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Transcript of L6 Population
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POPULATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT
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Population Growth
Population Ecology
- the study of the number of individuals of aparticular species that are found in an area andhow and why those numbers change over time
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Population Growth contd
Population Density
- the number of individuals of a populationper unit of habitat area
- e.g., the number of Grassquits per hectare
- e.g., the number of snapper per litre of seawater
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Population Growth contd
Population Size- the number of individuals making up apopulation
Population size changes due to: births deaths immigration
emigration
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Population Growth contd
Birth Rate (b)- also called crude birth rate- number of births per 1,000 individuals in a
population in a given year
Death Rate (d)
- also called crude death rate- number of deaths per 1,000 individuals in apopulation in a given year
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Fertility Rate
- The number of children born to a woman-
Jamaicas fertility rate is 2.41
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Replacement Fertility Rate
- The fertility rate that is high enough toreplace an area's population.
- In Industrialised countries it is 2.1
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Population Growth contd
Immigration (i)- movement of individuals into a population
Emigration (e)
- movement of individuals out of a population
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Population Growth contd
Growth Rate (r)- also called annual rate of natural populationchange
r = b dr = (b + i) (d + e)
Biotic Potential- maximum rate at which a population canincrease when there are no limits on its growth
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Population Growth contd
Exponential Growth
- growth in population size
increases by a fixed percentage of thewhole in a given time period
- yields a J-shaped curve
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Exponential Growth contd
J-shaped Growth Curve
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Jamaica Population Growth
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
1 7 0 0
1 7 2 5
1 7 5 0
1 7 7 5
1 8 0 0
1 8 2 5
1 8 5 0
1 8 7 5
1 9 0 0
1 9 2 5
1 9 5 0
1 9 7 5
2 0 0 0
Year
P o p u l a t i o
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Population Growth contd
Environmental Resistance- all the factors jointly acting to limit thegrowth of a population
Carrying Capacity
- number of individuals of a given species that
can be sustained indefinitely in a given area
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S-shaped Growth Curve
Time
NumberofIndividual
Organisms
Carrying Capacity
A population growsexponentially until it isacted on by limitingfactors that cause the
growth to level off atthe carrying capacity .
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Regulation of Population Size
Density Dependent Checks on Population Growth- where some limiting factors become more influential as a populations density increases
- examples: competition for resources predation parasitism disease
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Regulation of Population Size
Density Independent Checks on Population Growth
- exert their effects on population regardless of populationdensity
- examples: floods hurricanes severe droughts fire temperature
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Overpopulation
- occurs when people exceed the carrying capacity of anarea
- more people than can live on Earth or a geographicregion in comfort, health & happiness
- also called environmental unsustainability
- leaves the planet or region unfit for future generations
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Overpopulation contd
There are 2 types of overpopulation:
1. People Overpopulation
2. Consumption Overpopulation
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Factors Affecting Population Growth
- Migration- Birth Rate
- Economic Rewards/Penalties - religion, culture
- Empowering Women - average marriage age- Family Planning - children as part of labour force
- Death Rate- AIDS - better nutrition- Crime - availability of good health care
- Economic Development
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Population Distribution: Urban Living
Urbanisation- process in which people increasinglymove from rural areas to densely
populated cities
- Increased density of settlement and/or
businesses and other activities over time
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Population Distribution: Urban Living
Urbanisation (Contd)- Approximately 50% of the world's population
live in urban areas
- Should increase to 80% by 2025
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Urbanisation (Contd)
Factors affecting urbanisationPull Factors
- Cities are the main centres for new jobs,education, innovation , culture & trade
Push Factors - Unemployment- Mechanised agriculture
- Government policies / lack of investments
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Effects of Urbanisation include :
Vegetation Loss
Urban Microclimate
Water Demands, Increased Runoff & Flooding
Solid Waste and Pollution
Noise Pollution
Land Conversion & Social Disruption
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Improving Urban Life (Some Solutions )
reduce population growth
increase investments & social services in
rural areas
repair and revitalise existing cities
grow food in abandoned lots & community
garden plots
l
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Economic Development/Demographic Transition
- hypothesis that countries , as they becomeindustrialised , have declines in death ratesfollowed by declines in birth rates
- the transition takes place in 4 stages1. Pre-Industrial2. Transitional3. Industrial4. Post-Industrial
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1) Pre-Industrial Stage
- harsh living conditions
- high birth rate
- high death rate
2) Transitional Stage
- industrialisation begins
- death rate drops
- birth rate remains high
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3) Industrial Stage
- birth rate drops- birth rate approaches death rate
- population growth slows
4) Post-Industrial Stage
- birth rate equals death rate
- zero population growth
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Age Structure Diagram
- a diagram representing the percentage (or number of people) of the population at each age level in a population
- plots the percentage or numbers of males & females inthe total population
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Pre-Industrial Stage Little Population Growth
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Transitional Stage Rapid Population Growth
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Industrial Stage Population Growth Slows
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Post-Industrial Stage Negative Population Growth
2001 P l ti D t F S l t d C t i
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Source: CIA World Factbook
2001 Population Data For Selected Countries
Country Population BirthsPer 1000Pop.
