KULIAH 3 HINDUISME
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Transcript of KULIAH 3 HINDUISME
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HINDUISME
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Asal Usul/Konsep
Hinduism does not include several
components of the common conception of a
religion
No historical founder
No single scriptural text recognized by all
No single authoritative voice or organisation No common creed
No single god or goddess
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Kolonial British & Hinduism
A Hinduism was in fact constructed to serve
colonial purposes
Scholars played a role in the orientalist
construction of Hinduism in their academic
disciplines
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Core concepts of HINDUISM
Hinduism originates from the ancient Vedictraditionand other indigenousbeliefs
Prominent themes i.e:
i- Dharma(ethics and duties)
ii- Samsra(The continuing cycle of birth, life, deathand rebirth)
iii- Karma(action and subsequent reaction)
iv- Moksha(liberation from the cycle of samsara).
*Buddhism, Jainismand Sikhismshare traits withHinduism
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokshahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokshahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic -
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Dharma
Hindu Dharmaspecific to the situation of the
particular individual or social group,
establishing the religious identity of the
individual through an expected pattern of
social relationships and through the individual
fulfillment of responsibilities
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Kasta
Considered as hierarchical division of society:
-Brahmans-rulers and warriors
-merchants and farmers
-labourers
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Kasta dan tanggungjawab sosial
Ones personal and social religious duty is
determined primarily by birth into a particular
social group
Caste determines ones range of responsibility,
the particular work (karma) with which one
must be engaged.
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Concept of God
Hinduism is sometimes considered to be a
polytheistic religion, but such a view tends to
oversimplify a diverse system of thought with
beliefs spanning monotheism,
polytheism,pantheism, monismand even
atheism.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheistic_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism_in_Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism_in_Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheistic_religion -
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VARIOUS INTERPRETATION
Example:
the Advaita Vedantaschool holds that there is
only one causal entity (Brahman), which
manifests itself to humans in multiple forms
many scholars consider the Samkhyaschool of
thought to have had atheistic leanings
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta -
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Brahman
According to theologies of Hinduism, Brahman(the greaterSelf or God) is in the highest sense One andnondifferentiated from the world and its beings (hence'nondualist')
it is also called Parambrahman, where the Sanskrit prefixparam-denotes "ultimate".
Brahman isalso sometimes seen as synonymous with theconcept of Paramatma(Supreme Spirit). Beyond time andspace, both immanent and transcendent
Brahmanis often described succinctly as sacchidananda,meaning 'Truth-Consciousness-Bliss', not only possessingthe qualities but also being their very essence.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramatmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramatmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramatmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahman -
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VIEWS OF ADVIANTA
Advaita philosophy declares that Brahman (the
impersonal God) is beyond mere intellectual
description
it can be understood only through direct spiritualexperience, where the 'knower' and the 'known'
are subsumed into the act of 'knowing'.
The goal is to "wake up" and realize that one'satman, or soul, is really identical to Brahman, the
uber-soul.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atman -
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OTHER VIEWS
monotheistic (typically Dvaita Vedanta) and relateddevotional (bhakti) schools:
*Brahmanas a Supreme Being who possessespersonality.
*In these conceptions, Brahman is associated withVishnu, Shivaor Shaktidepending on the sect.
*Brahman is seen as fundamentally separate from itsreliant souls (humanity)
*in achieving liberation, individual beings experienceGod as an independent being, a living personality, andretain their individual identities.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaita_Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaita_Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaita_Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta -
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Brahman(Devanagari)
is the concept of the Godhead
unchanging, infinite, immanent, andtranscendentrealitywhichis theDivineGroundof all matter, energy, time, space, being, andeverything beyond in this universe.
Its nature is described as transpersonal, personaland impersonalby different philosophicalschools.
