls cl ndhobod0 bd lbdifrdeoj y cftdeoj cl boirfsy hdtlrodbls cocetoefs pdrd cfeljtls y dbuhjfs0 lb hlgfrdholjtf cl bd ojnrdlstrueturdlsefbdr, lcoboeod, su lquopdholjtf. Sdhioj, ojebuy edhiofs lj bd suplrvosoj lcuedtovd.

Nul lbdifrdcf lb ]bdj Lstrdtkoef cl bd Ylnfrhd Lcuedtovd ]drdkudy 9=9=. Ljnrljtlhfsgujtfs lb clsdnf (HLE, 4??>) cljtrf cl uj prfelsf pdrtoeopdtovf cljfhojdcf Co-

bfkfs Lstrdtkoefs (HLE-EDYL, 4??>)qul cof uj hdref kbfidb y ujd plrspletovd clbdrkf pbdzf d bds deeofjls, db hoshf tolhpf lj qul edpdeot d holhirfs clb Lquopf

< Bd prfhfeoj cl bfs CCJJ lstuvf d edrkf cl bds frkdjozdeofjls jf kuilrjdhljtdbls, ds efhf lb bdrkf prfelsfpdrtoeopdtovf cl lbdifrdeoj y dprfideoj clb Ecokf cl bd Jolz y Dcfblseljeod.

> Lj lstfs prfelsfs cl prfhfeoj cl bfs CCJJ y su ojstotueofjdbozdeoj lj ujd bly lsplenoed toljlj prftdkfjoshfbd Effrcojdcfrd cl bfs Clrleafs cl bd Ojndjeod y Dcfblseljeod (ECD), erldcd lj coeaf efjtlxtf, ojvfbuerdjcf d bd dj-tokud Corleeoj clb Hljfr, clb Hojostlrof cl Gustoeod y Srdidgf, y db ]fclr Gucoeodb, efj bd dsostljeod tejoed cl \JOELN]drdkudy.

; ]rfkrdhd cl Hlgfrdholjtf cl bd Lcuedeoj ]rllsefbdr y ]rohdrod (4??3 4???) y cl bd Lcuedeoj Uleujcdrod(4??3-4???), ]rfkrdhd cl Efjsfbocdeoj cl bd Ylnfrhd Lcuedtovd lj bd LLI, Lseulbd ^ovd Al`f`dtuvd (9==4 9==;) ycl bd Lcuedeoj Ojoeodb (9==3 9=4=), Ylnfrhd Gfvlj, cl bd Lcuedeoj Hlcod (9==5 9==?). Lstfs prfkrdhds efjtdrfjefj bd dsostljeod tejoed y nojdjeolrd clb IOC ds efhf clb IH, hlcodjtl ercotfs rllhifbsdibls, lj su hdyfr pdrtl.


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Dslsfr, d bfs lquopfs corletovfs y tejoefs clb HLE, lj lb coslf y bd klstoj cl bdpfbtoed lcuedtovd.

Ftrds cleosofjls qul hdredrfj edhiofs lj bd lcuedeoj pdrdkudyd lj lb efjtlxtfcl bd rlnfrhd lcuedtovd lj bd cedcd clb jfvljtd nulrfj bd afhfbfkdeoj clb sdbdrofcfeljtl db sdbdrof hjohf blkdb pfr edcd turjf cl trdidgf0 bd lquopdrdeoj cl bd dsok-jdeoj clb prlsupulstf piboef cl bd lcuedeoj db hjohf clb 9=% clb kdstf tftdb cl bdDchojostrdeoj f Kfiolrjf Eljtrdb, ojstotuocf pfr bd Efjstotueoj Jdeofjdb cl 4??9,y bd sdjeoj y prfhubkdeoj cl bd prohlrd Bly Kljlrdb cl Lcuedeoj, J 4.9>3/4??1,yd hljeofjdcfs. Lj lb hiotf clb HLYEFU\Y, sl jlkfeodrfj y defrcdrfj bd afhfbf-kdeoj cl bd lcuedeoj lsefbdr isoed y hlcod, ljtrl ftrds hlcocds (HLE-IOC, 4???).

Efj huead nrleuljeod, bds cfs prohlrds hlcocds hljeofjdcds nulrfj clsvdbfrozdcdspfr bfs ertoefs cl bd rlnfrhd lcuedtovd, pfr bf qul adel ndbtd rlvosdrbds afy, pfr su

ohpfrtdjeod pdrd bd pfbtoed lcuedtovd ds efhf bds sfeodbls lj kljlrdb. Lj lb edsf clbd afhfbfkdeoj clb sdbdrof cfeljtl cl dubd db sdbdrof hjohf pfr turjf, pfr cfs rd-zfjls7 bd erlljeod cl qul bd hoshd nul ujd hlcocd pfbtoed clb pdrtocf cl kfiolrjf1,pdrd kdjdr bds lbleeofjls kljlrdbls cl 4??4 y 4??5, pfr uj bdcf. Uoj clsedrtdr coeadprfidiobocdc, edil efjsoclrdr bd clhdjcd cl cokjoedeoj clb cfeljtl y su sdbdrof,ojebuocd lj lb codkjstoef jdeofjdb, y rdtoedcd pfr lb Efjkrlsf Jdeofjdb cl Lcuedeoj(4??9) y cl bfs Efjkrlsfs Ylkofjdbls cl Lcuedeoj, djtl bfs idgsohfs sdbdrofs cfelj-tls alrlcdcfs cl bd coetdcurd strfjostd?. ]fr ftrf bdcf, pfrqul coead lquopdrdeoj jfsl sfstuvf lj lb tolhpf, yd qul bfs dgustls suelsovfs db sdbdrof hjohf blkdb jf ojebuyl-

rfj dgustls lj bd hoshd hlcocd f lxebudj d bfs sdbdrofs cfeljtls. Lj bf qul sl rllrldb cleljof cl bfs jfvljtd, coead lquopdrdeoj sl cof lj 4??9, y bfs clsndsls rlspletfclb sdbdrof hjohf blkdb nulrfj jlkdtovfs lj dbkujfs dfs y pfsotovfs, lj ftrfs.

Lj eudjtf d qul bd dsokjdeoj prlsupulstdrod hjohd clb 9=% cl bfs rleursfs cls-tojdcfs d bd lcuedeoj clb tftdb cl bd Dchojostrdeoj f Kfiolrjf Eljtrdb ls ojsu-eoljtl, tdhioj edil efhpdrdrbd efj bd qul tljd lj bd pfed djtlrofr. Lj bd cedcd4?14 4??4 lb kdstf lgleutdcf pfr lb HLE vdro cl uj lquovdbljtl clb 44,= db 44,1%clb kdstf tftdb lgleutdcf pfr bd Dchojostrdeoj f Kfiolrjf Eljtrdb, pdrd duhljtdr db4, efj bd lgleueoj cl bfs prfkrdhds cl bd rlnfrhd lcuedtovd lj lb dubd y lbduhljtf efjsoclrdibl cl bd efilrturd lcuedtovd (Hfbojolr, 4??5).

]fr ftrd pdrtl, efj bd sdjeoj y prfhubkdeoj cl bd Bly Kljlrdb cl Lcuedeoj, lb 9>cl hdyf cl 4??1, defrcl efj bd rllstrueturdeoj clb Lstdcf ojstotuocd pfr bd Efjs-totueoj Jdeofjdb cl 4??9 y bd rlnfrhd lcuedtovd, sl ojstotueofjdbozdrfj bfs edhiofs,pdrtoeubdrhljtl lj rlbdeoj efj bd lcuedeoj kljlrdb y lsefbdr isoed, bd frkdjozdeoj

1 Lb ]drtocf Efbfrdcf lglreo lb rfb cl pdrtocf cl kfiolrjf curdjtl >4 dfs, clscl 4?3;, ojebuyljcf bd coetdcurd hobotdr

cl Dbnrlcf Utrflssjlr (4?


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y dchojostrdeoj clb HLE y clb Uostlhd. Bd slerltdrd hojostlrodb edhio su cljfho-jdeoj pfr bd cl Hojostlrof cl Lcuedeoj y Eubturd.

Nojdbhljtl, dcvlrtohfs qul lj lstl efhpblgf prfelsf cl edhiofs nfrhubdcfs l oj-efrpfrdcfs pfr bd rlnfrhd lcuedtovd y bd lvfbueoj slkuocd adstd bd detudbocdc, adyclucds lj bd ojtlrprltdeoj cl bfs prfelsfs y rlsubtdcfs fitljocfs rlspletf cl bdojeocljeod cl bfs ndetfrls ojtlrjfs clb pds y clb lxtlrofr, ds efhf clb efjtlxtf sfeodbkbfidb cl bd lcuedeoj.

Lj lb edsf clb hfvoholjtf hujcodb pfr bd Lcuedeoj pdrd Sfcfs 4?== 9===, cls-tdedhfs su ojeocljeod lj lb pbdjf cl bfs cfeuhljtfs feodbls prfcueocfs lj lb efj-tlxtf pds, su sostlhdtoeocdc, ojtlkrdbocdc, bd efalrljeod y efjsostljeod ojtlrjd lj bdlstrueturd clb sostlhd lcuedtovf, sus rlkhljls, hfcdbocdcls y jovlbls. Lb hdref clpfbtoed cl Lstdcf, lj bd Efjstotueoj Jdeofjdb y lj bd Bly Kljlrdb cl Lcuedeoj, qul

sl lvocljeod lj lb rlefjfeoholjtf y bds kdrdjtds db clrleaf cl bd lcuedeoj isoedd tfcd bd pfibdeoj, bds covlrsds fpeofjls pdrd bds covlrsds pfibdeofjls y eubturds.Sdhioj, sl lvocljeod lj bfs clbojldholjtfs eurroeubdrls, lj bd nujcdhljtdeoj cl bdlcuedeoj ojoeodb y lsefbdr isoed, y bd rllstrueturdeoj cl bd lcuedeoj plrhdjljtl(HLE, 9===). Lstfs dpfrtls clb hfvoholjtf cl bd Lcuedeoj pdrd Sfcfs db df 9===,efj lb ljnfqul cl bd lcuedeoj isoed, jf nulrfj derlcotdcfs efhf tdbls lj bds julvdspfbtoeds lcuedtovds, sbf sfj rlefjfeocfs lj lb hiotf cl bfs detfrls ojvfbuerdcfs ljsu nfrhubdeoj, d jovlb tejoef.

Lj lb edsf cl bds deeofjls lhprljcocds lj lb hdref cl bfs prfkrdhds cl klstoj cl

bd ohpblhljtdeoj cl bd rlnfrhd lj lb dubd clscl bd lcuedeoj ojoeodb d bd lcuedeojhlcod y bd nfrhdeoj cfeljtl, lb idbdjel drrfgd rlsubtdcfs pfsotovfs lj lb duhljtfcl bd efilrturd cl tfcfs bfs jovlbls lcuedtovfs, y clb kdstf piboef lj bd lcuedeoj.

]fstlrofrhljtl, ljtrl lb 9=4= 9=49, auiolrfj hdyfrls dvdjels lj bd ojstotueof-jdbozdeoj cl bd krdtuocdc cl bfs slrvoeofs lcuedtovfs piboefs y dchojostrdtovfs clbHLE0 lb duhljtf cl bd efilrturd cl bfs prfkrdhds cl prftleeoj sfeodb pdrd cosho-juor lb ceot cl efilrturd y plrhdjljeod lj lb sostlhd lsefbdr isoef, efhf slr, bdujovlrsdbozdeoj cl bd edjdstd cl tobls lsefbdrls y clb prfkrdhd cl bd hlroljcd lsef-bdr, y bd lgleueoj clb prfkrdhd slbletovf clb dbhulrzf lsefbdr, lj bds lseulbd piboeds.

Lj sjtlsos, bfs vlojtl dfs y hs rlefrrocfs, cl bd pfs-coetdcurd, pfr lb prfelsf clbd lcuedeoj kljlrdb y lsefbdr isoed, bd hlcod, y bd jf ujovlrsotdrod, adj sokjoedcfdvdjels rlbdeofjdcfs efj bfs edhiofs lj lb efjtlxtf kljlrdb d jovlb pds, ds efhf ljbd lstrueturd y lb nujeofjdholjtf clb sostlhd lcuedtovf jdeofjdb, dujqul stl sokullj bd detudbocdc nrdkhljtdcf, rlspletf clb sostlhd cl bd lcuedeoj suplrofr, y slk-hljtdcf, rlspletf cl sus rlspulstds d bd clsokudbcdc sfeodb lxostljtl pbdjtljcfjfsbfs clsdnfs pdrd lb efrtf, hlcodjf y bdrkf pbdzf vljoclrf.


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9. Bd lstrueturdeoj clb sostlhd lcuedtovf jdeofjdb y lb sostlhd lcu-edtovf fibokdtfrof, 4??9 - 9=49

Bd vosoj lstrdtkoed dsuhocd lj bd rlnfrhd pbdjtl, efj idsl lj bd Lcuedeoj pdrd

Sfcfs, qul lb sostlhd lcuedtovf jdeofjdb clil slr edpdz cl rlspfjclr d clhdjcdsconlrljeodcds pfr jovlb, hfcdbocdc y tolhpf0 qul clil fnrlelr d tfcd plrsfjd bd pf-soiobocdc cl dcquoror ujd iuljd lcuedeoj isoed y cl nfrhdrsl d bf bdrkf cl tfcd suvocd (HLE-EDYL-OOCA\, 4??>7 >;->1).

Dsohoshf, pbdjtl qul lb Uostlhd clil lstdr prlpdrdcf pdrd rlspfjclr d conlrljtlspiboefs7 (o) bd pfibdeoj lj sotudeoj lxelpeofjdb, hdrkojdbls, pljotljeodrods, ojckl-jds, hokrdjtls, lte.0 (oo) bd pfibdeoj efj coeubtdcls pdrtoeubdrls, efhf edhplsojfscl dsljtdholjtfs rleoljtls f djtokufs y adiotdjtls cl idrrofs suiuridjfs0 (ooo) bdhdyfrd cl bd pfibdeoj qul rlquolrl, djtls qul jdcd, ujd rpocd edboedeoj prfnl-

sofjdb dcleudcd, y (ov) plrsfjds lj efjcoeofjls cl deelclr d jovlbls ujovlrsdbls cllxelbljeod. Cl da qul lb julvf Uostlhd prfpulstf ojtlkr lj lb lgl vlrtoedb bfs covlr-sfs rlkhljls lcuedtovfs. _ cljtrf cl bd Lcuedeoj cl Ykohlj Kljlrdb, lj su lglafrozfjtdb, bds hfcdbocdcls lcuedtovds7 nfrhdb, jf nfrhdb y bd ojnfrhdb, sus efrrls-pfjcljeods y efhpblhljtdrolcdcls (vlr Kref 4). Lstds prfpulstds cl bd rlnfrhdlcuedtovd nulrfj ojstotueofjdbozdcds lj lb coslf eurroeubdr cl bd lcuedeoj ojoeodb ylsefbdr isoed -ohpblhljtdcf d jovlb cl dubd clscl 4??30 cl bd hlcod, clscl 9==90 clbd nfrhdeoj cfeljtl, clscl 4??3, y lj bd Bly Kljlrdb cl Lcuedeoj (4??1) -dujqulprlsljt ojjuhlrdibls bohotdeofjls lj su ohpblhljtdeoj. Efhf lglhpbf cl lbbf, bd

efjtojuocdc cl bd pretoed cfeljtl y cl klstoj lsefbdr trdcoeofjdb ls bd hs rlnlrocd.]lrf tdhioj lj bfs julvfs tlxtfs y bds ioiboftleds lsefbdrls pdrd bd lcuedeoj lsef-bdr isoed, lcotdcfs curdjtl lb prfelsf cl ohpblhljtdeoj cl bd rlnfrhd eurroeubdr, slfislrvd bd efjtojuocdc cl bd lcuedeoj trdcoeofjdb y efjslrvdcfrd.

