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Transcript of L07 Communication Part 1
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The journey so far...
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Journey so far...
Epistemology Science and philosophy of knowledge
constructivism
assimilation
accomodation
associationism
Visualisation
Mind Maps
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Journey so far...
Blooms Taxonomy
Learning Theories Behavourism Cognitivism
Social Constructivism
Learning Styles
Blooms Taxonomy
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Last lecture...
Learning Styles
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"Here you are in Slytherin,Where you'll make your real friends,Those cunning folk use any means
To achieve their ends."
"You might belong in Gryffindor,Where dwell the brave at heart,
There daring, nerve, and chivalrySet Gryffindors apart
"Here in wise old Ravenclaw,If you've a ready mind,
Those of wit and learning,Will always find their kind."
"You belong in Hufflepuff,Where they are just and loyal,
Those patient Hufflepuffs are trueAnd unafraid to toil"
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Learning Styles ModelsMeyers-Briggs Type Indicator
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Carl Jung Carl Gustav Jung (1875 1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist, an
influential thinker and the
Founder of analytical psychology, also known as Jungian
Psychology
EXPLORING THE SOULA Challenge to Freud
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Jungian Learning
Perception
Sensor
Intuitor
Judgement
Feeler
Thinker
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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
(MBTI)
Based on Carl Jungs ideas
Created during World War II to
help women who were enteringthe industrial workforce
Measured psychologicalpreferences in how people
perceive the world and makedecisions
http://www.myersbriggs.org
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Gregorc Learning Style
Concrete
Sequential
Concrete
Random
Abstract
Sequential
Abstract
Random
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ANTHONY GREGORC LEARNING STYLES
1. In each row (1-6), rank the 4 statements.
The statement which fits you best gets a score of 4, next best 3, next best 2 and the onewhich fits you least gets a score of 1.
You must use number 1, 2, 3 and 4. You cannot use half marks.
2. Add the scores down in each column. Put the total at the bottom.3. Plot your scores on the learning styles profile. You will end up with a kite shape.4. Compare your kite shape to those of other people.
Score Score Score Score
1 I like to begiven problemsto solve
I like to talk thingsthrough with otherpeople
I like to dopractical work
I like reading
2 I like to workout answers formyself
I use myimagination a lot
I like to be toldexactly what todo
I am happy towork alone
3 I have a lot ofideas
I understand howpeople feel
I like to takethings one stepat a time
I like to findthings out frombooks and othersources
4 I like to try myideas out evenif people thinkthey are odd
I like to usedrama, art andmusic
I like to beorganised
I weigh updifferent ideas
5 I like to find outhow thingswork
I like my work tobe fun
I pay attention todetail
I am keen to dowritten work
6 I like to havesomething toshow for myefforts
I like my work tobe about people
I like to get thingsright
I organise mystudies carefully
CR AR CS AS
SANDWELL SECONDARY CURRCULUM SUPPORT PROJECT
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CONCRETE SEQUENTIAL
Who How
Ordered Checklists
Structured Outlines
Practical Charts
Accurate Summaries
Directions Data
Organised Labs
Hands-on Computers
Detailed Practical reading
Exact Short lectures
Square the scoring box
20
CONCRETE RANDOM ABSTRACT SEQUENTIAL
Who How Who How
Independent Games andsimulation 10
Logical Reading
Creative Problem solving Academic LectureRisk-takers Creating
products20 10 10 20 Structured Working alone
Unusual Independentstudy 10
Intellectual Term papers
Experimenters Experiments Readers Library work
Inventive Unusualsolutions
Researchers Note-taking
Problem-solvers Options20
Evaluative Essays
Curious Open-endedwork
Thinker Research
Investigative Practical ideas Debater ContentIntuitive Few restrictions Studious Theories
ABSTRACT RANDOM
Who How
Sensitive Group discussion
Emotional Media and music
Personal Peer group work
Imaginative Personalised work
Interpreter Role play
Colourful Use of fantasy and imagination
Discussion Themes
Deep Feelings ArtsFlexible Humour
Short lectures
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Central to Learning Styles...
Importance of the social aspect and
communication in learning
knowledge & meaning is contructed throughinter-personal mechanisms (verbal and
written )
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Communications
Part 1
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Agenda
Introduction
Brief History of Communications
Process of Communication
Active Listening
Non-Verbal Communication
Lecture notes partially based on Communication Skills presentation by
SoftLogic Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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Communications
Introduction
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Why Communication?
A communication problem within IT
industry
See a normal IT scenario...
H P j R ll W k
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How Projects Really Work
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Decipering the cartoon?
Break down and failure of
communication!
