KY NÄ.NG GIAN~ D~Y THA.NH THAO - MOT QUAN Nli;:M NHÄM THU I_IEP KHOANG CACH

GIÜA HAI D~NG MAU. LI Lu4.N

F. F. WUNEKT. F. W. SCIIKADER & A. HI':LMK!~

Vdi tl1 caeh la nha khoa h()c. neu khöng tv doi minh, nglröi

ta phai tinh wo xac nh~n ding möt the kl nghien cuu d<;lY

nghicm chung chi co tac th)ng döi chut V'd cai thien ft l'li doi

vai thvc tien nha tnröng.

d dö dä khong 1hieu nhli'ng no I"rc nh~rn nghien cuu cae

lu~t tarn Ii hl)C - SI1 ph<;tm cua vicc d<,lY Vcl hoc. va sV dl,mg

nhli'ng nhftn thuc thu dl1l,:!'c nham l<;lo C(1 st'1 khoa hoc V<l 16i

I1U hoa gi('j h()c. lam cho dien bien d<.lY hl)C thvc sV trö thanh

>"11at philt diern v,) d6i tl1(.mg cua c;Je nghien cuu nghi(:rn chL"rng

de phan tlch nhli'ng tfnh yuy tiic co kh"l nilng tting YUi.lt höa

cun cac yua trinh d<,l Y - h~)e nhl1 nhli'ng sV tl(()ng tac giao

vien hoc sinh. hOZlC yuan seit V'd danh giei cHe thv nghicm

Gii cüch SI1 phiJm dc ce) 1hc mo w cac lien he gili'a m()t thvc

tc nha truöng dä doi thay V'd nhU'ng bien dt)i tmng hanh vi,

tr~li nghicm, h()c va hanh cua hoc sinh. Tuy nhien, ket yua thu

du("!c cua cac nl) I"rc If lufm nghit)m chung day an tu~ng

v5n cc'm n1t k.hicm ton, neu ngl1t'ii ta lay 1<,1i fch phu hl,1p

vai thl1c tien cöng tae khoa h()e lam thuöe do danh gia.

Doi vöi ngl1öi giao vicn, th~t that vqng V'd th~lm chi bi xuc

khi BLOOM nha t trI vai nhicu nha khoC) hqe khac tang

ket. coi ket yua nghien evu tam If h(}e su ph<;lm ha th~p ky

la "Cac lap kin. cac nho. giC1 yua vö luycn, cac

463

phvC1ng tiQn nghe nhin, bao can, thc'1O luön, tai liGU minh chung, vi~c d<;ly hoc thco nhom, d<;ly h(}c chv(mg trlnh hoa, cac hinh

thvc giang d~lY dung uy tfn hay khöng dung uy tfn v.v ... tat dl

d~u co ve nhv hj cac phvcsng phap co hieu qua nhv nhau,

deu co the giup hoc sinh tiep thu dV<,.iC nhicu hein cac lh6ng tin Vd cac kl nang dein gian" (1966, 21

Nhieu nha thl!c lien sV ph<;lm da phan vng l()i bang SI! hoai

nghi, pho mi)c hay phe\n d{ii quyet lit;t d6i V<1i khoang ci:lch

bi~t hien nhien gifra dai hoi vc uy tfn cua cck y kien khoa

hoc Vd tfnh dung t1,lC Vd mau thuän cua cac nh;)n thvc khoa

hoc. Tv do, m<')t so Idn trong hq da LI! th6a män trong viec

chuc giCi hoc, Ln') l(Ji vdi nhön thvc Y<:l kinh nghicm ca nhan,

mOl SO lhi lheo duai Cclc h~)c thuyet sV ph<;lm bat khl.i xam

ph<;l m Vd l()o thanh nhfrng cöng d6ng khep kin cua cac tin d{)

Vd c,ic nha thong thai m'ra vüi, trong khi nhfrng ngv(1i khac 1<;1 i

nhfrng biCu hien du dl!, that v()ng va cam chiu. Tat 0:-1 nhfrng

ngvtri do deu mat di nicm tin la khoa hqc nghicm chvng co

the cung cap cho hO djnh hvdng If lu~n cung nhv SI! tn1

giup tht!c tien d6i vÖ'i cong viQc giang d<;ly hang ngay.

Nhvng, cac ket qU{l gay lhul v()ng cua viec nghicn cuu di:;ly

hoc kh6ng chi da lam thay d()i m6i quan hc gifra nha tht!c

lien d(Ji vai khoa hqc ma ca m6i quan hc cua nha khoa hoc

d6i vai lht!c tien Y<:l d6i vÖ'i viGc nghicn cuu cua beln than. SI!

nghi ngCi cua cac nha tarn 11 h,)c Vd cac nha khoa h<)c giao

d1,lc vc gia tri 11 lu;)n va IQi fch lhl!c lien CLJa cac ket qua lhu

dV<;:Ic bang kinh nghicm, d;)c bict (1 ph(~m vi ticng Dd-c, da

dV<;Jc tiep nh~n khöng phai nhv st! thach thvc khoa h()C co

tfnh klch thfch ma dVQc nhieu ngvüi tra lai bang viec thay dai

m<)t dich thieu suy nghl djnh hvong chi di:;lo nghicn CVu. Doi

464

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khi, viec nay dien ra th6ng qua st! quay trC1 la i .nghicn cvu CO

ban phan tlch vi m6 tach biet. ma Unh hieu Il!c vc möi sinh

Vd d\ vc thl!e lien dai vöi giü hoc chae se rat h"m che. Nöi

chung, gia tri cua viec nghicn CVu hvdng vao quy lu~t dai vai

viec gi3i thfch tel i Vu hoa cac dicu l}icn, hien tVQng Vd anh

hvCing cua gio h,)c thvl1ng bj phu nh~n nhicu hC1n. Cl day,

ngvoi ta thvöng vien dän tfnh phLi'c h0P cua dien bien trong

lap hoc, SI! dan xcn Y<:1 C(1 d(mg cua cac yeu to, Il!c lve}ng Vd

hoan canh, wo nen gio hoc tai mLi'c chi rieng cac phvC1ng phap

dien giai dvong nhv cung da dv('Jc chap nh~n nhv la cac

phl1eing phap khoa hoc. Khong phai luc nao nhfrng ngvoi d<;!i

di~n cho me)t quan dicm nhv v~y cung phan biet dV<;JC gifra

phcp rul ge)n can thiet trong Vi9C hinh thanh mc,)i If lu~n khoa

hqc vdi vi~c cat xcn hicn lV<Jng khong thc chap nh.;ln dV<;1C,

nhv vi~c phan llch hien tv,ing trong nhieu nghien cvu

nghi~m chvng.

Nhv vay, cho tdi nay, dieu dö thvöng d§.n den nhfrng cUQc

tmnh cai ft cö kcl qua gifra cac d':li dien cua m(lt quan nit;m

khoa hqc hi9n tV(i'ng h,,)c - di6n gi3i nhv vay Vd cua quan

diem khoa h()c phan tfch hvöng VdO quy luat chu khang dän

den sI! lien kct ce) h() thang Cel hai phve1ng phap trong ph~lm

vi mc)t quan ni()m nghicn CUll sang t6.

Dieu d(ic bi()l nlii b;)v Ci duy la sI! hap d§.n an quan sal

(Vd vc nguycn t.äc cung dang hoan nghcnh) cua lhl!c li6n sV

ph<;!m hi()n dang tac dQng tdi nhicu nha khoa hqc. Tuy nhicn,

Vi9C nay nhicu khi li:;li gan lien vöi nguy cO vo hit;u hoa tv

If 11Ifln cua nhfrng ngv(li nghicn cvu qua vi()c mö tä hanh dc)ng

tht!c ti6n cua nhfrng ngvCii d<;!y. Nhfrng quan niGm kh.:ic nhau

cua vi()c nghicn cvu hanh dang trong tarn If hoc cua clic nghicn

465

..,

ct1u lru'Cmg h(1P su phym dien hlnh va CLW khao ct1u If lu~n chu quan CUä cuc gino vien nhu Icl co' S<'1 cho chuU'ng lrinh

dao Wo hudng velo th\fc lien cüng khong tnlnh khöi cUc vdn

de nhu v~y,

Tl! nhfrng La cö lhe th\fc s\f

trong dl;1i eac ket qua dap t1ng nhfrng doi höi thu nh<)n nMn

fch th\fc lien, hay fl ra cüng th\fc hiGn

ticu ehuän da neu d phan eu6i mQt cach t6t hlm so v6i

eiie nghicn ct1u d<:! y hoc truyen lhong hay khöng ? Nguai ta

dul;1C ph6p, th~m chi con dutJc \40 dieu ki~n de nghi nga

Nhu v~y, m<)t cau h6i dul;1C d()t ra mot c<lch dt1t khmit la

liGu Unh hlnh tram tnmg cua tam If hoc d9y - h()c

dul;1c cai lhien. th<)m chi du(;l'C khac phl.,lc btii nhfrng nt) l\fc

trong khoa hoc hay khöng. De lam viGc nay da ce) hang

t quan diem ma tmng d6, d(~ng mi'iu qua trinh - san

kinh dien cua viGc nghicn ct1u däy he)c If giili thanh tieh

hoc t<)p cua hoc sinh nhu la kcl qUil lr\fc liep cua cac qWl

trlnh d<;ly - h(w lhöng qua su luu y 111i cac nhf'ln tht1c cua giao

vicn. C<lC nh::)n lht1c cua hqc sinh. cac tU(mg lac xii

ngu(1i d<;ly Vll. nguöi h<.1C Vd dieu kiGn hoan ainh khac

16p hqc da dul;1c me1 rong (xcm chlmg han TREIBER &

WEINERT, 1985).

cöng nay cua qua lrlnh

da chieu cac moi lien hG lhanh lich d<;ly - ht)c

thco cht1c nang, gun day, cUc quan d iem nhln thay (j nang l\fc

tmng giö htW cua giao vien chla khöa li lu~n quan trong nhat

de giai thfch kel qua d<;ly h(1C dang co st1c hap dän

hoc. Thay vl cUc d~c diem C(1 ban cua vir;'c Kic'mg

pham chal pht1c hl1p cua nguäi d(IY n~m li trung tam cua S\f quan tam nghien ct1u.

466

C(1 S<'1 miy VI thc

da de c~p nhJt~u non ~dU LI U~ ~Ua Lien de nh::)n lht1c LUI

ClI(l h':mh d()ng tmng giÖ' day cua giau vien so vdi cht1c nang

cu<! cac dac diem hclnh vi ricng 16 cua hq d6i vdi su dieu

khicn vi<$c hoc.

Nhu v~y, hiGn dang cö hai quan niGm d6i laD v6i nhau. dä

nhiCu lan co the nöi thay nhrw nam Vlli lra

sli gan däy cua m If h()C su ph<;lm. STOLUROW (1964) dä

neu Icn cac quan diem If lu~n khae nhau va cac h<$ qua co

the rut ra tlr dö doi v6i viec hoe d()y hoc mOl cuch co co sd

khoa h(1C b~ng mOl phuong an l\fa ch<:m noi lieng : "Mo hlnh

nguai giao vicn gi6i hay lam chu m6 hlnh giang d<;ly '!". Nhfrng

khuc bi(:l gifra hai quan dicm la rat rö rang: Ncu viGc giang

d<;ly dut,1C hieu nhu la ngh(: lhu::)l hay ki na pht1c hl1D thl sc

la vt) nghi<l neu muon ct) InD cac t C(1 b,)n va

hanh vi c() kct qU;1 cua girio phi! n t fch th\fc

ket linh hm)t va phl.,l

I~ i IIJn nhau cua hanh d6ng lrong gi() hoc, de sau

d6 lhtmg qua vi<';<: truyen lhl.,l cac lf thuYCl gian dtm höa kieu

dö va Cile m()- dun hunh vi dut,jc trlnh bay trong dö. t;lo kha

nang cho giuo viC:n giilng d.)y mtü cuch hiGu qUil h(m.

dicu d<,). ngut'1i ta ncn djnh hu(~ng thco m6 hlnh

bi)c th5y" thc1nh c()ng. Nhiln cach cua

cua h(l VJ hanh VI cua dl.,lng nhu la co

sli va nhCrng If thuyet bao trum, VJ nhu la cae

can noi thco doi Vt1i nic sinh vicn su ph<;lm.

