Kroeber Arapaho 4 Religion 1907

256
7/24/2019 Kroeber Arapaho 4 Religion 1907 http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kroeber-arapaho-4-religion-1907 1/256 The Mr's. Mtorris K. Jesup' Expedition The A rc1a/ho By ALiFRED L. KROEBER IV., RELIGION BULLETIN OF THE ~rn~t~tc n uscum aftu,rt1 #itSLWr3 VOL. XVIII, PART IV, pp. 279-454. New, York, May 1, 1907. Q'

Transcript of Kroeber Arapaho 4 Religion 1907

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T h e

M r ' s . M t o r r i s

K .

J e s u p '

E x p e d i t i o n

T h e

A

r c 1 a / h o

B y

ALiFRED L .

KROEBER

I V . , R E LIGION

BULLETIN

OF THE

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# i t S L W r 3

V O L .

X V I I I , PART

I V ,

p p .

2 7 9 - 4 5 4 .

N e w ,

Y o r k ,

May

1 ,

1 9 0 7 .

Q'

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THE

ARAPAHO.

B y

ALFRED

L . KROEBER.

I V .

-

RELIGION.

PLATES

L V I I - L X X X V I I I .

I N T R O D U C T I O N .

P a r t

I V ,

  R e l i g i o n ,

c o m p l e t e s

t h a t

p o r t i o n

o f

 The

A r a p -

a h o

w h i c h

d e a l s

w i t h

t h e

A r a p a h o

p r o p e r .

L i k e

t h e

p r e -

c e d i n g p a r t s ,

i t i s i s s u e d

a s

t h e

r e s u l t

o f

i n v e s t i g a t i o n s

made

t h r o u g h

t h e

g e n e r o s i t y

o f

M r s .

M o r r i s

K .

J e s u p .

I t

i n c l u d e s

a l l

t h e i n f o r m a t i o n

o b t a i n e d

on t h i s

p h a s e

o f

A r a p a h o

l i f e ,

w i t h t w o

e x c e p t i o n s .

T h e

f i r s t

o f t h e s e i s

t h e

c e r e m o n i a l

o r g a n i z a t i o n ,

w h i c h h a s

b e e n

d e s c r i b e d

i n

t h e

p r e c e d i n g

s e c -

t i o n .

T h e

s u n - d a n c e ,

w h i c h

b y

t h e

A r a p a h o

t h e m s e l v e s

i s

i n c l u d e d

i n

t h e e n u m e r a t i o n

o f

t h e i r t r i b a l

c e r e m o n i e s ,

b u t

w h i c h

i s

f u n d a m e n t a l l y d i f f e r e n t ,

i s

t r e a t e d

i n

t h e

p r e s e n t

p a r t .

T h i s

c e r e m o n y

h a s

b e e n

r e c e n t l y

d e s c r i b e d w i t h

g r e a t

t h o r -

o u g h n e s s

a s

i t

i s

p r a c t i s e d

b y

t h e

s o u t h e r n A r a p a h o . '

T h e

p r e s e n t much b r i e f e r

a c c o u n t

a p p l i e s

t o

t h e

n o r t h e r n

A r a p a h o .

T h e

s e c o n d

e x c e p t i o n

i s t h e

m y t h s

a n d

t r a d i t i o n s . T h e s e

h a v e b e e n p u b l i s h e d

c o n j o i n t l y

w i t h

a

more

e x t e n s i v e

c o l l e c -

t i o n

s u b s e q u e n t l y

made

a l o n g

t h e

same

l i n e s

i n

t h e

s a m e

t r i b e

b y

D r . G .

A .

D o r s e y . 2

T h e

p r e s e n t

s e c t i o n

o f

 The

A r a p a h o ,

b e s i d e s

t r e a t i n g

o f

t h e

s u n - d a n c e ,

i n c l u d e s

i n f o r m a t i o n o n

r e l i g i o u s

c u s t o m s o f

a

t r i b a l

n a t u r e ,

m o d e r n

c e r e m o n i e s

a n d

t h e

o b j e c t s

u s e d

i n

t h e m ,

a n d

p e r s o n a l s u p e r n a t u r a l

p o w e r s .

T HE

SUN-DANCE.

T h e

f o l l o w i n g

b r i e f a c c o u n t

o f

t h e

s u n - d a n c e

o f

I 9 0 0

among

t h e

Wyoming

A r a p a h o

i s a

r e c o r d o f

c a s u a l o b s e r v a t i o n s

d u r i n g

a

w e e k

s p e n t

i n

t h e

camp

a n d

g i v e n

o v e r

p r i m a r i l y

t o

o t h e r

p u r p o s e s .

I t

i s

a b o u t w h a t

a n y

o n e

i n

t h e camp

w o u l d

w i t n e s s ,

b o t h

w i t h i n

t h e

c a m p - c i r c l e

a n d i n

t h e d a n c i n g - l o d g e ,

I

G . A .

D o r s e y ,

The

A r a p a h o S u n - D a n c e

( F i e l d

C o l u m b i a n

Museum P u b l i c a t i o n s ,

A n t h r o p o l o g i c a l

S e r i e s ,

V o l .

I V ) .

2

G .

A .

D o r s e y

and A .

L . K r o e b e r , T r a d i t i o n s

o f t h e

A r a p a h o , i b i d . ,

V o l . V .

2 7 9

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2 8 0

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n Museum

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l .

X V I I I ,

w i t h o u t

e n t e r i n g

t h e

c e r e m o n y ,

o r

b e i n g

d i r e c t l y

c o n n e c t e d

w i t h

i t . '

O p e n i n g

D a y .

-

By

n o o n

o f

J u n e

I 4 ,

t h e

t r i b e

had

g a t h e r e d

a n d t h e

c a m p - c i r c l e

was

p r a c t i c a l l y

c o m p l e t e ,

a l t h o u g h

a f e w

t e n t s

w e r e

p u t

up

s u b s e q u e n t l y .

About

t h e m i d d l e o f t h e

d a y ,

t h e

o l d men-

i n c l u d i n g

t h e

h e a d

p r i e s t ,

t h e

k e e p e r

o f

t h e

s a c r e d

p i p e

- w e r e

g a t h e r e d

u n d e r a

s h e l t e r

i n

t h e

m i d d l e

o f

t h e

c a m p - c i r c l e .

The

me n o f

p r o p e r

a g e

t o b e

members

o f

t h e s e c o n d

o f

t h e

t r i b a l s e r i e s

o f

d a n c e s ,

t h e

b i i t a h a n w u ,

c h a r g e d

on

t h e

camp

f r o m b e h i n d

a

h i l l

t o t h e

w e s t ,

s h o o t i n g

a n d

c r y i n g .

t

A l l

w e r e

m o u n t e d .

T h e y

c a r r i e d

r u d e

s h i e l d s

o f

w i l l o w

b r u s h ,

a n d l a n c e s made

o f

w i l l o w

p o l e s

on

t h e e n d s

o f

w h i c h

t h e

l e a v e s

h a d

b e e n

l e f t .

Many

h a d

g u n s ,

a n d some

f l a g s .

Some

h a d

l e g g i n g s

o f

b a g g i n g

o r o f

g r e e n

c a l i c o a r o u n d

t h e i r

h o r s e s '

f r o n t

l e g s .

T h i s

was

t o

i n d i c a t e

unmounted

men.

West o f

t h e

camp

t h e y s t o p p e d

a n d s t o o d

f o r

a

w h i l e .

Then

t h e y

r o d e

e n t i r e l y

a r o u n d

t h e

o u t s i d e

o f

t h e

c a m p - c i r c l e

a n t i -

s u n w i s e .

T h e n ,

p a s s i n g

i n s i d e

t h r o u g h

a ' g a p

a t

t h e

w e s t e r n

e n d ,

t h e y

r o d e a r o u n d

t h e

i n t e r i o r o f t h e

c a m p - c i r c l e i n

t h e

o p p o s i t e

d i r e c t i o n , t w o ,

t h r e e ,

f o u r ,

a n d

s o m e t i m e s

f i v e

a b r e a s t .

B e h i n d

t h e m

r o d e t w o

men

who

w e r e

e i t h e r

t h e

h e a d

me n

o f

t h i s

company

o r

more

p r o b a b l y

t h e i r

c e r e m o n i a l e l d e r

b r o t h e r s .

A f t e r

c o m p l e t i n g

t h e

i n n e r

c i r c u i t ,

t h e s e t w o

men

j o i n e d

t h e

o l d

me n u n d e r t h e

s h e l t e r i n

t h e

c e n t r e

o f

t h e

c a m p - c i r c l e ,

w h i l e

t h e

c o m p a n y

o f

m o u n t e d

me n

went

t o

t h e i r

p l a c e ,

j u s t

o p p o s i t e

t h e w e s t e n d

o f t h e

c a m p - c i r c l e , a n d

t h e r e

d r e w

up

a b r e a s t

i n

t h r e e l i n e s

w i t h

a

f e w

s t r a g g l e r s . A f t e r

a

f e w

m i n u t e s

t h e y d i s p e r s e d .

Some o f

t h e

h o r s e s

w e r e

p a i n t e d

w i t h

mud on

t h e

f o r e h e a d

a n d

f r o m

t h e

h i n d

q u a r t e r s

down

t o

t h e

h o o f s .

T h e

same

n i g h t , a b o u t

t e n

o ' c l o c k ,

t h e

p e o p l e g a t h e r e d

f o r

w h a t

was

c a l l e d

t h e

  s t i r r i n g - u p

s i n g i n g ,

f o r

p r a c t i c e ,

a s i t

w e r e ,

e v i d e n t l y

o f

s u n - d a n c e s o n g s .

T h e

s i n g i n g t o o k

p l a c e

i n

a

t e n t ,

no

d o u b t

t h e

r a b b i t - t e n t

o r

t h e

t e n t

o f

p r e p a r a t i o n

I

The

s u n - d a n c e

i s

c a l l e d

by

t h e A r a p a h o

 

h a s e i h a n w u , w h i c h

i s

t r a n s l a t e d

s a c r i f i c e - l o d g e

o r

o f f e r i n g - l o d g e .

The

i n d i v i d u a l d i r e c t l y

r e s p o n s i b l e

f o r t h e

p e r f o r m -

a n c e

o f

e a c h c e r e m o n y

i s

c a l l e d

  y a n a h u t , - a s i n t h e

a g e - s o c i e t y

c e r e m o n i e s ,

-

w h i c h

h a s

b e e n r e n d e r e d

h e r e

by

 

p l e d g e r ,

t h e

e q u i v a l e n t

o f D o r s e y ' s

 

l o d g e - m a k e r .

S e e

p.

1 5 2 .

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K r o e b e r , T h t e

A r a p a h o .

f o r

t h e

c e r e m o n y ;

b u t

n o

n o t e

o f

t h i s

was

made

b y

t h e

w r i t e r .

T h e

s i n g i n g

h e r e

c o n t i n u e d

u n t i l

f o u r n e x t

m o r n i n g .

Then

t h e b i i t a h a n w u

company a g a i n

r o d e a r o u n d

t h e

c a m p - c i r c l e ,

t h r e e

o r f o u r

a b r e a s t ,

w i t h

much

s h o o t i n g

a n d

y e l l i n g ,

a s on

t h e

p r e v i o u s d a y .

T h e y

c a r r i e d no w i l l o w

s h i e l d s ,

e x c e p t

i n

a

f e w

i n s t a n c e s ,

w h e r e

t h e y

w e r e

o b v i o u s l y

l e f t o v e r

f r o m

t h e

p r e c e d i n g

d a y .

The

c o u r s e

n o w

was

somewhat

d i f f e r e n t .

S t a r t i n g

f r o m

t h e

i n t e r i o r

o f

t h e

c a m p - c i r c l e

a t i t s

e a s t e r n

e n d ,

t h e y

r o d e

o u t ,

a n d

t h e n

t h r e e - q u a r t e r s

o f t h e

wa y

a r o u n d

i t ,

f r o m

l e f t

t o

r i g h t . T u r n i n g

n o r t h o f

t h e

c a m p - c i r c l e , t h e y

r e t r a c e d t h e i r

c o u r s e

i n

t h e

o p p o s i t e

d i r e c t i o n ,

a n d

e n t e r e d

t h e

c a m p - c i r c l e a g a i n

a t

t h e

e a s t , r i d i n g

t o t h e

m i d d l e ,

w h e r e

t h e y

d i s b a n d e d .

T h e

s l i g h t

s h e l t e r

i n

t h e m i d d l e

o f

t h e

c a m p - c i r c l e

a p p e a r s

t o h a v e b e e n i n

t h e

p l a c e

l a t e r

o c c u p i e d

b y

t h e

s u n - d a n c e

l o d g e .

I t

was

e r e c t e d b e f o r e

noon o f

J u n e I 4 ,

t h e

f i r s t

d a y

o f t h e

c e r e m o n y .

On t h e

e v e n i n g

o f

t h i s

d a y ,

t h e

r a b b i t - t e n t

a p p e a r s

t o h a v e

b e e n s e t

u p .

I t s t o o d

d u r i n g

t h e

n e x t

t h r e e

d a y s

( J u n e

I 5 , I 6 , I 7 )

a b o u t

h a l f w a y

w e s t o f

t h e

c e n t r e

o f

t h e

c a m p - c i r c l e ,

b e t w e e n i t

a n d

t h e

c i r c l e

o f

t e n t s .

W e s t o f

t h e r a b b i t - t e n t

-

a l m o s t

i n t h e

l i n e

o f

t e n t s ,

b u t

a

l i t t l e

n e a r e r

t h e i n s i d e

o f t h e

c a m p - c i r c l e

t h a n

t h e

o t h e r s

-

was

t h e

p a i n t e d

t e n t

o f

t h e

k e e p e r

o f t h e

s a c r e d

p i p e .

T h e

t e n t

f o r

t h e

k e e p e r

o f

t h e

s a c r e d

p i p e

i s

s h o w n

i n

P l a t e

L V I I . I t

i s

a t

p r e s e n t

made o f

c a n v a s , a n d

t h e

p a i n t i n g i s a s

f o l l o w s :

T h e

l o w e r

e d g e

o f

t h e

t e n t

f o r

t w o

o r

t h r e e

f e e t

u p

i s

b l u e . T h e r e a r e

e i g h t

d i f f e r e n t

s e c t i o n s

o f

t h i s , e a c h

h a v i n g

f i v e

h o r i z o n t a l r o w s

o f

y e l l o w

s u n s ,

r e p r e s e n t e d by s o l i d

c i r c l e s .

E a c h

row

c o n t a i n s

s e v e n o f

t h e s e

c i r c l e s ,

e x c e p t

i n

o n e

s e c t i o n ,

w h e r e t h e r e a r e

e i g h t

i n

a

r o w .

T h e

p a r t s o f

t h e

t e n t s u r f a c e w h i c h

s e p a r a t e

t h e s e

s e c t i o n s

o f

c i r c l e s

a r e

p a i n t e d

e a c h

w i t h

s e v e n

v e r t i c a l

z i g z a g

r e d l i n e s

f o r k e d a t

t h e

t o p ,

a p p a r e n t l y

r e p r e s e n t i n g l i g h t n i n g .

A b o v e

t h i s l o w e r

b a n d

o f

s u n

a n d

l i g h t n i n g

s y m b o l s ,

t h e

b o d y

o f

t h e

s u r f a c e

o f

t h e t e n t i s

o c c u p i e d

b y

h o r i z o n t a l

s t r i p e s ,

a l t e r n a t e l y

o r a n g e -

r e d

a n d

g r e e n .

T h e r e

a r e

f o u r t e e n o f

t h e r e d s t r i p e s ,

a n d

t h i r t e e n

o f

t h e

g r e e n . The

v e r y

u p p e r m o s t p o r t i o n o f

t h e

t e n t i s

a g a i n b l u e , w i t h f i v e

h o r i z o n t a l r o w s

o f

y e l l o w

c i r c l e s .

28I

1 9 0 7

, ]

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2 8 2 B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n Museum

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y . [ V o l .

X V I I I ,

I n

f r o n t ,

t h e

s t r i p

w h e r e

t h e t e n t

i s

p i n n e d

t o g e t h e r

i s

p a i n t e d

r e d .

At

t h e

l o w e r

e n d ,

a t

t h e

t o p

o f

t h e

d o o r ,

t h i s

r e d

band

e x p a n d s

i n t o a

c i r c l e .

D o w n

t h e

m i d d l e

o f t h e b a c k o f

t h e

t e n t ,

f r o m

t h e

t o p

a s f a r

down a s

t h e l o w e s t o f

t h e r e d

h o r i -

z o n t a l s t r i p e s ,

i s

a

g r e e n

l i n e .

At t h e

v e r y

t o p

t h i s

i s

c r o s s e d

w i t h

a

h o r i z o n t a l

g r e e n

b a r ;

n e a r

t h e

l o w e r

e n d ,

w h e r e

i t

i n t e r s e c t s

t h e n e x t

t o

t h e

l o w e s t

r e d s t r i p e ,

t w o

g r e e n

h o r n s

b r a n c h o u t ,

f o r m i n g

a

h o r i z o n t a l

c r e s c e n t .

T h i s

t e n t

i s

d i s c u s s e d

l a t e r

i n

c o n n e c t i o n

w i t h

t h e

t r i b a l

p i p e .

F i r s t

P r e l i m i n a r y

D a y .

-About

e l e v e n i n t h e

m o r n i n g

o f

J u n e I 5 ,

f o u r

g o o d

w a r r i o r s went

o u t a s s c o u t s o r

  w o l v e s

t o

f i n d s u i t a b l e

t r e e s f o r

t h e

d a n c i n g - l o d g e .

An

h o u r

o r t wo

l a t e r

t h e

y o u n g

me n

g a t h e r e d

on h o r s e b a c k

a g a i n ,

a n d

r o d e

a r o u n d

t h e

c a m p - c i r c l e ,

a s

t h e y

h a d on

t h e

p r e v i o u s d a y .

I t

was

s a i d

t h a t

t h i s

r i d e

r e p r e s e n t e d

a r i d e

c u s t o m a r y

b e f o r e

a

w a r - p a r t y

s t a r t e d o u t .

A f t e r t h e y

h a d

made

t w o

c i r c u i t s ,

t h e

company

g a t h e r e d

n e a r t h e s h e l t e r i n

t h e

c e n t r e

o f

t h e

c a m p - c i r c l e .

A f t e r a t i m e

t h e y

s e n t o u t s c o u t s . T h e s e

m e t

t h e

f o u r   w o l v e s

who h a d b e e n

s e n t

o u t e a r l i e r i n t h e

d a y .

T h e s e

f o u r

men

c r i e d  Wuuuu i m i t a t i n g

w o l v e s ; t h u s a n -

n o u n c i n g t h a t

t h e y

h a d

s e e n t h e e n e m y .

T h e r e u p o n

t h e

e n t i r e

company o f y o u n g

me n

r o d e

o u t o f t h e

camp a n d

t h e n

c h a r g e d

o n i t . A f t e r t h i s

t h e y d r e w

u p , s t i l l m o u n t e d ,

w e s t

o f t h e s h e l t e r

i n

t h e

c e n t r e .

T h e

f o u r s c o u t s c a m e

r i d i n g

s l o w l y

o n e

b e h i n d

t h e

o t h e r .

Women

w e r e

s i n g i n g ,

a n d

drums

b e a t i n g . T h e

women s t o o d

i n

t w o

r o w s ; *

o n e

i n

f r o n t

o f

t h e

s h e l t e r , l o o k i n g

w e s t , a n d t h e

o t h e r

i n

f r o n t

o f

t h e

r a b b i t - t e n t ,

l o o k i n g

e a s t .

I n f r o n t

o f

t h e r o w

o f women

a t t h e s h e l t e r

s t o o d

t h e

d r u m m e r s .

The mounted y o u n g

me n w e r e i n t h r e e

r o w s ,

s o u t h o r

s o u t h w e s t

o f t h e s h e l t e r .

They

a l s o f a c e d

a b o u t w e s t .

T h e f o u r

s c o u t s

c a m e f r o m

t h e

d i r e c t i o n

i n

w h i c h t h e s e l e c t e d t r e e s w e r e ,

t o t h e

w e s t o f t h e

c a m p - c i r c l e ,

o r ,

m o r e

e x a c t l y ,

s o m e w h a t

n o r t h w e s t .

T h e y o u n g

me n

now

w h e e l e d

t h r e e t i m e s i n

a b o d y

a r o u n d t h e s h e l t e r i n

w h i c h t h e

o l d me n

w e r e . Then t h e

s c o u t s , o n e

a f t e r a n o t h e r , a d v a n c e d

a n d

t o l d w a r - s t o r i e s . T h e r e u p o n

t h e

g a t h e r i n g

b r o k e u p .

S o o n

a f t e r t h i s ,

t h r e e

e l d e r l y me n w e n t

o f f

i n

a

s o u t h e r l y

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[Kroeber,

h e

A r a p a h o .

d i r e c t i o n

t o

h u n t

b u f f a l o .

One

o r

two

o f

them

c a r r i e d

bows

a n d

q u i v e r s .

At

some d i s t a n c e

o u t

on t h e

p r a i r i e

a

b u f f a l o -

s k i n h a d

b e e n l a i d .

T h e y

s h o t t h i s

a n d

t h e n l o a d e d

i t

on

t h e

h o r s e

o f

o n e

o f

t h e m . I n t h e

o l d

d a y s ,

o f

c o u r s e ,

a

l i v e

b u f f a l o

was s h o t .

As

t h e y

r e t u r n e d ,

a

drum

was b e a t e n i n t h e

r a b b i t -

t e n t . They

c a m e q u i t e

s l o w l y ,

w a l k i n g

t h e i r h o r s e s .

S t o p p i n g

i n

f r o n t o f

t h e

r a b b i t - t e n t ,

t h e y

c o u n t e d

t h e i r

c o u p s

o n e

a f t e r

t h e

o t h e r .

T h e

k e e p e r

o f

t h e s a c r e d

p i p e

came

o u t o f

t h c

r a b b i t - t e n t ,

a n d

g o i n g

t o

i t s

r e a r ,

w h e r e

a s m a l l

c e d a r - t r e e

l e a n e d

a g a i n s t

i t ,

t o o k

s o m e

b u f f a l o - c h i p s .

O n e

o f t h e

t h r e e

h u n t e r s t o o k

t h e

b u f f a l o - s k i n f r o m

t h e h o r s e .

Two

o f

them

t o o k h o l d

o f

i t ,

a n d ,

a f t e r

m o v i n g

i t

f o u r

t i m e s ,

s t r e t c h e d

i t

o u t b y a l i t t l e

p i l e

o f

d i r t

( P l a t e

L V I I I ) .

T h e

k e e p e r

o f t h e

s a c r e d

p i p e

t o o k

a

l i t t l e o f t h e

e a r t h ,

a n d

a t t h e

h e a d o f

t h e

s k i n

made a

p i l e

o f

i t .

A

g l o w i n g

c o a l

was

b r o u g h t

o u t

f r o m

t h e

r a b b i t - t e n t

o n

a

f o r k e d

s t i c k a n d

p u t

on

t h i s

h e a p

o f e a r t h .

Then i n c e n s e

w a s p u t

o n

i t . T h e

women

o f

t h e

camp

n o w

b r o u g h t

a l l t h e s m a l l

c h i l d r e n t o t o u c h t h e

b u f f a l o - s k i n

f o u r

t i m e s . A f t e r

t h i s t h e

me n

w e n t up t o

t o u c h

i t .

F i n a l l y

two

o f t h e

h u n t e r s t o o k

t h e

s k i n

a g a i n , a n d ,

a f t e r m o v i n g i t

f o u r

t i m e s , r a i s e d

i t

u p

a n d

w a l k e d

t o

t h e

r a b b i t - t e n t ,

t a k i n g

a b o u t

f i v e

m i n u t e s t o

c o v e r t h e

s h o r t

d i s t a n c e .

T a k i n g f o u r s l o w

s t e p s ,

t h e y s t o p p e d

w h i l e

a

s o n g ,

a c c o m p a n i e d

by r a t t l i n g ,

w a s

s u n g i n t h e

t e n t . When

t h e s i f i g i n g

e n d e d , t h e y w e r e

n e a r t h e

d o o r , a n d t o o k t h e

s k i n i n s i d e .

Then

a ma n a n d

a

woman

i n s i d e ,

e v i d e n t l y

t h e

p l e d g e r

o f

t h e

d a n c e

a n d

h i s

w i f e ,

s a i d

  H o i i i

s e v e r a l

t i m e s i n ' t h a n k s .

D u r i n g t h e d a y ,

  m e d i c i n e w a s b o i l e d

 

i n t h e

r a b b i t - t e n t ,

t h e

m e d i c i n e b e i n g

s u n g o v e r w i t h

d r u m m i n g .

S e c o n d

P r e l i m i n a r y

D a y . -On t h e

m o r n i n g o f

J u n e

i 6 ,

a b o u t

s u n r i s e ,

a l l

t h e c h i l d r e n , i t w a s

s a i d , w e r e b r o u g h t

t o

t o u c h

a p i e c e o f c a l i c o

w h i c h h a d

b e e n

 

g i v e n away

 

o r

s a c r i -

f i c e d

( h a s e i y a a n ) t o t h e

s u p e r n a t u r a l b e i n g s

( t c a y a t a w u n e n i -

t a l ,

u n t r u e

p e r s o n ) ,

a n d w a s

now

b e i n g h e l d o u t

t o w a r d

t h e

e a s t . T h e

ma n who

  g a v e

a w a y '

t h i s c l o t h

s a c r i f i c e d

i t

o n

a c c o u n t

o f

h i s

w i f e who

h a d

b e e n s i c k .

A f t e r t h e

c h i l d r e n h a d

a l l

t o u c h e d i t ,

i t w a s h u n g

u p o v e r t h e d o o r

o f t h e

l a r g e s t t e n t

i n

t h e

c a m p ,

w h i c h w a s a t

t h e

s o u t h e a s t

o f

t h e

c a m p - c i r c l e .

2 8 3

9 0 7 . 1

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284 B u l l e t i n A m e r i c a n

Museum

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l .

X V I I I ,

I t

i s

n o t

c e r t a i n

w h e t h e r

o r

n o t

t h i s

ma n

was

t h e p l e d g e r

o f

t h e

d a n c e .

The ma n

  g a v e

away

 

c o n s i d e r a b l e p r o p e r t y ,

a n d

f u r n i s h e d

f o o d . O t h e r

p e o p l e

a l s o

c o n t r i b u t e d .

The

g i f t s

w e r e

made

t o o l d m e n . On

t h i s

m o r n i n g

a b o u t

f o r t y

women

b r o u g h t

f o o d

t o

t h e

t e n t .

L a t e r i n

t h e d a y a

s w e a t - h o u s e

w a s p u t

u p .

I n

t h e

m o r n i n g

t h e

w i l l o w s

f o r

t h i s

s w e a t - h o u s e

w e r e

l y i n g

b a c k o f

t h e t e n t

i n

w h i c h

t h e

g a t h e r i n g

t o o k

p l a c e .

Some

o f t h e

w i l l o w

p o l e s

f o r

t h e

f r a m e w o r k

w e r e

p u t ,

i n

p l a c e

b y

f o u r

women

t o g e t h e r

h o l d i n g a

s t i c k .

One

woman

w e n t

a b o u t

t h e

f r a m e w o r k

b e f o r e

i t

w a s

c o v e r e d

w i t h b l a n k e t s ,

a n d

p a s s e d

h e r

h a n d s

down a l o n g e a c h

o f

t h e

p o l e s

t o w a r d

t h e

g r o u n d .

On

a

l i t t l e

mound

o f

e a r t h e a s t

o f

t h e

e n t r a n c e

l a y

a

b u f f a l o - s k u l l .

T h i s

s k u l l

f a c e d t h e

e a s t ,

a n d was p a i n t e d

r e d

a n d

b l a c k .

B e t w e e n

t h e h o r n s

i t w a s

b l a c k . T h e l e f t

o r s o u t h e r n

h o r n

was

p a i n t e d

b l a c k ;

t h e r i g h t

o r n o r t h e r n , r e d .

D o w n

t h e

m e d i a n

l i n e

o f

t h e

s k u l l

r a n

a

b l a c k a n d

a r e d l i n e ,

t h e

b l a c k o n

t h e

s o u t h , t h e r e d o n

t h e n o r t h .