Lj bd slkujcd hotdc clb sokuoljtl cleljof, sl vfbvolrfj d dgustdr bfs eurreubfs y bfsprfkrdhds, pdrd hlgfrdr sus lspleoedeofjls y dvdjzdr adeod lb clsdrrfbbf cl bds ed-pdeocdcls, pfr efhpltljeods.

Jf fistdjtl, lb sostlhd lcuedtovf jdeofjdb lst nrdkhljtdcf, lj pdrtoeubdr, cljtrf

clb rkohlj rlkubdr cl bd lcuedeoj nfrhdb, cfjcl bd klstoj ojstotueofjdb clb tlrelrjovlb, cl bd lcuedeoj suplrofr, lst clsdrtoeubdcd. Bds ujovlrsocdcls l ojstotutfs su-plrofrls jf lstj drtoeubdcfs efj bd lcuedeoj kljlrdb y lsefbdr isoed, pfr bf qul lbsostlhd lcuedtovf jdeofjdb jf nujeofjd efhf tdb.

9.4. Bfs rlkhljls y bds hfcdbocdcls lcuedtovds

Lb clsefjfeoholjtf y bd efjnusoj cl bd nfrhd lj qul sl lstrueturd lb Uostlhd, y cl surlbdeoj efj bfs clrleafs lcuedtovfs ds efhf bds fpeofjls cospfjoibls pdrd bd pfibd-eoj, adel jlelsdrof rlnlror irlvlhljtl d coeaf efjgujtf, pdrd uioedr cljtrf clb hos-hf, lb sostlhd lcuedtovf fibokdtfrof. Ulkj coeaf frcljdholjtf, lb Uostlhd ojebuyl bdlcuedeoj cl rkohlj kljlrdb0 bd cl rkohlj lspleodb, y cl ftrds hfcdbocdcls cl dtljeoj

lcuedtovd(HLE, 4??17 9


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Kref 47]drdkudy. Uostlhd Lcuedtovf Jdeofjdb

Nuljtl7HLE- EDYL-OCO\A, (4??>7;=) y HLE, (4??1), Bly Kljlrdb cl Lcuedeoj, 4??1.

9.4.4. Bd lcuedeoj cl rkohlj kljlrdb

Lst efjstotuocd pfr bd lcuedeoj nfrhdb, jf nfrhdb l ojnfrhdb. Uus jovlbls y eoebfsclilj drtoeubdrsl, slkj lb drt. 9> cl bd Bly Kljlrdb cl Lcuedeoj, cl hdjlrd qulprfnujcoelj bfs figltovfs, ndeobotlj lb pdsdgl y bd efjtojuocdc, y dslkurlj bd hfvobocdcafrozfjtdb y vlrtoedb cl bfs dbuhjfs. Lj lstl rkohlj sl adbbd uioedcd bd lcuedeojfibokdtfrod, qul ls cl edretlr nfrhdb, plrf pulcl slr tdhioj euiolrtd pfr bd lcued-eoj jf nfrhdb, efhf bf vlrlhfs.

9.4.4.4. Bd lcuedeoj nfrhdb

Bd Bly Kljlrdb lstrueturd bd lcuedeoj nfrhdb lj trls jovlbls7 (4) bd lcuedeoj ojoeodby bd lsefbdr isoed0 (9) bd lcuedeoj hlcod, y (5) bd lcuedeoj suplrofr, efj bf eudbhdred ujd conlrljeod rlspletf cl bd prfpulstd frokojdb cl bd rlnfrhd lj lb qul sl rl-nlrd d eudtrf jovlbls lcuedtovfs (HLE, 4??

4< HLCOD

43

45 LC\EDEOFJ

49

44

4= LUEFBDY

?

1

; IDUOED

>

db drteubf 11, ojebuyl d bd lcu-edeoj kljlrdb isoed y lcuedeoj plrhdjljtl, bd lcuedeoj pdrd krupfs tjoefs0 bdlcuedeoj edhplsojd y rurdb0 bd lcuedeoj pdrd plrsfjds efj bohotdeofjls f efj ed-pdeocdcls lxelpeofjdbls, bd lcuedeoj pdrd bd rladiobotdeoj sfeodb y prlvljeoj cldcoeeofjls0 bd lcuedeoj hobotdr0 bd lcuedeoj pfboeodb y bd lcuedeoj pdrd hojostrfs cleubtf.

Cljtrf cl lstds hfcdbocdcls, sl clstded bd dbndiltozdeoj y edpdeotdeoj cl gvljls ydcubtfs, rlbdeofjdcd efj bd lstrdtlkod cl bd lcuedeoj isoed pdrd tfcfs49. Sdhioj, bd

lcuedeoj rurdb y edhplsojd l ojckljd, qul iusedj dtljclr y dcleudr d coeafs efj-tlxtfs, bd lcuedeoj nfrhdb efhf jf nfrhdb, cl jofs, jods, dcfblseljtls, gvljls,huglrls, y dcubtfs lj kljlrdb.

44 \jd dkljeod piboed cl jftoeods, Ojnfrhdeoj piboed (O]), ujd Ydcof Jdeofjdb rllstrueturdcd y cfs sotofs wli cl oj-nfrhdeoj, efhpbltdj lb lspletrf cl slrvoeofs cl efhujoedeoj y lcuedeoj pfpubdr clsdrrfbbdcd ljtrl lb 9=4= 9=49.Detudbhljtl, lstds deeofjls sl hdjtoljlj efj hueads conoeubtdcls, y efrrlj lb rolskf cl slr ebdusurdcds.

49 Lst ojebuocd lj bds lstdcstoeds fnoeodbls clb HLE.


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9.9. Bfs jovlbls cl bd lcuedeoj nfrhdb y bd lstrueturd cl bd lcued-eoj fibokdtfrod-krdtuotd

Cl bfs trls jovlbls lj bfs qul lst frkdjozdcd bd lcuedeoj nfrhdb, bfs cfs prohlrfs

sfj fibokdtfrofs.

9.9.4. ]rohlr jovlb

Lst efjnfrhdcf pfr bd lcuedeoj ojoeodb y bd lcuedeoj lsefbdr isoed.

9.9.4.4. Bd lcuedeoj ojoeodb

Ls fibokdtfrod y krdtuotd lj bd detudbocdc, efj idsl lj bd Bly cl Krdtuocdc cl bd Lcu-edeoj Ojoeodb y cl bd Lcuedeoj Hlcod, J 3=11/9=4=. Uu lstrueturd ls hdtlrod cl

clsdeulrcfs ljtrl bd prfpulstd cl bd rlnfrhd lcuedtovd, gujtf efj bd pretoed ojstotu-eofjdb y lb Eurreubf cl bd Lcuedeoj Ojoeodb (HLE, 9==3), pfr uj bdcf, y bd Bly Kljlrdbcl Lcuedeoj, pfr lb ftrf, lj rlbdeoj efj lb prllsefbdr. Ulkj bds prohlrds cospfso-eofjls, bd lcuedeoj ojoeodb sl ohpblhljtd lj bds hfcdbocdcls djtls vostd, nfrhdb, jfnfrhdb l ojnfrhdb, y sl lstrueturd lj cfs ltdpds7 (o) pdrd jofs, jods clscl bfs 3< cdscl jdeoholjtf adstd bfs 5 dfs (hdtlrjdb) y (oo) pdrd jofs, jods cl 5 adstd bfs > dfs(prl-gdrcj, gdrcj cl ojndjtls y prllsefbdr) (HLE-IOC, 9==>). Lb prllsefbdr tljclr dsu lsefbdrozdeoj y lstdr prlnlrljtlhljtl efhprljcocd cljtrf cl bd hfcdbocdc clbd lcuedeoj nfrhdb. Jf fistdjtl, lj bfs edsfs lj qul sl prfhulvdj hfclbfs dbtlrjd-

tovfs f jf lxostd fnlrtd f lb slrvoeof sld ojsfstljoibl, pfcr slr ohpdrtocf f euiolrtfpfr ujd ojstotueoj u frkdjozdeoj jf nfrhdb, lj efjefrcdjeod efj lb Drt. cl bd BlyKljlrdb cl Lcuedeoj45.

Lj edhiof, lj bd Bly Kljlrdb cl Lcuedeoj, Uleeoj Lcuedeoj Ojoeodb, sl lstdibleljcfs eoebfs (hdtlrjdb y gdrcj), clstojdcfs d jofs, jods cl =-9 y 5-3 dfs. Holjtrds, lbprllsefbdr, froljtdcf d jofs y jods cl < dfs, nul ojtlkrdcf d bd lcuedeoj lsefbdrisoed lj nfrhd sostlhtoed, y clebdrdcf krdtuotf lj bds lseulbds piboeds cl klstojfeodb. Efj lstd hlcocd, bd Bly Kljlrdb cl Lcuedeoj, pfr hlcof clb Drt. 9?, iusedidbfkrdr bd krdtuocdc y fibokdtfrolcdc clb krdcf prllsefbdr pfr clerltf clb ]fclr Lgl-eutovf eudjcf lb Efjkrlsf cl bd Jdeoj dprulil bfs ruirfs efrrlspfjcoljtls lj lb]rlsupulstf Kljlrdb cl bd Jdeoj43. ]lrf, d plsdr cl bf lstdibleocf pfr bd Bly Kljl-rdb, bd pretoed ojstotueofjdb clb HLE y clb sostlhd hdjtuvf db prllsefbdr efhf pdrtlcl bd lcuedeoj ojoeodb, d edrkf cl bd corleeoj tejoed efrrlspfjcoljtl4


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Lj lb efjtlxtf detudb cl bd vokljeod cl bd Bly cl Krdtuocdc cl bd Lcuedeoj Ojoeodb y clbd Lcuedeoj Hlcod clb df 9=4=, bd lcuedeoj ojoeodb ad socf clebdrdcd fibokdtfrod,pfr bf qul yd jf lxostl gustoedeoj pdrd qul lb prllsefbdr efjtojl ojtlkrdcf d bdlcuedeoj lsefbdr isoed, lj eudjtf qul su jdturdblzd y edrdetlrstoeds lstj rlbdeof-

jdcds efj bd nfrhdeoj ojtlkrdb cl bfs jofs y jods hs plqulfs, cljtrf clb prfelsfcl clsdrrfbbf cl bd prohlrd ojndjeod (HLEIOC, 9==?)4>.

Bds tdrlds pljcoljtls lj bd lcuedeoj ojoeodb sfj7 (o) bd rl-ojtlkrdeoj clb prllsefbdr dbd lcuedeoj ojoeodb lj lb hiotf cl bd Bly Kljlrdb cl Lcuedeoj (4??1)7 (oo) lb bfkrf clsu drtoeubdeoj plcdkkoed lj lb hiotf cl bd klstoj lsefbdr, efj bd lcuedeoj lsefbdrisoed y clb prohlr eoebf, lj pdrtoeubdr, y (ooo) bd coseusoj cl bds ohpboedjeods cl bd fibo-kdtfrolcdc cl bd lcuedeoj ojoeodb lstdibleocd pfr bd Bly J 3=11/9=4=, cl Krdtuocdccl bd Lcuedeoj Ojoeodb y cl bd Lcuedeoj Hlcod.

Lj lstl btohf sljtocf, ls huy ohpfrtdjtl bd fibokdtfrolcdc y krdtuocdc cl bd lcu-edeoj ojoeodb pfrqul pulclj lstdr dsfeodcds efj bd kljlrdeoj cl dbtlrjdtovds cldtljeoj ojtlkrdb cl klstoj piboed, y qul ohpboedj bd cospfjoiobocdc cl rleursfs prf-krdhtoefs, auhdjfs edboedcfs, y lb efhprfhosf prlsupulstdrof efrrlspfjcoljtl,froljtdcfs d bfs jofs y jods clscl bfs 3< cds cl vocd adstd bfs euhpbor bfs > dfs, ysu pdsl d bd lcuedeoj lsefbdr isoed.

]fr ftrf bdcf, jf clilrd cl fibokdr d bds hdcrls y bfs pdcrls d rleurror d coeafs slrvo-eofs. Lj tfcf edsf, ls rlefhljcdibl qul bfs jofs y jods clscl bfs 5 dfs euhpbocfsdeelcdj d bd dtljeoj ojtlkrdb, lj gdrcojls y eljtrfs ojndjtobls cl lcuedeoj ojoeodb, db

efjtdr efj dutfjfhd cl hfvoholjtf y rlquolrlj cl hdyfr sfeodbozdeoj efj sus pdrls.

Sdhpfef, sl clilrd cl fibokdr d bfs jofs y jods qul iusedj ojkrlsdr d bd lseulbd ljnfrhd tdrcd, ; u 1 dfs, d efhljzdr pfr lb prllsefbdr, efhf bf ojcoedj bds cljujeodscl coeafs pdcrls. Lj lstfs edsfs, sl rlquolrl cl lstrdtlkods cl efhujoedeoj y hfvobo-zdeoj sfeodb qul dyuclj d bfs pdcrls, hdcrls y efhujocdcls d efhprljclr bd ohpfr-tdjeod cl bd lcuedeoj ojoeodb y prllsefbdr, y cl su ojseropeoj y dsostljeod lj bd lcdcefrrlspfjcoljtl, pdrd lb clsdrrfbbf ojndjtob y lb clslhplf lsefbdr. Dsohoshf, efj bfscfeljtls, corletfrls y suplrvosfrls, pdrd frkdjozdr y lgleutdr bds detovocdcls cl dprls-tdholjtf lj coeafs edsfs, y prlvljor lb nrdedsf lsefbdr dsfeodcf efj bd sfirl-lcdc.

9.9.4.9. Bd lcuedeoj lsefbdr isoed

Efhprljcl trls eoebfs, cl trls krdcfs edcd ujf, y julvl krdcfs lj tftdb. Lst clsto-jdcd d jofs, jods cl > d 43 dfs. Ls fibokdtfrod, y krdtuotd lj bds lseulbds piboedscl klstoj feodb, slkj bd Efjstotueoj Jdeofjdb cl 4??9, lj su drteubf ;> y bd BlyKljlrdb cl Lcuedeoj cl 4??1 lj su drteubf 59.