Bien lhe m6i nhal cua quan niGm m)y xcm giao vicn nh:.r la

chuycn gia gi<ing d;)y Vc1 chiu anh hu<'1ng rat nhieu bdi d<;lng

mä u chuycn gia ngu('1i mdi velo nghc d u~fc xii y d\fng trong

ta m If hoc nhan tht1c.

467

....

Trai I~i, neu ngv6i La nhin thay ä viec giang d9y Sif v~n dvng cua m(lt khoa hQc th6ng qua C~lc mCii lien h<;: chlic nang

giUa öic qua Lrlnh d~y va hc)C, Lhi qua nghicn cliu

chling cö thc tim ra quy lu~L va trlnh bay 0 d~ng cac Ii Lhuyet theo dinh hvJ'ng phän tieh. Sif hicu biet mo 111 tvang

chling cho phep giao vien co thc tiep

dV<jc Vd vdi Sif h6 tm cua cac ehvang trlnh thu tvc hoa

chuycn thanh cae ki näng sV ph~m. Bang cach nay, ve nguycn

tae, ai ai cüng eö thc hoc d9 y hoc mOL cach eö ket qua.

Dvdi day, ehling tai sc lrlnh bay ngan g<.m hi<;:n tr<;ing nghien

eliu vc khai ni~m ngvÜ'i giao vien b~c thay Vd

giang d~y chung, va tiep do, co gang chi ra ulm quan trong

cua viec ket h<jp hai quan ni<;m If lua.n miy vdi nhau. Tren ca SO ket qua nghi<;m ehling cua ban Lhiln, chling lai cö cel

de gia thiet ding tuy co thc xac dinh d!;}c dicm cua cac

vien gi6i qua m(H so dicu ki(:n can Lhiet ve nh~n Lhlic

nhvng dong thÜ'i vdn co nhieu m<1u dicu ki(:n du t<,lo cho vi<;c giang d9 y thanh cöng.

1. Khai ni?m nguäi giaa vüJn nhu ta chuyen gia lrong

Khai nicm ngviJ' i gicio vien - böc Lhay theo dinh nghia khoa

hoc hi~n d 9 i cua n6 bat nguon tu cac nghien cliu sI! hicu

biet cua cac chuyen gia 0 11nh Vt!c cv thc khac nhau nhv

vua, v~ t Iy, tin h<)c, quang luyen hoc, kinh te h<,1c Vd cäc

hoc xii hOi (CHI, FELTOVICH & GLASER, 1981 ; CHI,

GLASER & REES 1982 ; DE GROOT, 1965 ; LARKIN,

McDEMOTT SIMON & SIMON, 1980 ; LESGOLD, 1984).

NhÜ'ng nghien cliu tren ca s6 d~ng m<1u nha chuycn gia _

ngviJ'i mdi y;io nghc dii chling t6 mOt cach thuyet phve rang

nhÜ'ng thanh tfch xuat sac It nang lifC

468

chung Ö trlnh dö cm) so vüi vi<;c e6 dVt)e sI! hicu biet ehuyen

t ve n()i dung. Ö day khöng pht'ti IV(fng tri Lhlic la quyct

nh ma ltl cha t IVt,Jng cua n6 ; ngh [Cl la SI! thC hi(:n vc m<)L

tri Ivc, Sif La ehlic cö lhli o.;tc va kM nüng tiep ci;ln linh ho~l.

NhÜ'ng nghien cliu d6i chieu vc nhÜ'ng ngvöi mai vao nghc va

cac chuyen gia ä nhicu IInh VtfC ev 'thc khac nhau da chi m

rang vi<;:c tiep thu m()t C(l sä hicu biet phong phli mang

d~c thu thco Iinh Vtfc vc nguyen tae can den h<1n 10 nlim dao

190 chuyen sau khang thc chi dien rd qua vi(:c hoc töp kicu

ca bhng viec hqc qua hfmh döng. Ta

thc xac dinh ky nang hlnh Lhanh (1 dö nhv sau: Cäc chuycn

gia tri giac cac ünh huong khac vc1i nhÜ'ng ngvüi mdi vao nghe.

Hl) khang danh gia van de theo cae di,ie dicm be ngoai, ma

I,) tren e(j s{f cac khfa c<;Inh ca Mn, cö cau truc Vd dc1ng th<'1i

phu ht,1p vdi gi<li phap. He) co nhicu nct thöi qucn dv(.1C

d0ng höa cho phcp tri nhd cl'mg viGe hot;lt d(lng dVt,1C de dang.

Qua do, h() cO kha nam! thvC1ng xuvcn giam saL hi'mh döng

cua Lrung V<:lo tiep Lhu Cck thang

mai Vd tr<'1 nen can thiet tU d6.

Tae dung hiGu qua eua quan diC:m nghicn cliu nay hiCn

nhien eho thay cung can ph{li kiem tm I~li cac gi{\ thiet CO ban

CU" d~ng m<1u nay Ccl trong Iinh Vtfc giang

(BERLINER; 1986, 1987 ; BROMME, 1987 ; CARTER, SABERS,

CUSHING, PINNE GAR & BERLINER, 1987 ; LEINHARDT,

1983b, 1983c ; PETERSON & COMEAUX, 1987 ; PETERSON,

PENNEMA & CARPENTER, dang in). Y lvong trung tarn cua

m~m nay rdt dan gian : Trvac lien nhi;ln d'.;mg ngvC1i giao

vü~n - b~c thay ; quan sat va phan tfch cac nang Il!c d<)c bit;l

cua ho ; tiep thco, sv dvng sI! hicu biet nay nhv In ngu(ln

469

thöng tin va m(l hinh tnrc quan de day vi(:c d<;ly h()c. Mllc tieu

chfnh cua cck nghicn cVu tvong vng la phän tfch cac cau truc

nhi;!n thvc l(;lo nen ncn t{\ng cua ky nüng thuan thllc cua ngvtji

gian vien. Cac kct quü cua nhvng nghien cVu nghi~m chvng

co dV,,1C vc van de nay la nhat quan va gay nen an tvqng

m<;lnh mC:. Chong cho thay cac chuyen gia gi{mg d<;ly ce) ket

qua hl1n nhvng ngvCii mai VaG nghe 121 VI sau va nhv the nao.

Ly do quan trong nha t 121 hQ Cl) the SV dllng dV(ic Sll' hieu

biet phong pho va dung Sll' hicu biet nay trong cac quyet djnh

co ca n nhac va cac th6i quen ha nh dong linh h()(~ t mot cach

Cl) hi(:u qua (LEINHARDT & GREENO, 1986 ; LEINHARDT &

SMITH, 1985 ; LEINHARDT, WEIDMAN & HAMMOND, 1(87).

Hai IInh Vl/C tri thvc cua ngvüi giao vien chvng tö 121 d;;lC bi(:t

quan tr"mg (1 day (BERLINER 1986 ; LEINHARDT & GR~ENO,

1(86) : Mot mi;it 121 ph{\i c() Sl/ hieu biet chuyen mCm de giang

d<;ly, ttic la cau truc quan ni(:m, cclc mllC tieu chv(1ng trinh

gi{\ ng d<;l y va cac nhi(:m vu h(lC ti;! P quan tn.mg cua lInh vVc

tri thvc can dV(1C d<;ly, Nhvng cv li(:u thu dv()c cua nhicu

nghien cVu chi ra dmg cc\c chuyen gia hoiln tuan cö sll' hicu

biet chuyen mCm phlmL_ pho h(1n, dV(1C tC) chvc t<,h h(1n v<'l de

tiep C(IO hl1n 1<'1 nhvng ngv(ji mdi viln nghc. Tuy nhien, nhvng

sll' chenh I(:ch giva cac chuyen gia cung rat kin.

(GUDMUNDSDOTTIR & SHULMAN, 1987 ; HASHWEH, 19R7;

LEINHARDT & SMITH, 1(85).

M;;it khac. ocn c<;lnh sll' hicu biet vc nhvng gi can dV,,1c d<;ly,

.\u hü!u hiet ve \;[fe pfuii day nhu the nrlo, cung dung mot vai

trö trung tarn. d day. ngvCii ta chvng minh va phan tfch vi(:c

cac chuyen gia va nhvng ngvüi mÖ'i vao nghc chuan bj khac

nhau ra sao cho giö Jen Idp cua mlnh, h() mac sai söt, phan

170

ting v6i CC\c Unh huong khtmg tr(mg d(Ji, da t den cilc mllc tieu

d<;ly h()c va tiep dö, giüi thfch cac quyet dinh vil hanh döng

cua minh nhv the nao (LEINHARDT, 198~c; LEINHARDT,

1986b ; LEINHARDT & GREENO, 1(86).

Tang ket J<;li, Cl) the xac djnh ba .d$c dicm cua ngv(ji gian

vien bi;!c thay tren C(1 S(1 cac nghien CVu n<'ly :

a) Chuyen gia 121 mot ngv(\i cö SV hieu biet phong pho, r(l

nlng trcn lInh Vl/C d<.lY hqc, khöng giong vdi nhicu ngvCii 121

nhvng ngv<.\i giang d<;ly tr6 cm tren c(1 sL'i cac kinh nghi(:m

ca nhan va hicu biet tnrc giac.

b) Sll' hieu biet cu tfnh mo ~1 Vd thu tllC nay l(;ln cho cac

chuycn gia kha nüng gic\i quyet cac nhi(:m VlJ va giai dap cac

van de trong giü h"lC ma nhting ngvöi mÖ'i vao nghe khCmg co

hoi;ic ft C<1 kh~\ nüng nhv v<':ly de 121m dieu dö. Ngv(\i giao vien

- b;)c thay nöi chung, tren C(1 sÖ hieu biet Vu vi(:t cua mlnh,

C<1 kha nang giang d<;ly tot hon, hi(:u qu~\ h(1n, bien höa h(1n,

linh hO<;l t hl1n va tha nh cong h(1n 1<'1 nhvng ngv(ji khCmg C<1 tri

thvc chuyen biGt ve IInh vll'c nay.

c) Vi(:c tiep thu ky näng thufin thuc nay d()i höi mClt sV

dan Wo chuyen mon, yeu diu nhicu thCii gian va khong the

bu dap bang cac n() Ill'c ngan h<;ln dv(."$c.

Tuy nhien, cac ket qu{\ nghi(:m chvng da chi ra ding, trai

vdi möt gÜl thiet Cl1 bün ve d<.lng mau cac chuyen gia - nhting

ngvCii mÖ'i VdO nghc, ky nüng thuan thllc cua giao vien khöng

thc dV,,1C nhin nhi;ln nhv li1 mot harn so tuyen tfnh cua thöi

gian tiep thco tri thvc va kinh nghi(:m. Thay cho dieu d6, co

the quan sat dVQc cac quan h(: d<;lng dvüng cnng tuyen tfnh

gitia be dfiy ho<.l t dong nghc nghi(:p va hi(:u quü giCi hoc. Tfnh

471

hleu qW'1 va tMnh cCmg cua vil)c giimg dlJY tang Jen twng

nhÜ'ng nZlm dau vao ngh6, sau do dU'ng IQ-i \/() tiep thco 1<) giilm

di, cö thc la h(lU qW1 cua qua trlnh suy ki~t ("buming out")

vc phfa giao vicn \HARNES, 1985), Hil;:n nay di6u chlta rö,

nhung l~li la m(H van de thu vi CLIa nghi.cn cliu trong tuo'ng

la li~u viQc tiep thu ky nang thuCin thl,1c cua gi<lo vicn co

tuan theo cac quy Lac thöi gian khac nhu la cac quy laC thang

thuöng khöng, li~u vil;:c xtr If CClc kinh nghi~m gic'mg d~y h,)ng

ngay co bj trt1 ng,) i dudi nhli'ng dieu ki~n licn h~ ngu{)c thuong

thay cua Idp he)c hay kh6ng, hay liGu cac tn'1 nglJ i, nhli'ng bau

hela ve tarn I[ va sv mat d(mg Jvc tueJng doi sdm trong butic

duiing nghc nghi~p ce) dm tn'1 vi~c tiep thu \/(1 str dl,1ng sv

hieu biet dla chuycn gia hay kh6ng.