T h e r e w e r e

a l s o

f o u r

s h o r t

b l a c k

l i n e s

e x t e n d i n g

t o w a r d t h e n o s e

f r o m

t h e

b l a c k a r e a

b e t w e e n

t h e h o r n s .

T h e

n a s a l a n d o r b i t a l

c a v i t i e s w e r e

s t u f f e d

w i t h

v e g e t a t i o n ,

p e r h a p s

s a g e . T h i s

a p p e a r s t o

h a v e

b e e n t h e

s k u l l l a t e r

u s e d

a t t h e

  a l t a r i n t h e

m a i n

l o d g e .

A l l t h e m o r n i n g

a n d a f t e r n o o n

o f

t h i s

d a y ,

s i n g i n g w e n t o n

i n t h e

l a r g e

t e n t ,

w h e r e

a t i n t e r v a l s

t h e

p e o p l e   g a v e

away

t h e i r

p r o p e r t y .

The s i n g i n g

was a c c o m p a n i e d

by

r a t t l i n g .

T h e

s o n g s

w e r e

a l l

b e g u n by a n

o l d

ma n

i n

a

l o u d v o i c e

a n d

a t a h i g h

p i t c h .

A f t e r

a f e w n o t e s ,

o t h e r me n

j o i n e d

i n t h e

s i n g i n g , a n d ,

t o w a r d s t h e e n d

o f

e a c h s o n g ,

o n e woman

o r

m o r e .

T h e

s o n g g r a d u a l l y

f e l l i n b o t h

p i t c h

a n d v o l u m e

u n t i l

i t

d i e d a w a y . T h e r e u p o n

t h e

l e a d e r i n

t h e s i n g i n g

b e g a n a g a i n .

T h e

p l e d g e r o f

t h e d a n c e

a n d

h i s

w i f e w e r e s a i d

n o t

t o

b e

i n

t h i s

t e n t , b u t i n t h e

r a b b i t - t e n t ,

f a s t i n g .

E a r l y i n

t h e

a f t e r n o o n

a

h o l e w a s

d u g f o r

t h e c en tr e

p o l e

o f

t h e

s u n - d a n c e

l o d g e

a n d

a s m a l l

c o t t o n w o o d - b r a n c h

s t u c k

i n t o

i t . S i x t e e n h o l e s

w e r e d u g i n a

c i r c l e a r o u n d

t h i s c e n t r e

h o l e f o r t h e o ut s i d e

f o r k s o f t h e

l o d g e , a n d

a s i m i l a r

b r a n c h

p u t

i n

e a c h .

B e f o r e s u n s e t ,

l o n g

s t r i p p e d

p i n e - t r e e s

w e r e

b r o u g h t o n

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1 9 0 7 . ]

K r o e b e r , T h e

A r a p a h o .

2 8 5

w a g o n s .

T h e s e w e r e

t o

b e

t h e

r a f t e r s

f o r

t h e

t o p

o f t h e

l o d g e .

They

h a d

b e e n

b r o u g h t

a b o u t

t w e n t y

m i l e s

f r o m

t h e

moun-

t a i n s .

A l l t h e

y o u n g

me n

now

r o d e

i n t o

t h e

c a m p - c i r c l e ;

t h e n ,

d i v i d i n g

i n t o

t w o

p a r t i e s , t h e y

w e n t

t h r o u g h

a sham

b a t t l e , e a c h s i d e

a l t e r n a t e l y

p u r s u i n g

t h e

o t h e r .

A f t e r

t h i s

t h e t w o

p a r t i e s r o d e

a r o u n d

t h e

camp

i n

o p p o s i t e

d i r e c -

t i o n s ;

o n e i n s i d e

t h e

c a m p - c i r c l e , t h e

o t h e r

o u t s i d e ,

a n d

t h e n

r e s p e c t i v e l y

o u t s i d e

a n d

i n s i d e . A f t e r

t h i s

t h e y

d r e w

u p

a r o u n d

t h e s h e l t e r

i n

t h e

c e n t r e

o f t h e

c a m p - c i r c l e ,

a n d

d i s m o u n t e d .

F o o d w a s

t h e n

p r o v i d e d

f o r

them

b y

t h e e l d e r

b r o t h e r s

o f

t h e

c o m p a n i e s

t h a t

h a d

t a k e n

p a r t

i n t h e

r i d e .

On t h e

e v e n i n g

o f

t h i s

d a y ,

t w o

y o u n g

me n

who

w e r e

g o i n g

t o

t a k e

p a r t

i n

t h e

d a n c e came

i n t o

t h e t e n t

o f

a n

o l d

ma n

who

was

t o b e t h e i r

g r a n d f a t h e r .

T h e y

t o u c h e d b o t h

him

a n d h i s w i f e

on t h e

f o r e h e a d ,

s a y i n g

 

H o i i i , ,

h o i i i

 

O n e

o f

t h e m

p r a y e d

a s

t h e y

s a t

a t t h e b a c k o f t h e t e n t .

T h e y

a g a i n

s a i d

 

H o i i i

t w i c e .

F o o d

was

p r e p a r e d

a n d

s e t b e f o r e

t h e m .

E a c h

o f

t h e m

s a i d

 

H o i i i

 

t w i c e

a g a i n ,

a n d

t h e n

a t e .

T h e y

l e f t

t h e

t e n t

w i t h o u t

h a v i n g s p o k e n

a n o t h e r

w o r d , t a k i n g

w i t h t h e m t h e f o o d

t h a t

t h e y

h a d

n o t

e a t e n .

T h i r d

P r e l i m i n a r y D a y .

-

J u n e

I

7

was

t h e

d a y

o n

w h i c h

t h e

c e n t r e

p o l e f o r t h e

l o d g e

was

t o b e

b r o u g h t

t o t h e

c a m p - c i r c l e .

A b o u t

n i n e

i n

t h e

m o r n i n g

t h e

m a j o r i t y

o f t h e

p e o p l e

o f t h e

camp

r o d e

a r o u n d

t h e

camp

o n c e

s l o w l y , a n d

s i n g i n g .

T h e

women

f o l l o w e d

t h e

men: t h e

d o g - c o m p a n y ,

a n d

p e r h a p s

o t h e r s ,

b r o u g h t

u p

t h e

r e a r .

T h e n

t h e y

r o d e

t o

w h e r e t h e

t r e e

i n t e n d e d

f o r

t h e c e n t r e p o l e

s t o o d ,

a b o u t

f o u r

m i l e s

u p

s t r e a m

i n a

n o r t h w e s t e r l y

d i r e c t i o n . S e v e r a l

w a g o n s

a c c o m p a n i e d t h e m

t o

b r i n g b a c k b r u s h

t o

f o r m

t h e

w a l l s o f t h e

l o d g e .

The

women

g a t h e r e d

l a r g e ,

l e a f y b r a n c h e s

f o r

t h i s

p u r p o s e ,

a n d

p u t

them o n

t h e

w a g o n s . Some

w o u l d

t a k e

o n e o r

t w o

c o t t o n w o o d - b r a n c h e s ,

a n d , t y i n g them t o

r o p e s ,

f a s t e n t h e m

t o

t h e i r

s a d d l e s t o d r a g

h o m e . A

l a r g e

c r o w d

g a t h e r e d

i n

g r o u p s

among

t h e

t i m b e r

a n d

b r u s h

o f

t h e

r i v e r - b o t t o m

a b o u t t h e m a i n

t r e e . T h i s

w a s c u t d o w n ,

a n d

a s

i t f e l l

t h e

p e o p l e

s h o u t e d ,

s h o o t i n g

a t i t ;

a n d c e r t a i n

me n

r a n

t o

c o u n t c o u p

o n i t ,

s t r i k i n g

i t

w i t h

w h a t e v e r t h e y

h e l d

i n

t h e i r h a n d s .

One

b r a n c h o f t h e

f o r k

w a s

b r o k e n

by t h e

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2 8 6

B u l l e t i n A m e r i c a n

Auseum

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y . [ V o l . X V I I I ,

f a l l

o f

t h e

t r e e ,

b u t a f t e r s o m e c o n s u l t a t i o n

i t w a s d e c i d e d

t h a t

t h e t r e e

w o u l d

a n s w e r .

I t

was c u t

o f f

a n d

s t r i p p e d ,

a n d

f o u r

h o r s e s

t i e d t o i t .

They h a r d l y

s u c c e e d e d i n

d r a g g i n g

i t

t h r o u g h

t h e

b r u s h

o u t on t o t h e

p r a i r i e .

T h e r e i t was

p t i t

on a

w a g o n .

T h e

wagon

s t a r t e d

f o r t h e

c a m p ,

a n d

t h e

p e o p l e

w e n t

w i t h

i t

a m i d some

e x c i t e m e n t

a n d much

m e r r i m e n t . The

women

r o d e

a h e a d ,

w h i l e

t h e

me n

f o l l o w e d

i n

two

p a r t i e s .

On

a r r i v -

i n g a t

t h e

c a m p ,

t h e s e

t w o

p a r t i e s

e n g a g e d

i n a sham

b a t t l e . '

Then

t h e y

r o d e

t o

t h e c e n t r e

o f t h e

c a m p - c i r c l e .

A f t e r

t h i s

t h e y

a g a i n

r o d e ,

t w o

a b r e a s t

i n

two

c o m p a n i e s ,

t w i c e

a r o u n d

t h e

c a m p - c i r c l e

i n

o p p o s i t e

d i r e c t i o n s ,

i n s i d e

a n d

o u t . M e a n -

w h i l e a b o u t

f i f t e e n

o l d me n

a n d women

w e r e

d a n c i n g

s h o u l d e r

t o

s h o u l d e r ,

t h e

men

h o l d i n g

h a n d - d r u m s .

I t

was

on

t h e

m o r n i n g

o f

t h i s

d a y

t h a t

t h e

o l d ma n

made

t h e

s p e e c h

t o t h e

p e o p l e

g i v e n

on

p .

I

5 .

0

W h i l e

t h e

p e o p l e

w e r e

away b r i n g i n g

t h e

c e n t r e

p o l e ,

t h e

p l e d g e r

o f

t h e

d a n c e made

t h e

c i r c u i t

o f

t h e

c a m p - c i r c l e

f r o m

l e f t

t o

r i g h t ,

a s k i n g

t h e

p e o p l e

who

h a d

r e m a i n e d

f o r

c o n t r i -

b u t i o n s o f

f o o d .

He

w o r e

a b u f f a l o - r o b e t o

w h i c h

p i e c e s

o f

r a b b i t - f u r w e r e

a t t a c h e d ,

a n d

w h i c h ,

l a t e r i n

t h e

c e r e m o n y ,

l a y

a t

t h e

f o o t

o f t h e

c e n t r e

p o l e .

A s t i c k a b o u t f o u r f e e t

h i g h

w i t h

a

f o r k

a t t h e

t o p

h a d

k e e n

s e t

u p

w e s t o f

t h e

i n c o m p l e t e d d a n c i n g - l o d g e ,

b e t w e e n

i t a n d

t h e

p i l e

o f b r u s h

l a t e r

u s e d

f o r

t h e

w a l l s

o f

t h e l o d g e .

T h i s

s t i c k

h a d

s a g e

a t

t h e

t o p ,

s i m i l a r

t o

t h e

b u n d l e

o f w i l l o w s

t h a t

l a t e r

was

p u t

i n t 6

t h e f o r k

o f

t h e

c e n t r e p o l e

o f

t h e

l o d g e ,

a n d

i n

a d d i t i o n t o t h e

s a g e

s o m e t h i n g

r e d ,

a p p a r e n t l y

c l o t h .

L a t e t h i s

a f t e r n o o n

t h e

i m p o r t a n t

c e r e m o n y o f

t h e

e r e c t i o n

o f

t h e

d a n c e - l o d g e

t o o k p l a c e .

The p l e d g e r

a n d h i s w i f e ,

t h e

k e e p e r

o f

t h e s a c r e d

p i p e , a n d o t h e r p e o p l e ,

i n c l u d i n g t h r e e

o f

t h e

d a n c e r s ,

c a m e

o u t o f t h e r a b b i t - t e n t

b e a r i n g

t h e

s a c r e d

1

I t

was s a i d

t h a t

among

t h e

s o u t h e r n A r a p a h o

t h e

dog-company t a k e s

c h a r g e o f t h e

b r i n g i n g - i n

o f

t h e

c e n t r e

p o l e , t h e

y o u n g e r c o m p a n i e s f i g h t i n g a

sham b a t t l e

on

t h e

wa y

h o m e .

I n

t h i s

b a t t l e

t h e

s t a r s a n d

b i i t a h a n w u company a r e

o p p o s e d t o t h e

k i t - f o x e s

a n d

tomahawk-men; t h a t i s t o s a y ,

t h e s e c o n d p r e l i m i n a r y

and s e c o n d f u l l company

a g a i n s t

t h e

f i r s t

p r e l i m i n a r y

and

f i r s t

f u l l

c o m p a n y .

D o r s e y ,

however

( o p .

c i t .

8 o ,

8 4 ) ,

s t a t e s ,

t h a t

i n

i g o I

t h e

b a t t l e was

b e t w e e n

t h e

dog-company

a s

a g a i n s t s t a r s ,

k i t - f o x e s ,

and

b i i t a h e i n e n a n ( t h e c r a z y - c o m p a n y

h a v i n g f a i l e d t o a r r i v e ) ,

and

i n

I 9 0 2 ,

b e t w e e n

t h e

d o g - c o m p a n y , t h e k i t - f o x e s , and

t h e b i i ta h e i n e n a n , a g a i n s t t h e s t a r s

a n d c r a z y - m e n .

Thus i n

I 9 o I t h e

f o u r t h s o c i e t y would

h a v e

b e e n

o p p o s e d t o t h e s e c o n d

and t h e

two

p r e l i m i n a r i e s ; i n I 9 0 2

t h e

s e c o n d

and f o u r t h

s o c i e t i e s

w i t h

t h e f i r s t

p r e l i m i n a r y

company

w o u l d h a v e b e e n

a g a i n s t t he t h i r d s o c i e t y

a n d t h e

s e c o n d

p r e l i m i n a r y .

I t w i l l

b e s e e n

t h a t

a l l

t h e s e

a c c o u n t s

c o n f l i c t

c o n s i d e r a b l y .

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.9l.

o e b e r ,

The

A r a p a h o .

p a r a p h e r n a l i a ,

c o n s i s t i n g

o f

a

b u f f a l o - s k u l l ,

t h e

b u f f a l o - s k i n

s h o t

t h e

p r e c e d i n g

d a y ,

a

b u f f a l o - r o b e ,

a

s t i c k t h a t

was

a p -

p a r e n t l y

a

d i g g i n g - s t i c k ,

w i t h b u f f a l o - f a t ,

a

r a w h i d e

r o p e ,

t h e

s a c r e d

w h e e l ,

a

p i p e ,

a k n i f e ,

a n d

b l a c k

a n d r e d p a i n t

( P l a t e s

L I X a n d

L X ) .

A f t e r

e m e r g i n g

f r o m

t h e

t e n t ,

t h e p e o p l e

c a r r y -

i n g

t h e s e

o b j e c t s

p r o c e e d e d

t o

t h e

d a n c i n g - l o d g e

t o

p a i n t

t h e

r a f t e r s ,

a f t e r

w h i c h

t h e

c e n t r e p o l e

w a s

p u t

u p .

S i x t e e n

f o r k s

a r o u n d

t h e p e r i p h e r y

o f t h e

l o d g e

had

b e e n

p r e v i o u s l y

p u t

u p ,

a s w e l l

a s

t h e s h o r t

r a f t e r s

c o n n e c t i n g

t h e m .

T h e

p l e d g e r ' s

w i f e ,

c a r r y i n g

t h e s a c r e d w h e e l ,

was t h e

f i r s t

t o e m e r g e

f r o m t h e t e n t .

S h e

was

f o l l o w e d

by

h e r

h u s b a n d

w i t h t h e

p i p e .

A f t e r

him came

t h r e e

m e n ;

t h e f i r s t

c a r r y i n g

t h e

k n i f e ,

t h e

s e c o n d

t h e

b l a c k

p a i n t

i n

a

b a g ,

a n d

t h e

t h i r d

t h e r e d

p a i n t .

T h e s e

t h r e e d a n c e r s ,

a s

w e l l

a s

t h e

p l e d g e r ,

w e r e

p a i n t e d

w i t h

w h i t e

p a i n t ,

w i t h

a

b l a c k

c i r c l e

o n

t h e

b r e a s t ,

a n d

l i n e s

e x t e n d i n g

f r o m

t h i s

o v e r

t h e s h o u l d e r s

a n d

a r m s .

T h e y

w o r e

a l s o

a

w h i t e p l u m e

e r e c t a t

t h e b a c k

o f

t h e

h e a d .

T h e

p l e d g e r ' s

w i f e

w o r e

a

b l a n k e t

f r o m

h e r

w a i s t

d o w n .

S h e

w a s p a i n t e d

r e d

o v e r

t h e

b o d y , a n d

h e r h a i r w a s

l o o s e .

On

h e r

c h e s t

w a s p a i n t e d

a

b l u e c i r c l e .

Her w r i s t s

h a d

b l a c k

b a n d s ,

a n d b e l o w

h e r

e y e s

w e r e

b l a c k

l i n e s .

A r e d

f e a t h e r

h u n g

down f r o m t h e b a c k

o f

h e r

h e a d .

A f t e r c o m i n g

o u t

f r o m t h e

t e n t ,

t h e s e

f i v e p e o p l e

s t o o d

a n d

w a i t e d ;

w h e r e -

u p o n

t h e

o l d

me n b r i n g i n g

t h e

b u f f a l o - s k i n s ,

t h e

d i g g i n g - s t i c k ,

a n d o t h e r

o b j e c t s ,

came o u t .

T h e y p r o c e e d e d

v e r y s l o w l y

i n

s i n g l e

f i l e

t o w a r d

t h e

d a n c i n g - l o d g e .

T h r e e

me n

i n

a d v a n c e

c a r r i e d

t h e b u f f a l o - s k i n

s h o t o n t h e

p r e c e d i n g

d a y ,

a n d

p e r -

h a p s

a b u f f a l o - s k u l l .

T h e y

w e r e f o l l o w e d

by t w o

me n

w i t h

a b u f f a l o - r o b e .

A f t e r

them

c a m e a ma n

w i t h

t h e

b a d g e r -

s k i n ,

t h e n

o n e w i t h

t h e s t i c k

a n d

t h e f a t ,

a n d

a f t e r him

t h e

o n e w i t h

t h e

r a w h i d e

r o p e .

T h e

k e e p e r o f

t h e

s a c r e d

p i p e

was

s o m e t i m e s

b e h i n d

t h i s l i n e o f

m e n ,

a n d

s o m e t i m e s

i n

a d v a n c e .

E v i d e n t l y

h e

d i d

n o t

f o r m p a r t

o f t h e

p r o c e s s i o n .

A f t e r

a

l i t t l e

i n t e r v a l

c a m e

t h e

p l e d g e r ' s

w i f e ,

t h e n

t h e

p l e d g e r ,

t h e n

t h e

t h r e e

d a n c e r s

w i t h

t h e k n i f e

a n d

t h e

p a i n t , a n d

f i n a l l y

t w o

me n

t o

p a i n t

t h e

p o l e .

T h e

p r o g r e s s

o f

t h e s e

p e o p l e

w a s

v e r y s l o w

a n d

i m p r e s s i v e ,

a n d

g r e a t

s i l e n c e

w a s

m a i n t a i n e d

i n

t h e c a m p .

A number

o f

p e o p l e ,

e s p e c i a l l y

o l d

2 8 7 -

1 9 0 7 . 1

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2 8 8

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n M u s e u n m

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y . [ V o l .

X V I I I ,

m e n ,

w e r e

g a t h e r e d

n e a r

t h e

d a n c i n g - l o d g e ,

w h i l e

o t h e r s

o f

a l l

a g e s

s a t

i n

t h e

o p e n s p a c e

o f t h e

c a m p - c i r c l e

o r

a t t h e i r

t e n t s .

I n t h e

s l o w

c i r c l i n g

t h a t

n ow

t o o k

p l a c e

a r o u n d

t h e

h a l f -

e r e c t e d d a n c e - l o d g e

t o

p a i n t

t h e

p o l e s ,

n o t

a l l o f

t h e

p e o p l e

t h a t h a d

e m e r g e d

i n

p r o c e s s i o n

f r o m

t h e r a b b i t - t e n t

t o o k

p a r t .

T h e r e

w e r e

no w

o n l y

s e v e n .

They

s t i l l m a r c h e d

i n

s i n g l e f i l e ,

b u t n o t q u i t e

a s

s l o w l y

a s

b e f o r e . F i r s t came

t h e

c e r e m o n i a l

g r a n d f a t h e r

o f t h e

p l e d g e r ,

c a r r y i n g s a g e .

He

was

f o l l o w e d

by t h e

k e e p e r

o f t h e

s a c r e d

p i p e

w i t h an

e a g l e - w i n g

f a n ,

w h i c h

h e

c a r r i e d

w i t h

him

t h r o u g h o u t

t h e

c e r e m o n y ,

a n d

some

s a g e .

T h i r d was t h e

p l e d g e r

w i t h

h i s

p i p e ; n e x t ,

h i s

w i f e ,

s t i l l

w i t h

t h e

w h e e l ;

t h e n t h e

d a n c e r

w i t h t h e

k n i f e ;

a n d ,

s i x t h a n d

s e v e n t h , t h e t w o me n

t o

d o

t h e

p a i n t i n g .

T h e r a f t e r s

w e r e

l y i n g

o u t s i d e

t h e

l o d g e ,

o n

t h e

g r o u n d . T h e

s e v e n

p e o p l e

w e n t f o u r t i m e s

a r o u n d

t h e

l o d g e , t o u c h i n g

t h e

r a f t e r s w i t h

t h e i r f e e t .

T h e y

d i d

n o t ,

q u i t e

c o m p l e t e

t h e f o u r t h

c i r c u i t ,

b u t

s t o p p e d

s o u t h

o f

t h e

p o l e , r a i s i n g w h a t t h e y

c a r r i e d ,

e x c e p t

t w o

me n

w i t h

t h e

p a i n t .

Then

t h e y

bowed

t h e i r

h e a d s ,

s a n g

s o f t l y ,

a n d

p r a y e d .

T h e y

w e r e

s t a n d i n g

a b r e a s t

a l o n g

t h e

r a f t e r . T h e

p l e d g e r

now

t o u c h e d

t h e p o l e

s e v e n

t i m e s ,

c u t t i n g i t

t w i c e o n t h e r i g h t ,

t w i c e o n t h e l e f t ,

t h e n

on

t h e

r i g h t a g a i n , a n d

t h e n

d r a w i n g

f r o m

t h e

r i g h t

t o

t h e

l e f t

t w i c e .

T h e n t h e

woman t o u c h e d

t h e p o l e

w i t h

h e r

w h e e l , a n d t h e

d a n c e r

c a r r y i n g

t h e k n i f e

c u t t h e

r a f t e r f o u r

t i m e s ,

f i r s t

c u t t i n g , a n d

t h e n

d r a w i n g

t h e

k n i f e

a c r o s s .

A f t e r

t h i s ,

t h e

f i r s t

o f

t h e

t w o

me n

c a r r y i n g

p a i n t ,

t h e

o n e w i t h

b l a c k ,

s t o o p e d

down

a n d

b e g a n p a i n t i n g

t h e r a f t e r .

He f i r s t p a i n t e d

t h e

p o l e

i n

t h e

p l a c e s

w h e r e i t h a d

b e e n

c u t , a n d t h e n

f i l l e d

i n

a l l

t h e

i n t e r v e n i n g s p a c e s ,

m a k i n g

a

b a n d

o f p a i n t e x t e n d i n g

a r o u n d

t h e

t r e e .

The

k e e p e r o f

t h e s a c r e d

p i p e s t o o d a b o u t ,

d i r e c t i n g

t h e

c u t t i n g a n d

t h e p a i n t i n g ,

p o i n t i n g o u t

t h e p l a c e s .

T h e s e v e n

p e o p l e t h e n

c o n t i n u e d t o p r o c e e d

a r o u n d

t h e d a n -

c i n g - l o d g e

f r o m l e f t

t o

r i g h t ,

f o u r

p o l e s

a l t o g e t h e r

b e i n g

p a i n t e d ,

- o n e

a t t h e

s o u t h e a s t

a n d

s o u t h w e s t ,

e a c h

b l a c k ;

a n d

o n e

a t

t h e

n o r t h w e s t

a n d

n o r t h e a s t ,

e a c h

r e d .

I n

p a i n t i n g

t h e f i r s t

t w o

p o l e s b l a c k

o n t h e

s o u t h o f t h e

l o d g e , t h e s e v e n

p e o p l e

s t o o d

f a c i n g t h e

e a s t ; i n

p a i n t i n g t h e l a s t

t w o

p o l e s

r e d o n t h e

n o r t h

s i d e o f t h e

l o d g e , t h e y

f a c e d w e s t w a r d .

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9Kroeber,

T h e

A r a p a h o .

A f t e r

t h i s ,

t h e y

e n t e r e d

t h e

h a l f - c o m p l e t e d

l o d g e

f r o m

t h e

e a s t

a n d s t o o d

a b r e a s t

i n t h e

m i d d l e ,

f a c i n g

n o r t h

a n d

p r a y i n g .

T h e m e m b e r s

o f t h e b i i t a h a n w u 1 I n o w

d r e w

u p

n o r t h

a n d

s o u t h

o f

t h e

l o d g e ;

t h e

  s t o u t

men

on

t h e

s o u t h ,

t h e

  s h o r t .

me n

 

o n

t h e

n o r t h .

W i t h

t h e l a t t e r

h a l f

o f

t h e

company

w e r e -

t w o d r u m m e r s .

T h e

m e m b e r s

o f

t h e

company

c a r r i e d

t e n t -

p o l e s t h e

t o p s

o f

w h i c h

w e r e

c o n n e c t e d

i n

p a i r s b y

s h o r t

r o p e s -

T h e y

s a n g

a b i i t a h a n w u

s o n g r e f e r r i n g t o

t h e t h u n d e r .

I t

b e g a n

w i t h

g e n t l e

d r u m m i n g ,

t h e n

a

h a r d

c r a c k

on

t h e

drum

r e p r e s e n t e d

a f l a s h

o f

l i g h t n i n g

a n d

s h a r p

t h u n d e r .

Toward

t h e

e n d

o f

t h e

s o n g

t h e

d r u m m i n g

b e c a m e

s o f t

a g a i n .

T h e

k e e p e r

o f

t h e s a c r e d

p i p e

n o w

b e g a n

t o f a s t e n

t h e

v a r i -

o u s o b j e c t s t o t h e

c e n t r e

p o l e .

Two

me n

l i f t e d

up

t h e b u n c h

o f

w i l l o w s . T h e

c e n t r e

p o l e ,

w h i c h

w a s

l y i n g

o n

t h e

g r o u n d ,

w a s t u r n e d s o

t h a t

t h e

p l a n e

o f

i t s

f o r k i n g

b r a n c h e s

was

v e r -

t i c a l ,

a n d

t h e

w i l l o w s

w e r e

t i e d t o

i t .

T h e n

came

women

a n d

a

n u m b e r

o f

v i s i t i n g

C r e e s

a n d

a

f e w

A r a p a h o

m e n ,

b r i n g i n g

c a l i c o a n d o t h e r

o b j e c t s

t o

b e f a s t e n e d t o

t h e

c e n t r e

p o l e .

The

woman

f o r

w h om t h e

d a n c e h a d

b e e n

p l e d g e d

n ow

k i s s e d

a l l t h e

p e o p l e

who

g a v e

t h i n g s

t o t i e

t o

t h e

p o l e ,

i n t h a n k s

f o r h e r r e s t o r a t i o n

t o

h e a l t h .

A t t h i s t i m e

a b o u t t e n e l d e r l y

m e n ,

s a i d t o b e l o n g

t o t h e

d o g - c o m p a n y ,

w e r e

s i t t i n g

c l o s e

t o t h e

l o d g e

( w e s t

o f

i t ) ,

a n d

d r u m m i n g . T h e

r a w h i d e r o p e

c a r r i e d

i n

t h e

c e r e m o n i a l

p r o c e s s i o n

w a s

u s e d t o t i e

t h e

v a r i o u s

o b j e c t s

t o t h e t r e e , T h e n

a

ma n

t o l d a

w a r - s t o r y ,

a n d ,

t a k i n g

t h e

d i g g i n g - s t i c k p a i n t e d r e d a t t h e

p o i n t ,

s t u c k

i t

i n t o

t h e

b u n c h o f

w i l l o w s

a n d o t h e r

o b j e c t s

t o

h o l d them

i n p l a c e .