DeathsPer 1000Pop.
NetMigrationPer 1000
Pop.
PopulationChangePer 1000 Pop.
Aids Deathsin 1999Per 1000 Pop.
(Adult prevalence)
Botswana 1,586,119 28.85 24.18 0 4.7 15.13(35.8%)
Haiti 6,964,549 31.68 15 -2.64 14 3.3(5.17%)
Jamaica 2,665,636 18.12 5.48 -7.52 5.1 0.24 (1.2%)
Barbados 275,330 13.47 8.53 -0.32 4.6 0.47(1.17%)
UnitedStates
278,058,881 14.2 8.7 3.5 9 0.07(0.61%)
Germany 83,029,536 9.16 10.42 4 2.7 0.007(0.1%)
2004 P l ti D t F S l t d C t i
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Source: CIA World Factbook
2004 Population Data For Selected Countries
Country Population BirthsPer 1000Pop.
DeathsPer 1000Pop.
NetMigrationPer 1000
Pop.
PopulationChangePer 1000 Pop.
Aids Deathsin 2003Per 1000 Pop.
(Adult prevalence)
Botswana 1,561,973 24.71 33.63 0 -8.92 21.13(37.3%)
Haiti 7,656,166 33.76 13.21 -3.4 17.15 3.14(5.6%)
Jamaica 2,713,130 16.94 5.4 -4.92 6.62 0.33(1.2%)
Barbados 278,289 12.98 9.08 -0.31 3.59 0.72(1.5%)
UnitedStates
293,027,571 14.13 8.34 3.41 9.2 0.048(0.6%)
Germany 82,424,609 8.45 10.44 2.18 0.19 0.008(0.1%)
2006 Pop lation Data For Selected Co ntries
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Source: CIA World Factbook
2006 Population Data For Selected Countries
Country Population BirthsPer 1000Pop.
DeathsPer 1000Pop.
NetMigrationPer 1000
Pop.
PopulationChangePer 1000 Pop.
Aids Deathsin 2003Per 1000 Pop.
(Adult prevalence)
Botswana 1,639,833 23.08 29.5 6.07 -0.35 21.13(37.3%)
Haiti 8,308,504 36.44 12.17 -1.31 22.96 3.14(5.6%)
Jamaica 2,758,124 20.82 6.52 -6.27 8.03 0.33(1.2%)
Barbados 279,912 12.71 8.67 -0.31 3.73 0.72(1.5%)
UnitedStates
298,444,215 14.14 8.26 3.18 9.06 0.048(0.6%)
Germany 82,422,299 8.25 10.62 2.18 -0.19 0.008(0.1%)
2009 Population Data For Selected Countries
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Source: CIA World Factbook
2009 Population Data For Selected Countries
Country Population BirthsPer 1000Pop.
DeathsPer 1000Pop.
NetMigrationPer 1000
Pop.
PopulationChangePer 1000 Pop.
(Fert)
Aids Deathsin 2007(People living with
AIDS)
Botswana 1,990,876 22.89 8.52 5 19.37(2.6)
11000(300000)
Haiti 9,035,536 29.1 8.65 -2.07 18.38(3.81)
7200(120000)
Jamaica 2,825,928 19.68 6.43 -5.7 7.52(2.25)
1500(27000)
Barbados 284,589 12.55 8.41 -0.31 3.83(1.68)