Do cung liJ If do CO b~m khien cho khi dinh nghla ky nang

thw1n thl,1c cua giao vicn, thöi gian thuan tuy cua kinh nghiQm

nghe nghi~p kh6ng dU(1C Juu y llJ'i. Tnii I<~ i, nguöi La nhln nh(m

chuycn gia la nhli'ng gi<io vicn di vi the cau trong cac dC)ng

nghiGP cua mlnh, cö nhÜ'ng thünh cöng to ltin twng d<;ty hqc

va cö nhÜ'ng nang Ivc dac hil;:t khi giili quyet cac van de su

ph()m hay Iy lu~n day h()e khö khan (BERLINER, 1986,

LEINHARDT, 1986).

Rö rang la ca cac nha tklm If hqc su ph~m Iltn cac sinh vien

su pham deli cö the hl)C h()i nhieu dieu tU' eck nghicn cliu v6

nguöi gicio vicn h,)c thay (BERLINJ<~R, 1986). Qua nhli'ng so

scinh ce) hl;: thong gili'a CclC chuycn gia VJ nhfrng nguoi m6'i vao

ngh6, c3C nhü khoa hoc c() thc tUt m nhÜ'ng ket lui;in duQ'C Ir

i ve 1I Iwln la phäi tiep thu va Ct1 dut;jc su hieu biet chuyen

hil;:t nao de c() thc giilng d4;ly mC)l cach thimh cong. Ccic nhi'l

tl1l/c ti6n, thCmg qua vil;:c quan s,ll cuc gi<io vicn b~c tMy, din

'72

eö khü n~lng m{) phe'mg khu6n m~lU hanh vi khCmg dln phan

tfch kf heJn vü thu nh,)n nhu la eae mödun cua e(1 se't hh:u hiet

ca nhän VdO von nzmg luc gi;mg dlJY cua h,\n than.

Tuy nhicn dieu nay cho töi nay vt"m 1<'.1 nhÜ'ng hi V(,mg bil;:n

If h(1n la nhÜ'ng sV thf)t da chling minh. Chung ta cön chua

biet nhÜ'ng ngu() i mtii vao nghc tiep thu tri thlic mang d~e tho

Iinh vuc rd sao de cr) thc tn'1 thanh chuycn gia. Co ph{li m6i

ngu(1i deu c6 the phat trien thanh chuycn gin hay la co nhÜ'ng

thieu hl,lt ve nang khieu vi! kha nang lam ch~m, gay kho khan

hay thöm chI, can tn'1 hoan toan con dlftlng tn'1 thanh ngutli

giao vicn bac thay hay khtmg? Doi vöi nhÜ'ng ticu ehuan khac

nhau cun gü) h()c thanh cong, VI dl,l nhu nang cau thünh tich.

umg dCmg C(1 hl)C t$p, khuyen khfch hanh dong LV lüp cua Iwc

sinh, lil;:u cö sV hieu biet su ph<;tm khac nhau va cac hOlJt dtmg

trcn c(1 st'1 hieu biet khclC nhau cua giclo vicn hay kh6ng ? BJ:\ng

cach mlo ma nhÜ'ng nguüi möi VdO ngh6 1~1i cö the hqe tot

nhat tU' cac giao vicn b(lC thfiy - qua quan sat ce') suy xci, qua

t ChUlk, nhe) vil;:c xay dvng cö hl;: thong tri thlic m6 ta va

thu tl,1C hay b~ng sV ket hl1p cac phUl1ng phap h{)c U~p dö

nhau ')

2. Y ni~m ve m()t mö hinh giang d~y chung

Neu nhu trong nghicn cliu ve ngl(l)i thay - b(lc thay, tn,mg tarn cun van de la viQc nguöi giao vien ph;li C{) nhÜ'ng nüng

Ivc de giang d~lY thanh cong, thl nhfrng nghicn cuu ve vil;:c giang d~y cö ket qua cö ml,1c ticu 1.1 phan lIeh nhÜ'ng d~c dicm quan tnmg cua vll;:C giang d<;ly dc t,w rd anh hue'1ng dCli

viQc hC,lC. Trong qua khu, khi phan tfch, nguöi La da luu y tai hang tram hien so ricng 16 thoat nhln, cac kct qU{1 lhu du{.1c duong nhu khong lam cho nwi ngl(öi phan kh<':li (xcm. chäng han BROPHY, 1979, 1986, BROPHY & GOOD, 1986 ;

473

DUNKIN & BIDDLE. 1(74). Dieu d!') dl1<,ic khtwg djnh beii cac sieu phan tfch th{)ng kc, trong dö. cac cu liGu cua nhieu nghien cuu da xuElt h,'m dl1(1C ttlng h(,ip l<;li (FRASER, WALBERD, WELCH & HATTIE, 191:)7 ; xcm WALBERG, 191:)6).

ng 1 chi rö SI1 Lac d()ng cua cac hien s6 giang dav t<'li lhanh tleh hoc t~p yeu nhl1 the nao.

Bang 1 : Tang quan ve 111(>t vai yeu t6 quyet d~nh thanh tich hqc t~p (Theo Fraser va eae tae gia, 1987)

S6 cac~ S6 hiQng Yeu t6 I eöng tdnh eae m6i

nghien eti:u quan M ~~-- ~

254] ~ 6352 hoa pMp hHang dan

.07 Gio hge ed may Hnh ht) trq

467 630 566 .15

Cae M th6ng giao vien 557

,25 ph\! d::t0 ViQc hqe d::tt Ill\1C tieu

125218

,25 Cac bai t~p ve nha

104106 44 110 .21

Cac phltdng tiQn th6ng tin ,14 hl1ang dan Cung co

657 4421

139 .49 HHang dan sl1a sai

76 97 14(,

Olc phl1cl'ng phap gi{lng day noi tieng nhl1 ca thc hoa giö

hqc dl1(W h() ln,i hang m<iy tlnh. sv dvng phl1(1ng tien

thtmg tin hay cac hinh thuc phl1Cl'ng phap giL'mg d<;ly khäc nhau

dä chung t6 la tl1(l'ng doi kh6ng cö hi(;u qua, neu moi quan

h~ cua chung vdi cac lieu chuan ve lMnh lfeh h()c l~p dl1(iC

xcm xct hiGl I~p v(1i hOi c<1nh. TrI1r1c khi danh dic ket qua

v<)y la kh6ng th('m miln ve m~,j t 1I luün va khc)ng thc sv

dvng dl1(W ve mOt thvc tien. thl nguöi ta van phüi suy nghl ki

ve chfit 111(ing CU<l h()c c6 thc thvc sv ünh hl1(ing

nao t6i thanh lfch h~)c l;)p. Ö nhÜ'ng su khc'ic hi(:l giÜ'a CclC

cä nhc1n tucing dc)i t)n dinh ve cac lien de h()c l~p. ve cac

kien thuc vC)n ce) tV trl1(1c vü ve CclC lh6i qucn lam

Vl~C cua h()c sinh. thi ngay LV dau ph<ii th,lY ,'lOh hl1t'ing clHI

Sl( hl1<'1ng diln sc la h<;ln che. Ngoai ra. mt)t bien s() ve giimg

di;ly khtmg Läc dtmg täch bi(:t töi vi(:c hoc CU<l tre cm. ma luön

nhl1 la th,'mh ph,) n cua mö t h inh mfl u gii:1 ng d,) y phüc h(ip vü

phv thut)c vao cac d(IC dicm cua h()c sinh. Dieu mlY dl1,iC

chung minh sau dc1y qua mtJt s{) VI dV.

Ö düy, chung ttJi tn'i I;'Ji mol sC) cu li(:u nghi(:m chüng LV

nghicn cuu ma chung l()i da lien hanh ('i Munich. Day lü möt

ctmg trlnh nghien c(tu be) d(,)c v6 sv ph,ll lricn thünh tfch lrong

mtln lo<in va ve Sl( ph,h trien möt sC) di;li lucing lU(ing quan

lhanh lich ve d(mg c<1 va cam xuc quan tnlOg phv lhU()c vao

chat 111(1ng gi<'i h(}c <'1 dc ldp 5 v;l 6 (xcm WEINgRT &

HELMKE, 19H7a)

Viel' RiänR d(lY trong n!tünR (helt kit1n hoc tap e6 cdm X/Ic

kh(mg thl/an /(7i Clia hoc sinh ce) the e(} ({/c d(jng hL1 Irtf. Rt)

rüng la nhÜ'ng kh8c hi(:t vc d(mg C(i anh hl1t'mg ldi thi'lnh lfch

h(lC t~p cua lwc sinh. Tuy v~y, 8nh hl1ling nay l<;Ii cang fl di.

neu gJao Vlcn ng kicm tra, hl) tn.,) ha nh vi clia hqc sinh nhieu

hon va hu (<;li LrlfC tiep nhÜ'ng thieu hvt ve thanh lieh. Chung

t6 i da ce) thc chung minh m6 t h inh mc1 u ke t qua tl1Cing ung

vdi cac ki wng 1:9 lu~n nüy. Hlnh I minh h()a chocac cu liGu

thu d LfC;ic.

174 475

H.l KM nang dl! doan (H$ so xac R2) thanh tich hQc

sinh qua quan ni$m ve ban thän va SI! 10 Hing tai thanh tlch cua hoc sinh ph\! thuQc vao t{in so nhung liin tiep xuc ca the hoa cua giao vi€m (theo WEINERT & HELMKE, 1987a)

R2

.40

.35 Quan nicm ve ban Ihiin

.30

.25 so va ihClfIh lieh

20

1"

05

Thiip Trung binh Cao

N = 192 N 198 N == 226

Tan s6 nhung lan tiep xuc ca the hoa cua giao vien.

Giuo vlen hC1 ln,1 V\(,:c h()c clla h~lC sinh lhtmg qua nhÜ'ng p xuc d lhc hoa dik biGl lrong khi him vi(:c y[:n l~ng dmg

nhicu lhl thanh tfch hlJC l0p ng fl bj quyel djnh bai nhfrng kh;'ic biCl vc döng (XL Dicu mlY l<lt nhicn chi cö thc dung doi

cac khfa canh dCmg Cl1 quan lrqng d6i v(i'i viec duy tri dic hO~lt dtmg hc.lc t(lp, di.ic bi(':l dtii v(1i h() dang C(1 ve thilnh MOt thünh t6 b(l ph(m quan trong cua hc d(mg co' vc thü lieh, vi0c tl! quan niGm vc nüng Il!e b{m th;) n lü cei s<'1 eho cae ph;) n l fch eua chu ng lt) i. Tra i l<;l i, ehÜe n[J ng bu tru cua SI!

476

giang di:)y, dung nhu mong <.h1i, kh6ng thc hi(:n a SI! 10 lang vc lhilnh lIch, ma tai d(i mU'c dö cua m(ii quan h(: (ticu cl!c)

thanh lieh h(lC ti;tp döc l~p v(i'i mU'c d() ca thc höa.

Tuy nhicn, HELMKE (191')I')b), tmng mt)t nghicn dru tx'1 ph",n khuc, dä co thc chi ra ri:ing ngay C<1 trong tntang hc.1p In S(J

vc thanh lich, müc dö twmg quan tiCOl cl!C vdi thünh tfch tCre la anh hUl'1ng gay tn1 ng~i deii vüi thanh lieh cua sI! 10 lilng vc thanh tich - I~li dlr~1c dicu Liet her i cac d;)c dicm

la khac) cua giö hQc.