T h e

c e n t r e

p o l e

w a s now

l i f t e d a s h o r t

d i s t a n c e s e v e n

t i m e s .

a m i d

s h o u t i n g ,

w h i l e i t w a s

m o t i o n e d t o w i t h

t h e w h e e l

t o

r i s e .

T h e s e v e n t h

t i m e i t w a s l i f t e d u p ,

a n d

by

m e a n s

o f

t h e

j o i n e d t e n t - p o l e s

p u s h e d

i n t o p l a c e ( P l a t e L X I ) .

A l l t h i s

t i m e

t h e

d o g - d a n c e r s w e r e

drumming a n d

s i n g i n g .

The

p l e d g e r ,

h i s

w i f e ,

a n d

t h e

t h r e e

o t h e r d a n c e r s , h a d

r e t i r e d

t o

t h e w e s t

o f

t h e

l o d g e ,

f a c i n g

t h e

e a s t .

I t

w a s

now

p e r h a p s

t h r e e - q u a r t e r s

o f a n h o u r b e f o r e s u n s e t .

T h e

y o u n g

men w i t h

1

I t i s n o t

c e r t a i n

t h a t

t h e

i n f o r m a t i o n

g i v e n

a s

t o

t h e p a r t

p l a y e d b y

t h e

b i i t a h a n w u

h e r e , b e f o r e ,

and s u b s e q u e n t l y ,

i s

e x a c t .

I t

i s

p o s s i b l e

t h a t s e v e r a l

o f t h e

y o u n g e r

c o m p a n i e s s h o u l d h a v e

p a r t i c i p a t e d ,

b u t t h a t

t h e

d i s o r g a n i z a t i o n

o f

b & y a a n w u

a t

t h e

p r e s e n t t i m e c a u s e d

a m o d i f i c a t i o n ,

o r

t h a t s e v e r a l

c o m p a n i e s d i d

t a k e

p a r r a n d o n l y

t h e

b i i t a h a n w u

was m e n t i o n e d . S e e

f o o t n o t e

on

p . 2 8 6 .

[ M a r c h .

I 9 0 7 ]

2 8 9 ~

9 0 7 . ]

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290 B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n

Museum

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y . [ V o l .

X V I I I ,

t e n t - p o l e s

c o n t i n u e d

t o

h o l d

t h e

c e n t r e p o l e

i n

p l a c e

u n t i l

i t

was

f i r m l y

s e t i n t h e

g r o u n d .

Then t h e

l o n g

h o r i z o n t a l

r a f t e r s

f r o m

t h e

c e n t r e

f o r k

t o

t h e

p e r i p h e r y

w e r e

s l i d i n t o

p l a c e

w h i l e

t h e

d o g - d a n c e r s

c o n t i n u e d

t h e i r

d r u m m i n g

a n d

s i n g i n g . As

s o o n a s t h e s e r a f t e r s w e r e i n

p l a c e ,

y o u n g

men c l i m b e d

u p

o n

t h e

f o r k s

a t

t h e

e d g e

o f t h e

l o d g e

t o t i e

t h e r a f t e r s

i n

p l a c e

w i t h

t h o n g s .

T h e

p i l e

o f

c o t t o n w o o d - b r a n c h e s

was

t h e n

d i s t r i b u t e d

a n d

t h e b r a n c h e s

s e t

u p

a r o u n d t h e

l o d g e ,

l e a n -

i n g

a g a i n s t t h e

p o l y g o n

o f

h o r i z o n t a l

b e a m s . The

l o d g e

was

h e r e w i t h

c o m p l e t e d

( P l a t e

L X I I ) .

N o t l o n g

a f t e r ,

  t h e

d a n c i n g - i n

t o o k

p l a c e .

T h e

p e o p l e

h a d

r e t u r n e d t o

t h e i r t e n t s ,

b u t

now

g a t h e r e d

r a p i d l y .

The

y o u n g

me n

c o l l e c t e d i n

t w o

o r t h r ee

p a r t i e s

a t

v a r i o u s

p l a c e s

i n t h e

c a m p - c i r c l e , a n d

r a n

t o

t h e

l o d g e ,

t w o

a b r e a s t ,

s h o o t i n g

- a n d

s h o u t i n g .

T h e y c a m e

i n t o

t h e

l o d g e b y

t h e

e n t r a n c e

a t

t h e

e a s t .

E v e r y b o d y

i n

t h e

camp

came

i n t o t h e

l o d g e ,

w h i c h

was much

c r o w d e d . T h e

y o u n g

men

a n d

women

s t o o d

i n

a

r i n g ,

f a c i n g

t h e

c e n t r e

p o l e ;

b e h i n d

a n d

a r o u n d

t h e m ,

j u s t

i n -

s i d e

o f

t h e

b r u s h

w a l l o f t h e

l o d g e ,

s t o o d

o t h e r

p e o p l e , m o s t l y

o l d e r ; i n

t h e

c e n t r e w e r e

t h e o l d

m e n . T h e

p e o p l e d a n c e d ,

s t a n d i n g

a n d

s i n g i n g , s o m e o f

t h e

me n

s h o o t i n g a t t h e

f o r k .

I n

t h e i n t e r v a l s

b e t w e e n t h e s o n g s ,

h o r s e s

a n d

c a l i c o

w e r e

* g i v e n

a w a y .

T h e

v i s i t i n g C r e e s

e s p e c i a l l y r e c e i v e d

t h e s e

g i f t s . Then

t h i s

f o r m a t i o n

b r o k e

u p . T h e

o l d

me n a n d

women

now

d a n c e d

a f e w

t i m e s ,

s t a n d i n g

s h o u l d e r t o s h o u l -

d e r ,

t h e

me n

c a r r y i n g

d r u m s .

P r a c t i c a l l y

a l l

t h e

o l d

me n

o f

t h e

t r i b e

t o o k

p a r t i n

t h i s , f o r t h e

d a n c e r s

w e r e

s o n u m e r o u s

t h a t t h e y

f o r m e d

t w o

c o n c e n t r i c

c i r c l e s .

T h i s

e v e n i n g o r

n i g h t t h e

r a b b i t - t e n t

w a s t a k e n

d o w n .

F i r s t

D ay

o f

t h e

D a n c e . -On

J u n e I 8

t h e d a n c e r s

w e r e

p a i n t e d

by

t h e

o l d

m e n .

A b o u t

o n e

i n

t h e

a f t e r n o o n t h e y

h a d

b e e n

p a i n t e d

w h i t e ,

b u t w i t h

n o d e s i g n s ,

a n d w e r e

r e s t i n g .

At

h a l f - p a s t

s e v e n

i n t h e e v e n i n g

t h e y

w e r e d a n c i n g ,

f u l l y

p a i n t e d .

M o s t

o f

t h e m

w e r e

w h i t e ,

s o m e

y e l l o w ,

s o m e

b u f f ,

and s o m e

p i n k .

E a c h o f

t h e m

h a d

o n

t h e

b r e a s t a

c i r c l e .

F r om

t h i s ,

t w o l i n e s

e x t e n d e d

d o w n w a r d ,

a n d

t w o o t h e r s

u p w a r d , o n

t h e

s h o u l d e r s a n d

a l o n g t h e

a r m s . They

u s u a l l y

h a d a

l i n e

a r o u n d t h e w r i s t s

a n d

a

l i n e

e n c l o s i n g

t h e f a c e . I n

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K r o e b e r ,

T h e

A r a p a h o .

2

many

c a s e s ,

p e r h a p s

i n t h e

m a j o r i t y ,

t h e

l i n e s

w e r e r e p l a c e d

b y

a

d o u b l e

row

o f d o t s .

T h e y

d a n c e d

s t a n d i n g

i n t h e i r

p l a c e s ,

m e r e l y

r a i s i n g

t h e

h e e l s

f r o m

t h e

g r o u n d ,

t h e

t o e s

r e m a i n i n g

e n t i r e l y

s t a t i o n a r y .

Each

t i m e t h e h e e l s

came

down

on

t h e

g r o u n d ,

t h e

b o d y

s e e m e d

t o

b e

d r o p p e d

i n t o

t h e

p e l v i s .

The

u p p e r p a r t

o f

t h e

b o d y

w a s a l s o

t h r o w n a

l i t t l e f o r w a r d .

The

a r m s

w e r e

h a n g i n g

a n d

t h e h e a d

u p ,

w i t h

a

b o n e w h i s t l e

i n

t h e

mouth

p r o j e c t i n g

s t r a i g h t

f o r w a r d

o r

u p w a r d .

The

d a n c e r s l o o k e d

t o

t h e

t o p

o f

t h e c e n t r e

p o l e .

At

t h i s

t i m e

e i g h t e e n

w e r e

d a n c i n g .

L a t e r

o n , t h e y

d r o p p e d

o u t o n e

b y

o n e ,

a n d

r e s t e d .

At

h a l f - p a s t

t e n

i n

t h e

e v e n i n g , o n l y

f o u r

w e r e d a n c i n g .

The

d a n c e r s

w o r e b l a n k e t s

f r o m t h e i r

h i p s ,

a n d

l o n g

b r e e c h - c l o t h s

( m o s t

o f

them

r e d ) ,

a n d

had

t h r e e

b u n c h e s

o f

s a g e

s t u c k

i n t h e f r o n t s o f

t h e i r b e l t s .

At t h e

e n d s .

o f

t h e i r

b o n e

w h i s t l e s

w e r e f e a t h e r

p l u m e s ,

a n d

a l l

w o r e a

p l u m e u p r i g h t

a t

t h e b a c k

o f

t h e h e a d .

The

p l e d g e r ' s

h a n d s .

w e r e

p a i n t e d

b l a c k

up

t o

h i s

w r i s t s ,

l o o k i n g

l i k e

g l o v e s .

He

was

h o l d i n g

t h e

w h e e l ,

a n d

w i t h

e a c h

d a n c e - m o v e m e n t

r a i s e d

i t

t o a b o u t

t h e

h e i g h t

o f

h i s

h e a d ,

o c c a s i o n a l l y

p a s s i n g

i t

b e h i n d

h i s

b a c k

t o

c h a n g e

i t

t o

h i s

o t h e r

h a n d .

A b o u t h a l f - p a s t

s e v e n

o f t h e

e v e n i n g

o f

t h i s d a y ,

a

s t a n d

o f f o u r

s t i c k s

was

b r o u g h t .

T h e

k e e p e r

o f

t h e

s a c r e d p i p e

s e t

t h e

s t a n d

up

i n

f r o n t o f t w o o f

t h e

d a n c e r s

i n o r d e r

t o

h e l p t h e m ,

a n d

t h e n

h u n g

t h e b u n d l e

c o n t a i n i n g

t h e s a c r e d

p i p e

u p o n

i t .

T h e

b u f f a l o - r o b e

t r i m m e d

w i t h

p i e c e s

o f

r a b b i t -

s k i n ,

w h i c h

h a d

b e e n

p r e v i o u s l y

worn

b y

t h e p l e d g e r a n d

had

b e e n

c a r r i e d i n t h e

c e r e m o n i a l

p r o c e s s i o n

f r o m

t h e

r a b b i t -

t e n t

t o t h e

d a n c i n g - l o d g e ,

now l a y

w e s t

o f t h e

f o o t

o f

t h e c e n -

t r e

p o l e .

The

d a n c e r s ,

w h i l e e r e c t ,

h a d t h e b l a n k e t s

o n

w h i c h

t h e y

r e p o s e d

when

r e s t i n g ,

l y i n g

b e f o r e

t h e m

a t

t h e i r

f e e t .

I n t h e s o u t h e a s t

p a r t

o f t h e

l o d g e s a t

t h e

d r u m m e r s ,

a l l y o u n g

m e n , b e a t i n g

a b a s s

drum

h u n g

f r o m s t i c k s

s e t i n

t h e

g r o u n d ,

m o s t

o f

them u s i n g s t i c k s t h e

e n d s

o f w h i c h

w e r e n o t

w r a p p e d .

At

t h i s

t i m e ,

f o u r t e e n

w e r e

drumming

a t

o n c e ,

s i t t i n g

c r o w d e d

v e r y

c l o s e l y i n

a c i r c l e .

A l l a r o u n d

them

t h e

women

s a t

o n

t h e

g r o u n d

i n

t h e i r

b l a n k e t s ,

h o l d i n g

u p b r a n c h e s

o f w i l l o w s ,

r a i s i n g

them

i n t i m e

t o t h e

drumming a n d

t h e i r

own

s i n g i n g .

I n

c o n c l u d i n g a

s o n g

t h e

d r u m m e r s

s t r u c k a b o u t

f o u r

h a r d

2 9 1

1 9 0 7

. ]

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292

B u l l e t i n A m e r i c a n

Museum

o f

N a t x r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l .

X V I I I ,

b l o w s

a t

i n t e r v a l s

t w i c e

a s

g r e a t

a s

t h e b e a t s

a c c o m p a n y i n g

t h e s o n g .

T h e women c o n t i n u e d

t o

s i n g

t w o o r t h r e e

p h r a s e s

a f t e r t h e s t o p

o f

t h e d r u m ,

a n d t h e n

a l l o w e d

t h e i r

v o i c e s

t o

d i e

a w a y .

The

m e n ,

o n

t h e

o t h e r

h a n d ,

b e g a n

e a c h

s o n g ,

a n d

c o n t i n u e d

t o

s i n g .

o n l y

a s

l o n g

a s

t h e d r u m m i n g

l a s t e d .

The

d a n c e r s

b l e w t h e i r w h i s t l e s e a c h

t i m e

t h a t

t h e y

r a i s e d

t h e m -

s e l v e s

on t h e i r

t o e s .

A t h a l f - p a s t

t e n t h e

s c e n e was

much t h e

s a m e , e x c e p t

t h a t

t h e r e

w e r e

f e w e r

d a n c e r s .

A

f i r e

was

b u r n i n g

i n t h e

l o d g e ,

t h e b u n d l e

c o n t a i n i n g

t h e s a c r e d

p i p e

was on

t h e

s t a n d i n

f r o n t

o f o n e o r

t w o o f t h e

d a n c e r s ,

t h e

d r u m m i n g

was

g o i n g

o n ,

t h e

s i n g i n g - w o m e n

w e r e

s t i l l a b o u t t h e

d r u m m e r s ,

w h i l e

a b o u t

t h e

l o d g e ,

m o s t l y

o u t s i d e ,

s t o o d

y o u n g

men

c o n c e a l i n g

t h e i r

f a c e s

b e h i n d t h e i r

b l a n k e t s ,

a n d

w a t c h i n g .

T h e

d a n c i n g

a p p e a r s

t o

h a v e

c o n t i n u e d

a l l

t h i s

n i g h t .

S e c o n d Day o f

t h e D a n c e .

-About

s u n r i s e

on

J u n e I 9 ,

a l l

t h e

d a n c e r s

a r e s a i d

t o

h a v e f a c e d t h e e a s t

a n d

d a n c e d ,

a f t e r

w h i c h

t h e

f o u r

r a f t e r s

t h a t

h a d b e e n

p a i n t e d

w e r e

m o t i o n e d

t o w i t h

f o o d .

By

e i g h t

t h i s

m o r n i n g ,

t h i s

b e i n g

t h e s e c o n d

o f

t h e t h r e e

d a y s

o f

t h e a c t u a l d a n c e ,

t h e

r e l a t i v e s

o f

t h e

d a n c e r s

b r o u g h t

f o o d f o r

t h e

y o u n g

m e n ' s

g r a n d f a t h e r s

i n t o

t h e

l o d g e ,

i n

r e t u r n

f o r t h e i r

p a i n t i n g

t h e

d a n c e r s . T h e

o l d me n

d i s t r i b u t e d

t h i s

f o o d

t o

t h e i r

r e l a t i v e s .

I t i s

s a i d t h a t o n

t h e

l a s t

d a y

t h e

g i v i n g

was

r e v e r s e d ,

t h e

g r a n d f a t h e r s

p r e s e n t i n g

f o o d

t o

t h e i r

g r a n d c h i l d r e n ,

t h e

d a n c e r s .

On

t h i s

m o r n i n g

a

r o d ,

a p p a r e n t l y

a

t e n t - p o l e ,

p a i n t e d

r e d ,

w i t h

a

s m a l l

c r o s s b a r

a t t h e t o p f r o m

w h i c h

h u n g

f e a t h e r s

a n d t w o

b l u e

h a n d k e r c h i e f s ,

w a s

p u t

u p

f o r

a

y o u n g

ma n who

h a d

made

t h e

d a n c e

t w o

o r t h r e e t i m e s ,

h a v i n g

on e a c h

o c c a s i o n f a s t e d f o r

t h e

e n t i r e

p e r i o d .

S e v e r a l

t e n t s o r

s h e l t e r s h a d b e e n

t a k e n

down

a n d t h e i r

* c a n v a s u s e d

t o

c o v e r

t h e

w e s t e r n h a l f o f t h e d a n c i n g - l o d g e

t o

s h e l t e r

t h e

d a n c e r s .

T h i s

c a n v a s

w a s

s t r e t c h e d i n s i d e

o f

t h e

b r u s h

w a l l

a l o n g

t h e

e n t i r e

w e s t e r n

h a l f

o f

t h e

l o d g e .

Where

t h e

s p e c t a t o r s

l o o k e d

i n ,

t h e

w a l l c o n s i s t e d

o n l y

o f

c o t t o n w o o d

b r u s h .

On

t h e

m o r n i n g

o f

J u n e I 9 ,

t e n t - c a n v a s

w a s a l s o

p u t

o n

t h e r a f t e r s o v e r h e a d ,

a l o n g

t h e w e s t e r n p a r t o f t h e

c i r -

e c u m f e r e n c e

o f t h e l o d g e ,

t o f o r m a

s h a d e

f o r

t h e g r a n d f a t h e r s

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K r o e b e r ,

T h e

A r a p a h o .

. a n d

d a n c e r s .

O t h e r

me n

v a r i o u s l y

o c c u p i e d

o t h e r

p l a c e s

i n

t h e

l o d g e .

T h e

m i d d l e

o f

t h e b a c k

o r

w e s t e r n e n d

o f

t h e

l o d g e

- w a s

o c c u p i e d

b y

t h e

p l e d g e r

a n d h i s

w i f e ,

a n d

w a s

s c r e e n e d w i t h

s i x

d e c i d u o u s

t r e e s a n d w i t h t h e s m a l l

c e d a r -

t r e e

t h a t

p r e v i o u s l y

h a d

b e e n

l e a n e d

a g a i n s t

t h e b a c k

o f

t h e

r a b b i t - t e n t .

T h e

p l e d g e r ' s

w i f e d i d n o t

come f o r w a r d

l i k e

t h e

men

d a n c e r s ,

n o r

d a n c e .

From t h i s

p l a c e

a

s m a l l

t r e n c h

, e x t e n d e d i n t h e d i r e c t i o n

o f

t h e

c e n t r e o f

t h e

l o d g e ,

b o r d e r e d

o n

e a c h

s i d e

b y

a

s m a l l

l o g

a n d

b y

s e v e n

u p r i g h t

s t i c k s

t u f t e d

w i t h

b u n c h e s

o f

r a b b i t - f u r . T h e s e

l o g s

a n d

s t i c k s

were

p a i n t e d

r e s p e c t i v e l y

r e d

a n d b l a c k

o n t h e two

s i d e s

o f

t h e

t r e n c h .

A t

t h e

r e a r

o r

w e s t e r n

e n d o f t h e

t r e n c h a

p a i n t e d

b u f f a l o - s k u l l

l a y ,

a p p a r e n t l y

t h e one u s e d two

d a y s

b e f o r e

f o r

t h e s w e a t - h o u s e .

N e a r

t h i s

s k u l l

s t o o d

a

f o r k e d

s t i c k ,

m e n t i o n e d

b e f o r e

a s

h a v i n g

s t o o d ,

a t t h e

t i m e o f

t h e

c e r e -

m o n i a l

p r o c e s s i o n ,

o u t s i d e

o f

t h e

s u n - d a n c e

l o d g e ,

w i t h

s a g e

a n d

a

r e d

o b j e c t

on

i t .

I t

was

n o w u s e d

t o

h a n g

t h e

w h e e l

f r o m ,

when

t h i s

was

n o t h e l d

b y

t h e

p l e d g e r .

I n

f r o n t

o f

t h e

s k u l l ,

b e t w e e n

i t a n d

t h e

r e a r o f t h e

t r e n c h ,

o r

p e r h a p s

c o v e r -

i n g

t h e

r e a r

p o r t i o n

o f t h e

t r e n c h ,

were

s m a l l

a r c h e d

s t i c k s

o r

w i c k e t s

i n

a

r o w .

N e a r l y

a t e a c h

s i d e

o f

t h e s e

s t i c k s

w a s

a

s m a l l

m a s s

o f l o w

s h r u b b e r y

s t u c k

i n t o a

r o u n d

p i e c e

o f

s o i l

o r s o d

w h i c h

h a d

b e e n

c u t o u t

o f

t h e

g r o u n d . T h e s e

t w o

- p i e c e s

o f

e a r t h a n d

s h r u b b e r y

h a d

b e e n

b r o u g h t

i n

t h e

m o r n i n g

, o f

t h e

f i r s t

d a y

o f t h e

d a n c e

b y

o l d

me n

a n d

women

who

h a d

g o n e t o

t h e

n e a r - b y

r i v e r f o r t h e

p u r p o s e .

T h e

s e v e n

s m a l l

t r e e s

f o r m e d a

s o r t

o f

s c r e e n

p a r a l l e l

w i t h

t h e

o u t s i d e

o f t h e

l o d g e

a t t h e

m i d d l e o f

t h i s

w e s t e r n

e n d .

J u s t t o

t h e

s o u t h

o f

t h e r e a r e n d

o f

t h e

t r e n c h was

t h e

c e d a r ,

s o u t h

o f t h i s

w a s a

T o w o f t h r e e

c o t t o n w o o d

t r e e s o r

b r a n c h e s ,

m a k i n g

a

t o t a l o f

f o u r

t r e e s

s o u t h o f

t h e

t r e n c h . T h e

t h r e e

t r e e s o n

t h e

n o r t h

* s i d e

o f

t h e

t r e n c h

w e r e o f

t h r e e

d i f f e r e n t

s p e c i e s ;

t h e

f i r s t

o n e

n e a r e s t

t h e

t r e n c h

b e i n g

a g a i n a

c o t t o n w o o d ; t h e

s e c o n d ,

a

t r e e

c a l l e d

by

t h e

A r a p a h o

h a n w a n w u b i i c

( p r a y i n g - w o o d ) ;

and

t h e

t h i r d

a n d

f a r t h e s t , a

w i l l o w .

T h e

c e n t r e

p o l e , a b o u t

t e n

f e e t

a b o v e

t h e

g r o u n d ,

was

e n c i r c l e d

b y

a b a n d

o f

b l a c k

a n d r e d

p a i n t , t h e

b l a c k

b e l o w .

B e t w e e n

t h e s e

b a n d s

a p i e c e

o f

l i g h t - c o l o r e d

c a l i c o a

f o o t

o r

l 1 9 0 7 . ]

2 9 3

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294 B u l l e t i n A m e r i c a n

Museum

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y . [ V o l .

X V I I I ,

m o r e

i n

w i d t h ,

e n c i r c l e d

i n

t h e

m i d d l e

b y

a

y e l l o w r i b b o n ,

w a s t i e d

a r o u n d

t h e

t r e e s o

t h a t t h e

r e d - p a i n t e d p o r t i o n

o f

t h e

t r u n k

was

i m m e d i a t e l y

a b o v e

i t ,

t h e

b l a c k

j u s t

b e l o w . F r om

t h e f o r k

o f

t h e t r e e

h u n g

a

b u f f a l o - r o b e ,

t o t h e l o w e s t e n d

o f

w h i c h

w e r e a t t a c h e d a b u n c h

o f

e a g l e - f e a t h e r s

a n d

g o r g e t s ( b e i i ) .

A b o u t

n i n e

o r

t e n

i n t h e

m o r n i n g

o f

t h i s s e c o n d

d a y , s i n g i n g

b e g a n

i n

t h e

l o d g e p r e p a r a t o r y

t o t h e

p a i n t i n g

o f t h e

d a n c e r s .

T h e g r a n d f a t h e r s

n ow s a t

i n a s e m i c i r c l e a t

t h e

e a s t e r n

e n d

o f

t h e

l o d g e ,

t h e

e n d

o p p o s i t e

t o

t h a t

i n

w h i c h

t h e

d a n c i n g

w e n t

o n .

I n f r o n t o f them w e r e

s i t t i n g

t h e i r

g r a n d s o n s

( t h e

d a n c e r s ) , t w e n t y - f o u r

i n n u m b e r . A t t h e

e n d o f e a c h

s o n g

t h e

o l d me n

t o u c h e d

t h e

d a n c e r s

o n t h e

f a c e

v v i t h

w e t

s a g e ,

a n d

t h e

l a s t

t i m e

on

t h e b a c k . A f t e r

t h i s

t h e o l d me n

g o t u p ,

went

t o t h e

w e s t

e n d o f

t h e

l o d g e ,

a n d

s a t

d o w n . T h e d a n c e r s

s t o o d

u p ,

a n d

w a s h e d

t h e m s e l v e s

w i t h

w a t e r

b r o u g h t

t o

t h e m

i n

b u c k e t s ,

a n d

t h e n

s a t

a r o u n d

t h e

m i d d l e o f t h e

l o d g e

t o

d r y .

When

t h e y

w e r e

d r y ,

t h e y

came

up

t o

t h e o l d

m a n ,

t h e

k e e p e r

o f t h e s a c r e d

p i p e ,

a n d

h e

t o u c h e d

t h e m w i t h

p a i n t . T a k i n g

p a i n t

o f t h e

c o l o r

w i t h w h i c h

t h e y

w e r e

t o

b e

c o v e r e d ,

h e

r u b b e d

i t

i n h i s

h a n d s ,

a n d

made

a

mark

o n

e a c h

h a n d

w i t h

t h e o t h e r .

Then h e

p a s s e d

h i s h a n d s

u p

f r o m

t h e f e e t

o f e a c h

y o u n g

ma n t o

h i s

b o d y ;

f r o m h i s

h a n d s

u p h i s

a r m s , t o h i s

s h o u l d e r s ,

a n d t o h i s

h e a d ,

t o u c h i n g

h i m

l i g h t l y w i t h t h e

p a i n t .

T h e

y o u n g

ma n s a t b e f o r e

h i m

w i t h

h i s k n e e s

d r a w n

u p , a n d

h i s h a n d s

o v e r

h i s

s h i n s .

Then t h e o l d

ma n

p a s s e d

h i s h a n d s .

a l o n g

t h e

d a n c e r i n r e v e r s e

d i r e c t i o n , t a k i n g

h o l d o f

s e v e r a l

f i n g e r s

o f

h i s

h a n d s , a n d

p u l l i n g

t h e m

d o w n w a r d .

To s o m e

d a n c e r s

h e

d i d

t h i s

t w i c e , t o

o t h e r s f o u r

t i m e s . Then

t h e -

y o u n g

ma n t u r n e d

a r o u n d ,

p r e s e n t i n g h i s

b a c k ,

w h i c h

t h e o l d

ma n

r u b b e d

r a t h e r

h e a v i l y

w i t h

p a i n t .

A f t e r

t h i s

t h e y o u n g

me n

t o o k

c u p s

o f

p a i n t ,

a n d

r u b b e d

t h e m s e l v e s u n i f o r m l y

o v e r t h e e n t i r e

b o d y . F e w e r

o f

t h e m w e r e w h i t e ,

a n d

m o r e o f

them

y e l l o w ,

t h a n

o n t h e

d a y

b e f o r e .

T h e

p l e d g e r o f t h e

d a n c e

a n d

h i s

f a t h e r ,

who

h a d

g o n e

i n t o

t h e

d a n c e w i t h

him

a n d

c o n s t a n t l y s t o o d

b e s i d e

h i m , w e r e a g a i n p a i n t e d w h i t e .

