Ky Nang Thuyet Trinh
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Transcript of Ky Nang Thuyet Trinh
Thuyt trnh l qu trnh truyn t thng tin nhm t c cc mc tiu c th: HIU, TO DNG QUAN H, v THC HIN
1/ Khi nim:
Thuyt trnh l qu trnh truyn t thng tin nhm t c cc mc tiu c th: HIU, TO DNG QUAN H, vTHC HIN. 2/ Cu trc bi thuyt trnh:
Xy dng mt bi thuyt trnh gm 3 bc: Phn tch, Cu trc, Thc hin.
Th nht, bn cn xc nh mc tiu ca vic thuyt trnh, v d ci bn mun ngi nghe hiu l g, quan h bn mun to dng l g, vi ai v ci bn mun ngi nghe thc hin. M u bi thuyt trnh, bn hythu ht s ch ca ngi nghe ngay lp tc, a ngay cc thng ip gii thiu tng quan, gii thiu kinh nghim bn thn, gii thiu vn mt cch sng to nh k chuyn, t cu hi, nu gi thit, hoc nu cc thng tin mi...
Th hai, bn cn phn tch ngi nghe bng cch hy suy ngh v ch thuyt trnh di gc ca ngi nghe, tp trung vo kin thc ca h v vn bn thuyt trnh n u, ngn ng s dng nh th no, mi quan tm ca h l g, nhng nh kin, tm trng, quan h ca ngi nghe Ni dung chnh ca bi trnh by nn theo Tam on lun (chia thnh 3 phn ln) v s dng sng to cc phng php trnh by tng trong phn ny. V d trnh by tng theo logic, theo th t thi gian, trnh by t tng th ti c th, t iu bit n ci cha bit, t nhng iu c chp nhn ti nhng mu thun, trnh by theo quan h nhn-qu, t vn ti gii php...
Th ba, l lc bn thc hin phn tch cc tng v xy dng mch tng.
Kt lun ca bi trnh by phi nu c im nhn ca bi trnh by. Trong phn ny cn s dng cc nt tc ng ln ngi nghe bng cc cu hi v hnh ng, nh "bi trnh by c g nn thay i, c g mi hn?"...
V cu trc, nhn chung, mt bi thuyt trnh thng c chia lm 3 phn: M u, ni dung v kt thc. Ti sao vy? Cu trc ny mang li cho ngi nghe cm gic c s phn tch, lun c, c cm gic ca s chuyn ng tin ln pha trc v l do th ba l d nh.
Mt bi thuyt trnh tt nu t c cc mc tiu c bn sau y:
Khng lm mt thi gian ca ngi nghe
Hiu ngi nghe l ai v ti sao h ti y
Cu trc tt bi thuyt trnh
Thc hin bi thuyt trnh li cun v hp dn
Nhn mnh nhng im quan trng trong thng ip ca bn
To lp c mi quan h thn thin vi ngi nghe
B quyt thuyt trnh hiu qu
GIAI ON CHUN B
a. Ni dung: Ban nn dung nhiu thi gian nghin cu ky v chu , tai cua ban, va phat trin thanh cac y tng.
b. Cach t chc bai din thuyt: Sp xp cac y tng cua ban vao cac phn m bai, thn bai, kt lun mt cach logic.
c. The ghi chu: Lm cac tm cards ghi chu nhng y chinh se noi trong bai din vn. Nh la chi ghi nhng y chinh mt cach ngn gon thi nhe. Chung se giup ban nh lai nhanh chong cac y chinh ma khng cn phai oc nhiu.
d. Thc hanh: Mun thuyt trinh thanh cng va hiu qua con oi hoi ban cn phai thc tp nhiu ln trc ngay thuyt trinh.
GIAI ON TRNH BY
a. Phong thi t nhin: C gng thuyt trinh mt cach t nhin, nh ang tro chuyn vi khan gia. Tranh noi mt cach u u nh tra bai, cung khng nn chi nhin va oc lai bai thuyt trinh a chun bi sn.
- S nhit tinh: chng to quan im ro rang va tich cc, nim yu thich v chu ban ang noi thng qua giong noi va cac biu cam trn net mt.
- Giao tip bng mt (eye contact): phai duy tri s giao tip bng mt vi khan gia tng s tin cy, tng s thich thu, tp trung ni khan gia, va ban cung co th nhn ra c s phan hi ngm t khan gia i vi bai thuyt trinh cua minh.
- S ro rang: phat m ro rang, s dung ngn ng phu hp vi khan gia cua ban.
b. Ngn ng c ch:
- Cach i ng: mt dang iu va s di chuyn tt se truyn tai c s t tin, chuyn nghip, va ang tin cy chinh ban.
