L01 Historical Overview
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Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
What is Design?
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
Etymology & Grammar• Comes from Italian word disegno: drafting or drawing of
a work; or the idea at the root of a work.
• A noun and a verb.
“Design is to design a design to produce a design.”
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
According to the OSU Department of Design• Design is a purposeful, systematic,
and creative activity.
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
Fine Art vs. DesignThe primary motivation in:
• Art is usually oneself.
• Design is usually others.
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
Overview of Design History &
Contributions
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
The Real Beginnings• Stone tools created 2 million years B.C.
chopper hand axe scraper needle
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
Industrial Revolution• 1765-1880
• A shift from craft labor to mass production; workshops to factories.
• Mass production and interchangeable parts allowed design standardization.
• Steam engine.
• Mass production & Mass marketing.
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
The Steam Engine• James Watt
• 1765
• England
• Powered by steam: expanding and cooling water within a cylinder drove a piston up and down.
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
Mass Production• Cheap products, mass produced quickly.
• Poor quality.
• Many different styles: classical mythology, Baroque, Gothic, Romanesque, Renaissance.
• Lots of Ornamentation: machined lathed/band saw parts were interchangeable.
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
Steam Engine?
• Classical façade.
• Excessive Ornamentation
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
Toilet?• Reference to classical
mythology “Chimaera,” part lion.
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
Telephone?• 1888 on top
• 1914 on bottom
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
New Manufacturing Technologies
• Bent Beechwood
• Thonet, 1859 Chair No. 14
• Thonet, 1860Rocker
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
Mass Marketing• Josiah Wedgewood’s Pottery factory.
• Used old energy sources: horses, moving water; not steam; 1769.
• First to market to the middle class; pioneer of mass marketing; earthenware that was affordable, aesthetically pleasing, could take sudden changes in temperature; quick to produce.
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
Singer Sewing Machines
• 1850- Isaac Merritt Singer designs first in-line shuttle sewing machine.
• 1855- Singer becomes the world's largest sewing company. Singer begins overseas expansion, starting in Paris, France, making Singer the world’s first international company.
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
Installment Payments• 1856- Edward Clark, working for the Singer
Manufacturing Co., originates the “hire-purchase” plan, the prototype for all installment selling or time payment purchases.
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
World Fairs or Exhibitions
They provided an International marketplace, International competition, and exhibited the latest advancements in technology.
• London, 1851
• Paris, 1889
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
The Road to Modernism
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
Changing Aesthetics• Driven largely by new technologies in manufacturing and
materials.
• Steam bending wood
• Steel
• Glass
• Curvilinear vs. Rectilinear.
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
Curvilinear vs. Rectilinear
C. R. Mackintosh French Furniture Company
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
Curvilinear vs. Rectilinear
Henery van de Velde Frank Lloyd Wright
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
Frank Lloyd Wright• Guggenheim Museum
• New York, 1956
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
“Form follows function.”
• Louis Sullivan
• Chicago
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
Simplification & Abstraction
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
Perspective & Rationale
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
Corporate Identity• Peter Behrens
• AEG - Electrical Products Manufacturer
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
The Bauhaus• Founded in 1919 by
Walter Gropius
• Weimar, Dessau, Berlin
• Closed in 1933 due to the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany.
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
ConstructivismPropaganda & Social Messages
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
StreamliningTransportation, Future Forms, & Marketing
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
Evolution of a Chair
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
Red & Blue ChairGerrit Reitveld, 1918
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
Chair Marcel Breuer, 1921
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
Wassily Chair Marcel Breuer, 1925
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
Barcelona Chair Mies van der Rohe, 1929
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
Grand Comfort Lounge
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
Lounge Chair Wood Charles and Ray Eames, 1945
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
RAR RockerCharles and Ray Eames, 1948
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
Lounge Chair &
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
Tulip ChairEero Saarinen, 1956
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
Panton ChairVerner Panton, 1959
Design 200: Introduction to Design Department of DesignThe Ohio State University
That is about all we have time for.
Without taking another two hours to cover Scandinavien, Minimalism, Post Modernism, Deconstructivism...