Then

t h e

g r a n d f a t h e r s

c a m e ,

a n d s a t

o r k n e l t

b e f o r e t h e

k e e p e r

o f t h e

s a c r e d

p i p e ,

who

d e s c r i b e d t o them how

t o p a i n t

t h e d a n c e r s .

T h e r e u p o n t h e o l d

me n

p r o c e e d e d

t o

d o t h e

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I 1 9 0 7 . ] K r o e b e r ,

T h e

A r a p a h o .

2 9 5

p a i n t i n g .

U s i n g

b l a c k

p a i n t ,

t h e y

e n c l o s e d t h e

f a c e

i n

a

l i n e ,

made

a c i r c l e

o n t h e

b r e a s t ,

b a n d s

a r o u n d

t h e

arms

j u s t

a b o v e

t h e

w r i s t s ,

a n d

a r o u n d

t h e

l e g s

j u s t

a b o v e

t h e

a n k l e s ,

a n d

a

h o r i z o n t a l

a r c

o f a c i r c l e

on t h e

b a c k

o v e r

t h e

l e f t

s h o u l d e r -

b l a d e .

Then

t h e y

d r e w l i n e s

f r o m t h e c i r c l e on

t h e

b r e a s t ,

downward

a l o n g

t h e

l e g s ,

a n d

u p

o v e r t h e

s h o u l d e r s ,

down

t h e

a r m s ,

t o t h e l i n e s a t

t h e w r i s t s .

I n

most c a s e s a row

o f

b l a c k

d o t s

b o r d e r e d

t h e

b l a c k

l i n e s

on

e a c h

s i d e ,

o r

e n t i r e l y

r e p l a c e d t h e m .

T h e

p l e d g e r

a n d

h i s

f a t h e r

h a d

two

d i a m o n d -

s h a p e d

a r e a s

on

e a c h

l e g

a n d

a r m

w i p e d

c l e a r

o f

p a i n t

t o

b e

l a t e r

p a i n t e d

o v e r i n d a r k r e d .

The

p l e d g e r

a n d

h i s f a -

t h e r , w h i l e

b e i n g

p a i n t e d ,

s a t

j u s t

n o r t h o f t h e

c e r e m o n i a l

t r e n c h .

T h e

o l d

ma n i n

c h a r g e

o f

t h e

c e r e m o n y

s a t

j u s t

s o u t h

o f

t h i s

t r e n c h

i n f r o n t o f

t h Q

c e d a r - t r e e . F o u r

d a n c e r s ,

a l l

o f them

w i t h a

g r o u n d - c o l o r

o f

y e l l o w i s h

b u f f ,

w e r e n o t

p a i n t e d

w i t h l i n e s

o r

d o t s ,

b u t

h a d ,

i n s t e a d ,

two

e a g l e s p a i n t e d

o n e a c h

arm

a n d

l e g ,

o n e o n

t h e

b r e a s t ,

a n d f o u r o r

f i v e

s m a l l

e a g l e s

o n t h e f a c e .

T h e s e

f o u r

d a n c e r s

a l s o

s h o w e d

c e r t a i n d i f -

f e r e n c e s

i n t h e i r

a p p a r e l .

T h e

m a j o r i t y

w o r e

w r e a t h s

o f

s a g e

o n t h e

h e a d ,

w i t h t h e

down

p l u m e

t h a t

h a d

b e e n

p r e v i o u s l y

worn

a t

t h e

b a c k

n o w

s t a n d i n g u p

i n

f r o n t .

T h e

f o u r

me n

p a i n t e d

w i t h

e a g l e s

w o r e

n o s u c h

w r e a t h ,

a n d

h a d

t h e

down

p l u m e

a t

t h e

b a c k o f

t h e

h e a d .

T h e y

a l s o w o r e

b u n c h e s o f

s a g e

i n

t h e i r

b e l t s ,

a s o n t h e

p r e c e d i n g

d a y ;

w h i l e

t h e

m a j o r -

i t y

o f t h e d a n c e r s

now

h a d

a

w r e a t h o r b e l t

o f i t

a r o u n d t h e

w a i s t .

A l l

t h e

d a n c e r s w o r e

a n k l e t s

a n d

w r i s t - b a n d s o f s a g e ,

h e l d i n

s h a p e

w i t h

s i n e w .

A b o u t

h a l f - p a s t o n e ,

w i t h a

l a r g e

c r o w d

i n

t h e

l o d g e , a n d

a f t e r

a number o f h o r s e s

h a d

b e e n

g i v e n

a w a y , t h e p l e d g e r

t o o k

a

p i e c e

o f

w h i t e

s k i n ,

a n d

moved

a l o n g

s l o w l y ,

h o l d i n g

i t

a f o o t

o r

l e s s a b o v e

t h e

g r o u n d ,

g o i n g a l o n g

t h e l o d g e

f r o m

l e f t

t o

r i g h t

u n t i l h e

came

t o

w h e r e

t h e d r u m m e r s

a n d

s i n g e r s

w e r e .

He

p a s s e d

t h e

s k i n

t o

t h e m ,

a n d t h e y

b e g a n

t h e

d r u m -

m i n g ,

w h e r e u p o n

d a n c i n g

c o m m e n c e d .

T h e

p l e d g e r

t h e r e u p o n

l a i d

t h e

s k i n down

a t t h e

f o o t o f

t h e

c e n t r e p o l e . The

d r u m ,

a l t h o u g h

made l i k e

a

b a s s d r u m , w i t h

d o u b l e h e a d

a n d

l a c i n g s ,

was o f n a t i v e

m a n u f a c t u r e ,

a b o u t

t w o

f e e t

i n

d i a m e t e r a n d

a

f o o t

h i g h .

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2 9 6

B u l l e t i n

A m t e r i c a n M u s e u n m

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l .

X V I I I ,

At

f i r s t

l i t t l e

i n t e r e s t

was

shown

i n

t h e

d a n c i n g .

M a n y

h o r s e s w e r e

g i v e n away

a t

t h i s

p e r i o d

a n d

t h e e a r s o f a

number

o f c h i l d r e n

w e r e

p i e r c e d .

T h r e e

y o u n g

m e n ,

a l l

o f them

d a n c e r s , c h a n g e d

t h e i r

names

a t

t h i s

t i m e ,

e a c h

g i v i n g

away

a

h o r s e .

An

o l d

m a n , s p e a k i n g

o v e r

t h e m ,

s t o o d b e h i n d

t h e m ,

h o l d i n g a

b u n c h

o f

s a g e

o v e r

t h e i r

h e a d s ,

a n d

t o u c h i n g

them

w i t h

i t

a t t h e

e n d

o f h i s

s p e e c h .

E a r l y

i n t h e

a f t e r n o o n

a

number o f

d a n c e r s ,

f i r s t

o f a l l t h e

p l e d g e r

a n d

h i s

f a t h e r ,

t o o k

a

t w i g

o f

s a g e ,

d i p p e d

i t

i n t o

f o o d ,

a n d

t h e n , s t a n d i n g

u n d e r

t h e

f o u r

p a i n t e d

r a f t e r s ,

m o t i o n e d

t o w a r d

t h e m .

T h e n , s t a n d i n g

e a s t

o f

t h e c e n t r e

p o l e , t h e y

t o u c h e d

t h i s

w i t h t h e

f o o d - d i p p e d s a g e ;

a n d

f i n a l l y , g o i n g

t o

t h e p i p e - b u n d l e

h a n g i n g

on i t s s t a n d

w e s t o f t h e

f o o t o f

t h e

c e n t r e p o l e , t h e y

t o u c h e d

t h i s

i n

t h e same

w a y .

A

t e n t - p o l e

p a i n t e d y e l l o w

h a d

b e e n s e t

u p

i n

t h e

l o d g e

f o r

o n e o f t h e

d a n c e r s .

A n o t h e r

o n e

was

n o w

b r o u g h t

i n . T h i s

was

p a i n t e d

r e d w i t h

a

g r e e n

b a n d

n e a r l y h a l f w a y u p ,

a n d an

e a g l e - f e a t h e r

t i e d

o n i t

s o m e w h a t

h i g h e r .

A t t h e

t o p was

a

c r o w . L a t e r

i n

t h e a f t e r n o o n

a t h i r d

p o l e ,

w h i c h

h a d

b e e n

e r e c t e d

o n

t h e

p r e c e d i n g d a y

some d i s t a n c e

o u t s i d e

o f t h e

e n t r a n c e t o t h e

l o d g e ,

w a s a l s o

s e t

u p

i n s i d e .

T h e s e

p o l e s

w e r e

s e t

i n

t h e

g r o u n d

j u s t

i n f r o n t

o f

t h e

d a n c e r s

f o r w h o m

t h e y

w e r e

e r e c t e d ,

s o

t h a t

t h e y

c o u l d h o l d

t h e m

w h i l e

d a n c i n g .

T h e

o l d ma n i n

c h a r g e

o f

t h e d a n c e

moved

t h e

s a c r e d - p i p e

b u n d l e

w i t h i t s

s t a n d

s e v e r a l

t i m e s

i n t h e c o u r s e o f

t h e a f t e r -

n o o n ,

s e t t i n g

i t

u p

b e f o r e

d i f f e r e n t

d a n c e r s .

D u r i n g

t h e

d a y

t h e

l a r g e r

w o o d - f i r e

o f

t h e

n i g h t w a s r e -

p l a c e d b y

a s m a l l

f i r e

o f

c o w - d u n g

u s e d i n

p l a c e

o f

b u f f a l o -

c h i p s .

A b o u t s i x o r

s e v e n o ' c l o c k

i n t h e e v e n i n g

o f t h i s s e c o n d

d a y , s o m e w h a t

b e f o r e

s u n s e t ,

t h e

d a n c e r s

r e s t e d ,

a n d

w e r e

r e p a i n t e d ;

b u t

t h e

s i n g i n g

a n d

drumming c o n t i n u e d w i t h o u t

i n t e r m i s s i o n .

Some o f

t h e d a n c e r s a t

t h i s t i m e , e s p e c i a l l y

a b o u t

t h e

t i m e

t h e

s u n

w e n t

down

a n d

f o r

s o m e

t i m e

a f t e r w a r d ,

t o o k

b l a n k e t s a n d

l a y down

o n

t h e

g r o u n d o u t s i d e o f t h e l o d g e .

T h e y

w e r e

no w

r e p a i n t e d s o m e w h a t

d i f f e r e n t l y . T h e p l e d g e r

a n d

h i s f a t h e r

w e r e

s t i l l

w h i t e ;

b u t i n e a c h

p l a c e w h e r e

b e f o r e

t h e y

h a d

h a d

a

l a r g e r e d d i a m o n d t h e y

now

h a d

t w o s m a l l

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97]o e b e r , The

A r a p a h o .

2

o n e s .

O n e

o t h e r

d a n c e r

was

p a i n t e d

w h i t e .

T h e s e

t h r e e

a n d

s i x

o t h e r

d a n c e r s

w o r e

n e i t h e r

h e a d - w r e a t h s ,

a n k l e t s ,

n o r

w r i s t - b a n d s

o f

s a g e .

Among

t h e s e s i x o t h e r me n

were

t h e

f o u r d a n c e r s

who e a r l i e r i n

t h e

a f t e r n o o n

had b e e n

p a i n t e d

w i t h

e a g l e s .

O f

t h e s e

f o u r ,

t h r e e w e r e

p a i n t e d

a d u l l

r e d ;

t h e

f o u r t h

was

l i g h t

y e l l o w ,

a n d h e h a d a r e d c i r c l e

on

h i s

b r e a s t .

The

t h r e e o t h e r s

w e r e

p a i n t e d

w i t h

g r e e n f i g u r e s

o f

a n i m a l s

s h a p e d

s o m e w h a t

l i k e

t u r t l e s ,

b u t

n a r r o w e r ,

a n d

w i t h h o r n s on

t h e h e a d .

O f

t h e

r e m a i n i n g

d a n c e r s ,

more

t h a n

b e f o r e w e r e

p a i n t e d

w i t h d u l l

y e l l o w - b u f f .

Some

o f

them

s t i l l

h a d t h e

l i n e s a n d r o w s o f

d o t s

e x t e n d i n g

f r o m t h e c i r c l e

on

t h e

b r e a s t down

t h e

arms a n d

l e g s ,

w h i l e

o t h e r s

h a d

t h e

e n t i r e

b r e a s t

c o v e r e d

w i t h

r e d

d o t s

on t h e

y e l l o w

g r o u n d .

A

s m a l l

u p r i g h t

mark was

g e n e r a l l y

made a t t h e

u p p e r

e n d

o f t h e

c i r c l e

on t h e b r e a s t .

A b o u t

n i n e

i n

t h e

e v e n i n g

i t was

f u l l y d a r k ,

a n d

a

w o o d -

f i r e

was

l i g h t e d

i n

t h e

l o d g e .

F ew

o f

t h e

p a r t i c i p a n t s

i n

t h e

c e r e m o n y

w e r e

n o w

d a n c i n g .

M o s t o f

them

w e r e

i n

t h e

l o d g e ,

i n

t h e i r

p l a c e s ,

s l e e p i n g .

G e n e r a l l y

n o t more

t h a n

f r o m

o n e

t o

f o u r

w e r e

d a n c i n g

a t

o n e

t i m e ,

a n d

t h e s e w e r e

n o t

a l w a y s

w h i s t l i n g .

O n e ma n a n d t h r e e

women

h a d l a i n a l l

d a y

i n

t h e

s o u t h e r n

p a r t

o f

t h e

l o d g e

a t o n e e n d

o f

t h e

row

o f

d a n c e r s ,

f a s t i n g .

A b o u t

s u n s e t ,

o r

s o o n

a f t e r ,

t h e

women

w e n t

o f f .

A b o u t t e n o ' c l o c k t h e

k e e p e r

o f

t h e

s a c r e d

p i p e

a n d

t h e

g r a n d -

f a t h e r s

w e r e

n o t

i n

t h e

l o d g e .

T h e

s i n g i n g - w o m e n

s a t

a r o u n d

t h e

d r u m m e r s ;

a n d

a l l

a b o u t t h e

i n s i d e o f

t h e l o d g e , a s

w e l l

a s

o u t s i d e ,

l a y ,

s a t ;

a n d

s t o o d

y o u n g me n

w r a p p e d

up

i n t h e i r

b l a n k e t s .

O n c e

o r t w i c e

a d a n c e r

w e n t

t o

t h e

p i p e - b u n d l e ,

l a i d h i s

h e a d

o n i t ,

a n d

c r i e d o r

p r a y e d .

T h i r d

D ay o f t h e

D a n c e .

-

t

a

q u a r t e r

a f t e r

f o u r

o n

t h e

m o r n i n g

o f

J u n e 2 0 , t h e

t h i r d

a n d l a s t

d a y o f

t h e

d a n c e ,

v e r y

f e w o f

t h e

d a n c e r s

w e r e

s t a n d i n g .

A l l

t h e

women h a d

l e f t

t h e

l o d g e ;

b u t t w e l v e

me n who

w e r e

drumming w e r e

s i n g i n g .

J u s t

b e f o r e

s u n r i s e ,

t w e n t y - t w o

o f

t h e

t w e n t y - f o u r

d a n c e r s

g o t u p .

F a c i n g

t h e

s p o t o n

t h e

h o r i z o n

w h e r e

t h e

s u n w a s

a b o u t

t o

r i s e , t h e y

d a n c e d

w i t h o u t

i n t e r m i s s i o n

f i v e

o r t e n

m i n u t e s ,

u n t i l

t h e s u n w a s

c o m p l e t e l y

a b o v e t h e

h o r i z o n ; t h e n

t h e y

a l l

l a y

d o w n . No

o l d

me n w e r e

p r e s e n t . T h e

p l e d g e r

I 1 9 0 7

* ]

2 9 7

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298

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n Museum

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l . X V I I I ,

d a n c e d

i n

t h e

t r e n c h ,

b u t

w i t h o u t

h i s

w h e e l .

The

s a c r e d -

p i p e

s t a n d

was i n f r o n t o f a

d a n c e r

w h o s e

p l a c e

was a

f e w

y a r d s

t o t h e

r i g h t

o f t h e

p l e d g e r .

A l l

t h e

d a n c e r s

w h i s t l e d .

A b o u t s e v e n i n t h e

m o r n i n g ,

a l l

t h e

g r a n d f a t h e r s

a n d

o l d

men

w e r e

i n t h e

l o d g e a g a i n .

A

g r e a t q u a n t i t y

o f f o o d

was

o n

t h e

g r o u n d

a r o u n d

t h e

c e n t r e

p o l e . S m o k i n g

was

g o i n g

o n , t h e

k e e p e r

o f t h e

s a c r e d

p i p e

g i v i n g p i p e s

t o t h e

d a n c e r s

t o s m o k e .

T a k i n g

a l i t t l e

t o b a c c o

f r o m t h e

p i p e ,

a n d

l a y i n g

i t

o n

t h e

g r o u n d ,

h e

m o t i o n e d

w i t h

t h e

p i p e

i n

t h e

f o u r c a r d i n a l

d i r e c t i o n s ,

t h e n

u p ,

a n d

t h e n

d o w n , e v i d e n t l y

p r a y i n g .

A

y o u n g

ma n k n e e l i n g

i n

f r o n t

o f

him t h e n

r e c e i v e d

t h e

p i p e

i n

h i s l e f t h a n d ,

p a s s i n g h i s r i g h t h a n d down

o v e r

t h e

o l d

m a n ' s

arm

f o u r

t i m e s ,

a n d

s a y i n g

 

H o i i i

 

t w i c e .

O t h e r o l d me n

g a v e

p i p e s

t o

t h e d a n c e r s t o

smoke

i n t h e

same

w a y .

S o m e -

t i m e s t h e

o l d

m e n ,

b e f o r e

m o t i o n i n g

w i t h

t h e

p i p e ,

h e l d

i t -

w i t h t h e b o w l

u p ,

p a s s i n g

e a c h

h a n d

down i t

t w i c e ,

a n d t h e n

h e l d

i t

h o r i z o n t a l l y ,

a g a i n p a s s i n g

t h e

h a n d s

a l o n g

i t .

The

b u n d l e

c o n t a i n i n g

t h e s a c r e d

p i p e

was

n o w

h a n g i n g

o n

i t s

s t a n d w e s t

o f

t h e

f o o t o f

t h e

c e n t r e

p o l e ,

t h e

s t a n d

b e i n g

a b o v e t he b u f f a l o - r o b e t r i m m e d

w i t h r a b b i t - f u r .

T h e

d a n c i n g

o n t h i s

l a s t

d a y

b e g a n

a b o u t

n o o n ,

o r

s o o n

a f t e r . T h e f o u r d a n c e r s

p a i n t e d

w i t h

e a g l e s

t h e

p r e c e d i n g

d a y

w e r e

now

p a i n t e d

i n

g r e e n ,

t h e i r

f a c e s

r e d ,

a n d

t h e i r

h a n d s

a n d

f o r e a r m s

y e l l o w . T h e y

w e r e

p a i n t e d

w i t h

d r a g o n - f l y

d e s i g n s ,

c o n s i s t i n g

o f

a

l i n e

k n o b b e d

a t

o n e

e n d

a n d

f o r k e d

a t t h e

o t h e r ,

a n d

c r o s s e d

n e a r

t h e

f o r m e r

b y

t w o s h o r t b a r s .

T h e s e

d e s i g n s

w e r e

y e l l o w

e x c e p t

w h e r e , a s

o n t h e

f o r e a r m s ,

t h e

b a c k g r o u n d

was

y e l l o w ,

i n

w h i c h

c a s e

t h e y

w e r e

d o n e

i n

r e d .

T h e s e f o u r

me n

d a n c e d

f o u r

s o n g s

i n f o u r d i f f e r e n t

p l a c e s

a r o u n d t h e

c e n t r e

p o l e . T h e

p l e d g e r a n d

h i s f a t h e r

w e r e

p a i n t e d

i n

a

p u r p l i s h

o r

p i n k i s h

w h i t e w i t h

a d o u b l e r o w

o f

d o t s down t h e

a r m s

a n d

l e g s . O f t h e

o t h e r d a n c e r s ,

s o m e

h a d

t h e s e

r o w s

o f

d o t s ,

s o m e r e d

o r

g r e e n c i r c l e s

o n

t h e i r

b r e a s t a n d a r o u n d

t h e i r

n i p p l e s ,

a n d o n e

w a s

p a i n t e d w i t h

what l o o k e d l i k e

a

l i g h t n i i n g

d e s i g n .

On t h i s d a y a l l

d a n c e d

w i t h much

g e s t i c u l a t i o n .

One

ma n

f e l l

t o t h e

g r o u n d f r o m

t h i r s t .

He

was c o v e r e d

w i t h

a

b l a n k e t , a n d s o o n

g o t

u p

a g a i n .

One

j u m p e d

w i l d l y

a b o u t ,

a n d

t h e n

l e a n e d

a g a i n s t t h e

c e n t r e

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K r o e b e r , The

A r a p a h o .

p o l e ,

h u g g i n g i t . S e v e r a l

d a n c e r s

a t

t i m e s l a i d t h e i r

h e a d s

o n t h e

s a c r e d - p i p e

b u n d l e ,

a n d

w e p t

a l o u d . One o r t w o

c r i e d

i A

t h i s wa y

w h i l e

l e a n i n g a g a i n s t

t h e

c e n t r e

p o l e .

About

h a l f - p a s t t w o t h e

p l e d g e r ' s

f a t h e r

t o o k

s a g e d i p p e d

i n t o

f o o d ,

a n d

m o t i o n e d

f r o m t h e f o u r

p a i n t e d

r a f t e r s t o w a r d

t h e

g r o u n d ,

t h e n

t o

t h e c e n t r e

p o l e ,

a n d

t h e n

t o u c h e d

t h e

s a c r e d - p i p e

b u n d l e . A f t e r t h i s

t h e

o th e r d a n c e r s

d i d

t h e

s a m e .

Much

f o o d

w a s

b r o u g h t

i n t o t h e

l o d g e .

Some

o f i t

was

g i v e n away

by

t h e g r a n d f a t h e r s

t o t h e

v i s i t i n g

C r e e s

a n d

t o o t h e r

p e o p l e .

I n

t h e

i n t e r v a l s

o f

t h e

d a n c i n g ,

h o r s e s

w e r e

g i v e n a w a y .

A f t e r

f i v e

i n

t h e

a f t e r n o o n , d a n c i n g

b e g a n

a g a i n ,

t h e

d a n c e r s

h a v i n g

b e e n o n c e

more

r e p a i n t e d .

A l l

e x c e p t

t h r e e

w e r e n o w

p a i n t e d

i n

some

s h a d e o f

y e l l o w - b u f f .

O f

t h e t h r e e

e x c e p -

t i o n s ,

o n e was

p a i n t e d r e d ,

a n d two

( t h e

p l e d g e r

a n d h i s

f a -

t h e r )

w e r e s t i l l i n t h e

p u r p l i s h - w h i t e

i n w h i c h

t h e y

h a d

b e e n

p a i n t e d

e a r l i e r i n t h e

d a y .

T h e

m a j o r i t y

w e r e

p a i n t e d

w i t h

r o w s

o f

s p o t s ,

some

w i t h

l a r g e

o n e s ,

a n d o t h e r s

w i t h

many

s m a l l

o n e s .

The

c o l o r s

o f

t h e s e

s p o t s

w e r e

v a r i o u s ,

-

r e d ,

g r e e n , b l u e ,

o r b l a c k . One

ma n was

p a i n t e d

w i t h

a

t r e e o n

h i s

f o r e a r m s

a n d

l e g s .

T h e

p l e d g e r

a n d h i s

f a t h e r h a d a

l i g h t n i n g -

mark

e x t e n d i n g

down

t h e a r m . T h e c r o w d

o f

s p e c t a t o r s

was

much

l a r g e r

t h a n b e f o r e a n d t h e s c e n e was

v e r y

a n i m a t e d .

A l l

o f t h e

t w e n t y - f o u r

p a r t i c i p a n t s

i n

t h e

c e r e m o n y

w e r e

s t i l l i n

t h e

l o d g e .

The

b u n d l e f o r

t h e

s a c r e d

p i p e

was

s t i l l

on

i t s s t a n d

a t

t h e

f o o t

o f t h e c e n t r e

p o l e ;

t h e

s a c r e d

p i p e

i t s e l f ,

i t

w a s

s a i d ,

h a v i n g

b e e n

d u r i n g

t h e

d a n c e

a t

t h e

v e r y

b a c k

o f t h e

l o d g e

b e h i n d

t h e

p l e d g e r .

A g a i n

o n e

o f

t h e

d a n -

c e r s ,

a f t e r b e g i n n i n g

t o s w i n g h i s

a r m s

w i l d l y ,

f e l l

d o w n , o r

r a t h e r

t h r e w h i m s e l f

d o w n ,

b u t

s o o n

g o t

u p

a n d

r e s t e d . L a t e r

o n ,

f e w e r

o f

t h e d a n c e r s

w e r e

d a n c i n g . Some w e n t

o u t

o f t h e

l o d g e

a s h o r t d i s t a n c e

t o

r e s t , a n d o n e w a s

w a s h e d o f f .

N e a r

s u n s e t

t h e y

g a v e

away t h e i r b l a n k e t s ,

a p p a r e n t l y t o t h e i r

g r a n d f a t h e r s . W he n

t h e

s u n

h a d

s e t ,

p a r t o f

t h e c a n v a s w a l l

a t

t h e w e s t e r n

e n d

o f

t h e l o d g e

w a s

r e m o v e d .

S e v e n

d a n c e r s ,

i n c l u d i n g

t h e

p l e d g e r

now ( f o r t h e

o n l y t i m e i n

t h e c e r e m o n y ) ,

s t o o d i n

t h e e a s t e r n

p a r t

o f

t h e

l o d g e , f a c i n g t h e w e s t , d a n c i n g

a g a i n s t

t h e

s u n .

One

s o n g w a s

r e p e a t e d

w i t h o u t i n t e r m i s s i o n

f o r

n e a r l y

h a l f

a n

h o u r , t h e

p l e d g e r a s h e

d a n c e d s w i n g i n g

h i s

1 9 0 7 . 1

2 9 9

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300 B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n

Museum

o f N a t u r a l H i s t o r y . [ V o l . X V I I I ,

w h e e l

h e a v i l y

d o w n w a r d . The s c e n e was

f u l l

o f

e x c i t e m e n t .

A l l t h e

d a n c e r s

b u t

t h e

s e v e n w e r e

s i t t i n g

a b o u t . W h e n

f i n a l l y

t h e o l d me n h a d

g i v e n

t h e

s i g n a l

t h a t t h e l a s t r e d

g l o w

h a d

d i s a p p e a r e d

f r o m t h e

s k y ,

t h e r e was

a r u s h

t o

d r i n k

t h e g o o s e - w a t e r

( h i t 8 g o u n e t c )

b e h i n d

t h e

c e r e m o n i a l t r e n c h .

The

d a n c e r s

d i d

n o t

a p p e a r

t o

w h i s t l e

o r

u t t e r

a s o u n d b e f o r e

d r i n k i n g

o f

t h i s ,

a s

t h e y

w e r e

s a i d t o d o

among

t h e

s o u t h e r n

A r a p a h o . Many

o f

t h e

s p e c t a t o r s

a l s o c r o w d e d

t o

t h i s

w a t e r

a n d

d r a n k

o f

i t .

The

d a n c e r s

n o w d r a n k

w a t e r ,

v o m i t e d , a n d ,

s o m e

h a v i n g

b a t h e d ,

a t e

f o r

t h e

f i r s t

t i m e

a f t e r

t h e i r

t h r e e -

d a y s '

f a s t .

The

p e o p l e

o f

t h e

e n t i r e

camp

w e r e

s c a t t e r e d

a b o u t

t h e

o p e n s p a c e

a r o u n d t h e

l o d g e , s i t t i n g

on t h e

g r o u n d

i n

g r o u p s ,

a n d

e a t i n g , m a k i n g

a

most

p l e a s i n g

p i c t u r e

i n

t h e

d u s k .

I t

was

a b o u t

h a l f - p a s t e i g h t

when

t h e

l a s t

s o n g

o f

t h e

d a n c e w a s

c o n c l u d e d .

B e f o r e t h e

e n d o f

t h e

d a n c e ,

t h e

k e e p e r

o f t h e s a c r e d

p i p e

h a d t a k e n

a l l

t h e s a c r e d o b j e c t s f r o m

t h e

b a c k o f t h e

l o d g e a n d

l a i d

them

a t

t h e

f o o t

o f

t h e

c e n t r e

p o l e ,

u n d e r

t h e

s t a n d

f o r

t h e

p i p e - b u n d l e .

