KS4 Physical Education - | St Christopher's CE High School. joints tendons and... · The different...

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Joints, Tendons and Ligaments


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KS4 Physical

Education


Le

arn

ing

ob

jecti

ves


Learning objectives

What joints are

Classifying joints as fixed, slightly moveable and

freely moveable

The 3 types of connective tissue and their functions

The different types of synovial joint and how they

are used in various sporting movements

The structure of different joints

Analysing joint functions in different movements

How joints and flexibility are effected by physical

activity and age.

What we will learn in this presentation:


Joint movement – what are joints?

A joint is a place where two or

more bones meet.

Without joints, our bodies

would not be able to move.

Joints, along with the skeleton

and muscular system, are

responsible for the huge range

of movement that the human

body can produce.

There are several different

types of joint, each producing

different types and amounts of

movement.


Different types of joint

There are 3 different types of joint:

1. Immovable (or fixed) joints

3. Movable (or synovial) joints

2. Slightly movable joints


1. Fixed or immovable joints

There are fewer than 10 immovable joints in the body.

They are sometimes called fibrous joints because the

bones are held together by tough fibres.

Immovable joints can be found

in the skull and pelvis, where

several bones have fused

together to form a rigid

structure.


2. Slightly movable joints

Slightly movable joints are

sometimes called cartilaginous

joints.

The bones are separated by a

cushion of cartilage. The joints

between the vertebrae in the

spine are cartilaginous joints.

The bones can move a little bit,

but ligaments stop them moving

too far. This is why we can bend,

straighten and rotate through the

back, but not too far.

bone

ligaments

cartilage

bone


3. Freely movable or synovial joints

90% of the joints in the body are

synovial joints. They are freely

movable.

Synovial joints contain synovial

fluid which is retained inside a

pocket called the synovial

membrane. This lubricates or

‘oils’ the joint.

All the moving parts are held

together by ligaments.

These are highly mobile joints,

like the shoulder and knee.

Synovial

fluid

Knee

Synovial

membrane


Different types of joint


Connective tissues

Connective tissues are vital to the functioning of joints.

There are 3 types of connective tissue:

Ligaments are

tough, elastic

fibres that link

bones to bones.

Tendons connect

muscles to bones.

Cartilage prevents the ends

of bones rubbing together at

joints. Its slippery surface also

helps to lubricate the joint.


Tendons and ligaments

Ligaments and tendons are strengthened by training.

Ligaments are responsible for holding joints

together. They prevent bones moving out of

position during the stresses of physical activity.

If they are pulled or twisted too far by extreme

physical movements, ligaments can tear and

the joint may dislocate.

Tendons anchor muscles to bones, allowing the muscles

to move the skeleton. Tendons are not very elastic –

if they were, then the force produced by muscles

would be absorbed instead of creating movement.

Tendons can also be torn if subjected to too much force.


Tendons and ligaments


Freely movable (synovial) joints

The joint capsule is an outer

sleeve that protects and

holds the knee together.

The synovial membrane

lines the capsule and secretes

synovial fluid – a liquid

which lubricates the joint,

allowing it to move freely.

Femur

Tibia

Joint capsule

Synovial

membrane

Synovial

fluid

Ligaments hold the bones together and keep them in place.

Cartilage

Smooth coverings of cartilage at

the ends of the bones stops them

rubbing together and provide some

shock absorption.


Types of synovial joints

In ball and socket joints, the

rounded end of one bone fits

inside a cup-shaped ending

on another bone.

Ball and socket joints allow movement

in all directions and also rotation.

The most mobile joints in the body are

ball and socket joints.

Examples: Shoulders and hips.

Hip



Pivot joints have a ring of bone

that fits over a bone protrusion,

around which it can rotate.

These joints only allow rotation.

Examples: The joint between the

atlas and axis in the neck which

allows you to shake your head.

Axis

Atlas



In saddle joints, the ends of the two

bones fit together in a special way,

allowing movement forwards and

backwards and left to right, but not

rotation.

Examples: The thumb is the only one.

Hinge joints – as their name

suggests – only allow forwards

and backwards movement.

Examples: The knee and elbow. Elbow



Condyloid joints have an oval-shaped

bone end which fits into a

correspondingly shaped bone end.

They allow forwards, backwards,

left and right movement, but not

rotation.

Examples: between the

metacarpals and phalanges in the hand.

Gliding joints have two flat faces

of bone that slide over one another.

They allow a tiny bit of movement

in all directions.

Examples: between the tarsals in the ankle.


Synovial joints – sporting examples

During the butterfly stroke,

the ball and socket joint of

the shoulder allows the

swimmer’s arm to rotate.

You might head a football using

the pivot joint in your neck, which

allows your head to rotate.

What type of joint allows a handball

player’s fingers to spread apart so that

they can control the ball with one hand?


Synovial joints – sporting examples

The saddle joint allows the

thumb to curl around a canoe

paddle to give a firm grip.

Can you think of a sporting movement that

involves the gliding joints between the tarsals?

The hinge joint at the knee allows

the leg to flex and extend, for

example when a hurdler extends

their trail leg at take-off and then

flexes it as they clear the hurdle.