Bang 2 : Cac tllong quan giUa sI! 10 hing ve thanh Hch va ket qua tra.c nghi$lll trong cac Idp co lll?t d(J giang d~y thap ho~c cao

d\!ng tri~t de thdi gian d~y hqe) va güi tri kleh thich thap

ho~c cao cua thanh Hch (theo HELMKE, 1988b) --~--------------------

M~t d(J giang d~y

Thap Cao

- 17 -.41Gia trt kleh thich Thap 1­-.43 -.54dla thi'mh Hch Cao

Neu nguÖ'i 111 yuan sat tx"in tU'(1ng quan <1 hang 2, thl tat ca dcu chi m mQl lU<ing quan licu cl!c giÜ'a vi0c 10 s(f trac nghii;:m va lhanh lieh trong m<)l trdc nghii;m {j mön tmln. Tuy nhicn mo i quan hi;: na y la thil p Vd khtmg cö y ngh ia thl!C lien <1 nhÜ'ng Iöp ma Wi dö th(1i gian giang d<:lY von co .t dlr~1c SU dt,mg tfeh cl!C, va dang lh/li <'1 do, gi<io vicn khöng danh gia qua eao y nghia th;?mh lfch h(,lc tap. Nhu vay, dö la nhÜ'ng Idp cC> m{/t khong khi thO~li mai. Du (j dö müc da 10 S(1 trac nghil;m khöng ft ht1n nhÜ'ng Idp khac, no vän co tae dang h<:ln

ehe thilnh tieh .t h(Jn.

Hi<}f{ qud giän!? d(lY phu lhll(k ä höa täi mlic näo (Jäi C(le auli lrinh hoc

vicc gldnK d(lY da hai Vtl e(ie van de huc

tilp cl..ia m(3i hoc sinh

477

Co nhllng bien s() giclng d<;lY Jam eho Vl(,:e h()c tr<'1 nen de dang hay thu~n \(.1 i nöi chung. Trong so nay c{) vil;:c tninh cac phicn nhieu, slr dl,mg lhlfc Slf lhüi gian gi:mg d;,1 y eho vii;e gi:\ i quyet nhii;m Vl,1 ht)e p va Slf lrlnh büy möt wi lieu mÖ'i cOng nhv ln\ I(Ji cae cau h<')i m()l euch rö NhÜ'ng d;;ic dicm nay eua vi(:e gi<ing lhlY thanh e6ng l~li khöng thc dWfC djnh möt cach de1n gi;\n nhv nhÜ'ng Slf khae hii;l gWa ceie gülo vicn, ma dm phl) lhu(lC vao thanh phtin eua h~)c. Dicu di;ic hi(:l quan trqng <'1 däy la lrlnh d() lrung binh cua nhÜ'ng kien thuc v(in co tu INde. Hlnh 2 cho thav dicu do.

Cac kien lhue von cö tu lNöe kh(mg chi (lOh hV('1ng m<;!

Slf phM tricn lhanh lich sau dö, ma cön lae d(mg ldi lfnh

rö 111ng m<;!ch l<;lc cua vi(:c gi{mg d~lY cOng nhv vi(:e Slr dl)ng

thdi gian gÜ1ng d<;ly, vil do dö. <lnh hv<'ing them, gian liep

tha nh tleh hqc l~ p.

Trong mai quan hi; nüy, dicu ng<)c nhien 1<1 :mh hV('mg cua

cae liep xuc h() In."! ca nhan cun giao vien tdi lhünh lfch l<;li tV(1ng doi fl.

Dicu nüy ding dung vÖ'i so lv(.mg cac chi dlln cau lrUe. ma qua dö, eac hO<;l! d(mg hl)e t~p eun h~)c sinh dV<.1c dicu khicn va llW dicu ki(:n de dAng tu ocn ngmli. Cac kct qu:\ lieu elfe nüy mü tho<;!l lien chug lai khang lin lam. dä d<) 1 m m()l gi{I

lhuyel lhu vi : Tae döng lfch ClfC cua hünh vi h() lr<."! va dicu eua möl giao vien phl) lhuöc vüo vii;c chi ddn dung dia

chi. tUc la giao vicn c() giup dü V<10 düng lhöi dicm vü thco caeh thue dung tLln hay khöng, khi eö m()l h()e sinh can

Nhvng de 1,Iin uV(5e vi(:c nüy, khöng chi can cö c,3c ki nang vc ly lu~n d<;ly hqc mü ca Slf nh<;ly cam vc chan doan nÜ'a. VI v~y, c(} lhc phtmg dmin rang anh hvang cun clic dicm U<;ly hqc neu phu thu6c VÜ() näng llfc chan doan cua gi1~() vien. Hlnh 3 chi m r.:Jng. dl./ doan nüy da dv(.1c kh{ing dinh nIELMKE & SCHRADER. 1987).

1l.2 : Anh hUdng tlfc1ng d6i cüa trlnh dQ kien thuc v6n co tu truck va cua chat luong gid h9C d6i vai th~:lllh tich trac nghi~m !an sau. (Mb hinh nhän qua trEm dip dQ löp, theo HELMKE. 1986)

IClnCj

CUCl

glo d:)y

/1 ~

'/ / I .- -- / I

( /.Kien tIlU)'~

co trube

-/ .1 (I ; I

! \.25

.55 .. 1 nam

I \

\

H.2

478 479

H.3 .' Kfit qua hQc t~p cua hQc sinh trong s1.f. ph1,l thuQc vao nang 11.f.C chan doan va cau trtic heia cua !?:iao vii'm (theo HELMKE & SCHRADER, 1987)

Ti l~ tang thanh tich tinh theo phan tram

20

15

10

5

o

~-

Cau truc held it

cao

Nnng lue chAn doiln

480

MOl kel qua lLMng tl! xual hi~n neu thay vi cac chi dan quan t[(mg dC,i vöi vii;c hqc t~p, nguoi ta xct nhÜ'ng Hin tiep

xUC ht) tn.1 ca nhan. Nhu vcTly. chi ce) Sl! kct hr1p nflng Il!C chan

doan cau vöi näng Il!c Ii lu~n d:;ly h(,)c cau l1 cac giao vicn

dän den nhÜ'ng lien I:x) lhanh lich rii 1 cao cua hoc sinh

trong nhicu trLfong h(.1p. Ngoai m, cac 'kcl qua cün chi rd mOL

xu the thu vi : Neu lhicu mc)t trong hai nflng Il!C can lhie1

nay, thi cac ket qua cua giö hoc sc 1hap hon so vdi khi ca nang Il!c nay cung 1hap. Neu nhu xu the kc1 qua nay dV<;1C

khlmg djnh Vd hfw dam trong cac nghicn cli'u tiep theo, thi

dicu dö chac phäi dem Iq.i nhÜ'ng ket lucTln quan trong doi vdi

vicc d<'10 t,lo giao vicn.

c) Tac clla mOl bitn s6 gicing d(IY thay dai phlJ, thuoc

velo cae muc tieu Sll ph(lm

Trong nhÜ'ng nüm gan day, cac nghien cli'u nghicm chli'ng

chli'ng minh rll. ng viec kiem 1m chO t che cac hO<;l t dOng h,)c t(lp lh6ng qua giao vicn dlln töi nhÜ'ng thi'mh tieh hoc töp

lrcn mli'c lrung hinh cua hoc sinh. Hinh mau cua viec giang dq.y tfl/C tiep nay khöng chi cö nhÜ'ng anh hvc'1ng dang ke tdi thanh tfch chuycn mön. ma n cö nhÜ'ng hieu qufl lich Cl!C

vdi mot sC) hien SC) d()ng ceL Trung binh, (1 nhÜ'ng Idp nay,

viec tl! quan niem vc Sl! cham chi cua Mn than dV<;1c tang len Vd mli'c dO 10 S<.j cho tlianh tfch bi giam di. Bang 3 chi m

nhÜ'ng hieu qua cua viec giäng dq.y tfl/C tiep doi vdi Sl! pha1 trien d(mg c(;.

Bang 3 : Cac ttwng quan giUa nhung d<).c diem dUQc quan sat cua vi(lc giang d:;ty tr1.f.c tiep va nhung Mt qua cua gicr hQc ve d<)ng co sau m(it nam (Hngan h:;tn") va hai nam (Hdai h:;tn") dt:ly hQc ; N == 39 lap hQc (theo WEINERT & HELMKE, 1988).

481

c --~~ ~- - -~~--- --- ,~------~ - - -,--­ ~~ -­ • ~~

! Kot qua giiJ hQc Quan ty S" dung d~y hge

II6 tnJ ca nhan

S" ,ö;an~ m~eh l~e

Ngan hqn T1j quan ni~m ve .43 .24 .04 .13 I

nang l1je Lo sc;! ve thanh tfch -.55 -.39 .00 -.19 Thai d<? Heh e1je d6i .12 -.08 -.29 .05 vai nha tnlang Thai d<? Heh e1je d6i .01 .11 -.18 .27 vai mon toan

DiLi hqn T1j quan ni~m ve .19 .35 .00 .41 nang l1je Lo sc;! ve thanh Heh .03 -.52 .04 -.28 Thai d<? Heh e1je d6i -.39 -.32 -.35 .17 vai nha trtlang Thai d<? Heh e1je d6i -.27 .04 -.22 .08 vai mon toan

-

Neu nhv cac hi(:u qua llch cl/c cua vi(:c giang d<,lY lrvc liep doi vöi Sl/ phat tricn cua hoc sinh gay an lV()ng m<,lnh mc han nhicu, lhl nhÜ'ng Sl/ khai queit khong phein hoa l<,li khong thc chap nh~n dvqc hay nhicu. Cl,l lhc la neu ngvöi ta xcm xct mot so thai dö lien quan löi giC1 hqc cua h()c sinh, thl nhÜ'ng Mu qua lau dai cua hinh lhvc giang d<,ly nay co thc cüng la tieu elfe. (HELMKE, 1986) : NhÜ'ng thai dö lfch cl/C doi vöi nha tnrdng V.l mon toan eüng nhv nhi(:t Unh tv pha t cua hQc sinh giam di Ci cac Idp co Sl/ hvÖ'ng dän lnrc tiep (Hinh 4).

Nhv hlnh 4 chi ro, möt phong cach d<,ly hqc hinh thvC1ng co cac tac dong tleh Cl/C cüng co thc co cac hi~u vng phl,l tieu cl/C. Neu ngvöi ta tlnh den ccfc hf!,u qU~l lhl/c tien cua cV li(:u nay lhi dicu dvöng nhv hicn nhicn la mQl giao vicn gioi phai nam wng V.l thl/c hiGn dv()c cac phong cach d<,ly h(,1C khac nhau dc d<,lt dVt,1C nhÜ'ng muc licu sV ph<,lm khac nhau.

H. 4 : Nhi'ing hau qua ve cam xue trung h~n va lau dai eua viee giang d~y tr1je tiep (Mo hlnh nhan qua a dip d<? lap, theo

HELMKE, 1986)

Ba VI dl,l vc cac hlnh mau phvc h(ip cua viGc giang d<,ly V.l

cac tac dong phvc typ cua chung deli vÖ'i vi(:c h~)c t;Ttp chvng

t6 ding vi~c nghien CVu d<,ly - h()c, vc thl/C chat khoa hoc cua

no, tot hein la vi thC' hi~n t<,l i dang thc hiGn cua no khi dl/a

tren cac mo hlnh lf lu;Ttn ma trong d6, cac hi~u qua tlch lüy,

cac hi~u qua tV(ing tac, cac hi(:u qua hu tni V.l hi~u qua hoan

canh dVQc quan tarn mot cach co h~ thong.