He

t o o k

i n

t h i s

wa y t h e

p i p e i t s e l f , t h e

b a d g e r - s k i n ,

t w o

b u n d l e s

o f s k i n

a n d s t i c k s ,

o r

r a t t l e s , a s w e l l

a s

t h e

f o r k e d s t i c k

o n

w h i c h

t h e

w h e e l h a d

h u n g ,

w h i c h was

s e t i n

t h e

g r o u n d w e s t

o f

t h e

f o o t

o f

t h e c e n t r e

p o l e . At

t h e

c o n c l u s i o n

o f

t h e

c e r e m o n y

t h e

drum

w a s p i c k e d

u p a n d

c a r r i e d , a n d

b e a t e n

i n

a

c i r c l e

f r o m

l e f t

t o r i g h t o n c e

o r t w i c e ,

t h o s e c a r r y i n g i t d a n c i n g w i t h

i t ,

a n d

t h e

women f o r m i n g i n

d e n s e

c i r c l e s

a r o u n d .

S u p p l e m e n t a r y D a y .

-N o n e o f

t h e s u p p l e m e n t a r y

c e r e m o -

n i e s

o n

t h e f o l l o w i n g d a y ,

J u n e

2I,-

s u c h a s t h e

 

d a n c i n g -

o u t i n t h e

m o r n i n g a n d

t h e t y i n g

o f

c h i l d r e n ' s w o r n - o u t

c l o t h i n g

t o t h e

l o d g e - p o l e s ,

- w e r e

w i t n e s s e d ; b u t t h e y

t o o k

p l a c e

a c c o r d i n g

t o c u s t o m . T h e

camp b e g a n

t o

b r e a k t h i s

d a y ,

a n d by e v e n i n g

c o m p a r a t i v e l y

f e w

t e n t s a p p e a r

s t i l l

t o

h a v e

s t o o d .

A b o u t

t w o

m o n t h s b e f o r e

t h e

c e r e m o n y ,

t h e k e e p e r

o f

t h e

s a c r e d

p i p e

w a s

s a i d t o

h a v e

p r a y e d o n b e h a l f

o f

t h e

t r i b e a t

a

g a t h e r i n g o f t h e p e o p l e a t a p l a c e

down

s t r e a m

f r o m w h e r e

t h e d a n c e

w a s l a t e r h e l d . Among

t h e s o u t h e r n A r a p a h o ,

i t i s

s a i d ,

t h i s

p r a y e r i s made

a f t e r

t h e t r i b e h a s

g a t h e r e d

i n

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9roeber,

he

A r a p a h o .

t h e c a m p - c i r c l e

a t

t h e

s i t e

o f

t h e

d a n c e .

I n

w a l k i n g

a c r o s s

t h e c a m p - c i r c l e

t h i s ma n

s h o u l d

h a v e

moved

e x c e e d i n g l y

s l o w .

A

s u d d e n

a n d

v i o l e n t

w i n d - s t o r m

on

J u n e

1 4 ,

a f t e r

t h e

camp

h a d

a s s e m b l e d

f o r

t h e

d a n c e ,

w a s

a t t r i b u t e d

t o h i s

h a v i n g

w a l k e d

t o o

c a r e l e s s l y

a n d

f a s t

on t h e e a r l i e r

o c c a s i o n .

I t i s s a i d t h a t

d u r i n g

o n e

s u n - d a n c e

i n

t h e

p a s t

i t

became

s o

h o t

t h a t t h e

p l e d g e r

was

u n a b l e t o c o n t i n u e

t h e

c e r e m o n y ,

a n d

l e f t

t h e

l o d g e .

T h e o t h e r d a n c e r s

f o l l o w e d ,

a s

t h e y

c o u l d

n o t

c o n t i n u e t h e

d a n c e w i t h o u t

h i m .

On

a n o t h e r

o c c a s i o n

t h e s u n , i n

t h e

f i n a l

 

d a n c i n g a g a i n s t

t h e

s u n ,

t o

d e c e i v e

t h e

p e o p l e , c a m e

u p a g a i n

a f t e r

i t

h a d s e t .

C O M P A R I S O N

OF

THE

S UN- DANC E

OF

THE

NORTHERN AND

SOUTHERN

ARAPAHO.

A

c o m p a r i s o n

o f

t h i s

more

o r

l e s s

c a s u a l

a c c o u n t

w i t h

t h e

s t u d i e s made b y

D r .

G e o r g e

A .

D o r s e y ,

o f

t h e

s o u t h e r n

A r a p -

a h o s u n - d a n c e s

o f

I 9 O I - - 0 2 ,

b r i n g s

o u t

g r e a t

s i m i l a r i t i e s , b u t

s o m e

i n t e r e s t i n g

m i n o r

d i f f e r e n c e s .

T h e

g e n e r a l

p l a n

o f

t h e

c e r e m o n y ,

a n d

t h e

d u r a t i o n

a n d

s e q u e n c e

o f

e v e n ts , a r e i d e n -

t i c a l

among

t h e t w o

p a r t s

o f

t h e

t r i b e .

D r .

D o r s e y ' s

s c h e m e

o f

t h e

e i g h t

d a y s a p p l i e s

e x a c t l y

t o t h e n o r t h e r n

A r a p a h o .

I t

w o u l d s e e m ,

h o w e v e r , t h a t a c l e a r e r c o n c e p t i o n o f

t h e r e l a t i o n

o f

d i f f e r e n t

p o r t i o n s

o f

t h e

c e r e m o n y i s

g a i n e d

b y a

s o m e -

w h a t d i f f e r e n t

a r r a n g e m e n t . T h i s

i s b r i e f l y t h e

f o l l o w i n g :

-

O p e n i n g

D ay ( F i r s t

Day):-

G a t h e r i n g

o f

t h e

c a m p ,

a n d

f o r m a l a n n o u n c e m e n t

o f

c e r e m o n y .

At

t h e

e n d o f

t h e

d a y ,

e r e c t i o n o f

t h e p r e p a r a t o r y

o r r a b b i t t e n t ,

f o l l o w e d

by s i n g i n g

i n

t h i s

d u r i n g

t h e n i g h t .

F i r s t

P r e l i m i n a r y D a y ( S e c o n d

D a y ) .

R a b b i t - t e n t :

S i n g i n g a n d r i t e s

i n t h e

r a b b i t - t e n t .

S c o u t i n g f o r t h e

c e n t r e

p o l e .

K i l l i n g

t h e

b u f f a l o .

S e c o n d

P r e l i m i n a r y

D a y

( T h i r d D a y ) .

R a b b i t - t e n t -

R i t e s i n t h e

r a b b i t - t e n t .

M a k i n g

a n d

u s e

o f

t h e

s w e a t - h o u s e .

L o d g e - r a f t e r s

b r o u g h t .

T h i r d

P r e l i m i n a r y D a y ( F o u r t h D a y ) .

R a b b i t - t e n t :

F e l l i n g a n d b r i n g i n g

o f t h e

c e n t r e p o l e .

P r o c e s s i o n

a b a n d o n i n g t h e

r a b b i t - t e n t ,

a n d p a i n t i n g

o f t h e

l o d g e -

p o l e s .

1 9 0 7 . 1

3 0 o I

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302

B u l l e t i n A m e r i c a n

Museum o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l .

X V I I I ,

E r e c t i o n

o f

t h e

l o d g e .

 

D a n c i n g - i n .

B e g i n n i n g

o f t h e

d a n c e r s ' f a s t .

F i r s t

D a y

o f

t h e

Dance

( F i f t h D a y ) .

D a n c i n g - l o d g e : -

C u t t i n g

s o d s ,

a n d

c o n s t r u c t i o n

o f t h e a l t a r .

P a i n t i n g

o f a l l

t h e

d a n c e r s .

D a n c i n g .

S e c o n d D a y

o f t h e D a n c e ( S i x t h D a y ) .

D a n c i n g - l o d g e : -

P a i n t i n g

o f a l l

t h e

d a n c e r s .

D a n c i n g .

T h i r d D a y

o f

t h e

D a n c e

( S e v e n t h D a y ) . D a n c i n g - l o d g e :

P a i n t i n g o f

a l l

t h e

d a n c e r s .

D a n c i n g .

F o r m e r l y , t o r t u r e

o f t h e

d a n c e r s .

D a n c i n g

a g a i n s t

t h e s u n ,

d r i n k i n g

o f t h e s a c r e d

w a t e r ,

b r e a k i n g

o f

t h e

d a n c e r s '

f a s t ,

e n d o f t h e

c e r e m o n y .

S u p p l e m e n t a r y

D a y

( E i g h t h Day):-

 

D a n c i n g - o u t .

S a c r i f i c e

o f c h i l d r e n ' s

w o r n c l o t h i n g

i n t h e

d a n c i n g - l o d g e .

Abandonment

o f

t h e

l o d g e ,

a n d

b r e a k i n g

o f

t h e

c a m p .

T h e m a i n c e r e m o n y

t h u s

l a s t s

t h r e e

n i g h t s

a n d

t h r e e

d a y s .

I t i s h e l d

i n

t h e c o m p l e t e d d a n c i n g - l o d g e ,

a n d

t h e

p a r t i c i -

p a n t s

f a s t a n d

a b s t a i n

f r o m

d r i n k ,

d a n c e

a n d

a r e

p a i n t e d ,

d u r i n g

t h i s

t i m e .

F o r m e r l y t h e

s e l f - t o r t u r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

o f

t h e s u n - d a n c e

a l s o

t o o k

p l a c e

d u r i n g

t h e s e

t h r e e

d a y s .

T h i s

c h i e f p o r t i o n o f

t h e

c e r e m o n y

i s p r e c e d e d by a p e r i o d

o f

t h r e e

d a y s

o f

p r e p a r a t i o n , d u r i n g w h i c h t h e

r a b b i t - t e n t ,

a n o r d i n a r y

t e n t

t e m p o r a r i l y

s e t

a p a r t

f o r

t h e

p u r p o s e ,

i s

u s e d .

I n

t h i s

a r e

t h e

p l e d g e r

o f

t h e

d a n c e

a n d

h i s

w i f e . T h e

r i t e s

i n t h i s

t e n t a r e

c o m p a r a t i v e l y s e c r e t . They i n c l u d e s i n g i n g

on

t h e

f i r s t

d a y , a n d t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f v a r i o u s c e r e m o n i a l

o b j e c t s .

The

p u b l i c c e r e m o n i e s d u r i n g t h e s e

t h r e e

d a y s r e l a t e

m a i n l y

t o t h e

s e c u r i n g o f

t h e

m a t e r i a l s

f o r

t h e d a n c i n g - l o d g e .

T h e r e

i s n o

d a n c i n g

d u r i n g

t h e r a b b i t - t e n t

p e r i o d :

t h e

o r d i n a r y

p a r t i c i p a n t s i n t h e c e r e m o n y a s y e t t a k e n o p a r t .

The

r a b b i t - t e n t

i s

e r e c t e d

i n

t h e

e v e n i n g

p r e c e d i n g t h e

t h r e e

d a y s

d u r i n g w h i c h i t

i s

u s e d .

At t h e

e n d o f t h e

t h i r d

o f t h e s e d a y s

i t

i s

a b a n d o n e d .

An

i m p r e s s i v e

c e r e m o n i a l p r o c e s s i o n l e a v e s

i t

f o r t h e

d a n c i n g - l o d g e ,

w h i c h i s

t h e n

e r e c t e d . A f e w m i n u t e s '

d a n c e

by t h e p e o p l e ( t h e   d a n c i n g - i n ) o n

t h i s

same e v e n i n g

r e s e m b l e s

a

d e d i c a t i o n o f

t h e n ow c o m p l e t e d d a n c i n g - l o d g e .

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.1]Kroeber,

T h e

A r a p a h o .

J u s t

t h r e e

d a y s

l a t e r ,

a l m o s t

a t

t h e

same

h o u r ,

t h e

a r d u o u s

c e r e m o n y i s e n d e d .

N e x t

m o r n i n g ,

on t h e

s u p p l e m e n t a r y

d a y ,

a f e w

m i n u t e s '

  d a n c i n g - o u t

m a r k s

t h e

c e r e m o n i a l

a b a n d o n m e n t

o f

t h e

l o d g e ,

w h i c h

i s

f u r t h e r

s i g n a l i z e d

b y

t h e

l e a v i n g

i n

i t

o f

a l l t h e

w o r n - o u t

c l o t h i n g

o f

t h e

c h i l d r e n i n

t h e

t r i b e .

T h e

o p e n i n g d a y

p r e c e d i n g

t h e

t h r e e

p r e p a r a t o r y

d a y s

i s

e v e n more d e v o i d

o f

r i t u a l

a c t i o n s ,

t h e s e

b e i n g

p r a c t i c a l l y

c o n f i n e d

t o

t h e

f o r m a l

a n n o u n c e m e n t

o f t h e

b e g i n n i n g

o f

t h e

c e r e m o n y ,

a n d

r i d i n g

b y

t h e

m e m b e r s

o f

t h e

y o u n g e r

a g e -

c o m p a n i e s .

The

e r e c t i o n

o f

t h e

r a b b i t - t e n t

a t

t h e

e n d

o f

t h i s

o p e n i n g d a y , a n d

t h e

s i n g i n g

i n

i t

d u r i n g

t h e

n i g h t ,

s h o u l d

b e

r e g a r d e d a s m a r k i n g

t h e

b e g i n n i n g

o f t h e t h r e e

p r e l i m i n a r y

d a y s ;

f o r i t i s

e v i d e n t

- f r o m t h e

f a c t t h a t

t h e e r ec ti o n

o f

t h i s

t e n t

a s w e l l a s

o f t h e

d a n c i n g - l o d g e ,

a n d t h e c o n c l u s i o n

o f t h e

d a n c e r s '

f a s t i n g ,

p a i n t i n g ,

a n d

d a n c i n g ,

a l l o c c u r

a b o u t

s u n s e t - t h a t e a c h

o f

t h e

p e r i o d s

o f t h r e e

d a y s

i n c l u d e s

t h e

p r e c e d i n g

e v e n i n g .

T h i s d i v i s i o n

o f

t h e

s u n - d a n c e

a g r e e s

e x a c t l y

w i t h t h a t

e x i s t i n g

i n t h e

a g e - c o m p a n y

c e r e m o n i e s ,

i n

w h i c h

t h e r e

i s

a l s o

a

t h r e e - d a y s ' p e r i o d

o f

p r e p a r a t i o n , '

more

o r

l e s s

p r i v a t e

o r

s e c r e t ,

a n d

a

t h r e e - d a y s '

p e r i o d

o f

p u b l i c

s p e c t a c u l a r p e r -

f o r m a n c e . T h e

I n d i a n s

g e n e r a l l y s p e a k

o f

b o t h t h e

b a y a a n w u

a n d t h e

s u n - d a n c e

a s

f o u r - d a y c e r e m o n i e s .

T h e y

i n c l u d e

w i t h

t h e

l a t t e r

t h e

e v e n i n g

w h i c h

t e r m i n a te s t h e t h r e e

p r e l i m i n a r y

d a y s

a n d

b e g i n s

t h e

c e r e m o n y p r o p e r ;

s o

t h a t

t h i s a c t u a l l y

o c c u r s

o n

f o u r

c o n s e c u t i v e d a y s .

A l t o g e t h e r ,

h o w e v e r ,

i t

o c c u p i e s o n l y

t h r e e n i g ht s

a n d t h r e e d a y s . '

T h e

s u n - d a n c e

l o d g e o f

t h e n o r t h e r n

A r a p a h o d i f f e r s c o n -

s i d e r a b l y

i n

a p p e a r a n c e ,

d u e

c h i e f l y t o v a r y i n g

p r o p o r t i o n s ,

f r o m

t h a t o f

t h e s o u t h e r n A r a p a h o ,

a s

a

g l a n c e

a t t h e

f i g u r e

h e r e s h o w n ,

a s

c o m p a r e d

w i t h t h e

p h o t o g r a p h i c

i l l u s t r a t i o n s

i n

D r .

D o r s e y ' s

work

o n

t h e

s u n - d a n c e , w i l l

r e v e a l . T h e

n o r t h e r n

A r a p a h o l o d g e i s much

g r e a t e r

i n d i a m e t e r ,

a n d c o r -

r e s p o n d i n g l y

f l a t t e r

i n

p r o p o r t i o n ,

t h a n

t h a t

o f

t h e

s o u t h e r n

A r a p a h o . The

n o r t h e r n

A r a p a h o

l o d g e

i n

t h e p r e s e n t

f i g u r e

( P l a t e

L I X )

w a s

t h a t

o f

I 8 9 9 ,

w h i c h

w a s s a i d b y t h e

I n d i a n s

t o

h a v e

b e e n t o o

l o w

o r

f l a t ; b u t

t h a t s e e n e r e c t e d

i n

I 9 0 0 ,

1

S e e

p p .

I 5 2 , 1 5 3 , i 6 6 ,

2 2 6 .

X 1 9 0 7 * ]

3 0 3

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304

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n

Museum

o f N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y . [ V o l .

X V I I I ,

w h i c h was

d e c l a r e d

t o

b e

o f

p r o p e r

p r o p o r t i o n s ,

was

b u t

v e r y

l i t t l e

h i g h e r .

The

d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n

t h e

s h a p e

o f t h e

l o d g e

i n

t h e

t w o

p a r t s

o f

t h e t r i b e

s e e m s t o

b e d u e t o

g e o g r a p h i c a l

l o c a t i o n .

The Oklahoma

p e o p l e

a r e o n t h e

P l a i n s ,

w i t h

l i t t l e

t i m b e r

a v a i l a b l e o t h e r t h a n

c o t t o n w o o d ,

w h i c h

i s

s h o r t ,

h e a v y ,

a n d

c r o o k e d .

The

Wyoming

A r a p a h o

a r e

a t

t h e

e d g e

o f

t h e

m o u n t a i n s ,

f r o m w h i c h

t h e y e a s i l y

o b t a i n

s t r a i g h t ,

l o n g , s l e n d e r

p i n e s

o r

c o n i f e r s ,

w h i c h

e n a b l e them t o

i n c r e a s e

t h e

d i a m e t e r

o f

t h e i r

l o d g e ,

a n d

g i v e

i t

a

c l e a r - c u t

l o o k

t h a t

i s

e n t i r e l y

w a n t i n g

a b o u t

t h e t u m b l e - d o w n s o u t h e r n

l o d g e .

F o r

a l l

u p r i g h t s

a n d t h e s h o r t

b e a m s ,

t h e

Wyoming

p e o p l e

u s e c o t t o n w o o d .

The

s o u t h e r n

p e o p l e

r e s t

t h e

l o n g i n c l i n e d

r a f t e r s

o n

t h e

h o r i z o n t a l

c r o s s - b e a m s

f o r m i n g

t h e

p e r i p h e r y

o f

t h e

l o d g e ;

t h e n o r t h e r n

p e o p l e

a t t a c h t h e m

t o o r

l a y

them

i n t o

t h e

u p r i g h t

f o r k s

t h a t

s u p p o r t

t h e s e

c r o s s - b e a m s .

The

s o u t h e r n

A r a p a h o

c o n t i n u e

t h e

c r o s s - b e a m s

e n t i r e l y a r o u n d

t h e

l o d g e ;

t h o s e

i n t h e n o r t h

o m i t t h e

o n e

a t

t h e

e a s t e r n m o s t

s i d e

o f

t h e

l o d g e ,

t h u s more

d e f i n i t e l y

m a r k i n g

a n

e n t r a n c e

o p p o s i t e

t h e   a l t a r .

As

r e g a r d s

t h e i n t e r i o r o f

t h e

l o d g e , t h e g e n e r a l

p l a n

o f

t h e

  ' a l t a r

a t

t h e m i d d l e

o f

t h e b a c k i s

i d e n t i c a l

among

t h e

t w o

g r o u p s .

T h e r e

i s ,

h o w e v e r ,

c o n s i d e r a b l e d i f f e r e n c e

i n

t h e

p r o -

p o r t i o n s o f t h e

o b j e c t s

c o m p o s i n g

i t

a n d t h e

d i s t a n c e s

b e -

t w e e n

t h e m , much

a s i n t h e s h a p e

o f

t h e

l o d g e . T h u s

t h e s e v e n

a r c h e d

s t i c k s

a p p e a r

t o

b e

much

l a r g e r

among

t h e

n o r t h e r n

A r a p a h o .

U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e

l o s s

o n

t h e p r a i r i e

o f a

n o t e - b o o k

c o n t a i n i n g

memoranda a s

t o t h e

  a l t a r m a k e s i t

i m p o s s i b l e

t o

s p e a k m o r e

d e f i n i t e l y .

T h e

i m p r e s s i o n

p r o d u c e d b y

t h e

e x c e l -

l e n t

m o d e l

o f

t h e

s o u t h e r n

A r a p a h o

s u n - d a n c e

  a l t a r a t

t h e

F i e l d

C o l u m b i a n

M u s e u m ,

a f t e r

t h e n o r t h e r n

 

a l t a r

h a s

b e e n

s e e n ,

i s ,

t h a t i t

w o u l d b e

a n

e n t i r e l y

c o m p l e t e

b u t

s o m e w h a t

d i s t o r t e d

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e

l a t t e r .

T h a t

t h e r e

ma y

b e

m i n o r

d i f f e r e n c e s

o t h e r

t h a n

o f

p r o -

p o r t i o n

b e t w e e n t h e

t w o   a l t a r s

i s

made p r o b a b l e

by

t h e

d i f f e r e n c e s

i n

t h e

s p e c i e s o f t r e e s u s e d

f o r

t h e

s c r e e n

j u s t

b e h i n d

t h e

 

a l t a r .

I n

o r d e r f r o m n o r t h

t o

s o u t h ,

t h e s e s e v e n

l i t t l e

t r e e s

a r e

r e s p e c t i v e l y : -

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90]

o e b e r ,

The

A r a p a h o .

S o u t h e r n

A r a p a h o .

N o r t h e r n

A r a p a h o .

R e d - p a i n t e d c o t t o n w o o d .

W i l l o w .

R e d - p a i n t e d

c o t t o n w o o d .

P r a y i n g - w o o d .

R e d - p a i n t e d

c o t t o n w o o d .

C o t t o n w o o d .

( t r e n c h )

( t r e n c h )

C e d a r .

C e d a r .

W i l l o w .

C o t t o n w o o d .

B l a c k - p a i n t e d

c o t t o n w o o d .

C o t t o n w o o d .

B l a c k - p a i n t e d

c o t t o n w o o d .

C o t t o n w o o d .

T h e p r e s e n t

a c c o u n t b e i n g

s o

much l e s s

f u l l t h a n D r .

D o r s e y ' s ,

a n d

n e i t h e r

s e c r e t

r i t e s

h a v i n g

b e e n w i t n e s s e d n o r

a n y

s p e c i a l

s t u d y

o f t h e

c e r e m o n y

h a v i n g

b e e n

made o n t h e

s p o t ,

o m i s -

s i o n s

i n t h e

f o r e g o i n g d e s c r i p t i o n ,

when

c o m p a r e d

w i t h

D r .

D o r s e y s , m u s t

n o t

b e

r e g a r d e d

a s

i n d i c a t i v e

o f

t h e

a b s e n c e

o f s u c h

f e a t u r e s i n

t h e

n o r t h e r n

c e r e m o n y .

The c h i e f

p o s i -

t i v e

d i f f e r e n c e s

t h a t

h a v e b e e n

o b s e r v e d

a r e t h e

f o l l o w i n g :

-

On t h e

o p e n i n g d a y ,

t h e r i d e

o f t h e

y o u n g

me n a b o u t

noon

w a s l a c k i n g

i n

t h e

O k l a h o m a

c e r e m o n i e s .

The

s i n g i n g

i n

t h e

r a b b i t - t e n t

t h i s

n i g h t

a p p e a r s

t o

h a v e

b e e n

c o n t i n u e d l o n g e r

i n

t h e

n o r t h .

T h e

r i d e

a r o u n d

t h e

camp

b e f o r e

s u n r i s e

n e x t

m o r n i n g

h a s

n o t

b e e n m e n t i o n e d

i n t h e s o u t h .

T h e

c e d a r - t r e e

a t

t h e

b a c k

o f

t h e r a b b i t - t e n t a p p e a r s

t o

h a v e

b e e n

p u t i n p l a c e i n

t h e

n o r t h

o n t h e

f i r s t p r e l i m i n a r y

d a y ;

i n t h e

s o u t h ,

o n

t h e s e c o n d . I n t h e

n o r t h

i t w a s

f o u r

o r

f i v e

f e e t h i g h ; i n

t h e s o u t h ,

a b o u t

t w e n t y .

A f t e r

t h e

b u f f a l o

( r e p r e s e n t e d

a t

t h e p r e s e n t

t i m e

by

a

s k i n )

h a d

b e e n

k i l l e d a n d t h e

h i d e b r o u g h t i n ,

i t w a s

t o u c h e d ,

among

t h e n o r t h e r n

A r a p a h o ,

b y t h e

c h i l d r e n

o f

t h e

camp

( b r o u g h t b y

t h e i r m o t h e r s ) ,

a n d t h e n by

a number o f

m e n .

I t s e e m s t h a t t h e

s o u t h e r n

A r a p a h o

a l s o

f o r m e r l y

h a d

t h i s

p r a c t i c e ;

b u t i t w a s

n o t o b s e r v e d i n t h e

t w o c e r e m o n i e s

d e s c r i b e d .

T h e

s i n g i n g

a l l d a y

i n

t h e l a r g e

t e n t , w i t h

t h e s a c r i f i c e

o f

c l o t h

a n d

t h e

f e a s t

o n

t h e

s e c o n d p r e l i m i n a r y

d a y ,

by

t h e

n o r t h e r n A r a p a h o ,

a p p e a r s

t o

h a v e

h a d n o p a r a l l e l i n

t h e t w o

s o u t h e r n c e r e m o n i e s .

T h i s c e r e m o n y

w a s

n o t

h e l d

i n t h e

r a b b i t - t e n t , a n d w a s p e r h a p s

e n t i r e l y

a c c e s s o r y

o r

i n t r u s i v e .

T h e

s - w e a t - h o u s e

o f t h i s d a y i s made by

me n i n t h e

s o u t h ,

[ M a r c h ,

I 9 0 7 ]

20

I

9 0

7

I 1

3 0 5

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306

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n

Museum

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y . [ V o l .

X V I I I ,

b y

women

i n

t h e n o r t h .

I t

i s

u s e d

by

me n

i n

t h e

s o u t h ;

n o t h i n g was o b s e r v e d a s

t o i t s u s e

i n

t h e

n o r t h .

The

c e r e m o n i a l

p r o c e s s i o n

f r o m t h e

r a b b i t - t e n t

t o t h e

l o d g e - r a f t e r s t o

b e p a i n t e d ,

a t t h e

e n d

o f t h e

t h i r d

p r e l i m i n a r y

d a y ,

d i f f e r s

c o n s i d e r a b l y

i n t h e

n o r t h

a n d s o u t h .

I n

t h e

s o u t h i t i n c l u d e s

n i n e

p e o p l e

b e s i d e s t h e o l d

ma n

d i r e c t i n g

t h e

d a n c e ,

who

g e n e r a l l y

d o e s n o t

w a l k i n

f i l e

w i t h

t h e

o t h e r s :

i n

t h e

n o r t h , i t i n c l u d e s f i f t e e n .

The

o r d e r

o f t h e

p e r s o n s

a n d

o b j e c t s

i n t h e

p r o c e s s i o n

a l s o

v a r i e s . '

The

f o l l o w i n g i s

a

c o m p a r i s o n

o f t h e

n o r t h e r n

A r a p a h o

p r o c e s s i o n

o f

I 9 0 0

a n d

t h e

s o u t h e r n o f

I 9 0 2 :

S o u t h e r n

E q u i v a l e n t

o f

N o r t h e r n

N o r t h e r n .

S o u t h e r n .