4> Lj lsl sljtocf, lb ]rfkrdhd cl Hlgfrdholjtf cl bd Lcuedeoj Ojoeodb y ]rllsefbdr prfpusf bd hfconoedeoj cl bd BlyKljlrdb cl Lcuedeoj cl bd rlspletovd sleeoj. ^lr Efhpfjljtl 47 Hdref cl ]fbtoeds y Jfrhdtovds cl bd LcuedeojOjoeodb.


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Lstd cospfsoeoj efjstotueofjdb ohpboed uj dvdjel ohpfrtdjtl lj lb lglreoeof clb cl-rleaf d bd lcuedeoj cl bfs jofs, jods, prldcfblseljtls y bd pfibdeoj lj kljlrdbpfrqul dkrlkd uj eoebf lsefbdr cl trls dfs (;, 1 y ? krdcf) d bd lcuedeoj prohdrod,qul ls krdtuotd y fibokdtfrod lj lb ]drdkudy clscl 4?3=, hlcodjtl bd Efjstotueoj

Jdeofjdb prfhubkdcd lsl df.Bf djtlrofr sokjoed qul bd sfeolcdc y lb Lstdcf pdrdkudyf sl adj pulstf ujd julvdhltd lcuedtovd d ojoeofs cl bfs jfvljtd, cl bd trdjsoeoj clhfertoed lj lb ]drdkudy.Cl da qul bd rlnfrhd lcuedtovd cl 4??9, jfhird, nujcdhljtd, lstdiblel sus jls,figltovfs, bd hltfcfbfkd, y frkdjozd bfs eoebfs y krdcfs cl bd lcuedeoj lsefbdr isoed,ljtrl ftrds efsds (HLE, 4??93/4??1, Kljlrdb cl bd Lcuedeoj, rlnlrljtls d bd sleeoj

efrrlspfjcoljtl cl bd Lcuedeoj Ojoeodb y cl bd Lcuedeoj Hlcod, y sus rlspletovds cl-joeofjls lj eudjtf d su efjstotueoj efhf jovlb lcuedtovf. Lj rokfr, sl adel efjstdrqul lstd Bly euhpbl efj bds prlvosofjls cl bd Bly Kljlrdb, lj eudjtf d bd pfsoiobocdccl lxpdjcor bd fibokdtfrolcdc y krdtuocdc d coeafs jovlbls lcuedtovfs.

Lstl jovlb ad lxplrohljtdcf efjsoclrdibls edhiofs curdjtl bd slkujcd kljlrdeojcl pfbtoeds ohpubsdcds pfr bd rlnfrhd lcuedtovd, pdrd drtoeubdr efj bd ohpblhljtd-eoj krdcudb cl bd rlnfrhd lj bds dubds cl bd lcuedeoj lsefbdr isoed, jovlb lj lb qulsl efbfe lb jndsos lj bfs jfvljtd.

4; Sdbls efhf lb ]rfkrdhd cl Lseulbd Detovd Hot or (4??


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Bfs edhiofs ojefrpfrdcfs lj bd lcuedeoj hlcod, lj ujd prohlrd ltdpd, sl colrfj ljlb hdref clb ]rfkrdhd Ylnfrhd Gfvlj, y lstuvolrfj rlbdeofjdcfs efj lb nfrtdbleo-holjtf ojstotueofjdb clb jovlb0 bd jfrhdtovd plcdkkoed y dchojostrdtovd0 bd nfrhdeojy edpdeotdeoj cfeljtl lj slrvoeof y lb hlgfrdholjtf cl bd ojnrdlstrueturd kljlrdb. Lj

bd slkujcd, cl bfs btohfs eudtrf dfs, sl clsdrrfbb bd rl-sokjoedeoj cl bd Lcued-eoj Hlcod, efj lb qul sl dgust lb julvf eurreubf y sl colrfj julvds froljtdeofjls.

Lj sjtlsos, bd lstrueturd cl bd lcuedeoj fibokdtfrod y krdtuotd lst cltlrhojdcd pfrbd Efjstotueoj Jdeofjdb (4??9), bd Bly cl Lcuedeoj Kljlrdb (4??1) y pfr bd julvdBly cl Krdtuocdc cl bd Lcuedeoj Ojoeodb y bd Lcuedeoj Hlcod (9=4=). Bd prohlrd,lstdibleo bd fibokdtfrolcdc y krdtuocdc cl bd lcuedeoj lsefbdr isoed (? dfs cl cu-rdeoj) nrljtl d bd lxostljtl lj bd pfed djtlrofr y d bd rlnfrhd lcuedtovd cl 4??3, cl> dfs cl lcuedeoj prohdrod fibokdtfrod y krdtuotd.

Bd slkujcd, bd BKL, dkrlk lb prllsefbdr d bd lsefbdr isoed. Dclhs clg diolrtd bdpfsoiobocdc cl bd fibokdtfrolcdc clb prllsefbdr y cl bd lcuedeoj hlcod. Lj lb edsf clbd tlrelrd, sl lstdiblel jdbhljtl bd fibokdtfrolcdc y krdtuocdc cl bd lcuedeoj ojoeodby cl bd lcuedeoj hlcod.

Lj eudjtf db 5lr jovlb, lst clstojdcf d bds y bfs gvljls cl 41 d 93 dfs cl lcdc lojebuyl bd lcuedeoj suplrofr ujovlrsotdrod y jf ujovlrsotdrod. Jf nfrhd pdrtl clb sos-tlhd cl lcuedeoj fibokdtfrod.

9.5. Lb hdref cl rlkubdeoj cl bd krdtuocdc clb sostlhd fibokdtfrof

9.5.4. Krdtuocdc cl bd hdtreubd lsefbdr y cl trhotls dchojos-trdtovfs lj lb HLE

Db okudb qul lb sostlhd fibokdtfrof, lb hdref kljlrdb cl su krdtuocdc lst ojtlkrdcfpfr bd Efjstotueoj Jdeofjdb (4??9), pdrd bd lcuedeoj lsefbdr isoed0 bd Bly Kljl-rdb cl Lcuedeoj (4??1), pdrd bd lcuedeoj lsefbdr isoed y lb prllsefbdr, y bd Bly clKrdtuocdc cl bd Lcuedeoj Ojoeodb y cl bd Lcuedeoj Hlcod (9=4=), efhf bf ojcoed bdcljfhojdeoj, pdrd bd lcuedeoj ojoeodb y bd lcuedeoj hlcod.

Lstd sleuljeod hulstrd qul bd fibokdtfrolcdc y krdtuocdc cl bd lcuedeoj ojoeodb, lsef-bdr isoed y hlcod, qul lquovdblj d 45 dfs y hs cl lsefbdrozdeoj f slrvoeof lcued-tovf, pdrd jofs, jods y dcfblseljtls, nul bfkrdcf lj lb trdjseursf cl ljtrl slos y 41dfs, uj bdrkf plrfcf, hlcodcfs pfr bds cfs blyls pfstlrofrls d bd ljtrdcd lj vokljeodcl bd Efjstotueoj Jdeofjdb (4??9).

Lxostlj ftrfs ojstruhljtfs qul ojtlkrdj bd jfrhdtovd cl bd krdtuocdc clb sostlhd fibo-kdtfrof. Lj lb edsf cl bd lcuedeoj hlcod, sl euljtd efj lb Clerltf J >4>9/9=44,cl Ylkbdhljtdeoj cl bd Bly, qul ojstotuyl lb Ylkbdhljtf cl ]rfelcoholjtfs pdrd bd

Srdjsnlrljeod y Yljcoeoj cl Euljtds dsokjdcf d ojstotueofjls lcuedtovds clb jovlbhlcof clb sletfr feodb, lj lb hdref cl bd Bly cl Krdtuocdc, y bds rlsfbueofjls clb HLEqul lstdiblelj su dprfideoj. Lbbf sl clil d qul bd krdtuocdc cl bd lcuedeoj hlcod


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ad provdcf d bfs efblkofs piboefs cl rleursfs ojstotueofjdbls prfpofs, frokojdcfs ljlb efirf cl hdtreubds djudbls y ftrfs drdjelbls, pfr bf qul lb HLE clil lgleutdr bdstrdsnlrljeods cl rleursfs pdrd euiror bfs kdstfs fplrdtovfs cl coeads ojstotueofjls.

Ftrf dspletf ohpfrtdjtl d clstdedr ls qul trds bd prfhubkdeoj cl bd julvd Bly clKrdtuocdc cl bd Lcuedeoj Ojoeodb y cl bd Lcuedeoj Hlcod (slptolhirl cl 9=4=), lbHLE rlsfbvo lstdiblelr bd krdtuocdc cl bfs slrvoeofs dchojostrdtovfs y lsefbdrls cltfcf lb sostlhd clpljcoljtl cl coead slerltdrd cl Lstdcf41, efj bf eudb sl cof dplr-turd d ujd julvd pfed lj bd lcuedeoj piboed pdrdkudyd, puls bd krdtuocdc cl bdlcuedeoj lsefbdr isoed lstdibleocd lj 4??9, y clb prllsefbdr, lj 4??1, efjsostdlj bd lxfjlrdeoj cl bd hdtreubd cl ojseropeoj djudb, plrf jf cl bfs efstfs dchojos-trdtovfs cl bd sfboeotuc cl lxplcoeoj cl elrtoedcfs cl lstucof, trdsbdcfs, boirltd cledboedeofjls, copbfhds, clrleaf d lxhljls lxtrdfrcojdrofs, ljtrl ftrfs. \jd ocldcl bfs kdstfs dchojostrdtovfs pdkdcfs db HLE bd cd gustdhljtl lb bostdcf cl bds lxf-

jlrdeofjls cl pdkf f drdjelb =, clebdrdcf lj fetuirl cl 9=4=4?, y qul lj rokfr, toljllnletfs pfsotovfs pdrd rlcueor bfs kdstfs cl ifbsobbf cl bds ndhobods.

Lb ohpdetf lj bds jdjzds clb HLE ls rlbdtovdhljtl jlkdtovf clscl lb 9=44, lj lbsljtocf lj qul clgd cl plreoior rleursfs ojstotueofjdbls prfpofs (nuljtl 5= clb prl-supulstf), y d su vlz, ls fibokdcf d lgleutdr trdjsnlrljeods cl rleursfs d bfs efblkofspiboefs cl jovlb hlcof. Bfs jovlbls cl kdstfs d bfs qul rllrl, soj lhidrkf, sfj pfefsokjoedtovfs pdrd lb tftdb prlsupulstdrof clb HLE.

9.5.9. Krdtuocdc lxtljcocd d bfs prfkrdhds cl prftleeoj sf-eodb lj lcuedeoj

\j slkujcf dspletf d clstdedr ls qul bd krdtuocdc cl bd lcuedeoj ad tljocf ujd lx-tljsoj prfkrlsovd adeod ftrfs prfkrdhds cl prftleeoj sfeodb. _d lj bd EfjstotueojJdeofjdb (4??9) sl lstdiblel bd rlspfjsdiobocdc lcuedtovd lj bd sfeolcdc, y qul lbbdrledl lj pdrtoeubdr lj bd ndhobod, lj lb Hujoeopof y lj lb Lstdcf. Dclhs, slkj lb drt-eubf ;< cl bd Efjstotueoj Jdeofjdb, lb Lstdcf prfhfvlr prfkrdhds cl efhpblhlj-tf jutroeofjdb y suhojostrf cl tobls lsefbdrls pdrd bfs dbuhjfs cl lsedsfs rleursfs.

Holjtrds qul bd Bly Kljlrdb cl Lcuedeoj cl 4??1, lj su drteubf 59, lstdiblel qul bdkrdtuocdc sl lxtljclr prfkrlsovdhljtl d bfs prfkrdhds cl efhpblhljtf jutroeofjdb ydb suhojostrf cl tobls lsefbdrls pdrd bfs dbuhjfs cl lsedsfs rleursfs y qul pfcr slr dh-pbodcd d ftrfs jovlbls, ojstotueofjls f sugltfs dtljcoljcf d bfs rleursfs prlsupulstdrofs.

9.5.9.4. Lb efhpblhljtf jutroeofjdb lsefbdr

Lj eudjtf d bd jfrhdtovd lspleed, lb ]rfkrdhd cl Efhpblhljtf Jutroeofjdb Lsef-

41 Bd nlead cl prfhubkdeoj cl bd Bly nul lb 45 cl slptolhirl cl 9=4= y cl bd Ylsfbueoj J ?95= nul lb 95 cl fetuirlclb hoshf df.

4? HLE lstdiblel krdtuocdc pdrd bd lxplcoeoj y dutljtoedeoj cl cfeuhljtfs dedchoefs. Cospfjoibl lj7 www.hle.kfv.py/ojoeof/kljlrdb.


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bdr nul erldcf pfr Bly J 1=>/4??


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9.3. Lb rkohlj cl costroiueoj cl efhpltljeods y rleursfs lj lcu-edeoj ljtrl bfs jovlbls clb Lstdcf (jdeofjdb, clpdrtdhljtdb yhujoeopdb)

Lb ]drdkudy dcfpt lj bd Efjstotueoj Jdeofjdb cl 4??9 bd nfrhd cl Lstdcf sfeodb clclrleaf, ujotdrof, ojcovosoibl y clseljtrdbozdcf, slkj sus trhojfs. Lj efjsleulj-eod, sl ad cdcf ohpubsf d bd clseljtrdbozdeoj clscl lsl hfhljtf, plrf su lvfbueojnul cl hdjlrd nrdkhljtdcd y uetudjtl. Ad adiocf dvdjels lj bd blkosbdeoj, efj bdlbdifrdeoj y prfhubkdeoj cl bd Bly Frkjoed Clpdrtdhljtdb (J 39>/4??3) y bdrljfvdeoj cl bd Bly Frkjoed Hujoeopdb lxostljtl pfr bd julvd (J 5?>>/9=4=), dsefhf efj bd Bly cl Dchojostrdeoj Nojdjeolrd clb df 4??? qul lstdiblel bd clselj-trdbozdeoj sedb.

Lj rlbdeoj efj lb sostlhd lcuedtovf jdeofjdb, su frkdjozdeoj, slkj lb drteubf ;> cl

bd Efjstotueoj Jdeofjdb, ls rlspfjsdiobocdc lsljeodb clb Lstdcf, efj bd pdrtoeopdeojcl bds costojtds efhujocdcls lcuedtovds. Didred d bfs sletfrls piboefs y provdcfs, dsefhf db hiotf lsefbdr y lxtrdlsefbdr, bf eudb sl vosoiobozd lj lb Kref 4.