482 483

3. Khäi ni~m ky nang giang d~y thanh th~)o

Trong Ccle khai niGm vc ngvÖ'i thay - b~c thay thay mifiu mt!c mang tfnh ca nhan, va vc mt> hinh cl<;iy hoc chung ngvdi La tim dch tra löi cau h6i vc cac dicu kii;n d<;iy thanh cong theo hai hvong khac nhau, Quan diem chuyen

gia xuat phat tU' St! phan biet cö tfnh toan Cl,lC giua vien thanh cong nhieu hay It hon Vd tha phän tlch m()t cach

h<: thong ce1 d~c diem cua cac mlng h!c nh~n thLtc, lam

m~n tltng cho nhU'ng kicu giao vien khac nhau m1y. Nhung sv kh,k biet trong ky nang thuan thl,lc cua giao vien tntd'c het

dV(jc quy nhU'ng st! khac nhau vc so IV(1ng va chat IV(1ng St! hieu biet di;ic tntng cho IInh Vlfc. Ö däy, khong dVCIC

ph6p danh dang st! hü~u biet theo nghla ng6n ngü' giao tiep

voi St! hieu biet mo t<L ma chfnh trong ph<;1m vi gid hoc phan ldn phäi dV(1c xem nhv la st! hicu hiet ve thu tl,lC (thöi qucn,

ki xao, khä nang). Trong kIli ngve'ji La nhin thay (1 d<mg m:1u nha chuyen gia c;k hi; thong tri thLtc dV(1c t6 chLtc va phän nhanh cao do nhv la co' s('1 cua hanh dang giilOg d(~y cö hiQU

qua Vd tim cach phän tieh st! hicu biet ca nhan dö m()t cach th~l hao quat, thi quan dicm cua möl Iy thuyet chung d(~y

hoc 1<;1 i ba t dau trcn binh dien cac bien sC) dV<.IC dinh dv6i mLtc ca nhän. Dicu da co ngh13 la nhü'ng St! khac giUa c.k giao vicn dien m trcn co' st'1 mot t~p h,lp c:k di;ic dicm co läp, ma trong lnt(1ng h(JP Iy tvt'1ng, phat huy tac dl,lng khong phl,l lhuOc VdO St! lien ket cua chung vdi toan

bQ co cau di;lc dicm cua gid hoc va cua ngvÖ'i d~lY. X6,t mOl cach chi;it ehe, mOl quan dicm vc hien so nhv v<)y d<.li dien

mot cach may moc dong co ban,

y thU'c, xtt Iy

484

lac dong

nh dong cö näng cO suy xct va cO nang lt!c quyet

13 khöng phu h f :1p doi nöi Ja phan lön - bien so vc giö hoc.

La kh6 cö thc hinh dung vii;c cö thc Iy giä i nhü'ng quan

he quan sat dV(Jc giUa cac dOc dicm d(iy h(.>c nhat djnh va kct

qua hoc ti;ip cua hoc sinh ma khöng gan vdi cac ooi cänh, cac hinh thU'c dien hien nao do cua gilj. hoc va vdi cac don vi hanh dong cua ngvdi d<;1y,

Vi the, cac hien s6 vc gid hoc trong dic u)i lieu nghien cuu tltong U'ng phan nhicu dV(1c lu~n giai ve mt;lt ca nhän, co nghla

la dvoc xcm nhv nhü'ng chi s6 hoa cua cac kct cau tvong doi toan Cl,lC cua ngvdi d<;1y va cua giao vicn. Nöi mOt cach khac :

cac hieu qua cua gib hoc trong cac nghien cuu dva tren co

sc1 quan dicm xet c.k bien so phän tfch - chLtc nang duoc thfch It hay nhicu mot cach cO he thong xuat phat W mot phv<:1ng thU'c xcm xet toan thc cau truc d~c tntng cho quan

dicm tiep c<)n chuycn gia.

Neu nguoi La xuat phat W chtJ cho rling chi cö st! thiet kc

day du cac co Sd nh;ln thLtc cua hanh dong d<.lY hoc (xem LEINHARDT & GREENO, 1986) dän tdi viec giai thfch th6a man vc mi;i t )f lu~n c.lc tac dOng cua Wng phvcmg thLtc hanh

d<.lY hoc thi, rCl rdng la phäi tim ra cac kha nang ket hop moL cach co he thong quan dicm x6t bien so voi d<.lng mäu

chuycn gia. Ta da thu dvoc nhung gi voi cach lam nhv thc ? Neu nhin trong thai h<;1n ngan h<;1n thi vi<:c ch:)n It!a co ml,lC tii~u ht1n va co co s0 If lu;ln tot hon cac bien so cho viec dv

bao ket qua d<.lY hoc, gan vdi nhU'ng khä nang tot hem cua vi<:c giai thfch dv<,1c 1I lu(l.O dän da t doi vdi cac hieu qua d<.lY h()c dV\iC kinh nghii;m chLtng minh la cO thu;ln loi ; con neu

xem xet dai h(in, sv kct hop co he thong quan dicm gia vdi quan dicm bien so co the df.tn tdi sv hicu biet day du hein va sau hon cac di6u kien cua nhU'ng hieu qua duy hoc.

485

Trong c6ng trinh nghien cau ve Lai nang cua gülo vien - nhtl da neu 6 tren - nglt<'1i La phan Ion phan hi~t hai he th6ng tri thuc vdi nhau : Sl! hieu biet chuyen mon vc nhung n<)i dung giang d<;ty (LEINHARDT & SMITH, 1985) Vd sl! hieu biet ve cau truc gi<'1 hoc (Lesson structurc knowledge ; LEINHARDT & GREENO, 1986), viec to chac gib hoc Vd qU3n If lap (BERLINER, 1986). Tuy v~y, chung toi thay ra t co y nghia neu co Sl! phan bi~t giua sl! hieu biet gan vai viec quan If ldp va Sl! hieu biet ve phuling phap giang d<;ty phu h<,ip vai cl hai chuc nang trung tarn d6i vdi vi~c hü tn; thanh

co hieu qua cua hanh d<)ng giang d<;ty (xem BURNS, 1984). Ngoai rd, dl!a tren cac C(ing ldnh cua ban than (HELMKE & SCHRADER, 1987; SCHRADER, 1989 ; SCHRADER & HELMKE, 1987) Vd nghien cau 00 chu de tuong tl! (xem CLARK & PETERSON, 1986) chung töi thay sc Ja phu hl;1p, neu chu y tdi tri thac chan doan thubng du(j'c xem Ja thanh phan cua co S(1 nh<)n thuc cua hanh d<)ng giang (LEINHARDT, 1983a ; LEINHARDT & GREENO, 1986 ; SHULMAN, 1987) vdi tu cuch la mOt IInh Vl!c tri thac dOc Ic)p. Nhu v~y, La co thc phan biet b6n linh Vl!C tri thac sau day nhu la cac thanh phan nh~n tht1'c trung tarn cua ki nang cua giao vien.

1. Sv hie'u biet gän Yüi yi~c quan li liJp

Viec quan If lap lien quan tdi to chac gib hl)C, nghia la ..dam bao nhung dieu kien khung cho viec truycn thl,l n(li dung c6 hieu qua, 0 day, van de d<)c hiet la phai t<;to rd m<)t khong khf d<;ty hoc khong bj quay nhieu va viec güli quyet mau ch6ng cac nhieu xuat hi~n. Tri thac quan If can thiet cho vi~c da thc la cac khoi IUl;1ng tri thac da dul;1C thu tl,lC hoa cao dQ, trC1 nen thfch hOp vai hanh dQng qua cac so da kfch thfch nhi;tn thuc d6i vai cac Sl! ki~n Vd dien bien Sl! kien tieu bieu trong Idp hoc (DOYLE, 1979). Tri thuc mo tä tudng minh 6

1 day c6 thc mang m()t y nghia tha yeu. CI,I thc, da la sI.! hicu biet dl.! doan nhung SI)' ki~n thuc day va gay tr6 ng<;ti sc xay ra 6 nhung hlnh thac va dien bien d<;iy h~lC nao d6 vdi xac suat nao d6, nhung he qua ma chung c6 thc co, nhung dau hi~u gay nhieu trong d6 va cach giai quyet tOt nhat nhung van de c6 lien quan (xem DOYLE, 1986 ; KOUNIN, 1976)

2. Sv hie'n biet phtwng phäp d~y hQc

Hieu biet nay lien quan tdi khfa C<;Inh phuong phap truyen thl,l rni li~u. Trong so nay 00 tri thac tiem an Vd tubng minh cua ngubi giao vien ve cach thac x<1.y dt!ng va to chac gi<'1 hoc dc dl;lt du(.Ic nhli'ng ml,lC tieu nhill djnh. Theo LEIN HARDT & GREENO (1986) can hieu cau truc tri thac cel sC1 nhu la m<)t t~p htJp cac sei da vc nhung hO<;lt d<)ng d<;iy h(,lC chung khac nhau. Gi<l thiet la, vi~c thl!c hien thanh cfmg m<)t gid hoc dien rd tren cu sb m<)t k6 hO<;ich 00 suy nghi. Ke ho<;tch nay dU(,iC hl;1p thanh tu nhieu cau truc hO<;lt d<)ng hot;ic phan do~m khac nhau, thc hien cac phan trung tarn cua gi<'1 h(,lC. Viec to chac thco sei da cac ycu t6 hanh d<)ng nay cung cO nghia la cau truc tri thac cei sC1 chi ra nhli'ng khoang trong phäi dul;1C b6 sung dc thl)'c hien m<)t dien tdnh hanh d<)ng L1,l

thc (VI dl,l qua sI)' hicu biet chuyen m6n va ca nhan thfch hl;1p). oday, nhung th6i quen d<;l.y hoc d6ng m<)t vai tro quan trong d(1i vdi hanh dÖng co hi~u qua. Nhli'ng thai quen nay cho phep 00 the giai quyct co hi(;u qua nhli'ng tinh huong va yeu cau thubng hay xua t hi~n Vd gia i t6a ve m<) t tinh tnan cho ngudi hanh d<)ng. (BROMME, 1985).

3. Sv hie'n biet chnyen mon

Sl! hieu biet chuyen mon lien quan tai kien thac u)i li~u can truyen thl,l va nhu v~y, tuong ling vdi tri thac di;lc trung cho m(Jt Unh Vl!c ma chuyen gia cua mÖi ph<;l.m vi n<)i dung

00. Nö bao g6m cac thanh phfin mo tä cung nhu thu tl,lc,

486 487

tuc la ca kien thuc ve khi:l i ni&m va Sl/ ki&n, cüng nhv vc cck thu~t toan va phvong phap tti tim giai phrip (LEINHARDT &

SMITH, 1985). Ngnai ra, Sl/ hicu biel nay con ham ehua ec1c gia Jjnh ve nhÜ'ng ml,!C ticu giäng day, muc dQ kho cua täi

li~u va vi~c xay dl/ng chvang trinh giang d<;ly cho cac nOi dung ean truycn thl.) (SHULMAN, 1986 ; TAMIR, 1988). Sl/ hieu biet chuycn man cua ngvCfi giao vien thang thv0ng khclc Vlii Sl/ hieu biet chuyen mon cua mot ehuycn gia thanh th<;lo thl/e sv (chäng h~m cua nha khoa hoc) Ci cho n6 chi the hi&n mOl phan tri thuc von cO Ci d<;lng tiem nang, bi thu hGP nhieu nhvng bu vao d6, l<;li duae to ehue mOL cach rat cO y nghfa ve m;:i t lf lui;ln d<;ly hoc.

4. SI} hi€u biet v~ ehrtn doan

Sl/ hicu biet gun vai ca nhan ho;;..c chan doan lien quan tai

nhÜ'ng hieu biet cua gi<.lo vicn vc h,)c sinh cua mlnh. N6 ban

g6m ca hieu biet chung ve h()c sinh thu<)c nhÜ'ng do tutij V<1 rup lap nhat dinh, cac nang Il/c h01;lt J(mg ticu bieu cua hc)

Vd nhÜ'ng kh6 khan c6 thC' thay ä h(), lan Sl/ hieu biet ve

nhfrng d:;ic diem, nhÜ'ng Jicm m1;lnh, dicm yeu cua lap mlnh

Vd cua tung hqc sinh (CLARK & PETERSON, 1986). ül sl/

hieu biet vc chan doan cüng ce) the dV(,5C d;;"c trvng qua cac

so dt'l cO muc J('l khai qual chung khac nhau, tu nhÜ'ng s0 d6

vc hc)c sinh ne) i chung lai cac sei d6 ca nhan hoan toan rieng biGl.

