L10&L11: Populism: A Response to Gilded Age Corruption

The Shifting Size and Scope of the National Government:

Part OneAgendaObjective:To understand:1. What the Populist

Movement was.2. Who it appealed to and

why.3. How Populism was a

response to the Gilded Age.4. Why Populism wasn’t

successful.5. Populism’s legacy on the

shifting size and scope of the national government.

Schedule: 6. Lecture & Discussion

Homework:1. Consult unit

schedule for background reading

2. JT Dates:1.Citations for

Final Draft (Wed 2/13)

2.Final Draft with all required components due by 2:45 pm on Fri 2/15!

Guiding Questions• What was the Populist Movement?• Who did it appeal to and why?• How was it a response to the Gilded Age?• Why wasn’t it successful?• What was its legacy on shifting size and scope of the national government?

Story of Populism begins with Story of Agriculture after the Civil War….

Changes in Agriculture After the Civil War 1865-1900International Exports = Increased dependency on middlemen and farmers

Mechanization = big equipment & big loans

Specialization = “All in” on one crop

Wheat Prices Begin to Drop…A Problem for Farmers

• Why is a drop in wheat prices problematic for the American farmer?

Price Indexes for Consumer & Farm Products: 1865-1913

The Plight of Farmers

To cope with Declining Income, Farmers Begin to Take On More Debt

Problems Facing Farmers 1865-1900

High Tariff

Drought

Debt and Foreclosure

What are Farmer’s Complaints? What is Their World-View?

Who Do Farmers Blame for Their Economic Hardship?

Banks

Railroads

MiddlemenTrusts

Government Officials

Farmers Begin to Organize• Many farmers, subscribe

to the agrarian myth• Try to form organizations

with the goal of bringing back this lifestyle to America

• See businesses “organized” in the form of trusts, workers organized in the form of unions, and decide that they too will organize.

• Important to note: Farmers view themselves as indispensible, “we feed you all,” yet by the 1880s are only 3% of the working population.

When the banker says he's broke And the merchant’s up in smoke, They forget that it's the farmer

who feeds them all. It would put them to the test

If the farmer took a rest; Then they'd know that it's the farmer

feeds them all.

Written By a Farmer in the 19th Century

Farmers Alliance Movement• Throughout the United States farmers

were organizing together into small farmers’ clubs These groups were called alliances and they usually were based on region and race. – You might have the Northwest Farmers’

Alliance or the Colored Farmers National Alliance.

• By 1880 farmer’s alliances had over 4 million members.

• Became highly influential in state and local elections.

• In 1890, farmers’ alliance members helped get 5 US senators, 6 governors, and 46 congressmen elected.

Populist Party 1892• Encouraged by this

electoral success, farmers again set their sights on a national coalition.

• The three major farmers’ alliance held a convention in Omaha, Nebraska in 1892 and drew up a platform for a national political party, The Populist Party (The People’s Party).

What Did the Populists Believe?• Read the Populist Party Platform

of 1892.–What were the Populists’ critiques of

American Society?–What changes and policies did the

advocate?

What’s Up With Silver?• In 1893 United States had a paper money currency,

just like we have today. Those dollar bills had value or worth, because they were backed by gold.

• To oversimplify, each dollar bill that was floating around the economy could in theory be cashed in exchange for its value in gold. • Farmers believed, however, that by linking money to the rare gold, rather than the more abundant silver, prices were being kept artificially high.

What’s Up With Silver?• Indebted farmers believed that the

addition of an immense amount of silver money, not paper money, would inflate the currency leading to higher prices and easier debt payment.

What’s Up With Silver?• Crime of 1873

– Demonization of silver (government stopped coining silver)• Bland-Allison Act 1878

– Limited silver coinage to $2 to $4 million per month• Sherman Silver Purchase Act 1890

– US Treasury must purchase $4.5 million ounces of silver per month– Government deposited most silver in the Treasury rather than circulation

What’s Up With Silver• Belief among the Populists, is

that the government’s decision to withhold silver is a prominent example of the way in which the government sets fiscal policies that benefit urban capitalists.

• Prices of goods and loans are being kept artificially high simply because the government is refusing to release this silver into circulation.

• Big Business is winning and the common man is losing.

Populist Party and the Election of 1892

Populists Gain Support: Panic of 1893• Economic crisis • Several major corporations

went bankrupt• Stock market crashes• 500 banks close, leading

to a contraction of credit• By 1895, unemployment is

3 millions• U.S. Government does

nothing to stop the economic collapse.

Populists Gain Support: Panic of 1893• With the economic depression,

different investors in US currency were cashing in their money for gold bars.

• This threatened to completely wipe out the gold reserves the United States had.