Lb ]fclr Lgleutovf, pfr hlcof clb HLE, ls quolj dslkurd lb lnletovf euhpboholjtfcl bd Bly Kljlrdb cl Lcuedeoj cl 4??1, y clil nfrhubdr bds pfbtoeds, lstdiblelr bdshltds y dprfidr bfs pbdjls cl clsdrrfbbf clb sletfr d efrtf, hlcodjf y bdrkf pbdzfs,lj effrcojdeoj efj lb Efjslgf Jdeofjdb cl Lcuedeoj, erldcf pdrd lb lnletf. Clilprfhfvlr bd clseljtrdbozdeoj cl bfs slrvoeofs lcuedtovfs, dpfydjcf y dslsfrdjcf dbfs kfiolrjfs clpdrtdhljtdbls y hujoeopdbls. Sdhioj, slkj lb drteubf ?= cl bd Bly

Kljlrdb cl Lcuedeoj, lb HLE clil corokor bd dchojostrdeoj clb sostlhd lcuedtovfjdeofjdb y effrcojdr bds corleeofjls kljlrdbls, bfs clpdrtdhljtfs hojostlrodbls yftrfs frkdjoshfs erldcfs pdrd lb hoshf lnletf, ds efhf tdhioj bds deeofjls, prf-krdhds lcuedtovfs y eubturdbls clb Lstdcf94. Lb HLE dchojostrd bfs slrvoeofs lcuedto-vfs piboefs cl bds lseulbds isoeds, bfs efblkofs cl jovlb hlcof, lb Ojstotutf Uuplrofrcl Lcuedeoj (OUL) y bfs ojstotutfs cl nfrhdeoj prfnlsofjdb, ljtrl lbbfs, bfs cl nfrhd-eoj cfeljtl.

Lb sostlhd lcuedtovf jdeofjdb lst clsefjeljtrdcf d jovlb cl tfcf lb tlrrotfrof jd-

eofjdb, hlcodjtl bd Effrcojdeoj Clpdrtdhljtdb cl Uuplrvosoj, lj bfs 4; clpdrtd-hljtfs y bd edpotdb, Dsujeoj, qul pbdjoed efj bds corleeofjls kljlrdbls clb HLE,bds detovocdcls cl edpdeotdeoj cfeljtl lj slrvoeof, bd ljtrlkd cl bfs rleursfs suho-jostrdcfs pfr bfs prfkrdhds lj lgleueoj0 prlstd dsostljeod plcdkkoed y lglrel lbefjtrfb dchojostrdtovf cl bfs eljtrfs cl lcuedeoj ojoeodb, bds lseulbds isoeds, bfs ef-blkofs sleujcdrofs y cl jovlb hlcof. Efj idsl lj lb drteubf 449 cl bd Bly Kljlrdb clLcuedeoj, lb HLE, bfs kfiolrjfs clpdrtdhljtdbls y hujoeopdbls lstdiblelj bd hd-jlrd cl effrcojdr bfs slrvoeofs lcuedtovfs y eubturdbls qul efrrlspfjcl d edcd ujdcl lbbds slkj su guroscoeeoj, bf eudb, lj bd pretoed, ad tljocf sus ocds y vulbtds, sus

94 Clscl lb df 9==>, bd pfbtoed eubturdb pds d slr cosldcd l ohpblhljtdcd pfr bd Ulerltdrd Jdeofjdb cl Eubturd,clpljcoljtl cl bd ]rlsocljeod cl bd Ylpiboed, slkj bd Bly Jdeofjdb cl Eubturd J 5>. Tulc d edrkf clb HLE,lb Ojstotutf Jdeofjdb cl Ilbbds Drtls.


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buels y sfhirds. Bd ojstdbdeoj cl bfs Efjslgfs Clpdrtdhljtdbls cl Lcuedeoj lj bfsclpdrtdhljtfs clb pds, pfr pdrtl clb HLE, y lj effrcojdeoj efj bds kfilrjdeofjlsefhf bf cospfjl bd Bly Kljlrdb lj su drteubf 445, sbf sl pucf cdr lj dbkujfs edsfsy lj plrofcfs lspleefs, pfr bf qul jf sl efjstotuylrfj lj ojstdjeods ledels pdrd

bd effrcojdeoj y drtoeubdeoj cl bds deeofjls.Cl aleaf, lb prfelsf cl clseljtrdbozdeoj clb Lstdcf lj su efjgujtf ad socf ciob,rlbdeofjdcf, pfr ujd pdrtl, efj bd cliobocdc cl bds jdjzds piboeds, dsfeodcd efj bdciob lstrueturd troiutdrod, y bd vokljeod kljlrdbozdcd cl bd lvdsoj y lbusoj troiutdrod,ds efhf efj lb sostlhd pfbtoef eljtrdbozdcf. Lj bd btohd cedcd, ujf cl bfs ndetfrlsqul ad cdcf sfstljoiobocdc d bd klstoj clseljtrdbozdcd cl bds kfilrjdeofjls y hujo-eopdbocdcls ad socf bd cospfjoiobocdc prlsupulstdrod vojeubdcd efj bds trdjsnlrljeodscl rleursfs prfvljoljtls cl bds rlkdbds prfcueocds pfr bds aocrflbetroeds iojdeof-jdbls Otdop y _deyrlt, lstdibleocds pfr Bly99.

Coeafs rleursfs sl adj derleljtdcf clscl lb 9=44, efj bd tropboedeoj cl bd efh-pljsdeoj pfr elsoj cl bd ljlrkd pdrdkudyd db Irdsob, slkj bfs deulrcfs ]drdkudy Irdsob cl gubof cl 9==?, pfr bfs kfiolrjfs cl Nlrjdjcf Bukf y Buoz Okjdeof BubdCd Uobvd, y qul ojtlkrdj lb NFJDEOCL95. Efhf lnletf corletf cl stl, tdhioj slad derleljtdcf lb ljtusodshf cl bfs kfiolrjfs clpdrtdhljtdbls y hujoeopdbls pfr bddchojostrdeoj cl coeafs rleursfs93.

Lj lstl efjtlxtf, ls cl nujcdhljtdb ohpfrtdjeod lb hdjlgf cl bd ojnfrhdeoj sfirl bdcostroiueoj cl efhpltljeods y rleursfs ljtrl bfs trls jovlbls lj qul sl lstrueturd, y

sl klstofjd lb Lstdcf pdrdkudyf, lb jovlb jdeofjdb/eljtrdb, lb clpdrtdhljtdb y lb hujo-eopdb, lj rlbdeoj efj bd lcuedeoj.

Lj lb hdref efjstotueofjdb, bd Bly Frkjoed Clpdrtdhljtdb y Hujoeopdb, sl lstdibleljsus dtroiueofjls y nujeofjls, sus prfelcoholjtfs y rkdjfs cl klstoj.

9.3.4. Bd Bly Frkjoed clb Kfiolrjf Clpdrtdhljtdb

Bd Bly J J 39> cl 4??3Frkjoed Clpdrtdhljtdb (BFC) lstdiblel lj su drteubf4> efhf clilrls y dtroiueofjls, lbdifrdr pfbtoeds, pbdjls, prfkrdhds y prfyletfs

pdrd lb clsdrrfbbf pfbtoef, lefjhoef, sfeodb, turstoef y eubturdb clb Clpdrtdhljtf, dslr effrcojdcfs efj lb Kfiolrjf Jdeofjdb, y lj pdrtoeubdr, efj lb ]bdj cl Clsdrrfbbf,lj sus bojldholjtfs nujcdhljtdbls. Dsohoshf, pdrd effrcojdr pbdjls, prfkrdhds yprfyletfs efj bds hujoeopdbocdcls clb Clpdrtdhljtf, y efbdifrdr efj lbbds eudjcf

99 Bly cl Costroiueoj y Clpsotfs cl pdrtl cl bfs Yfydbtols y Efhpljsdeofjls pdrd Kfilrjdeofjls y Hujoeopofs, J45=?/4??1, y sus suelsovds hfconoedeofjls, hlcodjtl bd eudb bds rlkdbds kljlrdcds pfr bds aocrflbetroeds iojdeofjdblssfj costroiuocds lj uj


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bds sfboeotlj0 nfrhubdr lb ]rlsupulstf djudb clb Kfiolrjf Clpdrtdhljtdb d slr prl-vostf lj lb ]rlsupulstf Kljlrdb cl bd Jdeoj y dchojostrdr bfs ioljls y rleursfs clbClpdrtdhljtf, ljtrl ftrfs.

Cljtrf cl lstfs clilrls y dtroiueofjls sl ljeuljtrdj lb clilr y bd dtroiueoj cleffrcojdr bd deeoj lcuedtovd, bd nfrhdeoj lsefbdr y eoucdcdjd efj bfs frkdjoshfsefhpltljtls, dcleudcds d bds lxokljeods y jlelsocdcls clb Clpdrtdhljtf. Okudbhlj-tl, cl pdrtoeopdr cl bfs prfkrdhds cl effplrdeoj ojtlrjdeofjdb cljtrf cl bfs bhotlslstdibleocfs lj bfs deulrcfs ojtlrjdeofjdbls, ds efhf adelr usf clb ercotf piboeff provdcf, jdeofjdb f ojtlrjdeofjdb efjnfrhl d bd bly0 rlqulror ojnfrhdeoj sfirl lgl-eueoj prlsupulstdrod cl bds conlrljtls feojds piboeds qul fplrdj lj lb Clpdrtd-hljtf, y dcfptdr hlcocds cl prlslrvdeoj cl bds efhujocdcls ojckljds rlsocljtlslj b, clb hlcof dhioljtl y bfs rleursfs jdturdbls.

Lj rlbdeoj efj bds ojstdjeods cl kfiolrjf y tfhd cl cleosofjls, bd Bly lstdiblel ujEfjslgf cl Clsdrrfbbf Clpdrtdhljtdb, cl edretlr efjsubtovf, prlsococf pfr lb Kf-ilrjdcfr, y efjstotuocf pfr rlprlsljtdjtls cl frkdjozdeofjls sfeodbls, eubturdbls ylefjhoeds clb clpdrtdhljtf. Ls lstdibleocf y rlkubdcf pfr Frcljdjzds, sdjeof-jdcds pfr bd Gujtd Clpdrtdhljtdb. Uus clilrls y dtroiueofjls sfj7 rlspfjclr d bdsefjsubtds clb Kfilrjdcfr sfirl bfs djtlprfyletfs clb ]bdj cl Clsdrrfbbf Clpdrtd-hljtdb y clb ]rlsupulstf clb Kfiolrjf Clpdrtdhljtdb, lj bd ndsl prlvod d su prlslj-tdeoj d bd Gujtd. Sdhioj, coetdhojdr sfirl coeads efjsubtds0 efjstotuor efhosofjls,nfrhubdr y prlsljtdr db Kfiolrjf Clpdrtdhljtdb, prfkrdhds y prfyletfs, ds efhf

sus rlefhljcdeofjls. stds sfj cl trdtdholjtf fibokdtfrof pdrd lb Kfiolrjf Clpdr-tdhljtdb slkj bd Bly Frkjoed Clpdrtdhljtf lj sus drteubfs 91 db 59.

Cl fplrdr lj bd pretoed lstl Efjslgf, sl efjvolrtl lj ujd pulrtd cl ljtrdcd d bfstlhds lcuedtovfs y su efjtlxtf sfeodb efjerltf, sldj f jf pbdjtldcfs pfr holhirfsvojeubdcfs efj lb sletfr lcuedtovf. Lj lstl sljtocf, slrd ojtlrlsdjtl rlefpobdr, sostl-hdtozdr y conujcor lxplroljeods cl ojeocljeod cl bds rlefhljcdeofjls y prfyletfs clbfs Efjslgfs lj bd pfbtoed lcuedtovd cl bfs kfiolrjfs clpdrtdhljtdbls.

Lj eudjtf d bfs rleursfs clb Kfiolrjf Clpdrtdhljtdb y su froljtdeoj d bd lcuedeoj,

ady rlnlrljeods lxprlsds, dujqul jf lxebusovds, lj covlrsfs drteubfs cl bd Bly, tdblsefhf bfs sokuoljtls7

o. Lb 4 lstdiblel erotlrofs pdrd su costroiueoj, tdbls efhf bds efjco-


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eoioljcf trdjsnlrljeods clb Hojostlrof cl Adeoljcd lj efjelptf cl bds rlkdbds yefhpljsdeofjls prfvljoljtls cl bds aocrflbetroeds iojdeofjdbls, qul efrrlspfjcljdb ]drdkudy, lj ujd prfpfreoj clb


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Dclhs, clscl lb prlsljtl df 9=45, bds trdjsnlrljeods rleoiocds clb Hojostlrof clAdeoljcd lj efjelptf clb >Frkjoed Hujoeopdb (BFH) clb 9=4=lj su drteubf 49lstdiblel bds nujeofjls lcuedtovds efhf nujeofjls hujoeopdbls prfpods, slkj cospf-joiobocdc prlsupulstdrod y uj bostdcf ojslrtf, soj adelr rlnlrljeod db hdref efjstotu-eofjdb jo cl bd Bly Kljlrdb cl Lcuedeoj cl 4??1, ds efhf tdhpfef cl bd dutfrocdccl dpboedeoj. Efjtoljl dspletfs qul bbdhdj bd dtljeoj clscl lb pujtf cl vostd cl

bd dpboedeoj cl bds pfbtoeds lcuedtovds jdeofjdbls, soj lhidrkf dpfrtd rlspulstdsd bds ojquoltucls lj lsl sljtocf, vljocds clb bukdr qul sl prfpfjlj feupdr, lb cl bddutfjfhd cl bfs hujoeopofs slkj bfs drteubfs 4;, 41 y 4?9 cl bd BFH, lb efjvljofclil euhpbor efj bfs rlquosotfs y bfs prfelcoholjtfs lstdibleocfs lj bd cospf-soeoj cl bd prlsljtl Bly, sfirl bfs efjvljofs pfr clblkdeoj cl efhpltljeods.

9< Edptubf . Cl bds rlbdeofjls ojtlrojstotueofjdbls/rlbdeofjls ojtlrkuilrjdhljtdbls/efjvljofs ojtlrkuilrjdhljtd-bls/rlbdeofjls ljtrl Hujoeopdbocdcls.


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9.3.5. Lb julvf Nfjcf Jdeofjdb cl Ojvlrsoj ]iboed y Clsdrrf-bbf (NFJDEOCL)

Lb lseljdrof cl bds jdjzds piboeds cl bfs trls jovlbls clb Lstdcf (jdeofjdb/eljtrdb,

clpdrtdhljtdb, hujoeopdb) ad lxplrohljtdcf uj edhiof ohpfrtdjtl efj bd ojefrpfrd-eoj cl bfs rleursfs dcoeofjdbls kljlrdcfs pfr bd Otdopu, hljeofjdcf djtlrofrhljtl,efhf lnletf cl bd tropboedeoj cl bd efhpljsdeoj pfr elsoj cl bd ljlrkd pdrdkudyddb Irdsob9>. D hlcodcfs cl hdyf cl 9=44, sl bl ad dsokjdcf db ]drdkudy rleursfs dcoeof-jdbls lj efjelptf cl efhpljsdeoj pfr elsoj cl bd ljlrkd pdrdkudyd prfcueocd pfrbd Otdop, y lb ojkrlsf cl bds trdjsnlrljeods sl ojoeo clscl fetuirl cl lsl hoshf df.