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What is
communication? Latin communicare- "to share, divide out; impart, inform; join, unite,
participate in," lit. "to make common,
A process by which information is exchanged between individuals through acommon system of symbols, signs, or behavior
The act of communicating; transmission.
The exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech,signals, writing, or behavior.
Interpersonal rapport.
Communications (used with a sing. or pl. verb)
1. The art and technique of using words effectively to impart information or ideas.
2. The field of study concerned with the transmission of information by variousmeans, such as print or broadcasting.
3. Any of various professions involved with the transmission of information, such asadvertising, broadcasting, or journalism.
Something communicated; a message
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Brief History of
Communications
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Aristotles Speaker-Centered Model
Greek philosopher-teacherAristotle (384-322 B.C.).
Aristotles definition of rhetoricisone of the earliest definitions of
communication
Rhetoric is the faculty ofobserving in any given case theavailable means of persuasion(Rhetoric1335b).
Aristotle attempted to work out atheory of communication andlanguage.
http://www.shkaminski.com/Classes/Handouts/Communication%20Models.htm#ClassicalCommunicationModels
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Aristotles Speaker-Centered Model
Logos the matter under
discussion
Pathos the reader's
stake in thatmatter
Ethos the claims of the
author
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Aristotles Model of Communication
Designed for public speaking/oration
Speaker at the center of the communication process
Speaker prepares a message for an intended audience Message is intended to have an effect- influence the audience
Audience is seen to be passive and ready to be influenced by thespeaker's message
Speaker Message Listener
In other words, according to Aristotle a speaker sends a message to
an audience and the audience is affected by the message received.
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Progress and development
Little development in Communicationstheory during the intervening millenia
Rapid progress in 20th Century
espcially after World War II
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Laswells Model
Who says what to whom in what channel with what effect Harold Dwight Lasswell
(1902-1978) American politicalscientist and communicationstheorist
World War II Chief of the Experimental Division
for the Study of War Time
Communications at the Library ofCongress.
Analysed Nazi propaganda filmsto identify mechanisms ofpersuasion used to secure thesupport of the German people for
the war
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Laswells 5 Elements of Propaganda
Propaganda entailed five key elements
Lasswell assembled these elements into a model and then turned the modelinto a simple question:
Who says what in which channel to whom with what effect?(declassified in 1948)
If you found the right answers to each of the five elements of the question,then you could create effective propaganda unless, of course, too muchnoise unplanned static or distortion during the communication processresulted in the receiver receiving a different message than the sender sent.
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...bring the boys home.
For example, it wasdiscovered that Help winthe warwasnt the most
effective slogan to use forselling war bonds.
Appealed to men, but notwomen.
This led to the developmentof a more effective slogan:Help win the war andbring the boys home.
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The Shannon-Weaver Model
http://www.shkaminski.com/Classes/Handouts/Communication%20Models.htm#ClassicalCommunicationModels
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Schramms Model of Communication
Wilburn Schramm proposed this model in 1955
Considered to be the best of all the theories since it is evolved and comprehensive
http://www.shkaminski.com/Classes/Handouts/Communication%20Models.htm#ClassicalCommunicationModels
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Schramms Model of
Communication First stage one way
Emphasis on encoding process and source like that of Aristotle without anyrecognition for noise.
It too was a one-way direction of communication flow.
Second stage two way Emphasis shifted to the shared domain of experience of sender and receiver.
The sender has to take into consideration, according to this theory, the needsand abilities of the receiver, which he must be aware of due to sharedexperience, and thus the selects the right channel and at the same time encodesthe message in the way that can be understood by the receiver.
Here the communication process is understood to be a two-way flow.
Third stage - feedback Feedback was thought to be an essential element of communication system. In
this stage of Schramm's theory, the communication process encompassessender, receiver, good channel, proper encoding, proper decoding, andfeedback. The flow which ends with feedback starts immediately again to make acircular process.
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Berlo S-M-R-C Model
http://www.shkaminski.com/Classes/Handouts/Communication%20Models.htm#ClassicalCommunicationModels
When one is
attempting to convey
an emotionally
complex message,
the Berlo Model may
be the more
appropriate choice.http://www.uri.edu/artsci/lsc/Faculty/
Carson/508/03Website/Hayden/berlo
.html
Assignement
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Website designAristotles
Rhetorical principles (part 1) Ethos - ethos, from which we get the word "ethical," has to do with reputation or character, in
other words what other people think of us and whether they feel they can trust us. In terms of digital design, ethos or credibility is extremely important for you to keep in mind because online
trust determines whether people feel your site and its message are credible. Digital ethos can beconstructed by a number of factors, such as visual appeal, organized navigation, and rich informationcontent. Yet the ancient Greek word ethos also had another basic meaning, that of habitual gathering place,and in some regards, online ethos can also be seen as whether a designer has constructed a site to which
people can return again and again, or whether the site creates a sense of online community through userinteractions.