A g e n t .

i

ma n

w i t h

b u f f a l o - s k u l l

i

ma n w i t h

s k u l l

I

3

ma n f w i t h

b u f f a l o - s k i n

2

w o m a n

w i t h

w h e e l o k

3

4

man~

5 4

m a n n

w i t h b u f f a l o - r o b e

6

ma n w i t h

b a d g e r - s k i n

4

ma n

w i t h

b a d g e r - s k i n 4

7 ma n w i t h

d i g g i n g - s t i c k

9

8

ma n

w i t h

r a w h i d e

r o p e

0

9

woman w i t h

w h e e l 2

l o p l e d g e r w i t h

s t r a i g h t

p i p e

5

ma n w i t h p i p e

5

I

i

d a n c e r w i t h

k n i f e

8

I

2

d a n c e r

w i t h b l a c k p a i n t

6

p l e d g e r

w i t h r e d p a i n t

7

1 3 d a n c e r

w i t h

r e d

p a i n t 7

ma n

w i t h

b l a c k p a i n t

6

1 4

ma n

t o

p a i n t

r a f t e r s 8

d a n c e r w i t h

k n i f e 0

x 5 ma n

t o

p a i n t

r a f t e r s

9 ma n

w i t h d i g g i n g - s t i c k

0

A t

t h e c o n c l u s i o n

o f

t h e

c e r e m o n y ,

t h e n o r t h e r n

d a n c e r s

w e r e

n o t h e a r d

t o w h i s t l e , o r u t t e r

a c r y , b e f o r e

d r i n k i n g t h e

s a c r e d

w a t e r .

A

g r e a t

p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e

c h i l d r e n ' s s a c r i f i c e d c l o t h i n g

w a s h u n g

by t h e n o r t h e r n

A r a p a h o

o n

t h e f o r k s

o f t h e s i x t e e n

u p r i g h t s a t

t h e

p e r i p h e r y o f

t h e l o d g e , a s c a n

b e s e e n i n

P l a t e

L X I I .

The

s o u t h e r n

A r a p a h o

t i e d t h e

c l o t h i n g

m a i n l y

t o t h e

c e n t r e

p o l e , a n d w h a t w a s

o n t h e

o u t s i d e

u p r i g h t s

w a s

h a l f -

wa y

u p , n o t a t

t h e f o r k o n

t o p .

The

b o d y - p a i n t i n g u s e d

v a r i e d

c o n s i d e r a b l y ,

a l t h o u g h

t h e

g e n e r a l t y p e

-

c o n s i s t i n g

o f

a n

o v a l o n

t h e f a c e , a c i r c l e

o n t h e

1

C o m p a r e P l a t e s L I X a n d

L X

w i t h D o r s e y , A r a p a h o

S u n - d a n c e ,

P l a t e

x x x i i ,

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7Kroeber,

The A r a h a h o .

b r e a s t ,

l i n e s

a r o u n d

w r i s t s

a n d

a n k l e s ,

a n d

l i n e s ,

r o w s

o f

d o t s ,

o r

s e r i e s

o f

f i g u r e s ,

f r o m

t h e

b r e a s t - c i r c l e

t o

t h e

w r i s t

a n d

a n k l e s - p e r s i s t e d

w i t h

h a r d l y

an

e x c e p t i o n .

The

s u n - d a n c e

p a i n t i n g s

a r e

s o

l a r g e l y

i n d i v i d u a l

i n t h e i r

n a t u r e ,

t h a t

t h e y

d i f f e r i n

s u c c e s s i v e

c e r e m o n i e s

among

t h e

same

p e o p l e .

T h e r e

i s , h o w e v e r ,

a

m a r k e d

d i f f e r e n c e

i n

t h e

number

o f

p a i n t i n g s

o b s e r v e d i n

t h e

n o r t h

a n d

s o u t h .

D r .

D o r s e y

d i s t i n g u i s h e s

f o u r

p a i n t i n g s ;

t h e

f i r s t

o c c u r r i n g

on t h e

e v e n i n g

o f

t h e

l a s t

p r e l i m i n a r y d a y ,

i n

t h e

v e r y

f i r s t

h o u r s

o f

t h e

s e v e n t y - t w o

t h a t t h e

d a n c e

l a s t s ;

t h e

s e c o n d , t h i r d ,

a n d

f o u r t h ,

on t h e

t h r e e

s u c c e e d i n g

d a y s .

As t o t h e

f i r s t

p a i n t i n g ,

no

o b s e r v a t i o n s

w e r e

made

among

t h i e

n o r t h e r n

A r a p a h o .

D u r i n g

t h e

f o l -

l o w i n g

d a y ,

t h e

f i r s t

o f

t h e

d a n c e ,

t h e d a n c e r s

w e r e

p a i n t e d

i n

t h e a f t e r n o o n .

I t i s

n o t

known

w h e t h e r

t h e y

w e r e p a i n t e d

i n

t h e

m o r n i n g

a l s o . .

On t h e

s e c o n d

a n d

t h i r d

d a y s ,

t h e y

w e r e

p a i n t e d t w i c e ,

-

o n c e

i n

t h e

m o r n i n g

a n d o n c e

i n

t h e

a f t e r n o o n .

A s

o p p o s e d

t o

t h e

t o t a l

o f

f o u r

p a i n t i n g s

among

t h e s o u t h e r n

A r a p a h o ,

f i v e

w e r e

o b s e r v e d

i n

t h e

n o r t h , t h o u g h

s i x

u n -

d o u b t e d l y

t o o k p l a c e ,

a n d t h e r e

ma y

h a v e b e e n

a t o t a l

o f

s e v e n .

T h e

p l e d g e r ' s p a i n t

i n t h e

s o u t h

i s w h i t e .

An

o v a l

a r e a o n

t h e

f a c e , i n c l u d i n g

t h e

e y e s

a n d

m o u t h ,

i s .

c o l o r e d .

On

h i s

b r e a s t ,

a n d

on

e a c h

t h i g h ,

c a l f ,

u p p e r

a r m ,

a n d l o w e r

a r m ,

a r e

c o l o r e d

d i a m o n d s

c o n n e c t e d

b y

l i n e s .

On

t h e

f i r s t d a y ,

t h i s

o v a l a n d

t h e

d i a m o n d s

a r e

r e d ;

on

t h e

s e c o n d ,

y e l l o w ;

on

t h e

t h i r d ,

g r e e n .

I n

t h e

n o r t h ,

t h e

p l e d g e r ' s p a i n t

w a s

a l s o

w h i t e .

On

t h e f i r s t

d a y

h e

a p p e a r s t o

h a v e b e e n

p a i n t e d

o n l y

w i t h l i n e s ,

o r

r o w s

o f

d o t s ,

f r o m

a c i r c l e

o n

t h e

b r e a s t

t o

t h e

w r i s t s

a n d a n k l e s .

H i s h a n d s w e r e

b l a c k .

On t h e s e c o n d d a y

h e

w a s f i r s t p a i n t e d

w i t h

r e d

d i a m o n d s ;

l a t e r , w i t h

s m a l l e r

r e d

d i a m o n d s , - f o u r , i n s t e a d

o f

t w o ,

o n

e a c h l e g a n d

a r m .

On

t h e

t h i r d

d a y

h e was f i r s t

p a i n t e d w i t h d o u b l e

r o w s o f

d o t s . T h e s e c o n d

p a i n t

o n

t h i s

d a y w a s

z i g z a g o r wavy

l i n e s

f r o m

b r e a s t

t o

w r i s t s

a n d

a n k l e s .

N e i t h e r h e

n o r

a n y

o t h e r

d a n c e r

a p p e a r s

t o h a v e h a d t h e

c i r c l e

o n h i s

b r e a s t

r e p l a c e d

by

a d i a m o n d a t

a n y

t i m e .

The

s m a l l

f i g u r e s u r m o u n t e d b y a

t r e e - s y m b o l ,

u s u a l l y

p a i n t e d

b y

t h e s o u t h e r n

A r a p a h o

o n

t o p

o f

t h e

b r e a s t - c i r c l e r

1 9 0

7

. ]

3 0 7

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308

B u l l e t i n A m e r i c a n Museum o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l .

X V I I I ,

i s

g e n e r a l l y

r e d u c e d

t o

a

s m a l l e r

a n d

s i m p l e

u p r i g h t

m a r k ,

p a i n t e d

s o l i d l y ,

i n t h e

n o r t h .

O f t h e s o u t h e r n A r a p a h o p a i n t s d e s c r i b e d ,

t h e

p i n k

c a l f p a i n t

a n d

t h e

s t r i k i n g y e l l o w - h a m m e r

a n d t h u n d e r

p a i n t s

w e r e

n o t

s e e n

i n

t h e n o r t h .

T h e o b s e r v a t i o n s

r e c o r d e d w e r e n o t s u f f i -

c i e n t l y

d e t a i l e d

t o

s a y

how

e x a c t l y

t h e o t he r

s o u t h e r n

p a i n t s

t h e p i n k ,

y e l l o w v

e a r t h ,

f i r s t

y e l l o w ,

a n d

s e c o n d

y e l l o w

- w e r e

r e p r e s e n t e d .

A t

l e a s t ,

o n e r e m a r k a b l e n o r t h e r n

p a i n t

h a s

n o t

b e e n

d e s c r i b e d

i n

t h e

s o u t h .

I n

t h i s

t h e

d a n c e r s

w e r e

p a i n t e d

a t d i f f e r e n t

t i m e s

w i t h

f i g u r e s

o f

d r a g o n - f l i e s , w a t e r - m o n s t e r s ,

a n d

e a g l e s .

T h e

g r o u n d - c o l o r

o f

o n e o f

t h e i r

p a i n t s

was

g r e e n .

F o u r

me n

w o r e

t h i s

p a i n t i n g ,

w h i c h

was

c o n s i d e r e d

p a r t i c u l a r l y

h a r d

t o e n d u r e ,

a n d

w e r e

f u r t h e r

d i s t i n g u i s h e d

f r o m

t h e

o t h e r

d a n c e r s

b y

v a r i a t i o n s

i n

t h e

s a g e a p p a r e l .

I t

s e e m s p r o b a b l e t h a t t h e

f e w

f e a t u r e s

h e r e

r e c o r d e d ,

b u t

n o t y e t

o b s e r v e d

i n

t h e

s o u t h e r n

A r a p a h o s u n - d a n c e ,

w e r e

o r i g i n a l l y common, b u t

h a v e

b e e n

r e t a i n e d

i n t h e

n o r t h

w h i l e

a l r e a d y l o s t

o r

a b r i d g e d

i n

t h e s o u t h ,

c h i e f l y t h r o u g h

c o n t a c t

w i t h

c i v i l i z a t i o n .

T h e

o t h e r

d i f f e r e n c e s

b e t w e e n t h e

t w o

c e r e m o n i e s

a r e

d u e

i n

p a r t

t o

h a b i t a t ,

s u c h

a s

t h e

f o r m

o f

t h e

l o d g e ,

o r

r e s t

l a r g e l y

on

t h e

room

l e f t t o

i n d i v i d u a l

a c t i o n

i n

c e r t a i n

a s p e c t s

o f

t h e

d a n c e ,

s u c h

a s t h e p a i n t i n g s .

F i -

n a l l y ,

t h e r e

a r e

c e r t a i n d i r e c t

d i s c r e p a n c i e s

w h i c h c a n n o t

b e

e x p l a i n e d . T h e s e , t h o u g h i n t e r e s t i n g ,

a r e e n t i r e l y

m i n o r :

f u n d a m e n t a l l y , t h e t w o c e r e m o n i e s

a r e

i d e n t i c a l .

T RIBAL

R E LIGIOU S

C U S T O M S .

T h e

g r e a t t r i b a l f e t i s h o f t h e A r a p a h o

i s a

s a c r e d

p i p e .

T h i s i s

c a l l e d

s a e i t c a l

( f l a t p i p e ) .

As t h e

p i p e i s n o t

f l a t ,

b u t

c y l i n d r i c a l , t h e r e a s o n

f o r

t h e

u s e

o f t h i s

name i s

n o t c l e a r ,

u n l e s s

t h e

w o r d

d e n o t e s t h a t t h e p i p e i s

t u b u l a r

w i t h o u t a

b o w l

a t

a n a n g l e t o t h e

s t e m .

The

p i p e

i s

i n t h e

k e e p i n g

o f

a n

o l d

ma n

among

t h e n o r t h e r n

A r a p a h o .

I t s

s a c r e d n e s s

i s

e q u a l l y r e c o g n i z e d by t h e n o r t h e r n a n d s o u t h e r n A r a p a h o ,

t h o u g h o b v i o u s l y

i t

c a n

p l a y

b u t l i t t l e d i r e c t p a r t i n t h e r e l i -

g i o u s p r a c t i c e

o f

t h e l a t t e r .

The

p i p e i s c y l i n d r i c a l ,

a b o u t

t w o

f e e t

l o n g , a n i n c h a n d

a h a l f

o r t w o

i n c h e s

i n

d i a m e t e r ,

p

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90]roeber,

T h e

A r a p a h o .

a n d

w i t h o u t

t a p e r .

The

s t e m

i s

a s

t h i c k

a s

t h e

b o w l ,

a n d

i s

w h i t e ,

a p p a r e n t l y

o f w o o d .

The

b o w l ,

w h o s e

l e n g t h

i s

p e r -

h a p s

h a l f a

f o o t ,

i s

b l a c k ,

p r o b a b l y

o f t h e

s o a p s t o n e

o f t e n

u s e d

b y

t h e

P l a i n s

t r i b e s f o r

s m a l l

p i p e - b o w l s .

S t r i n g s

o f

s o m e

k i n d

h a n g

f r o m t h e

s t e m ,

b u t

t h e r e a r e

f e w

a p p e n d a g e s .

T h e

p i p e

i s

k e p t

w r a p p e d

i n a

l a r g e

b u n d l e o f

many s e p a r a t e

p i e c e s

o f

c l o t h ,

o n e a r o u n d

t h e o t h e r . T h i s b u n d l e i s

h u n g

n e a r

t h e t o p

o f

a

s t a n d

o f

f o u r

s t i c k s

t o

k e e p

i t

f r o m

t o u c h i n g

t h e

g r o u n d .

I t i s

k e p t

i n a

p a i n t e d

t e n t . T h i s

t e n t ,

w h i c h

i s

n ow

o f

c a n v a s ,

b u t

p r o b a b l y

p r e s e r v e s -

t h e

o l d

p a i n t i n g ,

h a s

b e e n

d e s c r i b e d i n

t h e p r e c e d i n g

s e c t i o n

( P l a t e

L V I I ) .

A t

p r e s -

e n t t h e

k e e p e r

o f

t h e

p i p e

l i v e s

i n

a n

o r d i n a r y t e n t ,

b u t

d u r -

i n g

t h e

s u n - d a n c e h e

e r e c t s

t h e

p a i n t e d

t e n t ,

a n d i n h a b i t s

i t .

W h e t h e r

t h i s

was

a l s o

f o r m e r l y

t h e

c a s e ,

o r

w h e t h e r t h e

p a i n t -

e d

t e n t

was t h e n c o n t i n u o u s l y

u s e d

b y

t h e

k e e p e r

o f

t h e

s a -

c r e d

p i p e ,

i s

n o t

k n o w n . The

s y m b o l i s m

o f

t h i s

t e n t

r e c a l l s

t h a t

p r e v a l e n t

d u r i n g

t h e

g h o s t - d a n c e ,

a n d

ma y

b e

p a r t l y

o r

e n t i r e l y

i n f l u e n c e d

b y

t h e

m o v e m e n t .

T h e

o f f i c i a l

o r i g i n

o r

t r i b a l myth

o f

t h e

A r a p a h o

i s i n

t h e

k e e p i n g

o f

t h e i n d i v i d u a l

who

h a s

t h e

s a c r e d

p i p e i n

h i s p o s s e s s i o n .

T h e t r a d i t i o n

c a n

b e

t o l d

o n l y

w i t h

t h e

o b s e r v a n c e

o f

c e r t a i n r e g u l a t i o n s a n d

c e r e m o n i e s , a n d

o c c u p i e s

f o u r e n t i r e c o n s e c u t i v e

n i g h t s

f o r

i t s

n a r r a t i o n . I t

h a s n e v e r

y e t b e e n

r e c o r d e d by a w h i t e ma n

e v e n i n

f r a g m e n t s

o f

a n y

a m o u n t .

T h e

m a j o r i t y o f

t h e

A r a p a h o ,

e v e n o f

t h o s e

who h a v e

h e a r d

i t

r e l a t e d b y

t h e

p r o p e r

k e e p e r ,

know i t

v e r y

i m p e r f e c t l y ,

a n d

h a v e

b e e n

f o r -

b i d d e n

t o t e l l i t .

I n

a d d i t i o n

t o

b e i n g

t h e

m a i n t a i n e r

o f t h e

s a c r e d t r i b a l

m y t h , t h e k e e p e r o f

t h e s a c r e d p i p e s e e m s

t o

h a v e

t h e

c h i e f

d i r e c t i o n

o f i m p o r t a n t c e r e m o n i e s

among

t h e

n o r t h e r n

A r a p a h o . A t t h e

s u n - d a n c e i n

I 9 0 0

h e

s u p e r v i s e d

a n d o r d e r e d

t h e e n t i r e

c e r e m o n y , a n d w a s t r e a t e d

w i t h t h e

g r e a t e s t

r e s p e c t a n d a w e .

T h e r e s e e m t o

b e

s e v e r a l

s a c r e d

w h e e l s

i n t h e

t r i b e ,

a s t h e

s o u t h e r n

A r a p a h o

h a v e

a t

l e a s t

o n e ,

a n d

t h e

n o r t h e r n

A r a p a h o

u s e

a n o t h e r

a t

t h e

s u n - d a n c e . O w i n g

t o

t h e

p r e s e n c e o f t h e

s a c r e d

p i p e among

t h e n o r t h e r n

A r a p a h o ,

t h e

w h e e l i s r e l a -

t i v e l y

o f

more

i m p o r t a n c e among

t h e

s o u t h e r n h a l f

o f t h e

t r i b e .

T h e

w h e e l

i s a h o o p , p e r h a p s

a

f o o t a n d

a h a l f a c r o s s ,

I

9 0 7 . ]

3 o 0 9

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3

IO

B u l l e t i n Am e r i c a n A M u s e u m

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y . [ V o l .

XV

I I I ,

s o m e t i m e s

u s e d

f o r

a

game

( s e e

F i g .

I 3 9 ) .

The

h o o p

o f

t h e

w h e e l

r e p r e s e n t s

a s n a k e

( b i i s a n ) ,

l i t e r a l l y

 

i n s e c t ,

v e r m i n .

Among t h e s o u t h e r n

A r a p a h o

i t

i s

k e p t

e n c l o s e d

i n

a

b u n d l e ,

a n d i s

c e r e m o n i a l l y

w r a p p e d

a n d s a c r i f i c e d t o f o r t h e

g o o d

o f

t h e

g i v e r .

L i k e

t h e s a c r e d

p i p e

i n t h e

n o r t h ,

i t i s i n

t h e

k e e p i n g

o f a

s p e c i a l

i n d i v i d u a l ,

w h o s e

a p p r o v a l

m u s t ,

o f

c o u r s e ,

b e

s e c u r e d

b e f o r e

t h i s

c e r e m o n y

c a n

b e

m a d e . The

k e e p e r

o f

t h e

w h e e l

s i t s a t t h e m i d d l e

o f

t h e

b a c k

o f

t h e

t e n t ,

a n d

i s

t h e

o n e

t o

h a n d l e

i t .

The

g r o u n d

i n t h e t e n t

i s c o v e r e d

w i t h

s a g e ,

a n d

c e d a r

i s u s e d

a s

i n c e n s e . S i l e n c e

i s

o b s e r v e d ,

e x c e p t

w h e r e p r a y e r

o r

s p e a k i n g

f o r m s

p a r t

o f

t h e

r i t u a l .

U s u a l l y ,

c l o t h i s

g i v e n

t o

t h e

w h e e l ,

a n d

a t

t h e c o n c l u s i o n

o f

t h e

c e r e -

mony

i s

w r a p p e d a r o u n d

i t ,

t h e e a r l i e r

w r a p p i n g s

r e m a i n i n g

o u t s i d e .

A f t e r

t h i s ,

f o o d

i s

e a t e n ,

p r e s u m a b l y

f u r n i s h e d

b y

t h e

p e r s o n

w i s h i n g

t h e

c e r e m o n y

m a d e .

The

w h e e l

m i g h t

b e

t h u s

w r a p p e d

on

a c c o u n t

o f

t h e

s i c k n e s s o f

a

r e l a t i v e .

The

w h e e l

a n d

i t s

c e r e m o n i e s

h a v e b e e n

more

f u l l y

d e s c r i b e d

b y

D r .

D o r s e y

i n h i s

a c c o u n t o f t h e

s u n - d a n c e .

T h e r e a r e a n u m b e r

o f

s a c r e d

b a g s

i n

t h e

t r i b e ,

a n d o n e

was

o b t a i n e d ,

t h r o u g h

i n h e r i t a n c e , b y

a

y o u n g

woman

s h o r t l y

b e -

f o r e

t h e

summer

o f

I 8 9 9 .

I n

P l a t e

L X I I I

t h e

b a g

i s

s h o w n

u n p a c k e d ,

a n d

i t s

c o n t e n t s

i n t h e

p o s i t i o n

i n

w h i c h

t h e y a r e

s e t

i n

t h e

t e n t .

T h e

u p r i g h t

c y l i n d r i c a l

l e a t h e r

o b j e c t

i s a p e r -

s o n ,

a p p a r e n t l y t h e

s p i r i t

o f

t h e b a g . F o o d

a n d

g i f t s

w e r e

g i v e n

t o t h e b a g

o n t h e

o c c a s i o n s

o n

w h i c h i t w a s

o p e n e d .

T h e

f o o d ,

o r

p a r t

o f

i t ,

w a s

t h e n

k e p t

i n

t h e

b a g .

The

o b j e c t

o f

t h e s e

g i f t s

w a s t o s e c u r e

p r o s p e r i t y

a n d

a n

a b u n d a n c e

o f

f o o d

t o t h e

g i v e r .

The

d i s p o s i t i o n o f

t h e

c o n t e n t s

o f

t h e

b a g d u r i n g

t h e

c e r e -

mony

i s a s

f o l l o w s : -

The

o w n e r o f

t h e

b a g

s i t s

a t

t h e

r e a r o f

t h e t e n t . I n

t h e

. m i d d l e

i s a

s m a l l f i r e

o f c o a l s .

D i r e c t l y

b e f o r e

t h e

o w n e r

i s

t h e

o u t e r

b a g ,

n ow

h o l d i n g

o n l y

t h e

v a r i o u s g i f t s o f

f o o d

c o n -

t a i n e d

i n

s m a l l

b a g s

a n d

p i e c e s o f

c l o t h .

T h e

o u t e r

b a g

i t s e l f

i s

s t i l l

c o v e r e d ,

t o

a

l a r g e

e x t e n t ,

w i t h

t h e

c a l i c o w i t h

w h i c h

i t

i s

o r d i n a r i l y

k e p t w r a p p e d ,

a n d

w h i c h

p r e s u m a b l y h a s

b e e n

g i v e n

t o

i t .

The

s m a l l e r

l o n g i t u d i n a l b a g i s

r e m o v e d

f r o m

t h e

i n s i d e

o f

t h e

l a r g e

b a g , a n d

p u t

i n f r o n t

o f

i t ,

n e a r e r

t h e

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K r o e b e r ,

T h e

A r a p a h o .

f i r e .

I n

f r o n t

o f t h i s

a r e

p l a c e d

g r i z z l y - b e a r

c l a w s .

To

t h e

r i g h t

o f

t h e s e

c l a w s

i s a

s m a l l

b a g

o f i n c e n s e c a l l e d

  m a n ,

a n d

t o t h e l e f t

a s i m i l a r

b a g

c a l l e d  woman.

I m m e d i a t e l y

i n f r o n t

o f t h e

g r i z z l y - c l a w s

a r e f o ur s m a l l s t i c k s

o f

u n e q u a l

l e n g t h , w h i c h

a r e l e a n e d

u p t o g e t h e r

l i k e

t e n t - p o l e s ,

a n d

w h i c h

r e p r e s e n t a t e n t .

I n

f r o n t

o f

t h e s e

s t i c k s ,

a n d

n o t

f a r

f r o m t h e

f i r e ,

i s

t h e

c y l i n d r i c a l

l e a t h e r

c a s e

r e p r e s e n t i n g

t h e

  o w n e r o f

t h e b a g .

By

t h e

s i d e o f

t h i s

o b j e c t

a n d

t h e

f o u r

s t i c k s ,

a n o t h e r

s t i c k ,

o r d i n a r i l y k e p t

i n s i d e

o f

t h e

c y l i n d r i c a l

c a s e , i s l a i d o n

t h e g r o u n d .

T h i s

r e p r e s e n t s t h e

g i f t

o f

a

h o r s e .

A

m i d d l e - a g e d n o r t h e r n

A r a p a h o

h a s

i n

h i s

p o s s e s s i o n

t w o

p i e c e s

o f

b u c k s k i n

on

w h i c h

a r e

p a i n t e d

i n

t h r e e

o r

f o u r

c o l o r s

p i c t o g r a p h i c

d e s i g n s r e f e r r i n g

t o

m y t h s

o f

c r e a t i o n

a n d

t h e

t r i b a l c e r e m o n i e s .

T h e s e

p i e c e s

c o u l d

n e i t h e r

b e

s e c u r e d

n o r

r e p r o d u c e d

a t

t h e t i m e

t h e y

w e r e

s e e n ,

a n d

o n l y

f r a g m e n t a r y

i n f o r m a t i o n w a s

o b t a i n e d

i n

r e g a r d t o t h e m .

T h e

d e s i g n s

a r e ,

h o w e v e r ,

c o m p a r a t i v e l y

s i m p l e ,

a n d

a r e

r e p r o d u c e d

h e r e

f r o m

m e m o r y ,

w i t h

p r o b a b l y a p p r o x i m a t e

c o r r e c t n e s s ( P l a t e

L X I V ) . T h e

f i r s t o f

t h e

t w o s t r i p s

o f

s k i n i s

s e v e r a l i n c h e s

w i d e

a n d

a

f o o t o r

more

l o n g .

I t s e n d i s c u t o f f

r u d e l y

a n d

i r r e g u l a r l y .

N e a r

t h i s

e n d

a r e

f i g u r e s

i n

b l u e

w i t h t w o r e d

s p o t s .

A

. s t r a i g h t

l i n e

d i a g o n a l

t o

t h e

l e n g t h o f

t h e b u c k s k i n

s t r i p

r e p r e s e n t s t h e

e x t e n t

o f

t h e

w o r l d a n d t h e

c o u r s e

o f t h e

s u n .

On

i t

a r e

s h o w n

b o t h

t h e

s u n

a n d

t h e moon;

t h e

f o r m e r ,

b y

a

s m a l l

s o l i d

c i r c l e ,

t h e

l a t t e r

b y

t h e

a r c

o f

a

c i r c l e .

F o u r

b l u e

d o t s , t w o

on

e a c h

s i d e o f

t h e

l i n e ,

r e p r e s e n t t h e   f o u r

o l d

m e n .

B e y o n d

t h e

e n d o f

t h i s

l i n e

i s a

p a i n t e d o v a t e

f i g u r e

d r a w n

i n b l u e

o u t l i n e ,

a n d

r e p r e s e n t i n g

a

m o u n t a i n - g o a t h o r n

s p o o n

f r o m

w h i c h

o l d

me n

a r e

f e d .

- N e a r

t h i s

a

r e d s p o t

d e n o t e s

p a i n t . '

To

t h e

s i d e

o f

t h e

l i n e

o n

w h i c h

a r e p a i n t e d

t h e s u n

a n d

t h e

m o o n ,

i s

a

t h i r d

g r o u p

o f

f i g u r e s .

T h e

c e n t r e

o f

t h i s i s

a

b l u e

s p o t ,

o r

s o l i d l y

f i l l e d c i r c l e ,

r e p r e s e n t i n g

t h e

h e a r t .

A r o u n d

t h i s

a r e

f o u r s h o r t

l i n e s

o r

b a r s

f o r m i n g

a

s q u a r e

i n o u t l i n e . T h e s e

f o u r l i n e s

r e p r e s e n t t h e

b a n d s

o r

l i n e s p a i n t e d

a r o u n d

t h e w r i s t s

a n d

a n k l e s o f

t h e

o l d me n

i n

t h e

t r i b a l c e r e m o n i e s . T h e s e o l d

me n

a r e

s a i d

t o m a i n t a i n

t h e

l i f e

o f

t h e

p e o p l e .

T h e s e

f o u r

b a r s

a l s o d e n o t e t h e

f o u r

1 9 0 7 . 1

3

1

I

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3

I

2

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n

Museum

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y . [ V o l .

X V I I I ,

o l d

me n

t h e m s e l v e s .

J u s t

b e y o n d

them

i s

a

s m a l l

c r e s c e n t ,

t h e

h a l f - m o o n , a n d n e a r i t a h o l l o w c i r c l e

r e p r e s e n t i n g

e i t h e r

t h e

s u n o r a

s u n - d o g ,

w h i l e an

o v a l r e d

s p o t

d e n o t e s

p a i n t .

The

c e n t r a l c i r c l e ,

w i t h

t h e

f o u r

s u r r o u n d i n g

b a r s

a n d

t h e

c r e s c e n t ,

a l s o

r e p r e s e n t

s u n - d a n c e

b o d y - p a i n t i n g s ;

t h e c i r c l e

b e i n g

t h e

c i r c l e

p a i n t e d

on t h e

d a n c e r s '

b r e a s t s ;

t h e

b a r s ,

t h e l i n e s

e n c i r c l i n g

t h e i r

w r i s t s

a n d

a n k l e s ;

a n d

t h e

c r e s c e n t o f t e n

p a i n t e d

on

t h e

b a c k

a t

t h e

s h o u l d e r - b l a d e .

T h e

s y m b o l s

j u s t

d e s c r i b e d

c o n s t i t u t e t h e

p a i n t i n g

o f

o n l y

o n e

e n d

o f

t h e

l a r g e r s t r i p

o f

s k i n . The r e s t o f t h i s

p i e c e

i s

e x e c u t e d

i n a

d e s i g n

o f

r e d

a n d

y e l l o w l i n e s ,

s m a l l

s o l i d

c i r -

c l e s ,

s m a l l e r

t r i a n g l e s ,

a n d

b r o k e n

s e m i c i r c l e s ,

t o

w h i c h

two

o r

t h r e e

b l u e s e m i c i r c l e s ,

c a l l e d

  b l a c k s

a r e a d d e d .

The

m e a n i n g

o f

t h i s p a r t

o f

t h e

p i c t o g r a p h

i s

n o t

k n o w n .

I t s

f o u r f o l d

a r r a n g e m e n t

i s

n o d o u b t

s i g n i f i c a n t .

On t h e

b a c k o f

t h i s

s t r i p

o f s k i n t h e r e i s

p a i n t e d

o n l y

a

s i n g l e

f i g u r e

i n

b l u e ,

c o n -

s i s t i n g

o f a

h o l l o w c i r c l e b i s e c t e d

b y

a

l i n e

e x t e n d i n g

b e y o n d

i t

o n b o t h

s i d e s ,

a n d

c o n t a i n i n g

f o u r

s p o t s ,

-

two on

e a c h

s i d e

o f

t h e

b i s e c t i n g

l i n e .

The

s e c o n d

p i e c e

o f

s k i n was

a l s o

p a i n t e d

o n

b o t h s i d e s ,

o n e

r e p r e s e n t i n g

t h e

e a r t h ,

t h e

o t h e r

t h e

s k y .

On

t h e

s i d e

r e p r e s e n t i n g

t h e

s k y

was

a

l o n g

- w a v y

r e d

l i n e .

N e a r

o n e

e n d

o f

t h i s

w a s

a

f i g u r e

o f

t h e

t h u n d e r - b i r d i n

b l u e ;

b e y o n d i t ,

a l s o

on

t h e

l i n e ,

a

h a l f - m o o n ;

a n d

b e y o n d

t h i s

t h e

s u n ,

a l s o

i n

b l u e .

N e a r

t h e

o p p o s i t e

e n d ,

t h i s

r e d

l i n e

w a s

- c r o s s e d

by

t w o

b l u e

b a r s ,

w h i l e

a t

t h e

e n d

was an

e l l i p s e

s o l i d l y

f i l l e d

i n

w i t h

g r e e n .

On

t h e m i d d l e

o f

t h e

l i n e ,

a n d

p a r a l l e l t o i t ,

w e r e

f o u r

f i g u r e s ,

-two

b l u e

o n

t h e

r i g h t , a n d

t w o

g r e e n o r

r e d

on

t h e l e f t . T h e s e

c o n s i s t e d

o f

wavy

l i n e s

f o r k e d

a t

t h e

u p p e r

e n d s .

I t w i l l

b e

n o t i c e d

t h a t

t h i s p a r t

o f t h e

p a i n t i n g

c o n t a i n s

g r e e n ,

b u t n o

y e l l o w .

I t

h a s

b e e n

r e p r o d u c e d i n

t h e

p l a t e .

I n

a d d i t i o n ,

t h i s

s t r i p

c o n t a i n s t w o

human

f i g u r e s

i n

b r o w n

a t

t h e

s i d e o f

t h e

l o n g

r e d

l i n e , a n d

f o u r

o t h e r s , o n e

a b o v e

t h e

o t h e r ,

p a i n t e d

i n

y e l l o w .

On

t h e o t h e r

s i d e ,

w h i c h

r e p r e s e n t s t h e

e a r t h ,

t h i s

p i e c e

o f

s k i n w a s

p a i n t e d

w i t h

e i g h t

f i g u r e s . E a c h

o f

t h e s e

c o n s i s t e d o f

t w o l i n e s

s o m e w h a t

r e s e m b l i n g

a p a i r o f

l e g s , t h e

u p p e r

p a r t s

o f

t h e

t w o

l i n e s b e i n g

c l o s e t o g e t h e r

a n d

p a r a l l e l ,

a n d

t h e l o w e r

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1 9 0 7 . ]

K r o e b e r ,

T h e

A r a p a h o .

3 3

e n d s

d i v e r g i n g .

Above

t h e

. ' - p p e r

e n d

o f

e a c h

l i n e

was

a

d o t .

The e a r t h

i s

s o m e t i m e s

s p o k e n

o f a s

woman,

t h e

s k y

a s

m a n ,

a s

s h o w n

i n

t h e

p h r a s e

  b i i t a a w u n

n e i n a e

h i x t c , b a

n e i s a n a n

(

t h e

e a r t h

my

m o t h e r ,

t h e

a b o v e

my

f a t h e r ) .

T h e

b e i n g s

a d d r e s s e d

i n c e r ta i n

p r a y e r s

a r e ,

i n

o r d e r ,

f i r s t

o u r

f a t h e r ,

s e c o n d

t h e

s u n ,

t h i r d

h i i t e n i ,

f o u r t h

h i t a x u s a n

( o r l a s t

c h i l d , e q u i v a l e n t

t o

h i i n t c a b i i t ,

  w a t e r - m o n s t e r

o r

o w n e r

o f

w a t e r ) ,

f i f t h

t h e

t h u n d e r ,

s i x t h

t h e

w h i r l w i n d ,

a n d

s e v e n t h t h e e a r t h .

A c c o r d i n g

t o

o n e

a c c o u n t ,

t h e

p e r s o n s

s o m e t i m e s

a d d r e s s e d

i n

p r a y e r

w e r e

s u c c e s s i v e l y ,

A b o v e - N i h ' a n

g a , 1

t h e

f o u r

o l d

m e n ,

a n d

t h e n t h e

s u n .

T h e

f o l l o w i n g

i s a

f r e e

r e n d e r i n g

o f

a

h y p o t h e t i c a l

p r a y e r

o r

s p e e c h

made

b y

a n o l d ma n a t a

y o u n g

m a n ' s

c h a n g e

o f

n a m e .

  T h i s i s w h a t I

m e n t i o n . On t h e

C i m a r r o n R i v e r

n e a r t h e

T u r k e y h i l l s I

b r o u g h t

b a c k

b l a c k

p a i n t .

May

c h i l d r e n

g r o w

w e l l

T h e

s e v e n o l d

me n

a n d t h e

s e v e n

o l d

w o m e n ,

F o u n d - i n -

t h e - g r a s s

( b i a x u y a ) ,

a n d t h e

m y t h s ,

ma y t h e y

b e f o r

t h e

g o o d

o f

t h e

p e o p l e

o f

a l l

a g e s

 

T h i s

i s a n o t h e r

t h a t I

m e n t i o n :

A t

s a n d

c r e e k . I

m e n t i o n

when t h e r e

w e r e

s e v e n

s w e a t - h o u s e s ,

a n d

t h e

d a y a n d t h e

r i v e r s

a n d

t h e

e a r t h

made

s i c k n e s s b e

f a r

a w a y .

M y

g r a n d f a t h e r ,

t h e

s u n , y o u

who

w a l k

y e l l o w ,

l o o k

down

o n

u s .

P i t y

u s .

P i t y u s .

M a y

t h i s y o u n g

ma n

f a c i n g

s t i a i g h t

b e

h e l p e d

t o

w a l k

f o r

h i s

l i f e

T h o s e

t h a t

s h i n e

a b o v e

a t n i g h t ,

a n d

t h e

a n i m a l s o f t h e

n i g h t , we

p r a y

t o

y o u .

T h e

m o r n i n g

s t a r a n d

my f a t h e r ,

l i s t e n .

I h a v e

a s k e d

f o r l o n g

b r e a t h , f o r

l a r g e

l i f e . M a y

t h i s y o u n g

m a n , w i t h

h i s

p e o p l e

a n d

h i s

r e l a t i v e s ,

d o

w e l l ,

w a l k i n g w h e r e

i t i s g o o d ,

o b t a i n i n g

f o o d a n d

c l o t h i n g

a n d h o r s e s

o f many c o l o r s ,

a n d

w h e r e t h e r e

a r e

b i r d s

t h a t a r e

c r y i n g a n d

t h e

d a y i s l o n g

a n d

t h e

w i n d

i s

g o o d

A n i m a l s

t h a t

move o n

t h e

s u r f a c e ,

a n i m a l s

1

N i h ' t n - a n

( s p i d e r ,

a l s o w h i t e

p e r s o n ) ,

e t y m o l o g y

s t i l l

u n c e r t a i n ,

i s

t h e

t r i c k s t e r -

c u l t u r e - h e r o

o f

A r a p a h o

m y t h o l o g y ( s e e

T r a d i t i o n s

o f

t h e

A r a p a h o , o p .

c i t . ,

p p .

6 ,

7 ,

f o o t n o t e s ) .

H i x t c i b a - n i h ' a n c a n ,

A b o v e - N i h ' a n ,

o r

A b o v e - W h i t e - m a n ,

i s

t h e

t e r m

f o r

t h e

Go d

o f

C h r i s t i a n i t y .

N i h ' a n g a n

s e e m s

t o

b e more o r

l e s s

h e s i t a t i n g l y

i d e n -

t i f i e d

w i t h h e i s a n 5 n i

( o u r

F a t h e r ) ,

t h e

v a g u e s u p r e m e d e i t y

a b o v e : how

much

C h r i s t i a n

n o t i o n s

h a v e had

t o

d o

w i t h

t h i s

i s n o t

c e r t a i n . By t h e

p e o p l e

o f t h e

p r e s e n t

d a y ,

A b o v e - N i h ' N n y l a n

i s q u i t e

f r e q u e n t l y

m e n t i o n e d ; b u t i n

c e r e m o n y

 

o u r F a t h e r

s e e m s

t o

b e

t h e

name

s t i l l

c u s t o m a r y .

C o m p a r e

i n

T r a d i t i o n s ,

o p .

c i t . ,

p . I 6 ,

  A f t e r

t h i s .

N i h ' t n r a n

i v e d

i n

t h e

s k y , a n d

w a s c a l l e d o u r

F a t h e r .

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3

I

4 B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n Museum o f N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l .

XVI

I I ,

u n d e r

g r o u n d

t h a t

i n h a b i t

t h e w a t e r ,

l i s t e n ,

b e

a t t e n t i v e .

T h i s o n e

s t a n d i n g

h e r e a s k s

o f

y o u

a name

t h a t

i s

g o o d .

C h i l d r e n

o f a l l

a g e s ,

y o u n g

me n

a n d

y o u n g

women

o f

a l l

a g e s .

o l d

women

a n d o l d

me n

o f

a l l

a g e s ,

a l l l o o k

a t h i m .

D o

w e l l

t o

t h i s

y o u n g

m a n ,

a n d b e k i n d t o h i m . He

w i s h e s t o

b e c o m e

a n

o l d

m a n .

B a i i n e n a e o f

w h a t e v e r

c o m p a n y ,

l o o k

a t

t h i s

y o u n g

m a n .

C a l l

him S u n - c h i l d when

y o u g i v e

him

c o m m a n d s ,

when

y o u

i n v i t e him

t o

g i v e

him

f o o d ,

when

y o u

l o o k - a t

h i m ,

when

y o u

m e e t

h i m .

-

S u n - c h i l d

y o u

w i l l

b e

c a l l e d .

T h i s

i s

y o u r n a m e .

No w

t a k e i t .

R a i n y - m o u n t a i n

r e m a i n s

h e r e .

With

S u n - c h i l d

y o u r n a m e ,

g o

a w a y .

F a t h e r - a b o v e - w h i t e -

m a n ,

y o u

who

a r e

n a i l e d down

f l a t ,

a n d F a t h e r

C r o w ,

a n d

L a r g e - n o s e ( t h u n d e r ) , a n d

t h e

b i r d s ,

-

n o w

t h e y

h a v e

a l l h e a r d i t .

W e l l ,

n ow a t

l a s t ,

my f r i e n d ,

y o u

a r e

k n o w n .

T h e

f o l l o w i n g

i s

a

p r a y e r

s u c h

a s

m i g h t

b e

s p o k e n

b e f o r e

e a t i n g .

 

O u r

f a t h e r ,

h e a r

u s , a n d o u r

g r a n d f a t h e r . I

m e n t i o n a l s o

a l l t h o s e

t h a t

s h i n e

( t h e

s t a r s ) ,

t h e

y e l l o w

d a y ,

t h e

g o o d

w i n d ,

t h e

g o o d t i m b e r , a n d t h e

g o o d

e a r t h .

A l l

t h e a n i m a l s ,

l i s t e n

t o

me

u n d e r

t h e

g r o u n d .

A n i m a l s

a b o v e g r o u n d ,

a n d

w a t e r -

a n i m a l s , l i s t e n

t o

m e .

W e

s h a l l e a t y o u r

r e m n a n t s

o f f o o d .

L e t t h e m b e

g o o d .

L e t t h e r e

b e

l o n g b r e a t h a n d

l i f e .

L e t

t h e

p e o p l e

i n c r e a s e ,

t h e

c h i l d r e n o f

a l l a g e s , t h e g i r l s

a n d t h e

b o y s ,

a n d

t h e

me n

o f

a l l

a g e s

a n d

t h e

women,

t h e o l d

me n

o f

a l l

a g e s

a n d

t h e

o l d

' w o m e n .

The f o o d

w i l l g i v e u s

s t r e n g t h

w h e n e v e r

t h e s u n r u n s .

L i s t e n t o

u s ,

f a t h e r ,

g r a n d f a t h e r .

W e

a s k

t h o u g h t ,

h e a r t ,

l o v e ,

h a p p i n e s s . W e

a r e

g o i n g t o

e a t .

When

a

y o u n g

ma n d e s i r e d t o

l i v e t o b e

o l d , h e

w o u l d g o

t o a n

o l d

m a n ,

e s p e c i a l l y

t o

o n e o f

t h e s e v e n

men

o f

t h e

o l d e s t

s o c i e t y ,

a n d b e g i n t o

c r y , g e n e r a l l y

o u t s i d e

o f h i s

t e n t ,

p e r h a p s a t

t h e d o o r ,

p e r h a p s b y

t h e

w a l l

o f

t h e

t e n t

w h e r e

t h e

o l d

m a n ' s b e d

w a s . T h e

o l d ma n

w o u l d

w a i t

a

l o n g

t i m e

t o s e e

i f

t h e

y o u n g

ma n

w a s

r e a l l y i n e a r n e s t .

Then a t

l a s t h e

w o u l d

g e t

u p f r o m h i s

b e d ,

a n d p r a y

f o r

h i m .

A f t e r

m e n t i o n i n g

t h e

b e i n g s a d d r e s s e d

i n

p r a y e r , h e w o u l d

s a y ,

-

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T90]Kroeber,

T h e

A r a p a h o .

  H a y u n i ' g i

b a g o u t i i

h A t i i t e t a n

h a n a x a a h a

  F o u r r i d g e s

I

ma y

you p a s s

o v e r , y oung man,

n i h i i 9 a n g i

t c

i i n e t c e i

b a

h a e i h a h a .

s a i d t h e

s p r i n k l i n g

( ? )

o l d m e n . a

T h e

f o l l o w i n g

i s

a

h y p o t h e t i c a l s p e e c h

o f a ma n

a t

t h e

m a r r i a g e

o f

h i s

d a u g h t e r .

  I

h a v e

t h o u g h t

o f t h i s

o c c a s i o n

b e f o r e ,

j u s t

a s

o t h e r s

h a v e ,

s i n c e

I

h a v e h a d a d a u g h t e r .

I

u s e d

t o

p l a n

t h a t

my

d a u g h t e r

when

m a r r i e d

m i g h t

h a v e

g o o d

l a n d

t o

s i t

o n .

T h a t

i s w h a t I

w i s h e d

f o r .

T h a t

i s

why

I t o o k p a i n s

t o

l o o k

f o r

a

p l a c e

t h a t

w a s g o o d

w h e r e

t h i s

t e n t

n o w

s t a n d s .

' M a y my

d a u g h t e r

l i v e

s a f e l y

i n t h i s

h o u s e

t h a t I

a m

m a k i n g , '

I

h a v e

s a i d t o

m y s e l f .

I t i s a c u s t o m

f o r me n who a r e f a t h e r s

t o

w e l c o m e t h e s o n - i n - l a w

b e c a u s e o f

m a r r i a g e .

T h i s

y o u n g

ma n

p l e a s e s

m e . I a m s a t i s f i e d t h a t

h e

u n i t e s

w i t h

my

t e n t .

T h a t

i s

why

I

s p o k e

t o

my d a u g h t e r .

No w h e r o t h e r r e l a t i v e s

h a v e n o t

c o m e ,

b e c a u s e t h e y

l i v e

s c a t t e r e d

a n d a w a y .

M y

s o n - i n - l a w , h e r e i s

y o u r

t e n t . T h i s i s y o u r p i p e .

H e r e i s

y o u r

w a t e r

a n d

y o u r

f o o d , t o g e t h e r w i t h

y o u r

w i f e .

No w

e a t .

The

f o l l o w i n g

i s a h y p o t h e t i c a l

s p e e c h

o f t h e f a t h e r

o f

a

y o u n g ma n

a t h i s

m a r r i a g e

t o

a C h e y e n n e w o m a n .

  M y

c h i e f s , my

f r i e n d s ,

w o m e n , I a m d e e p l y g l a d t h a t

y o u

h a v e c o m e h e r e o n a c c o u n t

o f my

s o n

who

i s t o

m a r r y .

I t

i s

t h e

w i s h

o f men

when

t h e i r

s o n s m a r r y ,

f o r

I a n d

my

s o n

a r e

p o o r .

M y

s o n

h a s c h o s e n w e l l

f o r

h i s

u n i o n .

He

h a s

made

h i s

own

s e l e c t i o n .

Even t h o u g h

t h e d i s t a n c e

i s g r e a t

w h e r e

my

s o n

w i l l

b e l o n g ,

n e v e r t h e l e s s

many C h e y e n n e

a r e

m a r r i e d w i t h t h e

A r a p a h o .

I a m

g l a d

w h e r e

my

s o n i s m a r -

r y i n g .

T h a n k s .

I

s a y

i t t o

y o u ,

h e r p a r e n t s ,

who t r e a t e d

me a n d

my

s o n w e l l , who

a r e

p e o p l e

t h a t I a m f o n d o f ,

who

t r y

t o b e

a g r e e a b l e .

-

M y s o n ,

i t p l e a s e s me much w h e r e

y o u

f o u n d

a

woman.

M y s o n ,

d i s r e g a r d

i t , e v e n

i f

t h e r e

i s s o m e -

t h i n g

u n p l e a s a n t

f o r

y o u t o h e a r .

Even i f

y o u r

own w i f e

s t r i k e s

y o u ,

d i s r e g a r d

i t , a n d

e v e n

i f

t h e o t h e r s . s a y

w h a t y o u

d o

n o t l i k e t o l i s t e n t o .

Where y o u

a r e a s e r v a n t , y o u

must

n o t

m i n d

i t .

T r y h a r d , my

s o n , n o t t o b e c o m e

d i s c o u r a g e d

t o o

q u i c k l y .

D o n o t

b e

b a s h f u l , b u t

b e k i n d . D o

g o o d

w h e r e

'

Or

h i l l s .

2 The members o f t h e o l d s o c i e t y .

I 1 9 0 7

* ]

3

I

5

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  16 Bulletin American Museum o Natural History [Vol.

X V I I I

you are united. Whatever your father-in-law orders you to

do, my son, or your mother-in-law, or your brother-in-law,

do tha t for them. Do no t go away without the consent of

your wife. Do not roam about without purpose, my son, bu t

do your best where you offered yourself as servant. In the

former life of the people it was good to be a servant. If I

might be young, I should be providing food for al l; but what

we lived on is gone. Do your best in planting, which we are

shown by the

yig 1 3 (E z).

witch of Horse-

tail.

Length, 6 cm.

horse-tail or

whites, my son. Do whatever you are told,

and water your animals carefully. Love your

wife's parents, and love her people.

B e

pleasant to persons who ,come to your tent ,

my son. When friends come where you are

serving, they will be Cheyenne who come.

When the Cheyenne arrive, say to them,

'Well, come in.' Do not be bashful, for you

are now united to them. Do not scold your

wife. Always tr ea t her well and pity her.

Those 7~7ho ry to be good are treated well

and are pitied. Do your best, and do no t

become tired. And now look a t your te nt ,

your pipe, your food, and your friends.

Buffalo-tails mounted on a short stick, and

in recent times horse-tails, are used by the

Arapaho in the sweat-house to switch or tvhip

the'body. This practice seems to be in large

measure ceremonial, bu t is no doubt founded

on a practical purpose.

A

specimen from the

northern Arapaho consists of a white horse-

tail, abou t three feet in length, wrapped

t o

a stick handle about an inch in diameter,

by a thong painted red.

A

dozen long

iridescent magpie-feathers are attached to this

handle by red-painted thongs (Museum No.

T4-1T .

A

specimen (Museum No.

-:-I

from

the southern Arapaho is a yellowish white

cow-tail much shorter than the preceding.

I t is wrapped to a thinner bu t longer stick handle by

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K r o e b e r ,

T h e

A r a p a h o .

t w i n e .

A n o t h e r s p e c i m e n

( F i g .

1 0 3 )

i s

a

b l a c k

b u f f a l o -

t a i l .

I t i s

m o u n t e d

o n

a

s t i c k

a b o u t

o n e - t h i r d

o f an

i n c h

i n

d i a m e t e r a n d

t w o - t h i r d s

o f

a

f o o t

l o n g ,

a p p a r e n t l y p a i n t e d

r e d .

T h e s k i n

o f

t h e

t a i l i s

t i g h t l y

s e w e d

o v e r t h e

s t i c k w i t h

d i a g o n a l

s t i t c h e s o f . s i n e w .

F o r

t h e u p p e r

h a l f

o f

t h e

s t i c k

t h e t a i l

i s

c u t f r e e

f r o m

h a i r ,

t h u s

f o r m i n g

a d i s t i n c t h a n d l e :

b e l o w

t h i s ,

t h e o u t e r m o s t

h a i r

i s a l l o w e d t o e x t e n d

a b o u t

an

i n c h ,

when

i t i s

c u t o f f . T h e

h a i r u n d e r

t h i s e x t e n d s t o i t s

f u l l

l e n g t h ,

s o

t h a t w h e r e

t h e

o u t e r m o s t

h a i r

i s

c u t

o f f

t h e r e

i s

a

n o t c h -

l i k e

d e p r e s s i o n

e x t e n d i n g

a r o u n d

t h e t a i l .

S c r e e c h - o w l s

( b a a g e i n a n )

a r e

g h o s t s . W he n

q u i e t

o r

t i m i d

p e o p l e d i e , t h e i r s p i r i t s

a r e

n o i s y a n d

t r o u b l e s o m e ;

b u t t h e

g h o s t s o f

p e o p l e

who i n

l i f e

a r e

l o u d a n d a c t i v e a r e

h a r m l e s s

a f t e r

d e a t h .

T h e

p r o p e r t y

o f

t h e

d e a d ,

i n c l u d i n g

c l o t h e s

a n d

b e d d i n g , i s

b u r n t ,

a s

i t i s

t h o u g h t

t h a t

t h e

d e a d

s p i r i t

w i l l

r e v i s i t

t h e

l o c a l i t y i f

t h i s i s n o t d o n e . F o r

t h e

s a m e

r e a s o n ,

c e d a r i s

t h r o w n o n

t h e f i r e

b e f o r e

t h e

r e l a t i v e s

o f

t h e

d e a d

g o t o

b e d

a t

n i g h t .

T h e

r a i n b o w

i s

t h e

f i s h i n g - l i n e o f

t h e

t h u n d e r f o r

t h e h i i n t c a -

b i i t .

L i g h t n i n g i s

g e n e r a l l y

t h o u g h t

t o

s t r i k e i n t h e

w a t e r ,

b e i n g

a i m e d a t

t h i s

m o n s t e r .

S p r i n g s a r e

i n h a b i t e d

by t h e s e

b e i n g s .

W h e n

a

s p r i n g d r i e s

u p ,

t h e

t h u n d e r i s

t h o u g h t t o

h a v e

t a k e n

away t h e

w a t e r - m o n s t e r

i n h a b i t i n g

i t .

T h e s p r i n g

i s s o m e t i m e s

t h o u g h t t o

i s s u e

f r o m t h e

m o n s t e r ' s

m o u t h .

N e a r a

c e r t a i n

s p r i n g , n u m e r o u s

s n a k e s

w e r e s e e n

p r o j e c t i n g

t h e i r

h e a d s .

C l o t h e s

a n d

o f f e r i n g s

w e r e

f r e q u e n t l y

t i e d

t o

a

t r e e

n e a r t h i s

s p r i n g , a n d

p e o p l e w e r e

a f r a i d

t o g o

t o

i t a l o n e .

T h e

f l a s h i n g

o f

t h e

e y e

o f t h e

h i i n t c a b i i t

c a n b e

s e e n ,

e s p e c i a l l y

i n t h e

m o r n i n g

o r

e v e n i n g .

T h e

A r a p a h o

d o

n o t

c o u n t

t h e s t a r s ,

a s i t

w o u l d

c a u s e

m i s f o r t u n e .

When

t h e r e

w a s a

f o g ,

a f i g u r e o f t h e

t u r t l e

w o u l d b e

d r a w n

i n t h e

s o f t

e a r t h , a n d : t h e n

b e a t e n

w i t h a

s t i c k .  No w

i t

i s

k i l l e d ,

t h e

f o g

w i l l

c l e a r

o f f ,

i t

w a s

s a i d .

The

Omaha-

P o n k a

h a d much t h e

s a m e

p r a c t i c e .

T h e

c u s t o m i s

n o d o u b t

c o n n e c t e d w i t h

t h e i d e n t i t y

o f t h e

w o r d s f o r

f o g

a n d t u r t l e

( b & A n a n ) i n

A r a p a h o .

T h e

m e a d o w - l a r k ' s s o n g i s

s u p p o s e d

t o

b e

h i n e n i t a n

t c e i -

I 1 9 0 7 . ]

3

I

7

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3

1

8

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n

Museum o f N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l . XVI I I ,

t a k s a n

(

a

p e r s o n

i s

c r a w l i n g

t o w a r d

m e ) .

C h i l d r e n

s o m e -

t i m e s i m i t a t e

t h i s

s o n g , t h o u g h

f o r b i d d e n t o d o

s o

b y

t h e i r

p a r e n t s .

The

s o n g

o f t h i s

b i r d

i s

t h o u g h t

t o

b e

e v i l .

S o m e -

t i m e s i t

i s

a l s o

i n t e r p r e t e d

a s o b s c e n e .

W he n

s t o r i e s

a r e t o l d

d u r i n g

w i n t e r

n i g h t s ,

t h e l i s t e n e r s

m u s t

c o n s t a n t l y

s a y

  H i

t o

s h o w t h a t

t h e y

a r e a w a k e .