Cach thuc to chuc cac sei d6 nay co the la mOL dicu ki~n cän ban dam bao tlnh hi~u qwi cua vi<;c sä dl,!ng tri thuc. Cl,!

the, cac S(J d6 Jicu khien vi~c tiep nh~n thlmg tin trong giCf

h~)c anh hväng lai nhÜ'ng Sl/ giai thfch va ket lu~n cua thay

giao ve hanh vi cua hqc sinh, Vd nhv v<\l.y, la mOL yeu t6 quyct

Jjnh quan trong viGc hlnh thanh nh<\l.n xet cua giao vicn v:.) sl/ chfnh xac cua n6.

Tat nhicn, Sl/ t,kh hi0t beln h(: th(lng tri thuc nay, m';'c dau

vc m;;..t phan lfch )(1 hoim lO<Jn ctJ y nghiH, vDn phcii dVljC xcm

In ft nhicu mang tlnh nhan tao. Ngoai ra, ph<\i thay m(H van

Je la vi<)c sä dl,!ng h6n ph<.lm vi nay trong khu(m kh6 hanh

df;mg gi{lng d1;ly döi höi phcli ket h(1P chung vöi nhau. Vf

de truycn thl) c6 ket qua tai li<)u gi"l'ng day cho mOl Idp h~)c, khöng chi dn C() Slf hieu hiet chfnh xac tri thuc can truycn

dl;lt, ma can ca Sl/ num wng vc nguycn va tiep ci)n ci;lp

nh~t doi vdj cac hinh thuc to chuc va phvong phap truyen

thl,! phu h<.5p ma viec sä dl)ng chung mot cach hii;:u qua I;:;ti

döi h~i phai v(ln dl)ng Sl/ hieu biet day du vc chan dmln.

Cilc nghicn cuu vc täi nang cua giao vicn di den giä thiet la vi<)c gi,'mg d<;! y tha nh c6 ng d ö i h6 i phä i xa y dlfng Vd cf} p nhflt höa licn tl,!C mö hinh trf tUG thco hoan canh vc trlnh d<') kien thuc hi<)n cö va can d<;lt tdi cüa hqc sinh. cac bi<)n phap can ap dl.,mg cho viGc nay va nhÜ'ng khö khän c() the g~ p pha i lmng qua trinh dö. La cac S(1 da truu tV(fng ft hay nhicu nhÜ'ng mt) hlnh tri tu<) nay lhe_hi0n möt "d(,lng kC't cau" c6 tac dl,!ng hvüng dan ma tU dö. cö lhe rut ra nhÜ'ng ki vong vc dien bien giö hl)C dicu khicn hanh dlmg lf lufln d<.lY hoc vü dva ra cac qUyCt djnh can thict cö Unh c~p nh~t. Chi xin neu them ding vi<)c xay dl/ng l(,li vc lf Iwln m\y doi vaj cac dieu ki<)n Vd quu trinh nhf}n thuc vc phf<l giuo vicn dv(l'c giai h~m (j SIr phot Imy tlulnll lieh nhv IJ:l ml,!C tieu d1;ly hoc trung tam va kh6ng de')i h(li phü i ce) hiGu Il/C tNc tiep dai vai cac nhiem VI,! va. vfin de SV ph~lm

DVc1i da y, chung La sc kiem nghi~m xcm cac bien so vc gi30 vlcn ve gio hoc c6 thc dv(l'c xcm nhv la nhÜ'ng Sl/ chi s6 höa cua oon h<) th6ng tri thuc cua giao vien co göp phfin hay khlmg Vd bang cach nao VdO viec dlf bao ket qua h(,)c tf\p cua hoc sinh. Ö day, chung t6i trCi li;li Cck li~u cua cöng trlnh nghien CU'U Munich (xcm HELMKE, SCHNEIDER & WEINERT,

488 489

!<)H6, WEIN1:<~RT & tfch 12

vien va mCm toan.

m{, hlnh

Oic d ieu ki~n

HELMKE, J<)H7b). C{1 S{'j cua phän

n qu<i. g(lm c() hai düc dicm dflLl V<10 gic'lng day. nhvng bien s() khac nhClU

nhvng thanh lfch cua Idp

V~lO hi(:n bang thiet ke

bien tiem an), cv thc 1,1 lrinlt d(j kiihz (lure F(rn crJ tä lrutlc

{inlt khtmg dang (fell tlulnl! fie'll cua lüp. Vi~c chi s()

dien m qua gia tn trung blnh cua lüp V<1 dö l<;ch chuan <'1

lha tfeh cua hqc lmng hai trac nghi<;m (s()

clk büi n cö löi dau Idp 5. eac bien vc

gi<lo vicn va giö h<,lC tieu bicu cho l-xln di;ic dicm ki" nrmg

trung tam dLr(ic su dvng nhLr sau: quän f[ läp hoc (chi S{l

höa bhng Mn bien so ro rang. Nhvng sI.! phän Im~i mang tlnh

suy lu~n ­ cao vii;c v;Jn dl,mg cö hi(:u qw'\ cac qui uk tmng

1{1P h{)C V<1 vc tCi chuc giü h()(..:; so li<;u suy IU(ln - thfip cua

ngw)i quan sut ve van dc ki luftt vü cUC hOyt döng thco thu

; ndnt{ hrc du/n dm/n (dtJ chfnh xac cu,\ vi<;c dLinh gia thu

ng va dö lech chua n cua cUc tha nh tfch hoc sinh

nghi<;m cua gic}o vien ; tri linie chuycn mön (dCl ch cua

kicu büivi(:c danh gia thu dö khö cua bai t(lp d(ii vüi

khac nhau vüi tom! s() 1<1 12 bai l~p khac

dvng phLrl1ng (so li(:u suy

nf\ ng II.!C su

thap cua

quan slll vc 1<1n so tr(1 giup hoc t~p lheu cau lruc V<l sI.! dtinh

giri tfnh chfnh xac cua vi<;c ldnh bay lai li(:u cua gitio vicn).

Ticu chwln danh kel qu<'\ th~y h(lC lü nhvng thanh tfeh cua

Idp khi thl.!C hiGn tfilc nghi(:m hln sau (cUc tn trung

cua Idp lmng hai trac nghi(:m t(lein dWJC lien hänh luc dau

V;lO cuoi Idp 5). Vi~c phän lfeh mC1 hinh nhan qU<'l dien ra

ng LVPLS (LOHMüLLER, 1<)X4). Tat ca CllC bien va Cck keL

cau dLr~1C su ng dLr(.1c tren blnh Idp (N 3<)).

490

T H. 5 : Anh

cua hoim cimh

hlnh nhän

cac duc dW'm cua k1 nang cua glao viEm va

hQC toi th?mh tich trac nghi$m Uin sau (mo

Bting 4 : Cac lien {l(unt{ qWIIl C/.ia cac tiem an '" mau

('(ie yihl (m{) Mnll nhän quti tü H.

491

.35 ,)9 .()3 ,15

,75 ,19 ,56 .IX

M;lu cilC

n 00

')I, Oll

Oll 29

00 9')

on on 95

00 00 K7 00 00 ~6

00 00 'i4

00 00

00 00 I 00

00 00 00

00 00 00

00 00 00

00 00 00

(I)

I) Trinh J<) ki<'n thlfc vtin IlJ trullc

(2) S\l khüng tli'u v(, I himh ,22

,52(3) Quim

(,t)N!lng Ilje ch;1n do{m 15

Nang Iljc sll dung phuljng phiip .43

d:~y

(6) IIii'u hitt chuyen mt>n

(7)Thimh lich Irile nghi<:;:m I::\n sau,

(I) Kiein thlfc von cö tV [ru(ie

(';1C phcp 11nh ('tl h;'m

Crle hili loan cii I,li v!ln

(2)SIj khC)ng Jt>ng JCu vi' lhimh lieh

C;k phcp linh cd b~m

('Ac bili Cl' I,\i v:in

(.I) ()u;\n li II\I'

Van Jung ljuy l;k

Tl; chlfc J,IY rH.>c

I In;," Jöng Cl' ki lu:il

Iloal J(>ng thcolhu l\tC

(,t) Nang Ilje chfJn JO;Jn

TriH 1\1 lhlf h~lC

D() Ic;eh chuAn

(5)Ni1ng Ilje sll d,ll1g phllllng ph;'l!,

Ji,lY

slj gitip tld dl nhiin

SIj rö r.1ng, chinh xiic

(I» I I ii''IJ hl<'1 chuyen ll1ön

Cac phcp linh c(1 b;'m

('ac büi [o{m C() I('li vi'in

(7) Thimh linll lrik nghicm I;:\n sau

e'le phcp linh Cl; h;'m C;'jC h:)i l,,:'m c(i I,li v!ln

(2) (3) (~) (5)

Lien ludng ljLJ:m CLW c;'IC kCt

,S5

,2i..15 ,)9 ,IX .21

492

NhÜ"ng ket quci dVt,1e minh hoa trong H, 5 (de dt: han

ncn ehi lrinh hJY elle tuyen thu(x mö hlnh diu tnJe ; eae

tvt1ng quan eua eae ket u va mö hlnh du, xcm h:tng 4) chi

ra ding m(,1 i kel eau deu ln!e liep hay gian tiep d6u göp ph5n

gin i th feh SI! ke l qua h()e l~ p. kel qULl hoc l(j P co lhay

d6i dV(,ie gÜl i thieh qua mö hinh.

Dung nhv tr(mg d~ii, eae di;lc diem eua hoan dmh löp ht)e

göp phan dang kc vao vil;e dl! huo lrvc lier kel qua ht)C l~p,

Dicu nay d(lc hil;l dung vöi lrinh d() eua kien lhde von e() tv

eua eae lÖp, hieu hi(:n nhv la chi s(i dl! dmin sa l hop

vc nghil;m Wn sml. Hii;n tVt,ing khtmg

nh tleh cu<! ldp dien ra lrl:mg h(1P

h(1n lrong lruc nghi(:m lan sau eung

eua hien s{) hoan c~mh lüi eae

Dicu dö eho lhuy eae

eue nüng IVe eua

V;10 llnh

l m eie kel lu~n

d<;ly

dieu ki(:n thu~n k1i. Ngvl1e l<;li,

ticu el!e eua trinh d{) kien lhdc

so xcm xel lri lhde ehuycn m6n. Cl'> sV

thfeh et') thc ehup nh~n dV(.1e (1 Gieh euu

m()t Gieh cö IVa ch()n, Van dc dvcie tim hieu la khä nang eua

gi80 vicn lrong vii;e danh giri dung lhd h~e dtJ kho cua eue

hil i lmin dung cho löp eua minh. CÖ lhc Ja giao vicn CU;) eue Iüp ce) thilnh lieh yeu kern di.~t dVtJe dt) ehfnh x;)c eau hein ht'ii

vi hel phan hii;t e<le h<':ti trIp kl hdn, trong khi giuo vicn de

493

!clp ÜJ lhünh tfch C<10 hC1n 1<;1 i hay nhin nh[m cuc bili t0p dung cho hoc sinh cua mlnh la kht) nhu nhau.