Rig Veda, it regards as primordial beingHiranyagarbhathat is equated with the creatorGod Brahm.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godheadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiranyagarbhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiranyagarbhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiranyagarbhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiranyagarbhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahm%C4%81http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiranyagarbhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahm%C4%81http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahm%C4%81http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiranyagarbhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rig_Vedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godheadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari -
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BRAHMAN CRITERION
Brahman is said to be eternal, genderless,
omnipotent, omniscient, and omnipresent,
and ultimately indescribable in the human
language
Should be described as infinite Being, infinite
Consciousness and infinite Bliss.
Brahman is regarded as the source and
essence of the material universe.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnipotenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omniscienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnipresenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnipresenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omniscienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnipotenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal -
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AVAITIC VIEWS
The Advaitic tradition rejects to envolve in
definition of Brahman.
It considers the Vedas to be eternal, timeless
and contemporaneous with Brahman.
It considers, the Vedas were handed down
generations by vocal memorizations.
Written texts of the Vedas are a relatively
recent phenomenon.
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Brahman and Atman
Philosopher mystics of the Upanishads
identify Brahman, the world soul, with Atman,
the inner essence of the human being also
known as "Micro-soul-spark of Brahman.
The Ultimate Truth is expressed as Nirguna
Brahman, or lord of all "Gods".
Nirgunameans "formless", "attributeless",
mega-soul also known as. "spirit" only.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirguna_Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirguna_Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirgunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirgunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirguna_Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirguna_Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirguna_Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad -
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AdvaitaPhilosophy
considers Brahman to be without any form,
qualities, or attributes,
considers all personal forms of God including
Vishnu and Shivaas different aspects of God
in personal form or God with attributes,
Saguna Brahman.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saguna_Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saguna_Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saguna_Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saguna_Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita -
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Dvaita Philosophy
understands nir-gunaas without material
form or without bad qualities.
Vishnuis Brahman since the followers stress a
personal God.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guna -
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OTHERS
According to some, God's energy is personified as Devi,the Divine Mother.
For Vaishnaviteswho followRamunjacharaya'sphilosophy, Devi is Lakshmi, who is the Mother of all
and who pleads with Vishnu for mankind who isentrenched in sin.
For Gaudiya Vaishnavasshe is Radha.
For Shaivites, Devi is Parvati.
For Shaktas, who worship Devi, Devi is the personalform of God to attain the impersonal Absolute, God.For them, Shiva is personified as God withoutattributes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramunjacharayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvatihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvatihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramunjacharayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devi -
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Ishvara
God is viewed as the supreme personal being(rather than as the infinite principle) God is called
Ishvara("The Lord; Bhagavan("The AuspiciousOne"; or Parameshwara("The Supreme Lord[
Ishvarathus refers to the personal aspect of God;it is not specific to a particular deity.
Ishvaratranscends gender, yet can be lookedupon as father, mother, friend, child, or even assweetheart.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishvarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishvara -
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Ishvara
Some schools of Hindu philosophy do not
believe in Ishvara, while others interpret
Ishvarain different ways
Some schools do not distinguish between
Ishvaraand Brahman.
The Dvaitaschool holds that Ishvarais not
incorporeal,[18]but is infinite and a personal
being.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incorporealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incorporealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaita -
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Ishvara
Ishvara(Sanskritvara"lord, master",from an adjective vara"capable") is a Hinduphilosophical concept of Godmeaning "that
entity or the Supreme Being which is the lordand the ruler of everything".
The term is also used in Buddhism, e.g. inAvalokiteshvara. When referring to God asfemale, particularly in Shaktism, the femininevaris sometimes used.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalokiteshvarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalokiteshvarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit -
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Ishvara
Hinduismuses the term Ishvara exclusively torefer to the Supreme Godin a monotheisticsense.
Often in popular speech the Hindu terms Ishvara,Paramatmanand Bhagavanare usedinterchangeably for God, however each word hasits own specific meaning in the original scripturalcontext.
Ishvara is also used to denote a "lord" in atemporal sense, as any master or king (a dualusage also found in English).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramatmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramatmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism