Kuliah 1a Mineral
-
Upload
hermawansantiko -
Category
Documents
-
view
219 -
download
0
Transcript of Kuliah 1a Mineral
-
8/10/2019 Kuliah 1a Mineral
1/24
Pengenalan Mineral
-
8/10/2019 Kuliah 1a Mineral
2/24
Pengertian Mineral
Mineral adalah bahan bentukan alam yang mempunyai komposisi kimia tertentu, padaumumnya anorganik, dan kristalin padat
"A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that hasbeen formed as a result of geological processes" (Nickel, E. H., 1995).
"Minerals are naturally-occurring inorganic substances with a definite and predictablechemical composition and physical properties." (O' Donoghue, 1990).
"A mineral is a naturally occurring homogeneous solid, inorganically formed, with adefinite chemical composition and an ordered atomic arrangement" (Mason, et al, 1968).
"These... minerals ...can be distinguished from one another by individual characteristicsthat arise directly from the kinds of atoms they contain and the arrangements these atomsmake inside them" (Sinkankas, 1966).
"A mineral is a body produced by the processes of inorganic nature, having usually adefinite chemical composition and, if formed under favorable conditions, a certaincharacteristic atomic structure which is expressed in its crystalline form and otherphysical properties" (Dana & Ford, 1932).
"Every distinct chemical compound occurring in inorganic nature, having a definitemolecular structure or system of crystallization and well-defined physical properties,constitutes a mineral species" (Brush & Penfield, 1898).
-
8/10/2019 Kuliah 1a Mineral
3/24
Bagaimana orang mempelajari mineral
Berdasarkan sifat fisik
Berdasarkan komposisi kimia
Berdasarkan sifat optik (dengan bantuanmikroskop polarisasi dan pantul)
Berdasarkan struktur ikatan kimia (x-ray
diffraction)
Bagaimana cara terbentuknya (genesanya,
terkait dengan pembentukan batuan)
-
8/10/2019 Kuliah 1a Mineral
4/24
Sifat Fisik Mineral
Warna (color)
Cerat (streak)
Kilap (luster)
Kekerasan (hardness)
Belahan (cleavage) Pecahan (fracture)
Bentuk kristal (crystal form)
Masa jenis dan kerapatan (specific gravityand unit weight)
Daya hantar panas, listrik (heat & electrical conductivity)
Indeks bias
Daya simpan cahaya (fluorescence)
Kemagnitan (magnetism)
-
8/10/2019 Kuliah 1a Mineral
5/24
-
8/10/2019 Kuliah 1a Mineral
6/24
Cerat (Streak)
-
8/10/2019 Kuliah 1a Mineral
7/24
Kilap (Luster)
Kemampuan permukaan mineral mereflesikan cahaya
macamnya- Metallic (logam)
- Vitreous (kaca)
- Resinous (resin)
- Greasy (lemak)
- Pearly (mutiara)
- Silky (sutera)- Adamantin (intan)
-
8/10/2019 Kuliah 1a Mineral
8/24
Kilap (Luster)
-
8/10/2019 Kuliah 1a Mineral
9/24
Kekerasan (Hardness)
Kekerasan adalah ketahanan mineral terhadap goresan
-
8/10/2019 Kuliah 1a Mineral
10/24
Cleavage
-
8/10/2019 Kuliah 1a Mineral
11/24
Cleavage
-
8/10/2019 Kuliah 1a Mineral
12/24
Fracture
-
8/10/2019 Kuliah 1a Mineral
13/24
Mineral Form
-
8/10/2019 Kuliah 1a Mineral
14/24
Mineral Form
-
8/10/2019 Kuliah 1a Mineral
15/24
Mineral Form
-
8/10/2019 Kuliah 1a Mineral
16/24
Crystal Form
-
8/10/2019 Kuliah 1a Mineral
17/24
Crystal Form
-
8/10/2019 Kuliah 1a Mineral
18/24
Mineral form
-
8/10/2019 Kuliah 1a Mineral
19/24
Chemical
Bounding
andCleavage
-
8/10/2019 Kuliah 1a Mineral
20/24
Chemical
Composition
/ Classification
Old Dana Classification New Dana Classification
I Native Elements Class 1
II Sulfides Classes 2& 3
III Oxides and Hydroxides Classes 4, 5, 6, 7, & 8
IV Halides Classes 9, 10, 11, & 12
V Carbonates, Nitrates,
Borates
Classes (13, 14, 15, 16a, 16b, 17)Carbonates
(18, 19, 20)Nitrates
(21, 22, 23)Iodates
(24, 25, 26, &27)Borates
VI Sulfates, Chromates,
Molybdates
Classes (28, 29, 30, 31, 32)Sulfates
(33)Selenates & Tellurates
(34)Selenites - Tellurites - Sulfites
(35, & 36)Chromates
VII Phosphates, Arsenates,
Vanadates
Classes (37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43)Phosphates
(44, 45, 46)Antinomates
(47)Vanadates et. al.
(48, & 49)Molybdates & Tungstates
IX Organic Minerals Class 50
VIII Silicates
Nesosilicates Classes 51, 52, 53, & 54
Sorosilicates Classes 55, 56, 57, & 58
Cyclosilicates Classes 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, & 64
Inosilicates Classes 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, & 70
Phyllosilicates Classes 71, 72, 73, & 74
Tektosilicates Classes 75, 76, & 77
Not Classified Silicates Class 78
Complete List(860 Kb) Classes 1-78
-
8/10/2019 Kuliah 1a Mineral
21/24
Sifat Optik Mineral
-
8/10/2019 Kuliah 1a Mineral
22/24
Sifat Optik Mineral
Principle of petrographicmicroscope
Mineral on petrographicmicroscope
-
8/10/2019 Kuliah 1a Mineral
23/24
X-ray analysis
Powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD)is one of the primary techniquesused by mineralogists and solid state chemists to examine thephysico-chemical make-up of unknown solids. This data isrepresented in a collection of single-phase X-ray powder diffraction
patterns for the three most intense D values in the form of tables ofinterplanar spacings (D), relative intensities (I/Io), hkl plane, mineralname and chemical formulas.
The XRD techniquetakes a sample of the material and places apowdered sample in a holder, then the sample is illuminated with x-rays of a fixed wave-length and the intensity of the reflectedradiation is recorded using a goniometer. This data is then analyzedfor the reflection angle to calculate the inter-atomic spacing (D valuein Angstrom units - 10-8 cm). The intensity(I) is measured todiscriminate(using I ratios) the various D spacings and the resultsare compared to this table to identify possible matches.
-
8/10/2019 Kuliah 1a Mineral
24/24
Contoh Hasil X-ray