Nglt(1C 11) i. tri thuc chJ'n doan ClW glao vien khöng bj ünh

hubng b(ji trlnh J() kien thuc v6n c6 tlt truck mu c1 Sl/ I~ch

chuJ'n cua kien lhuc dö. Bieu nay la hien nhi0n VI nang Il/c

cua giao vien phun bi~t cae Lhanh lfch CLm h(lC sinh mlnh

the ph~J thw)e VdO Sl/ kMc bi~t ce) tlwc eua h()c sinh nhung

1(;1; khöng phv thu()e VJO mCtc Je) lhanh tfeh eua chung. Anh

hU(Jng eua Sl/ I<;eh ehuan eua kien thuc v6n ce) llt lruac d6i

vdi cclC bien s6 giü h()C dm 11;Ii eüng e6 y nghfCl tleh cue. Bieu

nay e<1 the eho lhay nie giao vien CI c,:ic löp c() thaph lfch

khöng dting deu phüi huy d6ng ecie n[mg Il/e güing di;ly eua minh mi;lnh mc hOn I;} c1 cae Idp dting deu.

Ket ljWl chu yeu thcu tinh thiln van de d;;it ra cua ehung t(li lien ljuan tdi ünh hu<'1ng CUil h<)n dac dicm cua L;li n~1

dCii v(1i thanh lich eua hc)e sinh. Bieu dang chu y Ja dI b6n

chi s6 höa tri thuc döc Iclp v6i C;:1c d,)e diem hoan cünh deu

göp ph5n vau viec dt/ dOiln lha lfch eÜ;1 h()c sinh. phu h(1P vüi nhÜ'ng sl/ tröng dc;fi cua ehung töi u1m ljuan ln,mg cua

CLle n;mg Iuc nh0 n lhuc nü y. Rc-) ru ng lü CI da y. nü ng I l/c sl't

lhmg phLfong phap giang d1;ly dU(1C chi s6 höa S<1t vc1i h..lnh vi

ce) <'1nh huc'ing lön nhal. Ngl«1C I~li. nang Il/c chJ'n dOiln dLfUc

ehi so höa nhu la däe diem tri thue uieh kh(Ji hünh vi e() hieu

ljuLl tha p nha t. Anh hu(1ng hi;l n ehe cua vi<;e qu<i n 1f lüp la de

hieu. bc1i VI Jö khöng ph;'1 i la m(lt n;mg Il/e giflng di;ly truc tiep

thuc day thünh lieh. ma chu yeu la mÖl lien de giup eho giö

h(,lc kfch thleh vie i ' h(lC t(l p. Anh hlt<'ing cu<! Sl/ hieu bie L chuyen

m(ln. m()t ket quü th()ng nhat vt'fi nhÜ'ng cu liGu dl(<;ic lrlnh

bay lrong e<1C lüi li(:u. la tWing d6i ljuan Ln,mg.

Nhu vüy. nhin chung. heln h(: thong tri thuc khac nhau cua ngLfc'1i giüo vien g(~)P m(Jt ph':in cO bim V;l() vi du bü() kel h()e lflp. Tu}' nhien. tlt gi<lc dt) li Iwln. nhÜ'ng mCii quan h(: dü

thay phil; duc,1e Ir gi<'li. Bieu dln thiet ce) le lü l'hui c() si/ n biet chfnh xüe giÜ'a C(1 M1 tri thuc C('J chr<.1e va vi(:c sl't

dvng tri thue nay trong h~mh vi day hoc thuc l',li. Ngoüi ra,

trong nhÜ'ng G1ch chi SC) höa tri thuc du(1C ehung l()i sl't d~mg, it r(1 trnng tnJüng IWp qu{m Ii h"p h(,lc v{J nfmg Il/e sl't dvng

phLftmg phap gi{mg di;lY li<'J. khöng ph<'! i la nhÜ'ng d.:,ic diem näng thU<ln tuy m{l la clc d;,ic diem hünh vi. luy lien ljuan tri lhuc, nhung cüng phv LhutJc vilo hoan dnh V<1 Unh hu(lng.

Nguüi ra. den ng la c() h(iP bOn

h<; th()ng tri thuc Lhi nh d(mg gi;'tng day cua gwo Vlcn m(1,

d ut,1C thie t I~ p. Be C<l kiem Lnl kh{1 nüng düng vÜ'ng eU,l

suy ngnt nü y. fl ra lil thco cuch ljuan ni(:m bUt1c d i'i u. ngt1t1i La kiem Lra th0m mt)t m(l hlnh nhc1n ljU{l nÜ'a. Mt) htnh nay Lrung h(.1p vc1i m{) hlnh Lhu nhat. ngoi;li tn::r m(JL diem : sau 11<)n d~h:

diem ClW ngl(üi giuo vien lien quan t(ii tri thuc ngln'1i La et'm dua thcm möl ket d'iu day hoc nÜ'a thc hi(:n su h(il' nhaL thc() ehung ttll quan ni0m V;l SL( sl't d~ng thich h(1P !)()n h(: thting tri thuc cho du chu<l houn lhi(:n vü thc'JeI man vi': 11 luün. Ket cdU mil c'-l d,IY dLf(,1e gCli lü hieu qw; du<.1c ehi s<) h(')(\ bting hili

bien SC) bieu hi(:n (tiin so ljuan S<1t du<.1c eLW nhÜ'ng Irin hC,JC philn ung vÖ'i dlu h(J; cun giu() vien btmg "khtmg biet .

va tiin SC) cua nhÜ'ng Itin giuo vien chi I(\p lai G1C cuu tn'l !<'1i

cua hoc sinh, dlt,,1e gC,li I~l "d6ng dau X<lC nh~tn").

Khi dua vuo ket cdU truyi':n th~ nilY ngUt1i ta thF1Y ce) su lhay deii lil 7H%. Hlnh 6 cho lhay ünh hut'mg cua cclc bien so hmln dmh dCii vO'i die d;1c d g5n gi()ng vdi dic

ket llU;~ cua mö hlnh dil tc'l luc lLlu (ve cüc lien ttidng

ljwtn cua c<1c cau va mt) hinh do. xcm b{mg 5).

494 495

--

(2) (1) . (~) I (5) I (6) I (7) I (8)

H.6 : Anh huCing cua cac d~c dielll cua tai nang cua glao Vlen _._-----_. ­

va cua hoan canh 10p hQc d6i voi thanh tich trac nghi~lll Ifin sau (1)

lien quan den lll<)t ket cau trung gian (mo hlnh nhan qua Ci cap d<) 10p hQc)

(1) (2) (3)

(4) (5)

(6) (7) (8)

(I)

(2)

(3 )

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

196

Trinh d() kien thllc v6n cö tU lnük

S(j khClng d(mg dcu vc lhimh lich Qu;'m li 1(lp

Nang l(jc chÄn doan

Nang l(jc su dung phu(1ng ph~lp

gi'lng d<;!y lIiC'U biet chuyen mon lIi{'u qua Th;'-Inh tich trik nghicm lfin sau

Trinh dc) ki~n thllc vcin co IU lruc1c

Cac phep tinh ccl b;'m Ciic bili toan cö l(ji van Su khcing d6ng dcu v~ lhimh lich

Cac phcp tinh Cll ban Cac bili tDan cö lili vi"in Qu;'m Iy hip V(in di,mg quy ti'ic Ti) chllc day h()c

11o':!t dong CCl k; lu:)t 11o<;!t döng thco thü t\lC Nang l(jc chÄn dO'1n TriH tu thll bilc OtJ I('ch chuÄn

Ni"ing Il)c su d\lng phuL1ng phiip giang d<;!y NhLJng sI) giLip dil ca nhfm SI) ro rilng. chinh xac 11iC'U biet chuyen mön Cac phep tinh C(1 b;'m Cac bili tDan cü l(ji vi"in Hieu qua

Cäc cau lra 1C1i khöng- biet Nhik l<;!i cilu tra l(ji

Thilnh tich trik nghi~m lan sau Cac phep tinh c(l ban Cac bili [o,ln cö l(ji vi"in.

.22

.52

.14

.43

-.33

.34

.74

88 98

00

00

00 00

00 00

00 00

00 00

00

00

00 00

00 00

I.ien tu, Ing quan cü" dlc kOt cilu

.55·

.35 .21

.19 - .17.46

.19 -.05 .18 -.08

.22 .23 .11 .26 .16

.19 -.02

MAu cac y6J 10

.56 .18 .58

00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

29 00 00 00 00 00 99 00 00 00 00 00

00 95 00 00 00 00 00 87 00 00 00 00 00 86 00 00 00 00 00 54 00 00 00 00

on 00 87 00 00 00 00 00 61 00 00 00

00 00 00 51 00 00 00 00 00 84 00 00

00 00 00 00 84 00

00 00 00 00 84 00

00 00 00 00 00 87 00 00 00 00 00 58

00 00 00 00 00 00

00 00 00 00 00 00

00 00

00

00

00 00 00 00

00 00

00 00

00 00

00 00

96 97

497

.55

Nhiing Sl/ khac biet xuat hicn trl1öc het (] cac d<;ic diem cua giö h()c. Ket cau hi0u qucl möi dU\1c dl1a vao dong gop

r6 rct VaG vicc dl/ ban thanh tieh b mon toan. Näng Il/C st't dvng phl1cl'ng phap giang d<;ly va hieu biet chuycn m6n vlra t<k

d(mg trl/C tiep hln gian tiep tdi ket quä hoc t<;tp ; nhl1ng ngl1(1c h;li, vai gia Lhiet cua chung töL hai ket cau dm 1~1i lien quan

tai tri thvc chi co Lac d6ng trl/c tiep. Truac het, dicu nay can

dW:;1c xem nhl1 Ja hc qua cua Sl/ thf;tt la chung La dfl khong

phaL hi~n dl1<.1c cac d<)c dit~m tri thvc thuan tuy häng cac

phl1cmg phap da hicn co. Nhl1ng ngnai ra, La cüng Lhay r6 vdi ket cau trung gian 13 "hieu qua", khong the phan anh dung

mvc sl/ h<;1p nhat theo gj,l dinh vc If Ju~n va Sl/ ket hc.1p cua

tx')n hc thong tri thvc trong hoan dmh dien bien thl/c Sl/ cua gia hoc. Co the', nguyen nhan In vicc thao tac hoa chl1a day

du. Trong truÖ'ng h(1P n::10 thl moL trong hai bien so bieu hien (ciic phan vng "khöng biet" cua hoc sinh) cüng c6 the dl1<.1c xcm nhl1 Ja ket qU{l cua ca tx')n hC Lh6ng tri thvc, bien sC;

bie u hi0n kia (nhiing la n I~i p I;:.li ca u tdl I(Ji cua tha y giao) Cl' Je la mot chi so n6i ICn stJ It kheo len vc If lu~n d<;ly h()c.

Vicc tim hicu phu h<;1p dtii vöi m6t ket cau trung gian theu kieu hii;u qUfl nhl1 the can dl1<;1c chu y tMt nhicu hdn niia trong cac nghicn cVu tl1dng

4. Thao lu(in va giai thieh

NhLi'ng phan tfeh nhan qua dä trlnh buy Ja tht't nghiem dau

ticn cua viGc st't dvng nlc gia thict La nhLi'ng nghien CU'u v6 ki näng cua güio vien d6i vai viec nghicn CVu d<;Iy hQc truy6n

thong ; Oie ket quti cho thay rö ding, neu ket h<;1p quan nicm

nghicn cuu theo ben so thöng thl1ang cua vicc nghien cuu d<;ly h()c vÖ'i khai nicm tu i näng cua giüo vicn thi cö the c6 ket quä. Tuy nhicn. c() le can thay hai h<;ln che :

- Phl1c1ng ph<~ p phan lieh nhan qua dl1(.1C chung t6i chon

khöng cho phcp kiem tra Lrl/c tiep slj täc di')ng qua 1(;1. i dia

cac bien sei khac nhau thm nghIa eile hicu qua tl1dng tac.

Nhl1ng gÜl thiet Lrung tarn cua chung töi 1<;1 i la hanh dc')ng

giang d<;ly co hi~u qua chi hlnh thanh qua sl/ ket h<;1p cac h~

thang tri thuc khac nhau. Nhl1 v$y, cnung töi dä gi3i quyet

bi1ng cach dl1a vao m()t cap dO trung gian la ket cau "hi~u

qua" ma (1 cap do nay, Lac d(mg qua l<;li cua cac di;lc dicm ki

näng dl1<;1c phim anh trong nhLi'ng dicu kien d<~y hoc cv the.