- iu b: gi iu b cua ban mt cach t nhin, tranh nhng c chi lp lai. Dung c chi cua ban nhn manh cac im chinh va thu hut s chu y ni khan gia.
c. Phng tin tr gip (visual aid): Thng la powerpoint, tranh anh, thi Cac phng tin nhin nn:
- u ln khan gia co th thy ro.
- c t tai vi tri d nhin.
- n gian va d hiu.
K nng trnh by ca ngi thuyt trnh thnh cng
Nu mt ai khi sinh ra khng c cc k nng ny, h c th yu cu c dy v o to. bit c cc k nng cho mt bi thuyt trnh, mi cc bn c di y.
To ra mt bi thuyt trnh l mt ngh thut. Thm ch hu ht nhng ngi thnh t u phi tri qua s s hi trong qu trnh thuyt trnh. H khng bit cch thc hin mt bui thuyt trnh mt cch chuyn nghip nh th no c. trnh c s s hi ny, h cn phi c cc k nng thuyt trnh. Bn c th c c cc k nng ny thng qua cc kho o to v tr thnh nhng ngi thuyt trnh thnh cng nht.
l kh nng ca nhng ngi thuyt trnh trong qu trnh truyn t thng tin mt cch hp dn v cch dn dt ni dung thng tin nhm thu ht nhiu ngi nghe hn v trnh by thng tin y trong mt khong thi gian di. Ngi thuyt trnh chuyn nghip s dng cc k nng thuyt trnh trnh by cc thng tin phc tp mt cch k lng trong mt khong thi gian ngn v cch trnh by chnh xc.
Nu bn qu bn rn theo di mt kha hc, bn c th theo cc gi sau cho cc bi trnh by ti y ca cc bn:
- Chun b ni dung trnh by ng thi t mnh di gc ngi nghe.
- S dng ngn ng n gin v xc tch.
- Ging trnh by ca bn cn phi truyn t ti ton b ngi nghe.
- Ngn ng c th ca bn s lm cho ban tr nn t tin hn v th hin - bn c kin thc v ni dung trnh by.
- Bn nn bit cch dn dt mi ngi.
- M t t m ni dung bng cc v d, nu cn thit.
- Bn nn n mc theo cch n mc ph hp vi cng ty/t chc ca bn. - - Bn nn mc trang trng, trnh n mc qu bnh thng
- Lun lun luyn tp bi trnh by ca bn mt vi ngy trc y
- S dng cc h tr nghe nhn b sung cho cc thng tin ca bn.
- H tr v hnh nh s gip cc bn thuyt phc c ngi nghe.
- Trnh by bng Powerpoint s dng text, ha v cc biu dnh bnh, ha to cc thng tin tng hp n gin. Bng cch s dng cc phng php ny bn c th tng c s quan tm ca ngi nghe ln ti gp 5 ln.
- Nu bn s dng cng c Powerpoint, ng qun gi bn in.
- iu chnh ging iu thch hp l cng c trnh by hiu qu nht.
- S dng s khc nhau, cc phng ch v mu bt mt.
- Ngi trnh by nn tm hiu cn phng ni ngi y s trnh by .
- Nhn ngi nghe khuyn khch h.
- thuyt phc ngi nghe, bn cn pht trin cc k nng trn. Cc k nng ny c dy mt cch chi tit trong cc kha o to k nng thuyt trnh t chc ti cc trng, cc vin. Bn c th s dng phng php o to ti lp hoc trc tuyn. H s o to cho bn nhiu kha cnh khc nhau c mt bi thuyt trnh thnh cng.
- Nu bn mun to mt bui thuyt trnh bun t thnh l th th hy lun nh cc k nng trnh by ny. Phn thng cho n s l rt nhiu v bn s tr thnh mt ngi thuyt trnh thnh cng
Mi b quyt cho mt bi thuyt trnh
Mi "b quyt" 1. Xc nh ni dung chnh hay mc ch ca bi ni chuyn:
Ngi nghe cn bit nhng g t bi ni ca mnh v h nn cm nhn ni dung nh th no?
Ni dung chnh cn gii thiu hay cn bn lun/tranh lun l g?
Cn phn bit c "ci cn bit" v "nu bit cng tt".
Sau 20 pht c th qun 40% nhng g nghe c; sau na ngy qun mt 60% v sau mt tun th ti 90% ni dung c th b qun! (Ngun Yale University). Chnh v vy xc nh ni dung chnh ca bi thuyt trnh rt quan trng!
2. Tp trung thng tin: "V ngi nghe"
Nn lu rng ngi nghe khng quan tm n bn (ngi ni) m quan tm n chnh h. H mun bit, mun cm nhn v mun thc hin mt vic g sau khi nghe bn thuyt trnh. Tt c nhng thng ip nn tp trung cho ngi nghe.
3. To s tin tng.
Nn ni g ngi nghe tin vo bn v cc thng tin bn ni?
C nn a thng tin v bn thn bn (qu trnh hc tp nghin cu, kinh nghim lm vic, kin thc nn) to nim tin? a thng tin v nhng chng trnh, t chc bn ang lm vic?
Nu bn ni qu nhiu v mnh, ngi nghe s c th nghi ng rng ti sao bn li phi c gng to nim tin nh vy hay mc ch chnh ca bn l t qung co!
4. Dn dt hay i thng vo vn ?
Nu dng nhng cu dn dt to thm s quan tm ca ngi nghe th bn cng nn ni ngn gn v dng t ng d hiu v phi gii thch nhng g cha r rng.
5. Phi ngi nghe theo di ni dung d dng nht. Mun vy, bi thuyt trnh ca bn phi d hiu.
V d b cc ca bi thuyt trnh:
a) Theo trt t thi gian:
"Chng trnh c UNDP tin hnh t nm 2000..... Hai nm sau ... V n nm 2007..."
b) Theo cc vn tri ngc:
"Cc nh sn xut cho rng h c th t tin hnh v m bo vic kim tra ha cht tn d trong sn phm nhng chng ti cho rng vic phi c tin hnh bi cc t chc nghin cu c lp ..."
c) Vn - gii php:
"Chng ta cha c thng tin y v u, nhc im ca hnh thc thi trc nghim i vi hc sinh ca trng nhng chng ta c th cho cc em lm cc bi kim tra v thi th nghim ..."
d) Gi - tranh lun: Lp lun v a dn chng thuyt phc:
6. Cc s liu phi r rng v d hiu.
Nn so snh thng tin cn truyn t vi nhng g c bit r v nhiu ngi bit. i khi bn phi linh hot trong tnh ton mt cht!
"Nu b mt chic xe ang chy vi tc 70km /gi m phi, nn nhn s trong tnh trng tng t mt ngi b ri t tng 6 ca ta nh chng ta ang ngi xung t!"
7. Phi "la" t v cu d hiu cho ngi nghe:
Phi gii thch nhng thut ng. Lu rng n c th rt r rng vi bn nhng cha hn r rng vi ngi khc!
8. Th hin trng thi tnh cm ph hp vi ni dung truyn ti:
Mt tin/mt ni dung gy hng th: Hy th hin s nhit tnh!
Mt tin bun? Th hin s nghim trang, nghim tc.
Vn ny cn c lu tm khng nhng khi bn ni/trnh by m c khi chun b cho xut hin cng chng. Hin tng mt n cn b ci trc ng knh trong khi nng bng ghi s tin ng h ca cng ty cho nn nhn sp cu l rt khng nn.
9. Tr li cho nhng iu kin tri ngc m bn bit r rng:
"Bn c th t hi rng: Mm tm c phi l nguyn nhn gy bnh t hay khng? Cu tr li ca chng ti l...."
10. Tm tt:
"Nh vy, trong gn mt gi ng h chng ta tp trung vo vn chnh ...."
Nhng "b quyt" quan trng khc 1. Dng t trng lp: "Hy lm php tnh nu mi ngi ng h mt ngn trong mt thng v ko di mt nm ....
2. Ci g, ti sao, khi no, nh th no, u v ai.
Ti gi 6 ngi phc v tin cn. H dy ti tt c nhng g ti bit;
Tn ca h l Ci g, Ti sao, Khi no,
Nh th no, u v Ai.
Nguyn vn:
"I keep six honest serving-men.
They taught me all I knew;
Their names are What and Why and When
And How and Where and Who
(Rudyard Kipling, 1865-1936; follow "The Elephant's Child")''
3. S dng con s 3:
"Mu, M hi v Nc mt"
"Nh trng, Gia nh v X hi"
S dng nguyn tc "con s 3" th hin:
- Tnh d nhp tm
- Nhp iu cu ni
- S tin cy v tip nhn
4. Nguyn tc 4V:
- Th gic (visual): Qua iu b, ng tc, di chuyn ca bn trong phng, nh mt v v tr ng ca bn.
- Tc ng qua thnh gic (vocal): Nhp iu v ngt qung, m lng (ni to, ni nh), tm dng...
- Th hin a dng (various): Th hin qua s nhit tnh, lng tin, vui nhn, nghim trang c bit l cch to khng kh i thoi... S khng ai cm thy thoi mi nu bn ni mt mch t u n cui!
- S dng li (verbal):
+ Phn gii thiu: Thu ht s ch v nu tng qut
+ Phn gia:
Vn /tnh cn thit
Gii php/ tng
Bng chng
ch li
Hnh ng/vic lm c th
+ Phn cui
Tm tt