Lb julvf NFJDEOCL erldcf pfr bd Bly J 3;= hobbfjls cl cbdrls, hfjtf qul detudbhljtl ojtlkrdr df d df lb NF-JDEOCL so bds efjcoeofjls detudbls cl bd elsoj cl ljlrkd sl hdjtoljlj. Uo vdrodrdbd edjtocdc cl ljlrkd elcocd, lstl nfjcf rleoior ojkrlsfs prfpfreofjdbls d bd hoshd.

Bfs rleursfs clb NFJDEOCL sl costroiuylj lj eojef sletfrls rlbdeofjdcfs efj bd oj-vlrsoj piboed pdrd lb clsdrrfbbf cl bd ojnrdlstrueturd lefjhoed, 91%0 lb duhljtf

cl bd edbocdc cl bd lcuedeoj9;, ileds cl pfskrdcf y cfetfrdcf lj lb lxtlrofr pdrdkrdcudcfs lxelbljtls, y clsdrrfbbf clb prfkrdhd cl ojvlstokdeoj l ojjfvdeofjls clbEFJDE_S, 5=%0 d bfs kfiolrjfs clpdrtdhljtdbls y hujoeopdbls, 9 Coeaf deulrcf nul dprfidcf pfr lb Efjkrlsf Jdeofjdb irdsoblf, lb 43 cl hdyf cl 9=44.9; Ojebuyl bd ojefrpfrdeoj cl bds alrrdholjtds cl bds OSE, efj lb prfkrdhd ujd efhputdcfrd pfr jof y pfr cfeljtlcl bds lseulbds piboeds, clb sostlhd fibokdtfrof0 nfrhdeoj y edpdeotdeoj cfeljtl0 edpdeotdeoj d pdcrls, y prfkrdhdcl ileds cl krdcf ujovlrsotdrof pdrd gvljls cl lsedsfs rleursfs.

Eudcrf 47Nfjdeocl. Costroiueoj pfreljtudb y prfhlcofs djudbls lstohdcfs

]rfhlcof djudb tftdb. Lj cbdrls \U$ 4==% 53=.===.===

4. Slsfrf Jdeofjdb/HA 91% ?


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djudb ljtrl lb plrfcf 9=49 9=95 slrd cl dbrlclcfr cl 53= hobbfjls cl cbdrls91.

Bds eonrds efrrlspfjcoljtls d lstd costroiueoj, pdrd edcd rld cl ojvlrsoj, sfj lxtrdfr-cojdrods lj rlbdeoj efj lb efjtlxtf jdeofjdb, bds jdjzds y bd klstoj piboed lxostljtl.

Cl da qul lst pljcoljtl uj hdyfr djbosos y coseusoj sfirl bfs rleursfs detudblsy d nuturf pdrd bd krdtuocdc cl bd lcuedeoj clb sostlhd fibokdtfrof, tdjtf lj rlbdeojefj bd efilrturd cl bfs slrvoeofs lcuedtovfs corletfs efhf bd dhpbodeoj prfkrlsovdcl bd krdtuocdc pfr hlcof cl bfs prfkrdhds cl prftleeoj sfeodb (efhpblhljtf ju-troeofjdb, tobls lsefbdrls, ftrfs). Dclhs, sfirl bds ohpboedjeods cl bfs prfkrdhdsprfpulstfs pfr bd bly cl erldeoj clb NFJDEOCL y clb Nfjcf pdrd bd Lxelbljeod cl bdLcuedeoj y bd Ojvlstokdeoj (Nfjcf pdrd bd Lcuedeoj y bd Ojvlstokdeoj, lj dclbdjtl),pdrd lb sostlhd cl bd lcuedeoj fibokdtfrod.

Ufj 4=1 hobbfjls cl cbdrls bfs qul slrdj clstojdcfs db Nfjcf pdrd bd Lcuedeoj y

d bd Ojvlstokdeoj, pfr sfirl lb hjohf clb 9=% clstojdcf d bd nujeoj lcuedtovd pfrlb Kfiolrjf Eljtrdb, lstdibleocf pfr bd cospfsoeoj efjstotueofjdb. Ehf bf vdhfsd adelr efhf sostlhd lcuedtovf y efhf pds uridjf, rurdb, ojckljd0 pfirl y pfirllxtrlhf6 Bd Bly clb NFJDEOCL y Nfjcf pdrd bd Lcuedeoj y bd Ojvlstokdeoj (9=49) ybfs clerltfs rlkbdhljtdrofs, adj lstdibleocf bfs erotlrofs cl costroiueoj l ojvlrsojclb Nfjcf, pfr bf qul edil lvdbudrbfs.

Sdhioj, clilhfs efjsoclrdr bds dsokjdeofjls pdrd bds kfilrjdeofjls y hujoeopdbo-cdcls, puls clilrj slr froljtdcds adstd lj uj dfs. Ojkrlsf djudb adstd lb 9=95, Dsujeoj,4= cl nlirlrf clb 9=44. Cospfjoibl lj7 www.djcl.kfv.py


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eoj lcuedtovd d trdvs clb HLE9?.

Bd hdtreubd cl bd lcuedeoj fibokdtfrod suhd lj tftdb hs 4.=%, y bd lxtrdlcdc ls hdyfr d bd cl bfs cfs prohlrfs eoebfs, 4?%, pfr lnletf cl bds

coeubtdcls cl dsostljeod y plrhdjljeod clb dbuhjdcf cljtrf clb sostlhd.

9? D nojls cl gujof cl 9=49, lb prlsocljtl Nlrjdjcf Bukf nul clstotuocf hlcodjtl uj guoeof pfbtoef suhdrof y suelcocfpfr su ^oelprlsocljtl adstd dkfstf cl 9=45. Bulkf dsuho lb kfiolrjf cl Afrdeof Edrtls, pfr bf qul lj dpljds cfsdfs lb HLE ad edhiodcf cfs hojostrfs, su kdiojltl, corletfrls kljlrdbls y corletfrls tejoefs.

5= HLE, ]drdkudy. Lcuedeoj lj eonrds 9=4=, Dsujeoj. Cospfjoibl lj7 www.hle.kfv.py

54 Ul edbeubd covocoljcf lb jhlrf tftdb cl hdtroeubdcfs lj lb prllsefbdr, soj coserohojdr pfr lcdc, pfr lb jhlrf clpfibdeoj cl lcdc (< dfs) lstohdcf pdrd lb df cl rlnlrljeod.

59 Ul edbeubd covocoljcf joedhljtl lb jhlrf cl hdtroeubdcfs cl < dfs cl lcdc, pfr lb jhlrf tftdb cl bd pfibdeoj

cl lcdc lstohdcd pdrd lb df cl rlnlrljeod. Bd conlrljeod ljtrl dhids, efilrturd irutd y jltd, hocl bd lxtrd-lcdc.55 Bd lxtrd-lcdc ls plrsostljtl lj lb prllsefbdr y prohlr krdcf, d plsdr cl bfs dgustls cl bd jfrhdtovd dchojostrdtovdqul lstdiblel bds lcdcls cl 3, < y > dfs, euhpbocfs d hdyf clb df bletovf lj eulstoj, efhf lcdc cl ojkrlsf db gdrcj,prllsefbdr y prohlr krdcf, lj lb efjtlxtf cl bd ljtrdcd lj vokljeod clb Ylkbdhljtf cl bd Lcuedeoj Ojoeodb y ]rllsefbdr.


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34

Lj bd lcuedeoj hlcod, bd efilrturd coshojuyl dj hs qul bd clb tlrelr eoebf cl bd LLI,y ls bd hs idgd clb sostlhd fibokdtfrof, efj uj jovlb irutf clb % y jltf clb 33%.

Lj sjtlsos, bd efilrturd cl bd lcuedeoj ojoeodb, lsefbdr isoed y hlcod, detudbhljtl fibo-kdtfrods y krdtuotds lj uj sljtocf dhpbof, d jovlb jdeofjdb, soj efjsoclrdr bds conlrljeodsclpdrtdhljtdbls, tljco d duhljtdr. Jf fistdjtl, hulstrd ujd rlkubdrocdc efjsostlj-tl lj qul d hlcocd lj qul duhljtd lb eoebf lcuedtovf (9 y 5lr eoebf cl bd LLI), y lb jovlblcuedtovf (bd lcuedeoj hlcod), duhljtd lb ceot cl efilrturd. Lj bd lcuedeoj hlcod,lb ceot cl efilrturd ls lb hs lblvdcf clb sostlhd fibokdtfrof (Eudcrf 9). Bd hdtreubdpfr krdcf cl bd LLI hulstrd ujd tljcljeod d bd idgd d hlcocd qul duhljtd cl krdcflsefbdr. Lj lb 9=4=, ady ujd conlrljeod cl ). Lbbf ls cliocf d bfs prfiblhds cl efilrturd y rltljeoj f plrhdjljeod lsefbdr clbsostlhd, dsfeodcf efj lb efjtlxtf sfeodb cl pfirlzd y lxebusoj.

5.9. Bd rlpotljeod

D plsdr cl qul ad tljcocf d idgdr y lxostlj hledjoshfs cl prlvljeoj cl bd rlpo-tljeod lj bfs cfs prohlrfs eoebfs cl bd LLI, lstl prfiblhd sokul soljcf ohpfrtdjtllj bd detudbocdc. Lj lb 9=4=, lb jhlrf tftdb cl rlpotljtls lj dhifs eoebfs nul cl ujpfef hs cl 3=.=== dbuhjfs, lquovdbljtl db


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39

sokuoljtls trls clpdrtdhljtfs, tdhioj sfj nrleuljtls lj bds zfjds rurdbls, efhf ljlb rlstf clb pds (HLE, 9=497 55-53).

5.3. Bd rltljeoj f plrhdjljeod lsefbdr

Bd ojleoljeod ojtlrjd clb sostlhd lcuedtovf fibokdtfrof ls dj hs lvocljtl lj rl-bdeoj efj bfs idgfs jovlbls cl rltljeoj f plrhdjljeod cl bfs dbuhjfs lj bd lseulbdadstd lb jdb cl tfcf lb eoebf cl bd lcuedeoj lsefbdr isoed cl julvl krdcfs. Lj lbbtohf cleljof ad tljcocf d duhljtdr bljtdhljtl, plrf db 9=4= sbf iljleod d db-rlclcfr clb


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35

Eudcrf5

7]freljtdglclefilrturdclbdl

cuedeojfibokdtfrod.D

f9=4=*

]freoebf,j

ovlblcuedtovfysletfrojstotueofjdb

Jovlblc

uedtovffibokdtfrof

Efilrturdirutd(EI)

yjltd(EJ)

]freljtdgl

clhdtreubdlj

zfjdu

ridjd(W\)

yzfjd

rurdb(WY)

]freljtdgl

clhdtreubd

dtljcocd

pfrsletfr

piboef(U])yprovdcf

suivljeo

fjdcf(]U)

]freljtdglcl

Ojstotueofjls

lcuedtovds

pfrsletfr

piboef(U])yprovdcf

suivljeofjdcf(]U)

Lcuedeo

jojoeodb/

W\7>3

%

WY75>%

U]7>?%

]U74?%

W\7>%

U]719%

U]7%

E

J7>=%

WY753%

]U744%

]U7%

Lcuedeo

jHlcod

EI7%

W\

U]7;>%

U]7;

?%

E

J733%

WY

]U

71%

]U7>%

*]freoebf,j

ovlblcuedtovfysletfrojstotueofjdb

Nuljtl7HL

E,LstdcstoedLcuedtovd-Djudrof9=4=,Dsujeoj,9

=44.


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33

Eudcrf3

.Lcuedeojlsefbdrisoed.J

hlrfclrlpotljtlspfredusd,slk

jkrdcfyrldklfkred.D

f9=4=

4

9

5

3

Sftdbls

Sftdb

%

Sftdb

%

Sftdb

%

Sftdb

%

Sftdb

%

Sftdb

%

Sftdb

%

Sftdb

44.?

?4

4==%

;.?

=?

4==%

?.;

?

5?

4==%

3=.4

94

4==%

Didjcfj

f

4.5

1>

49%

11>

44%

115

?%

>>;

49%

5>=

49%

95>

43%

3.3

41

44%

Dpbdzf

4=.>

=. Bd sotudeoj fislrvd-cd lj lstfs rlsubtdcfs lst dsfeodcd efj bd ndbtd cl efhpltljeods y pretoed cfeljtlspdrd bd lstohubdeoj dcleudcd d bd covlrsocdc cl bfs krupfs lsefbdrls, pdrd lb clsd-rrfbbf cl bfs prfelsfs cl dprljcozdgl y lb bfkrf cl bfs figltovfs projeopdbls efhf ls bd

dbndiltozdeoj ojoeodb lj lb prohlr eoebf, y su lxpdjsoj lj lb slkujcf.Lstd sotudeoj prfpoeo qul lb ]bdj Jdeofjdb cl Clsdrrfbbf Ojtlkrdb cl bd ]rohlrd Oj-ndjeod 9=44 9=9=, ojebuyd bd dtljeoj ojtlkrdb cl bfs jofs y jods cl > d 1 dfs, pdrddslkurdr bd prfhfeoj y lgleueoj cl lstrdtlkods lcuedtovds qul kdrdjtoelj lb deel-sf, plrhdjljeod y bd dbndiltozdeoj ojoeodb lj lb prohlr eoebf cl bd lcuedeoj lsefbdrisoed, cfjcl sl efjeljtrdj bfs ojcoedcfrls clb nrdedsf lsefbdr, efhf bds cleoljeodslj bd bletflseroturd y bds hdtlhtoeds, bd rlpotljeod y bd lxtrd-lcdc (HLE0 HU]IU0UJJD, 9=44).

Bfs ceot cl leoljeod y ledeod cl bd lcuedeoj pdrdkudyd, qul ohpboed uj ceotlj lb euhpboholjtf clb clrleaf d bd lcuedeoj cl edbocdc, rlefjfeocd d bd pfibdeojpdrdkudyd pfr bd Efjstotueoj Jdeofjdb (4??9) y bds clhs blyls lspleeds, toljljhuead rlbdeoj efj bfs ceot cl lquocdc y ledeod pdrd bd covlrsocdc cl bd pfibdeojy cl sus efjtlxtfs sfeoflefjhoefs (Eudcrf 3), lj tfcfs bfs jovlbls lcuedtovfs, oj-ebuocf lb cl bd nfrhdeoj cfeljtl. Lj lstl sljtocf, lb sostlhd cl bd lcuedeoj fibokd-tfrod clil cl adelr efjeoljeod, prfpfjlrsl y lgleutdr lstrdtlkods vojeubdcds efj bfsefjtlxtfs sfeodbls covlrsfs, y bfs pdrtoeubdrhljtl coneobls, efhf sfj bds efhujocdclsy ifbsfjls cl pfirlzd plrouridjd, rurdb, ojckljd. Bfs jovlbls hlcof idgfd tdhioj

clilj hlrlelr hdyfr dtljeoj, yd qul bd edbocdc cl vocd d bd qul deelclj tdhpfef lsdcleudcd pdrd lb clsdrrfbbf auhdjf.

5.;. ]rfkrdhds y prfyletfs dbtlrjdtovfs lj iused cl bd plrtojljeod ybd ojebusoj lcuedtovd

Lj bfs btohfs colz dfs, bulkf cl bd ohpblhljtdeoj cl bd rlnfrhd ojtlkrdb cl bd lcu-edeoj ojoeodb y prllsefbdr, y cl bd lcuedeoj hlcod, ds efhf cl su efjsfbocdeoj ljbd lcuedeoj lsefbdr isoed iusedcd hlcodjtl lb prfkrdhd nfedbozdcf adeod bds 4.===lseulbds rurdbls, bds 4 Ljtrlvostd d bd ]rfn. Hdrtd Bplz, Corletfrd cl Lcuedeoj Lsefbdr Isoed, Dsujeoj, 9=44


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rlnlrljeod, qul ls efjsoclrdcd uj prfiblhd erjoef lj bd lcuedeoj pdrdkudyd, y efjkrdvls lnletfs lj bd lcuedeoj lsefbdr isoed pfr su dsfeodeoj efj lb didjcfjf y lbnrdedsf lsefbdr.

Clscl lb 9==1, bd Corleeoj Kljlrdb cl Lcuedeoj Ojoeodb y Lsefbdr Isoed ohpblhlj-td lb ]rfyletf cl Jovlbdeoj cl bfs Dprljcozdgls lj lb 4 y 9 eoebf, lj nfrhd pobftf,prohlrf, y lxpdjcocf krdcudbhljtl clspus, efj lb figltovf cl fnrlelr fpfrtujocd-cls lcuedtovds efj edbocdc d lstucodjtls efj sfirl lcdc, d pdrtor cl bd kljlrdeojcl ujd lstrdtlkod efj deeofjls tlhpfrdbls. Sdhioj, pdrd lrrdcoedr lb prfiblhd, efjdeeofjls prlvljtovds cl efhidtl d bd rlpotljeod y bd clslreoj lsefbdr. Db hoshf tolh-pf efjtroiuyl efj lb clsefjklstofjdholjtf clb sostlhd lcuedtovf coshojuyljcf lbclsndsl efj lb krdcf qul clil lstdr eursdjcf lb lstucodjtl, y rlkubdrozdr lb ugf ls -efbdr(HLE, 9==?).

Lj nfrhd lspleed, lb ]rfyletf sl prfpfjl jovlbdr bfs dprljcozdgls cl bfs lstucodj-tls cl 4 y 9 eoebf, pdrd uioedrbfs lj bfs krdcfs efrrlspfjcoljtls d su lcdc erfjfb-koed0 irojcdrbls ujd julvd fpfrtujocdc lcuedtovd pdrd rleuplrdr lb tolhpf plrcocfpdrd ujd vocd eoucdcdjd, bdifrdb y sfeodb cokjd0 bfkrdr qul bfs dprljcozdgls sldj lnle-tovfs y sokjoedtovfs, d pdrtor cl ujd hltfcfbfkd eljtrdcd lj sus ojtlrlsls, su idkdgleubturdb y ndhobodr, ds efhf lb clsdrrfbbf cl su dutflstohd pdrd rleuplrdr bd efjdjzdlj s hoshfs y lj bfs clhs (HLE 9==?).

Bfs figltovfs clb hfclbf lcuedtovf cl jovlbdeoj cl bfs dprljcozdgls clb HLE (9==4)sfj7

o. Bfkrdr qul bfs lstucodjtls sl soljtdj edpdels y slkurfs cl s hoshfs pdrd dprljclry pdrd detudr lj bfs conlrljtls hiotfs cl sus vocds, nfrtdbleoljcf su dutflstohd.

oo. Clsdrrfbbdr y nfrtdblelr bds efhpltljeods isoeds rlbdeofjdcds efj sus adiobocdclsefhujoedtovds isoeds, qul toljlj qul vlr efj bd lxprlsoj frdb y lserotd lj bds cfsbljkuds feodbls0 bd sfbueoj cl prfiblhds hdtlhtoefs0 bd efjsfbocdeoj clb plj-sdholjtf eoljtef, y bd efhprljsoj y lb djbosos cl sotudeofjls cl bd vocd sfeodb.

ooo. Efjtroiuor lj bd nfrhdeoj cl vdbfrls eoucdcdjfs, lspleodbhljtl bd rlspfjsdio-bocdc, lb rlspltf pfr s hoshfs y pfr bfs clhs, lb efjfeoholjtf cl bfs clrleafs,bd vdbfrdeoj cl bds conlrljeods, bd tfblrdjeod, bd efjdjzd plrsfjdb y lj bfs clhs.

Bd nujcdhljtdeoj tlroed clb hfclbf lcuedtovf cl jovlbdeoj cl bfs dprljcozdgls slsustljtd lj bd hltfcfbfkd clb xotf, lstrueturdcd sfirl eudtrf dspletfs, lstrlead-hljtl rlbdeofjdcfs ljtrl so7

o. Efjdjzd ojefjcoeofjdb lj bd edpdeocdc pdrd dprljclr

oo. Efjtljocfs plrtojljtls7 trdidgfs pfr prfyletfs0 dprljcozdgls rlblvdjtls, y hd-tlrodbls lspleefs

ooo. Defhpddholjtf y lvdbudeoj efjstdjtl

ov. Nfrtdbleoholjtf cl bd dutflstohd cl bfs lstucodjtls


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cds pdrd lb ]rohlr Eoebf y 4?>cds pdrd lb Ulkujcf. Bfs cfeljtls cospfjlj cl cds efhpblhljtdrofs pdrd rldbozdrbds detovocdcls prlvostds lj bfs prfyletfs0 bd rltrfdbohljtdeoj efj tlhds lspleefs,

y bd pdrtoeopdeoj lj detovocdcls eubturdbls, drtstoeds y clpfrtovds prlvostds pfr bd Ojs-totueoj. Bds gfrjdcds lsefbdrls codrods toljlj ujd lxtljsoj cl > afrds cl >= hojutfsedcd ujd, cljtrf cl bd hfcdbocdc cl cfibl lsefbdrocdc5;.

D dkfstf clb 9=4=, lb ]rfyletf cl Jovlbdeoj cl bfs Dprljcozdgls pdrd bfs lstucodj-tls efj sfirl lcdc ad iljleodcf d 55 lseulbds rurdbls y uridjds nfedbozdcds0 >>1lstucodjtls clb 9 eoebf prfhfvocfs db ; krdcf, y d 53< lstucodjtls clb krdcfclb 9 eoebf. Lj nlirlrf 9=4=, lb ]rfyletf hdtroeub d 9.;


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51/172

< bleeofjls lj voclf ebdsls). Ul efjstotuyl lj ujd pulrtd cl ljtrdcd y lsthubf pdrd


52/172


53/172


54/172


55/172

). Ylkbdhljtf cl bd Lcuedeoj Ojoeodb, ]rfkrdhd cl Hlgfrdholjtf cl bd Lcu-edeoj Ojoeodb y ]rllsefbdr-HLE/ IOC, Dsujeoj.

------ (9==3). Eurreubf cl bd Lcuedeoj Ojoeodb, ]rfkrdhd cl Hlgfrdholjtf cl bd Lcued-eoj Ojoeodb y ]rllsefbdr-HLE/ IOC, Dsujeoj.

------ (9==9). Codkjstoef Jdeofjdb cl bd Lcuedeoj Ojoeodb y ]rllsefbdr, Dsujeoj.


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/9=4=, Dsuj-eoj.

--------------------------------------(9=4=). Bly cl Krdtuocdc cl bd Lcuedeoj Ojoeodb y Lcued-eoj Hlcod J 3.=11/9=4=,Dsujeoj.

--------------------------------------(4??/4??/4??3,Dsujeoj.


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>=

nlrljeods efjcoeofjdcds y bfs prfkrdhds cl dpfyf d bd krdtuocdc lcuedtovd, stfs btohfslj cfs efhpfjljtls7 lb efhpblhljtf jutroeofjdb y lb suhojostrf cl tobls lsefbdrls.

]drd bfs jls cl lstl lstucof djdbozdrlhfs bfs prfkrdhds cl dpfyf d bd krdtuocdc, efjcfs prfpsotfs7 lvdbudr lb bfkrf clb figltovf cl bfs hoshfs(qul efjsostlj lj dbljtdr bddsostljeod lsefbdr y fnrlelr efjcoeofjls dcleudcds cl lsefbdrozdeoj), ds efhfhlcorlb lnletf sfirl bd rltljeoj lj lb sostlhd lcuedtovfcl bfs sletfrls sfeodbls ojvfbuerdcfslj coeads deeofjls cl bd pfbtoed lcuedtovd.

Lstl lstucof pbdjtld erotlrofs cl lvdbudeoj cl bds pfbtoeds piboeds efjsoclrdjcf suspfsoiobocdcls y bohotdeofjls lj trhojfs su dbedjel ujovlrsdb ds efhf lb ohpdetf efj-erltf sfirl bd lquocdc sfeodb, qul ohpboed bd rlcueeoj cl bds clsokudbcdcls sfeodblspfst-lsefbdrls. Ls cleor, sl vdbfrdr cl qu hfcf bds fpfrtujocdcls sl trdcuelj ljrlsubtdcfs, cdcd bds efjcoeofjls cl dpboediobocdc cl bds pfbtoeds piboeds lj lcuedeoj.

9. Djtlelcljtls clb tlhd

Bd ohpblhljtdeoj cl pfbtoeds lcuedtovds lj Dhroed bdtojd lj lb hdref cl bds rlnfr-hds cl bd lcuedeoj lj bd btohd cedcd clb sokbf QQ, ohpboe ujd efjeljtrdeoj clbd deeoj piboed lj bd fnlrtd lcuedtovd pdrd dslkurdr bd efilrturd d tfcfs bfs sletf-rls cl bd pfibdeoj. Bfs lstdcfs cl bd rlkoj iusedrfj ojeocor lj bd julvd froljtdeojcl bfs sostlhds lcuedtovfs d trdvs cl edhiofs ojstotueofjdbls, edhiofs eurroeubdrls,julvds bjlds y lstrdtlkods plcdkkoeds ds efhf bd dcleudeoj tlrrotfrodb cl bd oj-nrdlstrueturd piboed (Ifjdb0 Sdrdiojo, 9==5). Dafrd iolj, lb dhpbof deelsf lsefbdr cljofs y dcfblseljtls, qul sl trdcuglrfj lj dbtds tdsds cl hdtreubd lj bfs jovlbls clbd lcuedeoj lsefbdr isoed, sl tfpdrfj efj bfs prfiblhds cl clslhplf lsefbdr ljjovlbls hs dbtfs clb sostlhd, cfjcl bds clsokudbcdcls efirdidj uj plsf ohpfrtdjtl.Ylspletf cl lstd prfiblhtoed, bds pfbtoeds lcuedtovds corokocds d bd clhdjcd nulrfjhs thocds y hljfs ojeosovds qul bds prohlrds, prlsljtjcfsl julvfs clsdnfs pdrdbfs lstdcfs lj bd rlkoj djtl bfs jovlbls ertoefs cl clsokudbcdc lcuedtovd d plsdr clbds rlnfrhds (Ylohlrs, 9===).

Bd krdtuocdc lcuedtovd, efhf projeopof qul pfsoiobotd bd fibokdtfrolcdc cl bd lcuedeoj

piboed, jf sl trdcuel lnletovdhljtl lj rldbocdc so jf auiolrd pfbtoeds lcuedtovds qulefhpljsdj, pfr lb bdcf cl bd clhdjcd, bds clsokudbcdcls qul djtlelclj y qul suel-clj db prfelsf lcuedtovf. Lj lstl sljtocf, sl colrfj lxplroljeods lj Dhroed bdtojdcl pfbtoeds efhpljsdtfrods idsdcds lj lb erotlrof cl nfedbozdeoj cl bd deeoj piboedcl lquocdc lcuedtovd. Lb dpfyf d bd krdtuocdc sl ojseroil lj lstl topf cl detudeofjls.

Bds lxplroljeods cl Irdsob, Hxoef y Eaobl sfj lspleodbhljtl plrtojljtls. Lj Irdsob,lb prfkrdhd Ifbsd Lsefbd pbdjtl uj cospfsotovf cl trdjsnlrljeods hfjltdrods efj-coeofjdcds d ndhobods efj aogfs lj lcdc lsefbdr, pdrd dslkurdr bd dsostljeod lsefbdr cu-rdjtl uj bdpsf lstdibleocf (]ojalorf0 Dkuodr, 9==>). Lb erotlrof cl slbleeoj pdrd deel-

clr db prfkrdhd nul bd dcseropeoj d afkdrls pfirls efjtdjcf efj uj ojkrlsf ndhobodrhljfr d uj uhirdb cltlrhojdcf, efjtdr efj aogfs lj lcdc lsefbdr pdrd bd lcuedeojisoed y dslkurdr bd dsostljeod lsefbdr efj ujd plrofcoeocdc hjohd lstdibleocd cl


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Lb prfkrdhd ]?== cl Eaobl ohpboe uj erotlrof ojstotueofjdb, dpfydcf lj uj codkjs-toef cl bd fnlrtd, d pdrtor clb eudb sl froljtd bd detudeoj adeod cltlrhojdcfs eljtrfsqul yd toljlj slrvoeofs cl jdturdblzd nfedbozdcd f cl pftljeodb nfedbozdeoj D pdrtorclb erotlrof ojstotueofjdb, bfs lstdibleoholjtfs sl slbleeofjdj slkj ujd lsedbd cl

vubjlrdiobocdc sfeodb, cfjcl edcd ujd toljl ujd pujtudeoj qul sorvl cl idsl pdrdocljtoedr qu lstdibleoholjtfs dpboedj pdrd rleoior uj dpfyf. Lb ]?== sl corokl ddqulbbds lseulbds euyd pfibdeoj dsostljtl prlsljtd bfs jovlbls cl pfirlzd hs dbtfsds efhf bfs hljfrls jovlbls cl clslhplf lsefbdr, lstdibleocfs efj bd prulid clrljcoholjtf UOHEL (Uostlhd cl Hlcoeoj y cl Edbocdc cl bd Lcuedeoj). \jd cl bdsprojeopdbls bohotdeofjls cl lstl sostlhd ls bd lsedsd rlblvdjeeod qul efirdj bds efj-coeofjls sfeoflefjhoeds y eubturdbls cl pdrtocd, tdjtf cl bd pfibdeoj lsefbdrozdcdefhf cl bfs ljtfrjfs plcdkkoefs, pdrtoljcf sbf clb clslhplf pdrd bd vdbfrdeoj(Ifjdb0 Sdrdiojo, 9==5).

Lb prfkrdhd Lseulbd Julvd tuvf efhf prfpsotf dhpbodr bd efilrturd lcuedtovd ljbds rlds rurdbls efbfhiodjds, duhljtdr lb bfkrf dedchoef cl bfs dbuhjfs, rlcueorbds tdsds cl rlpltoeoj, rlzdkf y clslreoj, ds efhf prfhfvlr bd lstohd cl s, bd rl-lxovocdc y lb eovoshf ljtrl bfs lstucodjtls. Lj trhojfs hltfcfbkoefs, lb prfkrdhdprfhulvl bd ojjfvdeoj frkdjozdeofjdb, plcdkkoed y eurroeubdr, iusedjcf efjgukdrbd nfrhdeoj cl bfs dkljtls ojstotueofjdbls (cfeljtls y dutfrocdcls) efj ujd ohpboed-eoj sokjoedtovd lj bd efhujocdc bfedb cfjcl lst ojslrtd bd lseulbd. Lb prfkrdhd slfroljt cl nfrhd prlcfhojdjtl dujqul jf lxebusovd d bd ohpblhljtdeoj cl bd hltf-cfbfkd hubtokrdcf, dujqul efj conlrljtls dvdjels y bhotls (HeLwdj, 4??1).

Lb ]rfkrdhd NujcLsefbd cl Irdsob eljtrd bd nfedbozdeoj lcuedtovd lj lb lstdibleoholj-tf. Coeaf prfkrdhd, ojoeodcf lj 4??1 pdrtl cl uj erotlrof tlrrotfrodb d pdrtor clb eudb slcljlj Wfjds cl Dtljeoj ]rofrotdrod (WD]) lj bds qul sl iused efjeljtrdr bds deeof-jls clb prfkrdhd. Lb jndsos lj bd edbocdc feupd uj bukdr prlcfhojdjtl lj lb prfkrdhd.Bfs figltovfs nujcdhljtdbls sfj7 bd dhpbodeoj clb deelsf y plrhdjljeod cl bd pfibd-eoj lj lcdc lsefbdr cl bds zfjds hs edrljeodcds clb pds lj lb sostlhd lcuedtovf, lbduhljtf cl bd edbocdc cl bds lseulbds piboeds cl lcuedeoj isoed y lb ojerlhljtf clbclslhplf clb sostlhd cl lcuedeoj piboed, rlnfrzdjcf bd klstoj cl bds lseulbds ycl ljtocdcls rletfrds cl bd lcuedeoj lstdtdb y hujoeopdb (Nlrrlord lt db., 9==


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Lb prfkrdhd cl efhpblhljtf jutroeofjdb nul prfkrlsovdhljtl ujovlrsdbozjcfsl ljbd lcuedeoj lsefbdr isoed clscl lb df 4??


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y plrhdjljeod lj lb sostlhd lcuedtovf cl bfs sletfrls sfeodbls clsndvfrleocfs cl bdsfeolcdc pdrdkudyd.

Efj idsl lj coeaf prfpsotf, sl iusedr efhf prohlr figltovf lspleef efjfelr lblnletf cl lsds pfbtoeds slkj ndetfrls cl efjtrfb tdbls efhf bd zfjd klfkred, lbslxf f bd sotudeoj cl lhpblf, efhf hfcf cl ocljtoedr prfiblhtoeds conlrljeodcdsslkj lseljdrofs conlrljeodcfs. Dsohoshf, uj figltovf lspleef dcoeofjdbls lstdibl-elr lj qu hlcocd bd bblkdcd y bd lxpdjsoj cl bfs prfkrdhds sfeodbls dsfeodcfs d bdojebusoj lcuedtovd kljlrd hdyfrls prfidiobocdcls cl deelsf, pdrd rlcljor, f ioljdpujtdbdr, bd deeoj piboed vokljtl.

Uoj lhidrkf, lb ojcoedcfr cl deelsf, d sdilr bd hdtreubd, rlsubtd ojsueoljtl rlspletfcl bd clsokudbcdc cl fpfrtujocdcls ljtrl bfs conlrljtls krupfs sfeodbls, yd qul sl vlefjcoeofjdcf pfr ndetfrls cl jcfbl sfeodb qul rlplreutlj lj prfelsfs cl clslreoj

lsefbdr y trujed lb figltovf clb sostlhd lcuedtovf qul ls lb nfhljtf cl hdyfr edpotdblcuedtovf cl bd pfibdeoj. Lj lstl sljtocf cdrlhfs euljtd cl uj ojcoedcfr cl rltlj-eoj rlsubtdjtl clb clslhplf clb sostlhd, d sdilr, bfs dfs cl lstucof.

]fr ftrd pdrtl, sl lnletudr ujd efhpdrdeoj clb efhpfrtdholjtf cl coeaf ojcoedcfrslkj edtlkfrds sfeodbls y, cl hfcf, edrdetlrozdr bd clsokudbcdc lcuedtovd ljtrl bfssletfrls euyf froklj sfeodb bfs ndvfrlel f clsndvfrlel lj bd dcquosoeoj cl fpfrtujo-cdcls pdrd bd vocd. ]drd lbbf lhpbldhfs bd ojnfrhdeoj sfirl bds edtlkfrds sfeof-feu-pdeofjdbls, vdrodibl efjstruocd slkj erotlrofs ojtlrjdeofjdbls lstdjcdrozdcfs pdrd bdedrdetlrozdeoj clb hlredcf cl trdidgf y bds efjcoeofjls cl vocd9.

3. Ylnlrljeods tlroeds plrtojljtls

Lb deljtf lj bds pfbtoeds piboeds clstojdcds d prfhfvlr bd okudbcdc cl fpfrtujocdclslcuedtovds lj Dhroed bdtojd, nul bd lxprlsoj cl ujd pdubdtojd sljsoiobocdc pfbtoed ljtfrjf d bd okudbcdc, ds efhf nul lb rlsubtdcf clb clsdrrfbbf cl efjfeoholjtf sfirl bfsndetfrls qul ojeoclj lj bfs prfelsfs cl rlprfcueeoj cl bd clsokudbcdc lcuedtovd.Dafrd iolj, bd pulstd lj hdread cl pfbtoeds cl prfhfeoj cl bd okudbcdc lj DhroedBdtojd jf tuvf bd hoshd ohprfjtd y bd hoshd pfjclrdeoj lj tfcfs bfs lstdcfs. Ulkj

bd froljtdeoj pfbtoed cl bfs kfiolrjfs, cl bfs rleursfs cospfjoibls y cl bds profrocd-cls cl pfbtoeds piboeds, lb jndsos nul conlrljtl (Yovlrf, 4???). Lj lstf efjsostl bddhiovdbljeod cl bd pfbtoed lcuedtovd qul alsotd ljtrl bd leoljeod y bd lquocdc.

Bfs prfkrdhds sfeodbls qul sl ojseroilj lj lb hdref cl pfbtoeds froljtdcds d bd lquo-cdc lcuedtovd, ohpboedj lb duhljtf cl bfs rleursfs clstojdcfs d bd lcuedeoj y d bdsefjcoeofjls cl lcuediobocdc cl bd pfibdeoj clsndvfrleocd, kljlrdjcf hdyfrlsfpfrtujocdcls rlbdtovds, lj efhpdrdeoj efj plrofcfs prlelcljtls. Uoj lhidrkf,bfs prfkrdhds jf ohpboedj jlelsdrodhljtl bd okudbcdc ljtrl bfs sletfrls sfeodbls lj

9 Lstd vdrodibl rlsuhl bd pfsoeoj feupdcd lj lb hlredcf bdifrdb y bd pfsoeoj lj lb sostlhd lcuedtovf, efjstotuyljcfujd edtlkfrd efjsostljtl pdrd edrdetlrozdr bd conlrljeodeoj sfeodb y ls lhpbldcd d jovlb ojtlrjdeofjdb lj bds jfhlj-ebdturds fnoeodbls cl ljeulstds cl afkdrls.


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trhojfs clb clslhplf lcuedtovf, figltovf jdb cl bds pfbtoeds cl lquocdc (Yovlrf,9===). Bfs ioljls l ojsuhfs dsfeodcfs d bfs prfkrdhds efhpljsdtfrofs jf sl corokol-rfj adeod ujd okudbdeoj cl bds fpfrtujocdcls cdcf su edretlr bohotdcf d nfhljtdrbds efjcoeofjls lcuedtovds cl bd pfibdeoj pfirl y jf bd rlcueeoj cl bd clsokudbcdc

lcuedtovd ljtrl sletfrls sfeodbls (Ylohlrs, 9===).Lj lstl sljtocf, bd jfeoj cl efhpljsdeoj lcuedtovdls ebdvl. std efjsostl lj prf-hfvlr uj projeopof cl gustoeod rlcostroiutovd lj lcuedeoj, slkj lb eudb bd okudbcdcefjsoclrdcd efhf afrozfjtl jfrhdtovf kljlrl pfbtoeds piboeds qul ojeocdj lj bfsndetfrls dsfeodcfs db ljtfrjf cl bd pfibdeoj lsefbdr, ls cleor dqulbbfs dspletfs qulefjcoeofjdj lb bfkrf y lb nrdedsf lcuedtovf ojclpljcoljtlhljtl cl bd deeoj prfpod-hljtl frkdjozdeofjdb l ojstotueofjdb clb sostlhd lcuedtovf (Irfwj Esdr, 9==4).

Clscl bd plrspletovd dqu pbdjtldcd, bd pfbtoed lcuedtovd efj erotlrof cl efhpljsd-

eoj ohpboed lb djbosos clb sostlhd lcuedtovf pdrdkudyf lj trhojfs cl lstrueturdsfeodb. Ylspletf cl bds ebdsls sfeodbls clsndvfrleocds, clscl bd rlnfrhd lcuedtovd clbd btohd cedcd clb sokbf QQ, lb deelsf y bd curdeoj cl bfs lstucofs sl ojerlhljtdrfjpdrd tfcds bds ebdsls sfeodbls dujqul bds tdsds cl clslhplf rlvlbdj ujd sotudeojclsndvfrdibl pdrd lsfs sletfrls sfeodbls, bd tljcljeod soljcf bd plrsostljeod cl bd cls-okudbcdc lcuedtovd dujqul d uj jovlb hs dbtf clb pbdj cl lstucof (Frtoz, 9=49).

Lstd prfiblhtoed efird rlblvdjeod lj trhojfs cl bds rlstroeeofjls qul bd clsokudb-cdc lcuedtovd ohpfjl d bds fpfrtujocdcls sfeodbls, lspleodbhljtl lj lb plrofcfpfst-lsefbdr. Cdcf lb duhljtf rlbdtovf clb deelsf cl bd pfibdeoj db sostlhd lcu-

edtovf lj lb trdjseursf cl bds cfs cedcds prlvods d 9=49 y bd hdyfr prfpfreoj cllkrlsf cl bd lcuedeoj sleujcdrod, bd efhpltljeod pfr bds fpfrtujocdcls kljlrd ujdprlsoj sfirl lb hujcf bdifrdb, idstdjtl rlstrojkocf lj bd sfeolcdc pdrdkudyd, vfb-vojcfsl hs slbletovf efj bfs totubdcfs. D lstl rlspletf bd efhpdrdeoj cl bfs puls-tfs qul cltljtdj, lj cfs pfeds conlrljtls, bfs totubdrls cl uj hoshf copbfhd cd ujdocld dprfxohdcd cl bds vdrodeofjls clb vdbfr cl bfs copbfhds lj lb hlredcf cl trdidgf(Ifurcolu, 9===7 443).

Lstds eulstofjls rlhotlj d bds efjcoeofjls conlrljeodcds cl lsefbdrozdeoj ljtrl co-nlrljtls edtlkfrds sfeodbls plrf tdhioj d bfs dspletfs conlrljeodbls cl bd pfbtoedpiboed qul prltljcl kdrdjtozdr lb deelsf y bd plrhdjljeod lj lb sostlhd lcuedtovf dtfcfs bfs sletfrls y bfkrdr, efj lbbf, bd rlcueeoj cl ojlquocdcls lj lcuedeoj. Uoj lh-idrkf, bfs prfkrdhds sfeodbls dsfeodcfs d bd lcuedeoj lj euyf hdref sl ojseroiljbfs prfkrdhds cl dpfyf d bd krdtuocdc dqu trdtdcfs jf jlelsdrodhljtl kdrdjtozdjuj afrozfjtl cl lquocdc lcuedtovd lj bd sfeolcdc, ls cleor, jf ohpboedj ojclnletoibl-hljtl ujd rlcueeoj cl bds clsokudbcdcls lsefbdrls sojf hs iolj prfhulvlj ls-tjcdrls hjohfs cl fpfrtujocdcls pdrd bd pfibdeoj pfirl. Efhf rllrl NlrjdjcfYlohlrs Uo iolj pfcrd pljsdrsl qul ujd sfbueoj pdrd bfkrdr okudbcdc cl ojsuhfslcuedtovfs slrd froljtdr lb kdstf piboef lj nfrhd hs prfkrlsovd (hs pdrd quol-

jls toljlj hljfs), jf ls ebdrf qul lstl topf cl pfbtoed cl deeoj drhdtovd tljcrdlb dpfyf cl tfcd bd pfibdeoj curdjtl plrofcfs sfstljocfs. Jojkujd cl bds pfbtoedsbbdhdcds efhpljsdtfrods f cl coserohojdeoj pfsotovd ohpbdjtdcds lj Dhroed Bdtojd


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curdjtl bd btohd cedcd sfj cl lstl topf0 jojkujd ad bfkrdcf clstojdr hs rleursfspdrd bd lcuedeoj cl bfs aogfs cl bfs pfirls qul bfs rleursfs clstojdcfs d bd cl bfs kru-pfs cl hdyfrls ojkrlsfs. Lstf efjrhd julvdhljtl qul lb figltovf cl lstds pfbtoedsad socf hlgfrdr bds fpfrtujocdcls lcuedtovds cl bfs pfirls djtls qul difrcdr lxpbeo-

tdhljtl bdokudbcdccl fpfrtujocdcls lcuedtovds efhf figltovf (Ylohlrs, 9===7 93).Ulkj Lhobof Sljto, bd eulstoj sfeodb lj lcuedeoj supfjl ujd rlvosoj, jf sbf clbhfclbf lcuedtovf, sojf tdhioj clb hfclbf cl pfbtoed piboed, lspleedhljtl bd pf-btoed sfeodb, d sdioljcds qul bd dhpbodeoj clb deelsf d bd lseulbd lj bd rlkoj sl cof ljbd pdrdcgoed sotudeoj clb duhljtf cl bd pfirlzd y bd lxebusoj sfeodb (Sljto Ndjndjo,9==;). D coeaf prfpsotf rlspfjcl lb djbosos, ljnfedjcf prfkrdhds sfeodbls vokljtlslj sus figltovfs prlvostfs, ds efhf lj lb coslf hoshf cl bd deeoj piboed, iusedjcfojtlrplbdrbd d bd buz cl ujd hordcd sfeodb qul tfhd lj euljtd bd lquocdc, lj lstrleadefjsfjdjeod efj lb projeopof cl leoljeod. \jd cohljsoj soj bd ftrd, rlcujcd lj rl-

subtdcfs ojsdtosndetfrofs eudjcf cl clsdrrfbbf efj ojebusoj sfeodb sl trdtd.