Caeh lam nay chi thanh c6ng phan mlo, bdi VI anh hl1dng cua

cac näng IljC hicu biet cua giao vicn tdi CC1c thanh tieh d mön

toan phai dl1<;1c dicu hoa m(;l.nh mc htm han qua ket cau nay.

Phan trtnh bay do co le dftn den ket Iw)n la co th6 ce) m(H

mo hlnh chung vdi mt)L hlnh m<1u toi l1U vc cac nang Il/c cua

glao vicn va bien so d<;ly hQc co gia tri doi vai tUng giao vicn nhl1 la dicu kicn cua khä nang d<;ty hqc Lhanh c6ng. Thco

cac cu licu cua chung töi thi khöng ph::\i nhl1 v$y. Tnii l<;ti, pMi xuat philt tU ehe) la cö nhiing cau hinh hoan toan khac

nhau cua nhLi'ng bieu hien cua eck bien so dän töi kC't qua hoc t~p nhl1 nhau cua cac Idp hoc. MOL chting cv vc di~u dö la cöng trinh cua HELMKE, (1988a ) : trong khuön khti nghicn

cuu Munich, 6ng da phan tfch cac trac dien gicitng d<;ty cua cac giao vicn dä d<;l t ket qua trcn trung binh xet theo cac tieu

chwln thfmh Llch khac nhau. HELMKE da thay ri1ng nhom cac giao vien "gi6i" nay rat kh6ng d6ng deu va co Sl/ bien thicn

Idn trong cac m~t d~c dicm d<;ly hqc. Nhl1 v~y, cau hlli dl1<;1c

d;;!t ra la Ii~u cö the bu dap hay khong va bu dap den muc nao nhiing khicm khuyet 0 cac thanh phan ki nang rieng

bi1n# nhiing bieu hien cao hl1n cua cac nang Il/C khac, hay li~u

498 499

co nhÜ'ng gis tri ngu'Cmg ma trong moi tntöng h,1p khöng dVQ\; phep h<;t tha p hein hay khCmg (xem LEINHARDT & SMITH 1985)

Du sao CClc ket qU'-l nghicn cuu cua HELMKE cung khäng

dinh thcm ket lw)n dlilJC vi~c nghien cuu ve ki nang neu len

la vi~c giang d<;ly co ket qua dai hoi phai Slr dt,mg eilc ht; tri

thuc khäc nhau de xäy dl!ng va L90 nen SI! thfch nghi lien tl,lC

cua cac mo hlnh trI h!c theo tinh huong. Be dicu khicn hanh

dQng giang d~IY phl,l thuQc vao da, cfin phai eo them cac ki

nang thl!c hanh nhv giam S3t, kiem tm, danh gia Vd Slra chÜ'a.

Theo dö, ki nang giang d?y dai hoi phai co nhÜ'ng nang II!C khac nhau :

(a) Tri thlic chuyhl gia: Ci day do la khoi Iv,1ng, SI! t6

cht1c va S0 hlhI tri thuc dac thil cho IInh Vl!c dc quan If mot

I6p hoc, chan dm1n hoc sinh, truyen thl,l theo If lu.;in d(,ly hoc

cac n6i dung hoc t.;ip Wl ve llii Ji(:u hqc t~p (b). Nifng hrc hi.nh

fhlmh cac m(J hinh tinh hu6ng c6 cu sO- tri thlic ve diln tri.nh

dw gi/T h(Jc : Cf day muon n6i ldi SI! ket h(1P can thieL ch,.

hanh dc;mg giang d?y co hi~u quä cua I:x~n IJnh Vl!e tri thuc

thanh cac mo hlnh tlnh huong n(lj L9i ve dien bien giö hqc.

(c) Cac kl niing gio'!g d(ly thl!c hänh. Ci däy, dö la cac co ehe

kiem tm va thfch ngbi dl1\1C tl! d\lng hoa 000 darn eho giö

hqc m<)t m}t tuan theo m(H chvllng trlnh co ml,lc tieu, va miH

khac, dap ung I1hÜ'ng doi hoi Unh huong thay doi mau chong

va thvang khong dl! doan trlick dV(ic.

5. Nhiing nh,{ln xe! ket lu,{ln

NhÜ'ng phan trlnh bay cho tdi giö co the to ra hoi phien

di~n, khi ma SI! 1 ieu hiet cua giao vien dVQc d~t Mn Jen hang

dau Vd cac nang II!C c6 dV(fC tU' du cua ho dW,1C xem xet,

trlidc het 0 nhüng tflc d(,?ng cua chung tdi su phal trien thanh

tich cua hoc sinh. Treii l() L dtJi khi nglilii ta quan ni~m : SI!

khuyen khfch vii;:c hqc nhCm thuc va thanh lieh hqc t~p kh6ng

pha i la nhÜ'ng nhi~m Vl,l duy nha t va quan trong nha t cua gi('1

hqc va tmng tlil1ng lai. UIm quan trqng cua chung cung sc tiep

tl,lC gü.lm di. Vc nguyen l1lc La khong phan bac dicu nay. Nhvng

dieu khöng thc ban cai dVC1c la trong· gia hqc. ngv(ii ta luon

yeu du hqc sinh phäi d~lt thanh tieh, chung luon y lhÜ'c dVlJC

nhÜ'ng tien bQ hQc ti) p cua mlnh so v{1j nhÜ'ng ngvbj khac.

bang cach nay va dQC Ii)p väi thay giao, biet dV<,1C nhÜ'ng thanh

cong va lhat bcli. d<;!t dV<.1e hay di tri;:ch cac ml,lc lieu cua

Chlil1ng trlnh giang d<;!y nao dö. ViGc giam b(J't sI! cflng thäng

khöng thc tranh kh6i nay cho nhieu hoc sinh va cäi thi";n kha

nang thanh cong cua chung v.1n Ja muc lieu quan tn;mg cua

SI! giang d?y. Va ml,l~ tieu nay cö thc d(~t dV<,1C cang dc dang

h(in, neu nhÜ'ng nHng Il!c can thict cho vi~c ay cua giao vien

ca ng cao hr1n.

Trong mai quan h"; m'ly. uh nhien ngvoi ta c6 thc de ra

mQt alu h(1i phe philn la li";u SI! khuyen khfch hqc sinh cö

lhl!c SI! lien quan trli(lc hel tdi cac nang II!C chan doan, If lui,ln d?y hl)C va cau truc van de cua giao vicn hay khöng,

hoi;lc li";u dieu quan trqng hein nhicu l<;li la sI! l6a sang nhan

cach cua mQl nha sV ph(~m, sI! hicu biet nhÜ'ng nhu du cua

hoc sinh minh, vi~e L90 ra mOL bau khong khf cäm xuc trong IOp hqc va dem I,~i cho h()e sinh SI! an to;?m Vd che chö, qua

hanh vi xä hl)i va Unh cam am ap cua mlnh. Co nhÜ'ng If do

chfnh dang dc gia thiet rang diu hoi 0 d~ng nay da bj d<)t m

mlll each sai hirn böi VI nö gQi m m(H dieu la dV(1ng nhv cö

möl SI! mau thuän giÜ'a nang JI!C giang d<;ly va lhäi d() xii hÖi.

Neu chung ta giai han trong mo hlnh da trlnh bay ve sI! giäng

500 501

dqy ce) hiGu YU~l va vic.)c lra

dicm lien cu:!

kh6ng y ­

c<;lnh

chung La - so vdi

xct tren phlMng di(:n m~c

thl1c \I(} pha t huy thu nh

chung ra la thl1 ycu.

chufin m~c tieu khac cua giCi hoc, chtmg

Sl! phat tricn vc m~it x5 hÖi ho~c tlnh

Sl! sang lc;lO. thl ch~k chan phü i xac dinh m()t cach

khac mai yuan hC c6 y nghla gifra cac d;)c dicm cua kf nang

va nlc khfa cqnh m xuc cua mai quan h(: thay - trö.

Tüm t:1t

NhLing bien thc hi(:n d 9 i cua hai qUCln dicm li Iw)n c6 lruycn

thang lau d('1i trong nghien c((u d~lY hqc dV~1C dai chieu v()';

nhau : mOt phvcmg thl1c xcm xct ca nhan, thien vc lang thc

h~mh döng cua ngvöi' thay (ngl(1i gi<io vien nhv la m()t chuyen

gia giäng d9 y) va mot chien IVt,lC nghicn CI1U phan tfch, hvdng

\1(10 cac mai quan h(: bien so chl1c nang ( tim hicu cac d

kii;n cua vi(:c len Iöp hi(:u qwl). Dicu dv()c Ic)p lu~n ci day la

doi vdi Sl/ phat tricn tiep t~c c() hi~u qu{) CU;) vi(:c nghien CI1U

d(~y hqc cüng dang mö' rd nhfrng vi6n c<'tnh mdi cho vi(:c v~n

d~ng thtlC ti0n, can c6 Sl! ket hC,lp dl hai quan dicm. Kha

nang h(,1P nhift hai quan diem trong kh<ii ni(:m tai nang giang

d~y dVtic minh chlrng qua Sl! phfm tfch hai m6 hlnh nhän

ma t<;li dö, nhÜ'ng thanh phan tri thÜ'c khac nhau trong khu6n

khC:i nghien cÜ'u d~ng milu chuycn gia dv(,iC ket hop vdi cac

bien sci Slt dung lrong Ü'u git'f h()c theo truyen lh6ng.

Tai li~lI tham khan

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Pergamon Press.

Berliner, D. C. (1986). In pursuit of the expert pedagogue.

Educational Researcher, 15, 5 - 13.

Berliner, D. C. (1987). Nguai chuyen gia trong nghe giao vien Cac chien IU<Jc nghien cl1u va ket qua. Khoa h9C d~y hQc,

295 - 305.

B1oo111, B. S. (1966). Twenty-five years of American Educational Research Journal, 3, 206-219.

Bromme, R. (1985). Thai quen trong hfmh done- cua la gi ? Khoa hqc d:;ty hQc, 1:1, 182 - 192.

Bromme, R. (1987). Giao vien nhu la chuyen gia. Phac thao mOt tiep d).n nghicn cl1u. 0. H. Neber (chu bien). Tam H hQc l1ng

van de (tr. 127- 1(1). Münster: Aschendor1'f.

Brophy, J. (1986). Teacher influences on student achievement.

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J. E. (1 ~.)79). Teacher behavior and its effects. Journal

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(in hin thl1 3) (tr. a28- 375). New York : Macmillan.

Burns, R. (1984). The process and context of teaching a conceptual 1'ramework. I<~valuation in Education, 8, 95 - 112.

Carter, K C., Sabers, D., Cushing, K, Pinnegar, G. & Berliner, D.C. (1987), Processing and using information about students : a study of expert, novice, and postulant teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 3, 147 157.

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Chi, M., Glaser, R., & E. (1982). Expertise in problem-solving. In R. Sternberg (Hrsg.), Advances in the

psychology of human intelligence. Hillsdale, H. J. : f;~rlbaum.

Chi, M. T. H., Feltovich, P. J. & Glaser, R. (1981).

Categorization and representation of physics problems by experts and novices. Cognitive Science, 5, 121 -152.

C. M., & Peterson, P. L. (1986). Teachers' thought processes. In M.C. Wittrock Handbook of research on teaching (in Hin thli 3) (tr.255 296). New York : MacMillan.

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504

----...

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I1elmke, A (1988a) : S\i tang thä.nh tlch va cän s\i khac bi$t thi'mh tich trong lCip hQc : nhting m\lc tieu the th6ng nhät du:qc ? T~p chi Täm H hQc phat trien va täm 11 hQc su: ph~m, 10, 45 76.

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