Logos - logos, from which we get the word "logical," concerns the logic and consistency of themessage being communicated. In other words, does the content of your site make sense and is it written in a consistent tone or style?
Consistency also becomes important in terms of overall site structure. A poorly organized site with visuallyconfusing pages can undermine the concept of logos, which in turn can reduce the site's overall ethos. For
Aristotle, all points of the rhetorical triangle were interrelated.
Pathos - pathos, from which we get the words "pathetic" and "empathy," deals with the emotions,specifically those of the audience. In classical rhetorical theory, playing on an audience's emotionswas seen as a primary vehicle of persuasion, but in more modern times, pathos has come tomean any rhetorical act that addresses audience expectations or information needs. In this regard, it is extremely important that you understand and analyze the audiences for your Web site,
anticipating their informational and navigational needs at every click of your site. That is why Jakob Nielsenand his colleague stress using concise, scannable text in all Web documents -- because that's the way mostWeb users read.
http://eserver.org/courses/f04/313/lessons/week2.html
Assignement
Assignement
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Website designAristotles
Rhetorical principles (part 2) In your first assignment for this class, due September 9th, you'll be asked to compose a rhetorical analysis of an
organizational Web site. In this analysis, you should examine all three points of the rhetorical triangle and how wellthe designers have addressed these three elements in their site design. In other words, you'll be discussing howthe designers constructed ethos, logos, and pathos.
Audience Analysis
Identification and analysis of your Web site's audience is perhaps the most crucial step you can take in the early
stages of your design process. Factors to examine in any audience analysis include:
Context in which the site is being read
User attitudes and motivations
Education and reading levels
Professional experience
Organizational role.
For general Internet use, your audience may be so broad as to defy description, but in most situations, you cangain a very detailed sense of who your audience members are and what their informational needs are.
In professional digital design firms, audience analysis and user testing are primary components of the designprocess and are conducted for many weeks before the first line of code is ever written. Why? Such testing helpsdesigners fashion both content and structure of the site in order to reduce the need for changes once the site isbeing constructed. Such user testing includes everything from focus group interviews to unsability studies in whichpeople navigate through prototype sections of a site and report problems they experience. As part of your Website proposal due March 28th, I expect you to include a fairly extensive analysis of who your audience is for yourproposed site.
http://eserver.org/courses/f04/313/lessons/week2.html
Assignement
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Process of
Communication
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Process of Communication
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Source
Why to communicate?
What to communicate?
Usefulness of the communication
Accuracy of the information to be communicated
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Encoding
The process of transferring the information you want tocommunicate into a form that can be sent and correctly decoded atthe other end.
Ability to convey the information.
Eliminate sources of confusion, e.g. cultural issues, mistakenassumptions, missing information, etc
Know your audience.
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Channels
Written Letters
Memos
Proposals
Reports
Presentations
E-mails
SMS text
Instant Messenging
Tweets
Verbal Meetings
Telephone conversations
Video conferencing
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Decoding
Effective decoding
Listen actively
Read information carefully
Ask questions for better understanding
Avoid/reduce confusion
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Receiver
Prior knowledge can influence the receivers
understanding of the message
Blockages in the receivers mind
The surrounding disturbances
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Feedback can be:
Verbal
Non-verbal
Written
Positive Negative
Feedback
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Context
The sender needs to communicate the contextto the receiver for better clarity in the overallcommunications process.
Situation e.g. introduction, sales pitch, conflict, an exam, etc.
Different cultures e.g. academic, corporate, international, regional, etc.
Language Location or place
e.g. restaurant, office, classroom, etc.
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Communication & the Organisation
Understanding communication process is critical to
management of the organization. Managers
should understand that communication is rarelyunderstood as it should be. The distortion of
the message can happen at any of the stages in
communication process-sender, receiver,
encoding, decoding, channel, message andfeedback.
Prof.Appalayya Meesala, Professor of Management in Deccan School of Management
http://ezinearticles.com/?expert=Dr.Appalayya_Meesala
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What makes a good
communicator?
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What makes a good
communicator?
http://science.uniserve.edu.au/projects/skills/jantrial/communication/communication.htm
OralPresentation
Audience Awareness
Critical Listening
Body Language
Non-VerbalAudience Awareness
Personal Presentation
Body Language
WrittenAcademic Writing
Revision and editing
Critical Reading
Presentation of Data
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An active listener
An effective presenter
A quick thinker
A win-win negotiator
We will be examining each of these areas in detail over the comingweeks
What makes a good communicator?
In other words...