Suj y Kfjzblz difrcdj lb ohpdetf cl bd ohpblhljtdeoj cl prfkrdhds cl trdjsnl-rljeods hfjltdrods jf efjtroiutovds lj Drkljtojd d j cl cltlrhojdr su ohpdetf sf-irl bd rlcueeoj cl bds clsokudbcdcls sfeodbls. ]drd lstds dutfrds, coeafs prfkrdhdssl ljhdredj lj ujd pfbtoed cl prftleeoj sfeodb ds efhf cl prfhfeoj clb clrleafd bd lcuedeoj, efjsoclrjcfsl stl uj ndetfr adiobotdjtl pdrd lb lglreoeof cl ftrfsclrleafs (Suj0 Kfjzblz, 9=497 5>). Lj lstl sljtocf, eudbquolr prfkrdhd sfeodb cldpfyf db deelsf y d bd plrhdjljeod lj lb sostlhd lcuedtovf efird lstd cohljsoj eru-

eodb cl nfhljtf clb ioljlstdr y bd eoucdcdjd pfbtoed.Lj kljlrdb bfs prfkrdhds cl dpfyf d bd lsefbdrozdeoj lstj corokocfs d bd ojndjeod y bddcfblseljeod, cl krupfs ndhobodrls clsfeupdcfs f qul trdidgdj lj bd lefjfhd ojnfr-hdb y cfjcl bds dsokjdeofjls sl rldbozdj idgf bds efjcoeofjls cl dsostljeod db sostlhdlcuedtovf y bd efjeurrljeod db sostlhd cl sdbuc0 dclhs cl bd cliocd cfeuhljtdeoj.Bd jdturdblzd cl lstfs prfkrdhds ohpboed trdjsnlrljeods hfjltdrods efjcoeofjdcds,bds qul lj lb edsf pdrdkudyf sl ohpblhljtdrfj clscl hlcodcfs cl bd cedcd clb 9===,plrf euyfs cdtfs jf lstj sostlhdtozdcfs pdrd su usf lj ujd hlcoeoj cl sus lnletfs.

Bfs dpfyfs lcuedeofjdbls cl bds pfbtoeds sfeodbls froljtdcds d bd lcuedeoj euirljlj dbkujfs edsfs bfs efstfs corletfs (hdtreubd lsefbdr, hdtlrodbls lsefbdrls, efstfscl trdjspfrtl, lte.) ds efhf bfs efstfs cl fpfrtujocdc rlsubtdjtls cl bd prcocd clojkrlsfs db lsefbdrozdr d bfs jofs lj bukdr cl ojslrtdrbfs lj lb hujcf bdifrdb. Lj db-kujfs pdsls, efj hljfrls rleursfs, bfs dpfyfs didredj sfbdhljtl ujd pdrtl cl lstlefstf cl fpfrtujocdc. Lj ftrfs edsfs, bfs dpfyfs pdrd bd lcuedeoj hlcod sfj ojerl-hljtdbls adstd efhpljsdr lb efstf cl fpfrtujocdc bdifrdb lj prfpfreoj db erleo-holjtf cl bd pfibdeoj dcfblseljtl. Lj lb edsf hlxoedjf, bfs dpfyfs sfj hdyfrls pdrdbds jods, d j cl kljlrdr uj ojeljtovf dcoeofjdb qul rlvolrtd bd clsokudbcdc cl kjlrflj bd lsefbdrozdeoj lj bd lcuedeoj hlcod y pdrd ojefrpfrdr bds lxtlrjdbocdcls cl bd

lcuedeoj db dsuhor lb sustljtf ndhobodr (Ydwbojks0 Yuiof, 9==57 49).


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Lstucofs efhf bfs cl Suj y Kfjzblz, pbdjtldj qul bd ojebusoj lcuedtovd sl adclsdelblrdcf d plsdr cl bfs lsnulrzfs clb Lstdcf lj bds rlnfrhds lcuedtovds. Dclhs,lxprlsdj qul bfs lsnulrzfs lj bfs prfkrdhds jf sfj sueoljtls pdrd hotokdr bd lx-ebusoj lcuedtovd. ]fr ftrd pdrtl, lxostlj ndetfrls cl topf aostroef y sfeofbkoef qul

ojuylj jlkdtovdhljtl lj bd ojebusoj sfeodb pfr bd lseulbd, qul bbdhdj d efjsoclrdrpfbtoeds ojtlkrdbls qul dpujtlj d ojeocor lj bfs cltlrhojdjtls cl bd clsokudbcdc lcu-edtovd (Sordhfjto, 9==3).

]drd Yfcfbnf Lbds dbkujds deeofjls clb Lstdcf iusedj bd lquocdc lcuedtovd y sl cl-sdrrfbbdj lj lb hdref cl bd pfbtoed lcuedtovd, tdbls efhf lb prfkrdhd cl lcuedeoj io-bojkl, bd ujovlrsdbozdeoj clb jovlb prl-lsefbdr, prfkrdhds corokocfs d sletfrls pfirls(rurdbls y uridjfs) y bd ohpblhljtdeoj cl sostlhds cl ojeljtovfs pdrd qul bfs gvl-jls plrhdjlzedj lj lb sostlhd lsefbdr (Lbods, 9==;). Dafrd iolj, bd hljeoj cl coeadsbjlds pfr pdrtl cl lstl dutfr jf rllrl d bfs prfkrdhds cl dpfyf d bd krdtuocdc

qul ohpboedj bfs efhpblhljtfs jutroeofjdbls y bd prfvosoj cl tobls lsefbdrls, polzdsebdvl cl bd ohpblhljtdeoj cl bd lcuedeoj fibokdtfrod slkj bd Bly cl Lcuedeoj0prfkrdhds qul, nulrd clb djbosos cl bds trdjsnlrljeods hfjltdrods efjcoeofjdcds, sllsplrd tljkdj lnletfs sljsoibls lj bd lsefbdrozdeoj.

Lj lstl trdidgf sl pbdjtld bd aoptlsos cl bd ojeocljeod pfsotovd (eudjtf hljfs blvl)cl bfs prfkrdhds cl dpfyf d bd krdtuocdc. Bfs hoshfs efjsostlj lj bd prfvosoj cl efh-pblhljtf jutroeofjdb y cl tobls lsefbdrls pdrd kdrdjtozdr efjcoeofjls dcleudcds cllsefbdrozdeoj. Lj efjgujeoj efj cdtfs sfeof-lefjhoefs sfirl bd pfibdeoj lj rols-

kf cl jf dsostor d bd lcuedeoj hlcod, sl efhpdrdj bfs gvljls lj lcdc lsefbdr pdrdlb jovlb cl edtlkfrds sfeodbls clsndvfrleocds qul jf rleoiolrfj bfs prfkrdhds lj lb9==? y bfs qul rleoiolrfj bfs prfkrdhds lj lb 9=4=, plrf lspleodbhljtl lj lb 9=44.


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cl krdtuocdc djtls cl su lxpdjsoj d tfcfs bfs jovlbls clb sostlhd lcuedtovf (9==?) ybd efafrtl qul nul iljleodcd).

Lj lstl sljtocf, sl prlsljtdj bds efjcoeofjls pdrd ujd efjeosd lvdbudeoj cl ohpdetf,pfr bd hlcoeoj clb lnletf cl bd pfbtoed piboed sfirl bd rltljeoj lsefbdr curdjtltrls dfs7 djtls (9==?), curdjtl (9=4=) y clspus cl su ohpblhljtdeoj (9=44), pdrdlb krupf cl lcdc qul curdjtl coeaf plrofcf sl lsefbdroz lj bd lcuedeoj hlcod.

Ul utobozdj cfs topfs cl nuljtls cl ojnfrhdeoj7 4) rlkostrfs dchojostrdtovfs clb sostlhdlcuedtovf y, 9) ljeulstds cl afkdrls cl bfs dfs 9==?, 9=4= y 9=44. Ul lbdifrd pdrdlb lnletf ujd idsl cl cdtfs dc-afeidsdcd lj bd ljeulstd, ohputdjcf bfs cdtfs cl bfsrlkostrfs efj vdrodibls cl ohpblhljtdeoj cl bfs prfkrdhds cl dpfyf d bd krdtuocdc.Ufirl coead idsl sl lnletd uj irlvl djbosos edusdb cl bd ojtlrvljeoj cl bd pfbtoedpiboed cl ojebusoj lcuedtovd y lb clslhplf clb sostlhd lcuedtovf, ocljtoedjcf bfs

lgls cl rlnfrhubdeoj cl bfs prfkrdhds vokljtls pdrd bd rlcueeojcl bds ojlquocdcls,qul, d bfs jls cl lstl lstucof, ls ujd prohlrd ndsl cl ojebusoj sfeodb vd lcuedeoj.

>. Adbbdzkfs kljlrdbls

>.4. Lb deelsf lcuedtovf lj lb plrofcf 9==1 9=44

Efhf rlsubtdcf cl bd lxtljsoj, lj 9=4=, cl bd fibokdtfrolcdc cl bd lcuedeoj ojoeodb ybd lcuedeoj hlcod lj lb sostlhd lcuedtovf, sl trdtdr cl cltlrhojdr so sl prfcugf ujd

lxpdjsoj cl bd hdtreubd lj lsfs jovlbls. Adstd lb df 9==? bd fibokdtfrolcdc efjelr-jd bd lcuedeoj lsefbdr isoed, qul efhprljcl bds lcdcls cl > d 43 dfs (Lsqulhd 4).

Lsqulhd 47Frkdjozdeoj clb sostlhd lcuedtovf pdrdkudyf*

LcdcFrkdjozdeoj clscl 4??5

Df Jovlb Eoebf

53

;1

4

95

Lcuedeoj lsefbdr isoed

]rohlrf

?4=44

3

Ulkujcf

494543

;1?

Slrelrf

44;

495

Lcuedeoj hlcod

*Fis.7 Bds edsobbds lj kros ojcoedj bfs jovlbls fibokdtfrofs adstd lb 9==?. Bds edsobbds lj vlrcl ojcoedj bfs jovlbls lcued-tovfs d bfs qul sl lxtljco bd fibokdtfrolcdc lj lb sostlhd.

Nuljtl7Bly Kljlrdb cl Lcuedeoj J 49>3 . Hojostlrof cl Lcuedeoj y Eubturd.


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Bfs cdtfs clb Hojostlrof cl Lcuedeoj y Eubturd hulstrdj qul bds tdsds sl ojerlhlj-tdrfj lj lb df 9=445, uj df clspus cl coead cleosoj piboed, efhf pulcl vlrsllj lb eudcrf 4. \j prohlr cdtf d rlsdbtdr ls qul bd pfibdeoj lj lcdc lsefbdr coshoju-yl blvlhljtl pdrd bd lcdc efrrlspfjcoljtl d bfs cfs prohlrfs eoebfs cl bd lcuedeoj

lsefbdr isoed (>-44 dfs), bf qul tdhioj suelcl efj lb tlrelr eoebf cl bd LLI, quladioljcf lxplrohljtdcf uj dbzd lj lb df 9=4=, sl lstdjed julvdhljtl lj lb df9=44. Uoj lhidrkf, bd pfibdeoj lj lcdc lsefbdr efrrlspfjcoljtl d bd lcuedeoj hl-cod duhljtd lj 9=44.

Efhf sl pulcl fislrvdr lj lb kref 4, lb efhpfrtdholjtf cl bd lsefbdrozdeoj ljlb jovlb cl lcuedeoj ojoeodb nul fseobdjtl ljtrl lb df 9==1 y lb 9=44, cjcfsl ujsokjoedtovf ojerlhljtf cl bd tdsd irutd clb 9==1 db 9==? lj 4= pujtfs pfreljtudbls(clb 1>,;% db ?>,;% rlspletovdhljtl), plrf clseljcoljcf lj lb df 9=4= lj edso >pujtfs, efj uj julvf duhljtf pdrd lb btohf df clb plrofcf djdbozdcf cl 5,< pujtfspfreljtudbls (?3,>%). Lj tfcfs bfs edsfs bds tdsds sl sotdj afbkdcdhljtl pfr ljeohdclb ?=%, cl hfcf qul hs cl ?= cl edcd 4== jofs deelcl db jovlb prl-lsefbdr.

5 Lj lb djbosos sl efjsoclrd bd tdsd irutd cl hdtreubd yd qul bd pfbtoed lcuedtovd cl krdtuocdc dpujtd d ndeobotdr lbdeelsf y bd plrhdjljeod d tfcd bd pfibdeoj lsefbdrozdcd lj bfs jovlbls d bfs eudbls sl lxtljco bd fibokdtfrolcdc lcu-edtovd, d sdilr, bd lcuedeoj ojoeodb y bd hlcod. ]fr lstd rdzj, sl lsplrd qul ujd prfpfreoj cl bd pfibdeoj lsefbdrozdcdlst lj rlzdkf rlspletf cl bds lcdcls lsplrdcds pdrd lsfs jovlbls.

Eudcrf 47Sdsds cl hdtreubd slkj jovlb lcuedtovf. ]lrofcf 9==1-9=44

Jovlb

]fibdeofj lj lcdc lsefbdr

Df

9==1 9==? 9=4= 9=44

Sftdb L. OjoeodbSftdb 4lr/9cf Eoebf LLISftdb 5lr Eoebf LLISftdb LH

439.=4=1,;4=;,?4=4,1

;5,4


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\j tlrelr cdtf d rlsdbtdr ls qul bds tdsds cl hdtreubd, cl bfs cfs prohlrfs eoebfs cl bdlcuedeoj lsefbdr isoed, lxplrohljtdrfj uj blvl clseljsf ljtrl lb 9==? y lb 9=44(kref 9), bf qul sl clil d bd coshojueoj cl bd pfibdeoj lj lcdc lsefbdr yd rlnlrocd.

]fr ftrd pdrtl, bds tdsds cl hdtreubd clb tlrelr eoebf cl bd lcuedeoj lsefbdr isoedlxplrohljtdrfj uj duhljtf clb 9=4= db 9=44, dujqul lb df prlelcljtl tuvf ujdedcd crstoed (kref 5).

Kref 47Sdsd irutd cl hdtreubd, Lcuedeoj ojoeodb. Dfs 9==1-9=44

Nuljtl7 Cdtfs cl rlkostrfs lcuedtovfs 9==1-9=44 - HLE

1=,=

19,=

13,=

1>,=

11,=

?=,=

?9,=

?3,=

?>,=

?1,=

9==1 9==? 9=4= 9=44

Kref 97 Sdsd irutd cl hdtreubd, Lcuedeoj lsefbdr isoed - 4 y 9 eoebf. Dfs 9==1-9=44

Nuljtl7 Cdtfs cl rlkostrfs lcuedtovfs 9==1-9=44 - HLE

4==,=

4=4,=

4=9,=

4=5,=

4=3,=

4=,=

9==1 9==? 9=4= 9=44


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Nojdbhljtl,

LA EDUCACION EN SU ENTORNO - LUIS ORTIZ - PORTALGUARANI

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