Joint movement – how do we move?


Tasks

Working with a partner:

Take it in turns to demonstrate a simple sporting

movement, for example performing a biceps curl or

taking a step forward.

Together, analyse the movement and decide what

types of movement are occurring at each joint.

Now take it in turns to name a joint. Ask your

partner to demonstrate and name all of the

movements possible at that joint.

For example, the hinge joint at the elbow shows

flexion, extension and slight rotation.


The structure of the knee joint (hinge)

The knee is a very large and complex joint.

You need to know the details of how it works.

The femur is hinged on the

tibia so that the leg can be

bent (flexion) and

straightened (extension).

Cruciate ligaments bind the

bones together by crossing

inside the joint.

Other ligaments act to stabilise

the joint.

The patella increases the

leverage of the thigh muscle.

Femur

Tibia

Patella

Cruciate

ligament


The structure of the elbow joint (hinge)

The elbow is another complex

hinge joint. The hinge between the

humerus and ulna allows the arm

to bend and straighten.

The elbow also has a pivot joint

between the ulna and radius which

allows us to rotate the lower arm

while keeping the upper arm still.

A gliding action occurs between the

humerus and radius.

The whole joint is encased in a

synovial capsule and held together

by ligaments.

Ulna

Humerus

RadiusLigaments


The structure of the hip joint (ball and socket)

The hip joint is a large ball and

socket joint.

The head of the femur (long

bone), which is shaped like a

ball, fits into the socket (shaped

like a cup) of the pelvis.

Femur

Pelvis

The bones are covered in

cartilage and reinforced

with ligaments.


The structure of the shoulder joint (ball and socket)

The head of the humerus

is shaped like a ball and

fits into the cup-shaped

socket of the scapula.

The bones are covered in

cartilage and held together

with ligaments.

Humerus

The shoulder joint has more

freedom to move than the hip

joint and is capable of a greater

variety of movement.

However, this means it can

dislocate more easily.

Scapula

Ball and socket

come apart


Sacro-iliac joint

The sacro-iliac joint is

an example of a

synovial joint, that

allows little

movement.

It allows slight

rotation of the sacrum

against the hip bones

(ilium).

It helps to absorb some to the

forces produced by activities

like jumping and landing.

ilium

sacrum

sacro-iliac

joint


Name the bones in these joints


Other synovial joints

Look at this cricketer making a catch.

Task – try to work out the movements at each joint.

© E

MP

ICS

Ltd


Wrist, fingers and ankles

The wrist is more than just a hinge

joint – it can perform many complex

movements, including flexion,

extension, abduction and adduction.

The fingers can be made into a fist

(flexion) or straightened (extension).

The fingers can be spread (abduction)

or brought close together (adduction).

The ankle is another complex hinge joint.

The foot can bend down and bend up.

It can also slide turn out (eversion) and in

(inversion), as a result of gliding action

between the tarsal bones.


Joint movement

Joints enable us to make an extremely wide range of

movements under our conscious control.

The different types of joints allow us to move in many

different ways and to perform many different actions.

Consider this dancer.

The hinge joints at her

elbows and her right knee

are extended.

Her left knee is flexed.

There is abduction at her

shoulders and right hip.

The spine shows extension

as the head moves back.


Sporting movement


Joints and sport

Flexibility exercises increase

the range of movement at joints.

This can reduce the risk of

injury and damage as the joints

are more able to absorb forces.

However, overstretching joints

can cause injury to them.

Joint flexibility is important in sport, especially in activities

like gymnastics and diving that require extreme movements.

Participants in all sports however, can benefit from the

greater range of movement that comes with improved

flexibility.


Joints and old age

Some people, especially older

individuals, may develop arthritis – a disease that causes

pain, stiffness and inflammation around joints.

It is usually hereditary, but injured joints that have not

healed properly can be more prone to arthritis.

Most people’s flexibility deteriorates as they get older.

This is because the connective tissues around the joints

become less elastic.

Flexibility exercises and extended

warm-ups before exercise can

help, but ultimately, it becomes

harder and harder to maintain the

same levels of flexibility. Young gymnasts benefit

from good flexibility.


Exam-style questions

1. This diagram shows a cross

section of the knee.

a

b

c

d

a) Name bones a, b and c.

b) Name substance d.

c) List the types of movement

possible at the knee.

d) Explain the role of cartilage in

the functioning of the knee.

2. Explain how age affects joint flexibility and suggest a

way in which flexibility can be improved.


Can you remember all these keywords?

Joint – a place where two or more bones meet.

Flexibility – the range of movement possible at a joint.

Ligaments – strong, elastic fibres that join bones together.

Tendons – non-elastic fibres that attach muscles to bones.

Cartilage – connective tissue found at the ends of bones to

protect them and enable smooth movement.

Flexion – the action causing a limb to bend.

Extension – the action of a joint / limb straightening.

Abduction – the action of a limb moving outwards, away from

the body.

Adduction – the action of a limb moving in, towards the body.

Rotation – the action of a limb turning around.

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