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Active Listening
4 steps
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1. Understand your own
communication style
2. Listen With Purpose
3. Use non-verbal
communication
4. Give feedback
Active Listening
(in detail below)
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High level of self-awareness to creating good & long lasting impressionon others.
Understand how others perceive you
Avoid being a chamelon by changing with every personality you meet
Make others comfortable by selecting appropriate behavior that suitsyour personality while listening. (Ideally, nodding your head).
Active Listening
1) Understand your own
communication style
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People speak 100-175 words per minute but can listen intelligently at 300WPM
One part of human mind pays attention, so it is easy to go into mind drift
Listen with a purpose
Purpose can be to:
gain information
obtain directions
understand others
solve problems
share interest
see how another person feels
show support
etc.
If it is difficult to concentrate, repeat the speakers words in your mind
Active Listening
2) Listen With Purpose
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Eye contact
Smile
Gestures
Your posture
Cultural cues
Active Listening
3) Use Non-verbal Communication
(More on this momentarily...)
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Remember... what someone says and what we hear can be vastly
different
Repeat back or summarize to ensure that you understand
Restate what you think you heard and ask:
"Have I understood you correctly?"
Active Listening
4) Give Feedback
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Non-verbal
Communication Skills
6 Ways of Using Non-verbal
Communication Skills
Effectively
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6 Ways of Using Non-verbalCommunication SkillsEffectively
1. Eye contact
2. Facial expressions
3. Gestures
4.Posture and body orientation5. Proximity
6. Paralinguistic
Non-verbal Communication Skills
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Non-verbal communication
1) Eye Contact
The eyes are most expressive and direct part of our body.
Different types of eye contact:
Action Result
Direct eye contact Confidence
Looking downwards Listening carefully, guilt/shame
Single eyebrow raised Doubt, scepticism
Both eyebrows raised Admiring, encouragement
Bent eyebrows Sudden focus, intesity
Tears Emotional - joy or pain
and many more
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Smile constitutes the largest part of facial expression
Smiling is a powerful cue that transmits:
Happiness
Friendliness
Warmth
Liking
Affiliation
Non-verbal communication
2) Facial Expression
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Head nods, a form of gestures, communicate positive reinforcement
to students and indicate that you are listening.
A lively and animated communication style captures peoples'attention, makes the material more interesting, facilitates
understanding and provides a bit of entertainment.
If you fail to gesture while speaking, you may be perceived as boring,
stiff and unanimated.
Non-verbal communication
3) Gestures
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Non-verbal communication
4) Posture and Body Orientation
You communicate numerous messages by the way you walk, talk,stand and sit.
Standing erect, but not rigid, and leaning slightly forwardcommunicates to your audience that you are approachable,receptive and friendly.
Speaking with your back turned or looking at the floor or ceilingshould be avoided; it communicates disinterest to your audience
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Cultural norms dictate a comfortable distance forinteraction with audience
You should look for signals of discomfort causedby invading youraudiences space
Some of these are:
rocking
leg swinging
tapping gaze aversion
sitting back
clasping hands behind head
Non-verbal communication
5) Proximty
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Vocal elements, such as:
Tone
Pitch
Rhythm
Timbre
Loudness
Inflection
Non-verbal communication
6) Paralinguistic
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You have over630 muscles in your body.
It takes the interaction of 72 different muscles toproduce human speech.
The strongest muscle in your body is your tongue. use it effectively
Eye muscles are the busiest muscles in the body. Scientists estimate they move more than 100,000 times a
day.
You have over30 muscles in your face to help yousmile or frown. 17 muscles to smile
43 muscles frown
So... smile everytime you see someoneits easier!
Finally... some body Facts
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To sum up...
How Project Really Work
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http://www.projectcartoon.com/
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History of Communications
Aristotle
Rhetoric art of oration andpersuasion
1940s & post-World War II
Laswell
Shannon-Weaver
Schramm
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Process of Communication
1. Source
2. Encoding
3. Channel
4. Decoding
5. Receiver
6. Context
7. Feedback
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What makes a good
communicator?
http://science.uniserve.edu.au/projects/skills/jantrial/communication/communication.htm
OralPresentation
Audience Awareness
Critical Listening
Body Language
Non-VerbalAudience Awareness
Personal Presentation
Body Language
WrittenAcademic Writing
Revision and editing
Critical Reading
Presentation of Data
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To achieve Active Listening:
1. Understand your own communication style
2. Listen With Purpose
3. Use non-verbal communication
4. Give feedback
Active Listening
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6 Ways of Using Non-verbalCommunication SkillsEffectively
1. Eye contact
2. Facial expressions
3. Gestures
4. Posture and body orientation
5. Proximity
6. Paralinguistic
Non-verbal Communication Skills
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