• If the US ran out of gold, the nation’s remaining currency would be rendered valueless. There would be nothing to back it up.

• To prevent this from happening, the government asked J.P. Morgan and his bank for a loan of $65 million in gold.

• Panic of 1893, begins to call into question the gold standard.

Bimetalism• There erupts a big debate

among the American people as to whether the American currency should remain a paper currency backed by gold, or whether American should adopt a bimetallist system—the value of the dollar is backed in both gold and silver.

Election of 1896• In 1896 there is

another political election and the big issue is the bimetallism debate.

• The Democrats reject Cleveland as their nominee even though he is the sitting president and put up a man named William Jennings Bryan.

William Jennings Bryan• 1860-1925• Ran for President 3 times (1896,

1900, 1908)• Was the U.S. Secretary of State

under Wilson from 1913 to 1915.• Was a devout Christian, silverite,

supporter of popular democracy, a peace advocate, a prohibition, and an opponent of Darwinism.

• He was one of the best known orators an lecturers of time.

• Called “The Great Commoner.” • Represented the State of

Tennessee in the Scopes Monkey Trial in 1920

Cross of Gold Speech• At the democratic convention Bryan made what is perhaps the most famous Democratic convention speech ever. • “If they dare to come out in the open field and defend the gold standard as a good thing, we shall fight them to the uttermost, having behind us the producing masses of the nation and the world. Having behind us the commercial interests and the laboring interests and all

the toiling masses, we shall answer their demands for a gold standard by saying to them, you shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns. You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.”

• Audio Rerecording: http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5354/

Cross of Gold Speech • What is the significance of this speech?

Populists Put Up Bryan Too!• The populists are so

impressed with Bryan and the fact that he is endorsing silver, that they also nominate Bryan for president.

• The populists saw Bryan and his belief that money should be backed by silver as their ticket out of debt.

Election of 1896

Election of 1896• Why did Bryan

lose?• Some argue that

the election of 1896 is the most significant election since Lincoln’s in 1864. What is the significance of this election?

Election of 1896: Significance

It ushers in a new era in American politics.

Bryan’s loss is synonymous with the farmer’s loss. Bryan’s defeat marked the last serious effort to win the

White House with mostly agrarian votes.

Big business, big cities, the middle-class, and financial conservatism

they are the real winners in this election.

To win future elections you have to appeal to

these groups.

Significance of Populism?• Why wasn’t it successful?• What was its legacy on shifting size

and scope of the national government?

What Do Agrarianism, Populism, and Bimetallism Have to Do with The Wizard of Oz?

What Are the Metaphors?

Dorothy ? Kansas ? Tin Woodsman ? Scarecrow ? Cowardly Lion ? Yellow Brick Road

?

Silver Slippers ? Emerald City ? Oz ? The Wizard ? Munchkins ? Wicked Witch of the

West ?

Yellow Brick Road• Represents the

gold standard: a road that looks hopeful, but leads nowhere

• Oz represents “oz” or the abbreviation for ounce, the standard measure for gold.

Scarecrow• Represents the

struggling farmer at the turn of the century.

• In Baum’s version, the Scarecrow rules Emerald City after Oz is dethroned.

• Baum is predicting that farmers would gain political power

Tin Man• Represents the

urban industrial worker who was enslaved to heartless industries.

• In the book, the Tin Man rules the west. Baum is predicting that industry would move west, shutting out farmers.

Cowardly Lion• Represented William

Jennings Bryan• Described as having a

loud roar but little else (recall Bryan lost to McKinley despite his powerful Cross of Gold Speech)

• In having the Lion protect smaller beasts in a “small old forest,” Baum predicted that Bryan would return to Congress

The Wizard of Oz• Represents

President McKinley• Baum viewed

McKinley as not being as powerful or wise as the façade he put forth.

The Silver Slippers• In the book Dorothy’s

slippers are silver• When Dorothy walks on the

Yellow Brick road it represents gold and silver coming together to increase America’s money supply (bimetallism)

• In the book, her silver slippers are lost, representing the sliver issue losing

• FYI: In the movie Dorothy’s slippers are ruby to showcase Technicolor

The Munchkins• The “little people”

in America whose power had been taken away by big business and industry

• Baum saw these people as “slaves” to the eastern banking and industrial interests

The Wicked Witch of the West

• Symbolizes large industrial corporations that Baum thought oppressed “the little guy”

Dorothy• Is thought

to represent Americans, who Baum viewed as good-natured but naive

Toto• Represents the

Prohibitionist Party who were pro-Populist

• Toto is a play on the term “teetotaller”—people who did not drink alcohol

Emerald City• Thought to

represent Washington, D.C. and the color of the dollar