I f

a n y

o f t h e m

f a l l

a s l e e p ,

t h e

n a r r a t o r

t a k e s

a s t i c k

f r o m

t h e

f i r e , a n d t o u c h e s

t h e m

w i t h i t

on

t h e

f i n g e r - n a i l .

M en

s a y

 

Haa

f o r

y e s ;

w o m e n ,

  A a .

F o r

t h a n k s ,

me n

s a y

 

H a h o u ;

women,

i n

f o r m e r

t i m e s ,

 

H a h o u k a c ;

 

t h o u g h

a t

p r e s e n t

 

H a h o u i s

u s e d b y

b o t h

s e x e s .

  H o i i

 

i s a

more

d i s t i n c t l y

c e r e m o n i a l

w o r d o f t h a n k s .

An

e n t e r t a i n m e n t p r a c t i s e d

a t

n i g h t

i s

c a l l e d

  t c & o g o c i h i i t .

Two

p a r t i e s

o f men

s i t

on

o p p o s i t e

s i d e s

o f

a

t e n t ,

t h e o l d e r

b e i n g n e a r e r t h e

d o o r . I n t h e

m i d d l e ,

a t

t h e

b a c k ,

s i t s a

q u e s t i o n e r .

B e t w e e n

t h e t w o

s i d e s i s

p l a c e d

f o o d ,

t o b e

c o n -

s u m e d

d u r i n g

t h e

n i g h t .

I n

f r o n t

o f e a c h

s i d e ,

n e a r t h e

q u e s -

t i o n e r ,

f o u r

s t i c k s

a r e s e t

u p

i n

t h e

g r o u n d .

T h e

q u e s t i o n e r

t h e n

s t a t e s

h y p o t h e t i c a l

c a s e s

o f

d e e d s

o f war o r

o f

g e n e r o s i t y .

T h e s e

a r e a l w a y s q u i t e

s p e c i f i c

a n d d e t a i l e d .

The

f o l l o w i n g

a r e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

e x a m p l e s .

 Your

f a t h e r - i n - l a w

g a v e

you

a

t e n t w i t h b l a c k

o r n a m e n t s ,

a n d

y o u g a v e h i m a

w h i t e

h o r s e

w i t h b l a c k

e a r s .

Y ou

w e n t

t o

w a r , s t a r t i n g

f r o m

s u c h

a . p l a c e a n d g o i n g

t o s u c h

a o n e .

W h i l e

t r a v e l l i n g ,

y o u met

a

f r i e n d

a n d

g a v e

h i m

y o u r

h o r s e .  

W he n

y o u

p o s s e s s e d o n l y

o n e

h o r s e , y o u g a v e i t

a w a y .

Any

ma n

who c a n s a y t h a t h e h a s

p e r f o r m e d

t h e p a r t i c u l a r

f e a t

t h a t

i s m e n t i o n e d , s p e a k s , a n d r e l a t e s i t a t l e n g t h .

I f

t h i s

s t a t e m e n t

i s

a c c e p t e d , a c o u n t e r i s p u t down f o r h i m . T h e

s i d e f o r

w h i c h

t h e

m o s t c o u n t e r s

a r e l a i d down o n a n y o n e q u e s -

t i o n

s c o r e s o n e

p o i n t , a n d

o n e o f i t s f o u r s t i c k s

i s

l a i d d o w n .

W he n

a l l

t h e f o u r

s t i c k s

o n

o n e

s i d e

h a v e

b e e n

l a i d

d o w n ,

t h a t

s i d e

h a s w o n , a n d o n e o f i t s o l d me n s e l e c t s

f o u r

me n f r o m t h e

o t h e r

s i d e t o p r o v i d e b r e a k f a s t . T h e q u e s t i o n i n g a n d

r e l a t -

i n g

o c c u p y t h e e n t i r e n i g h t .

V e r y o f t e n a

h y p o t h e t i c a l

d e e d

i s

p r o p o s e d w h i c h

n o

o n e p r e s e n t h a s a c c o m p l i s h e d . F o r a

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97vroeber,

T h e A r a p a h o .

ma n

t o

b e

a c c e p t e d ,

i t

i s

n e c e s s a r y

f o r

him

t o

h a v e

p e r f o r m & d

e x a c t l y t h e

c o n d i t i o n s

o f t h e

c a s e s t a t e d

b y

t h e

q u e s t i o n e r :

e v e n a

s l i g h t d e v i a t i o n

i n c l r c u m s t a n c e s

r u l e s him

o u t .

A

p i p e p a s s e d

a r o u n d a n d

s m o k e d

d u r i n g

t h e c o n t e s t s e r v e s

t o

c a u s e t h e

t r u t h t o

b e

t o l d .

T h o s e who

a r e

p r e s e n t d e n y

o r

a f f i r m

a m a n ' s s t a t e m e n t s

a b o u t

h i m s e l f .

S o m e t i m e s

a

ma n

when

t h u s

c h a l l e n g e d

w i l l

a t

o n c e

g i v e

a

h o r s e t o a d o u b t e r

i n

o r d e r

t o

p r o v e

h i s

m a n l i n e s s . At o t h e r

t i m e s ,

s t a t e m e n t s

a r e

c h a l l e n g e d

i n

j o k e , e s p e c i a l l y

b e t w e e n

b r o t h e r s - i n - l a w .

W he n

men

d i s p u t e

a s t o d e e d s

o f

h o n o r

i n

w a r ,

t h e

m i s -

u n d e r s t a n d i n g

i s

s o m e t i m e s

s e t t l e d

b y

t h e i r

w h i p p i n g

e a c h

o t h e r ;

t h e

o n e

who f i r s t

b e c o m e s

a n g r y

b e i n g

c o n s i d e r e d

u n m a n l y ( t c i i n e n 7 n n i t ) .

MODERN

CEREMONIES.

S e v e r a l

m o d e r n

c e r e m o n i e s ,

b e l o n g i n g

t o

a t

l e a s t

two d i f f e r -

e n t

c u l t s ,

h a v e

o b t a i n e d

a

f o o t h o l d

w i t h

t h e

A r a p a h o ;

a n d

among

t h e

p e o p l e

a t

l a r g e , e s p e c i a l l y

among

t h e

y o u n g e r

members

o f

t h e t r i b e ,

t h e s e

now

o c c u p y

a

much

l a r g e r

p a r t

i n

t h e i r

l i f e t h a n

t h e

v i r t u a l l y

e x t i n c t

c e r e m o n i e s

o f t h e

b & y a a ' w u

o r

t h e s u n - d a n c e .

T h e m o r e

i m p o r t a n t

o f

t h e s e

c e r e m o n i e s a r e

t h e

r e s u l t

o f

t h e g h o s t - d a n c e

movement

o f

f i f t e e n y e a r s

a g o .

T h i s

h a s

b e e n

e l a b o r a t e l y

t r e a t e d b y

M o o n e y ,

who h a s

g i v e n s p e c i a l

a t t e n t i o n

t o

t h e

c u l t

among

t h e

A r a p a h o . '

The

g h o s t - d a n c e

p r o p e r

i s

n o

l o n g e r

p r a c t i s e d ;

b u t t h e

b e l i e f s

o f

t h e movement

h a v e l e f t a

c o n s i d e r a b l e

i n f l u e n c e o n

t h e m i n d s

o f

t h e

p e o p l e .

A

n u m b e r

o f

o b j e c t s

made

f o r u s e

i n

t h e g h o s t - d a n c e

a t

t h e

t i m e

o f

g r e a t e s t

a c t i v i t y i n

i t s

a g i t a t i o n

a r e d e s c r i b e d

i n

t h e

f o l l o w i n g p a g e s , w i t h s p e c i a l

r e f e r e n c e t o t h e

s y m b o l i s m

shown

by t h e m .

I t w i l l

b e

s e e n

t h a t w h i l e t h i s

s y m b o l i s m i s

a l w a y s

m o r e o r l e s s d e c o r a t i v e ,

a n d o f t e n

s o

t o

a

c o n s i d e r a b l e

d e g r e e ,

i t

i s i n m o s t

c a s e s p r i m a r i l y p i c t o g r a p h i c .

Ma n y o f

t h e

f i g u r e s

a r e

s e m i - r e a l i s t i c ,

a n d w h e r e

t h e r e

i s a

c o n v e n t i o n -

a l i z a t i o n i t i s

i n

t h e

m e a n i n g

r a t h e r t h a n i n t h e d e s i g n s .

Man y

o l d g a m e s w e r e r e v i v e d

d u r i n g t h e g h o s t - d a n c e ,

a n d

a s s t m e d

a r e l i g i o u s

a s p e c t .

A number o f

o b j e c t s made f o r

1 F o u r t e e n t h

R e p o r t

o f

t h e B u r e a u

o f

A m e r i c a n

E t h n o l o g y .

I 1 9 0 7

. ]

3I9

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320

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n

Museum o f N a t u r a l H i s t o r y . [ V o l . X V I I I ,

s u c h g a m e s ,

m o s t

o f

them

more

o r

l e s s

s y m b o l i c ,

a r e

d e s c r i b e d

i n

t h e

f o l l o w i n g

p a g e s .

A c c o u n t s

o f s e v e r a l

g a m e s

n o t

p a r t i c u -

l a r l y

c o n n e c t e d

w i t h t h e

g h o s t - d a n c e

h a v e a l s o b e e n

i n c l u d e d .

The

s o - c a l l e d   c r o w - d a n c e

i s t h e

d a n c e most

commonly

p r a c t i s e d b y

t h e

A r a p a h o

o f

t o - d a y .

I t i s

c h i e f l y

t h e

y o u n g e r

p e o p l e

who

t a k e p a r t

i n

i t ;

b u t t h e o l d e r

d o n o t l o o k

u p o n

i t

a s

i n

a n y

way

a n i n t r u s i o n

o r

i n n o v a t i o n ,

a n d

g i v e

i t f u l l

a p p r o v a l .

At p r e s e n t t h e

c e r e m o n y i s p e r m e a t e d

w i t h

g h o s t -

d a n c e

i d e a s . I t s

b a s i s

s e e m s

t o

h a v e

b e e n

a

w i d e s p r e a d

d a n c e , h a l f s o c i a l a n d h a l f

r e l i g i o u s ,

a t t r i b u t e d

t o

some o f

t h e

e a s te r n P l a i n s

t r i b e s , u s u a l l y

t h e

O m a h a .

A t t h e t i m e

o f

t h e

g h o s t - d a n c e

m o v e m e n t ,

t h i s

s e e m s

t o h a v e

b e e n

t a k e n

up b y

c e r t a i n t r i b e s , s u c h

a s t h e

A r a p a h o , a n d t o

h a v e

h a d a

l i v e l y

g r o w t h

u n d e r

t h e

new i n f l u e n c e s . A

b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n

o f

t h i s

c e r e m o n y

i s

g i v e n .

E n t i r e l y d i s t i n c t

f r o m t h e

g h o s t - d a n c e

c u l t i s

t h e

p e y o t e

w o r s h i p . T h i s

c u l t

r e s t s

o n

t h e m e n t a l e x c i t e m e n t p r o d u c e d

b y

t h e

e a t i n g

o f a

s m a l l

d r i e d c a c t u s

c o m m o n l y

c a l l e d

b y

t h e

I n d i a n s m e s c a l ,

o r

  m e s c a l

b e a n ,

a n d

known

i n

l i t e r a t u r e

a s

  m e s c a l b u t t o n

a n d

  p e y o t e .

I t i s

n o t

k n ow n h o w

a c c u r a t e

t h e l a t t e r

t e r m

i s ,

a s

t h e

A z t e c

p e y o t e ma y

h a v e b e e n

a

d i f f e r -

e n t p l a n t .

I t

a f f e c t s t h e

h e a r t , p r o d u c e s

m u s c u l a r

l a s s i t u d e ,

i s

a

s t r o n g

s t i m u l a n t

o f

t h e

n e r v o u s

s y s t e m ,

a n d

h a s

a

m a r k e d

e f f e c t

on

t h e

g e n e r a l f e e l i n g

o f

t h e

p e r s o n ,

g i v i n g

t h e

i m p r e s s i o n

o f

s t i m u l a t i n g

e s p e c i a l l y

t h e

i n t e l l e c t u a l

f a c u l t i e s .

I n m o s t

c a s e s

i t

p r o d u c e s

v i s i o n s o f

a

k a l e i d o s c o p i c

n a t u r e .

I t s

e m o -

t i o n a l e f f e c t

v a r i e s

g r e a t t y , b e i n g

i n

s o m e c a s e s

d e p r e s s i n g

o r

i n t e n s e l y

d i s a g r e e a b l e ;

i n

o t h e r s ,

w h i c h

a r e

t h e m o r e f r e q u e n t ,

p r o d u c i n g

q u i e t b u t i n t e n s e

e x a l t a t i o n . T h e r e i s l i t t l e s u b -

s e q u e n t

r e a c t i o n .

T h e

r e l i g i o u s

c e r e m o n i e s

c o n n e c t e d w i t h

t h i s

d r u g h a v e

b e e n

p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d

by Mooney

a s

w i t n e s s e d

by h i m ,

among

t h e

K i o w a . 1

T h e y a r e s a i d t o h a v e

b e e n

i n t r o d u c e d

among

t h e

A r a p a h o

b y

t h e

K i o w a .

A

number

o f

y o u n g

me u

1

J .

M o o n e y ,

T h e

K i o w a P e y o te R i t e (Am

U r q u e l l , N .

S . ,

I ,

3 2 9

;

T h e r a p e u t i c G a z e t t e ,

J a n .

5 ,

I 8 9 6 ) .

S e e , a l s o ,

P r e n t i s s a n d Morgan

( T h e r a p e u t i c

G a z e t t e ,

S e p t e m b e r ,

1 8 9 5 ,

F e b r u a r y ,

I 8 9 6 ;

M e d i c a l

R e c o r d ,

A u g . 2 2 ,

z 8 9 6 ) ,

J .

R a m i r e z

( A n a l e s

d e l I n s t . M e d .

N a c . ,

M e x i c o , I V ,

2 3 3 ,

i 9 o o ) , S .

W e i r M i t c h e l l

( B r i t .

M e d . J o u r . ,

D e c e m b e r ,

g 8 9 6 ) ,

L .

L e w i n

( A r c h .

f .

E x p e r i m .

P a t h o l .

u .

P h a r m a k . ,

XXIV,

4 0 I ,

XXXIV,

3 7 4 ) ,

A .

H e f f t -

n e r

( i b i d . , XXXIV,

6 S ) ,

H . E l l i s

( C o n t e m p .

R e v i e w ,

J a n u a r y ,

I 8 9 8 )

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K r o e b e r ,

T h e

A r a p a h o .

now

f o l l o w

t h e

c u l t

w i t h

a s s i d u i t y

among

t h e

A r a p a h o .

M i d d l e - a g e d

me n

a n d

women a r e

n o t r a r e among

t h e

p a r t i c i -

p a n t s ,

b u t

t h e r e a r e v e r y

f e w o f t h e o l d e r

m e n . The

p l a n t .

i s

n o t o r d i n a r i l y

e a t e n ,

e v e n

b y

t h e

d e v o t e e s , e x c e p t

d u r i n g

t h e

c e r e m o n i e s ,

w h i c h t a k e

p l a c e

a t

i r r e g u l a r

i n t e r v a l s

o f

w e e k s , .

t h o u g h

s o m e t i m e s i t

i s u s e d w i t h o u t a n y

f o r m a l i t y ,

a s

m e d i c i n e .

G H O S T - D A N C E .

H e a d - d r e s s e s .

-A g r e a t many

f e a t h e r

o b j e c t s ,

e s p e c i a l l y

h e a d - d r e s s e s ,

a r e

made

b y

t h e

A r a p a h o

i n

c o n n e c -

t i o n

w i t h

t h e i r

g h o s t - d a n c e

b e l i e f s .

T h e s e ,

o f

c o u r s e ,

r e s e m b l e

i n

c e r t a i n

r e s p e c t s

t h e

f e a t h e r - w o r k

o f

t h e i r o l d e r

t r i b a l

c e r e -

m o n i e s ,

b u t

o n

t h e w h o l e

h a v e

a d i s t i n c t c h a r a c t e r

o f

t h e i r

o w n .

The

h e a d - d r e s s e s

a r e

c h a r a c t e r i z e d

e s p e c i a l l y

by t h e

f r e q u e n t

u s e

o f p l u m e s

a n d

o f

h a n g i n g

f e a t h e r s ,

b y

a

f r e q u e n t

a n d o f t e n

e x c e e d i n g l y

b e a u t i f u l

u s e o f

d y e s

o b t a i n e d

f r o m

t h e

w h i t e s ,

a n d

b y

a

c e r t a i n

m e t h o d

o f

t r i m m i n g

a n d

c u t t i n g

f e a t h e r s .

T h e

l a s t t w o

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

a r e a l m o s t

w a n t i n g

i n

t h e

f e a t h e r - w o r k

o f

t h e

o l d e r

c e r e m o n i e s

o f

t h e

t r i b e .

E a g l e - f e a t h e r s

c o n t i n u e

t o

b e f r e e l y

u s e d

i n

g h o s t - d a n c e s

o b j e c t s .

T h e

s a m e

i s

t r u e

o f

o w l

a n d

hawk

f e a t h e r s ,

w h i c h

o c c u r i n a l l

c l a s s e s

o f

A r a p a h o

d e c o -

r a t i o n .

I t

i s

p o s s i b l e

t h a t

t h e

c o n -

/

n e c t i o n

b e l i e v e d

t o

e x i s t

b e t w e e n

o w l s a n d s p i r i t s

o f

t h e

d e a d

c o n -

t r i b u t e d

t o t h e u s e

o f o w l - f e a t h e r s

o n

g h o s t - d a n c e

o b j e c t s .

C r o w

a n d

m a g p i e

f e a t h e r s

a r e

m o r e

f r e q u e n t

 

t h a n o w l - f e a t h e r s .

M a g p i e - f e a t h e r s

a p p e a r

n o t

t o

h a v e b e e n m o r e

u s e d ,

o n l y

b e c a u s e

t h e y

c o u l d

n o t

b e

s e -

c u r e d . P h e a s a n t - f e a t h e r s

a r e n o t

uncommon.

O t h e r f e a t h e r s

a r e

r a r e .

T h e s e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

o f

f e a t h e r

h e a d -

*

I/

d r e s s e s

a r e

f o u n d

a l s o i n

t h e

f e a t h e r

a

b

of

ter

hst-dace

obects

F i g .

1 0 4

(4 ;

F e a t h e rp o r t i o n s o f

o t h e r

g h o s t - d a n c e

o b j e c t s ,

A t t a c h m e n t s .

i n c l u d i n g g a m e s .

S e v e r a l m e t h o d s

o f

a t t a c h i n g

f e a t h e r s

t o

t h o n g s

a r e i n u s e

i n

s u c h modem

c e r e m o n i a l

o r n a m e n t s .

The

m o s t

common

i s .

t h e

s i m p l e

l a y i n g

o f t h e e n d o f

t h e t h o n g

a l o n g

t h e b a s e

o f

[ M a r c h ,

1 9 0 7 ]

2 T

3 2

1

I 9 0 7 . ]

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- 3 2 2

B u l l e t i n A m e r i c a n

Museum

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y . [ V o l .

XVIII

t h e

q u i l l ,

a n d

t h e n

w r a p p i n g

them

t o g e t h e r

w i t h

s i n e w .

T h i s

i s t h e u s u a l method f o r s m a l l

f e a t h e r s ,

a n d i t i s n o t r a r e

f o r

, t h e

l a r g e

o n e s

( F i g .

I 0 4 ,

a ) .

I n a f e w i n s t a n c e s t h e b a s e

o f

t h e q u i l l

i s

h a l v e d

o r

s l i t s o t h a t

t h e

t h o n g

f i t s i n t o

i t :

- m o r e

o f t e n

t h e

b a s e o f t h e

q u i l l

i s

s o m e w h a t

f l a t t e n e d .

T h e r e

- a r e

a '

f e w ,

i n s t a n c e s

o f

l a r g e

f e a t h e r s

w i t h

s q u a r e q u i l l s

b e i n g

. a t t a c h e d

t o

a

t w o - s t r a n d

t h o n g .

The two

t h o n g s

a r e

l a i d

a l o n g

o p p o s i t e

s i d e s o f t h e

q u i l l ,

a n d

w r a p p e d

t o i t w i t h

s i n e w

( F i g .

I 0 4 ,

b ) .

A g a i n ,

l a r g e

f e a t h e r s a r e

s o m e t i m e s ,

t h o u g h

n o t

- o f t e n ,

a t t a c h e d

b y

means o f a h o l e made

t h r o u g h

o n e s i d e

o f

- t h e

q u i l l ,

j u s t

a b o v e

t h e

b a s e

( P l a t e

L X V ) .

The

t h o n g

e n t e r s

- a t t h e

c u t - o f f

e n d o f t h e

q u i l l ,

a n d

p a s s e s

o u t o f t h i s

h o l e .

I t

. i s

t h e n

e i t h e r

k n o t t e d s o

t h a t i t c a n n o t

s l i p

b a c k

( i ) ,

o r

l a i d

a

b

c

F i g . I 0 5 ( a ,

} - a ;

b ,

§ 5 b

.

b ;

C ,

)r

F e a t h e r

A t t a c h m e n t s .

a l o n g

t h e

q u i l l

a n d

w r a p p e d

t o i t

( 2 )

o r

b r o u g h t

b a c k

t o

i t s e l f

a n d

t h e r e

t i e d

( 3 ) .

A

v a r i a t i o n

o f

t h i s

m e t h o d

o f

p i e r c i n g

t h e

q u i l l i s

t o

p a s s t h e t h o n g

t h r o u g h

t w o h o l e s

made i n t o

t h e

q u i l l

o n

o p p o s i t e s i d e s

( 4 ) .

T h i s

p r a c t i c e

s e e m s

t o b e

f o l l o w e d

  c h i e f l y

w i t h

f e a t h e r s t h e

b u t t - e n d s

o f

w h o s e q u i l l s

h a v e

b e e n

- s h o r t e n e d

b y w e a r

o r

a c c i d e n t . A

t h i r d

m e t h o d i s t h e w e l l -

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K r o e b e r ,

T h e

A r a p a h o .

known

o n e

o f

b r i n g i n g

t h e

e n d

o f

t h e

q u i l l

b a c k

on

i t s e l f ,

t h u s

f o r m i n g

a .

l o o p

t h r o u g h

w h i c h t h e

t h o n g p a s s e s

( F i g . I 0 5 ) .

T h i s

i s

d o n e

i n

two

w a y s ,

i n

e a c h

o f w h i c h t h e

e n d

o f

t h e

q u i l l

i s

c u t

down

t o a

c o m p a r a t i v e l y

n a r r o w

s t r i p . A c c o r d i n g t o

t h e f i r s t

m e t h o d ,

t h i s n a r r o w

s t r i p

i s

s i m p l y

i n s e r t e d

i n

t h e

q u i l l

( a ) ,

w h i c h

ma y

i n a d d i t i o n

b e

b o u n d

w i t h

s i n e w . A c -

c o r d i n g t o

t h e

s e c o n d

m e t h o d ,

i t i s

l a i d

a g a i n s t

t h e

o u t s i d e

o f

t h e

q u i l l ,

a n d

t h e n

w r a p p e d

t o i t

w i t h

s i n e w

( b ) .

A

v a r i a -

t i o n ,

c o n s i s t i n g

o f a c o m b i n a t i o n

o f

t h i s

m e t h o d

a n d

o f

w r a p - -

p i n g t h e t h o n g t o t h e

q u i l l ,

i s s h o w n i n

c .

A

c o m b i n a t i o n

o f

m e t h o d s

o f

a t t a c h m e n t i s

s h o w n

i n F i g .

i o 6 . O n e f e a t h e r

i s

- a t t a c h e d t o

a

t h o n g b y

b e i n g

w r a p p e d

t o i t .

T h e

e n d

o f

t h e

q u i l l

i s

s p l i t ,

w h e t h e r

w i t h

i n t e n t

o r

n o t

i s

n o t

c l e a r ,

a n d

t h e

t h o n g

i s

a l m o s t

e n c l o s e d

b y

i t .

O v e r

t h e

same

t h o n g

i s

l o o p e d

t h e narrow

e n d

o f

t h e

q u i l l o f

a n o t h e r

f e a t h e r

i n -

s e r t e d

i n

i t s e l f .

W r a p p i n g s

on

b o t h

f e a t h e r s

h o l d

t h e

b a s e s

o f

d y e d p l u m e s

d e c o r a t i n g

t h e

l o w e r

p o r t i o n s

o f

t h e

t w o f e a t h e r s .

T h e

g h o s t - d a n c e

h e a d - d r e s s e s

o f

t h e

A r a p a h o

a r e

p r i n c i p a l l y

o f

t h e

f o l l o w -

F e a t h e r A t t a c h m e n t .

i n g t y p e s .

Dyed

p l u m e s

m o u n t e d

o n

s m a l l

s t i c k s

i n s e r t e d

i n

t h e

q u i l l ,

a n d

w o r n

u p r i g h t

a t

t h e

b a c k

o f

t h e

h e a d , c o n s t i t u t e o n e

t y p e .

O c c a s i o n a l l y

t h e y

a r e

f a s t e n e d t o

t h e h a i r

b y a

t h o n g

a t t a c h e d t o

t h e

s t i c k ,

b u t

m o r e

u s u a l l y

t h e

s t i c k

i s

p o i n t e d ,

a n d

s i m p l y

s t u c k

i n t o

t h e

h a i r .

I t

s e e m s

t h a t t h e

w e a r i n g -

o f

h e a d - d r e s s e s

o f

t h i s

t y p e

w a s

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e e x p e c t e d

r e t u r n o f

t h e d e a d .

T h e s e w e r e

u s u a l l y

t h o u g h t t o

b e w e a r - -

i n g

s u c h

h e a d - d r e s s e s ;

a n d a

s p i r i t

a s

o p p o s e d

t o a

l i v i n g -

p e r s o n

i s

o f t e n r e p r e s e n t e d

o n

g h o s t - d a n c e

p i c t o g r a p h s

by

a

human

f i g u r e

w i t h a n u p r i g h t

f e a t h e r a t t h e

b a c k o f t h e

h e a d .

I n

m o s t c a s e s t h e

h e a d - d r e s s e s

o f t h e p r e s e n t t y p e

c o n t a i n

a

n u m b e r o f p l u m e s ,

o f t e n o f

d i f f e r e n t c o l o r s . They a r e

a t t a c h e d

t o

t h e

s t i c k

o n

w h i c h

t h e y a r e

m o u n t e d

by

h a v i n g -

1 9 0 7 . 1

3 2 3 -

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3 24

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n M A u s e u m

o f N a t u r a l H i s t o r y . [ V o l .

X V I I I ,

t h e b a s e

o f

t h e

q u i l l

w r a p p e d

t o

i t

w i t h

s i n e w .

The

f e a t h e r s

- a t t h e u p p e r

e n d

o f

t h e

s t i c k

a r e a t t a c h e d

f i r s t ;

and t h o s e

b e l o w

s u c c e s s i v e l y o v e r l a p t h e w r a p p i n g

o f

t h o s e

a b o v e ,

s o t h a t

n o t h -

i n g i s

v i s i b l e

i n

t h e h e a d - d r e s s

b u t t h e

downy

f e a t h e r s a n d

t h e

p o i n t e d

e n d

o f

t h e

s t i c k .

U s u a l l y

t h e s e

h e a d - d r e s s e s

a r e

- e r e c t

a n d s l e n d e r ; o c c a s i o n a l l y ,

a s

i n

F i g . i ,

P l a t e

L X V I , t h e y

a r e f u l l e r .

I n

a

f e w

c a s e s

a

w r a p p i n g

o f

a

s t r i n g

o f

b e a d s

* c o v e r s t h e

s i n e w

w r a p p i n g a t

t h e b a s e . S o m e t i m e s

s m a l l

f e a t h e r s

o f d i f f e r e n t

c h a r a c t e r

a r e a t t a c h e d t o t h e b a s e o f

a

h e a d - d r e s s .

F i g .

2 ,

P l a t e

L X V I , s h o w s

a

h e a d - d r e s s

c o n s i s t i n g

* o f

p u r p l i s h - b l u e p l u m e s . A t t h e

b a s e

a r e

t h r e e s m a l l

b l a c k

f e a t h e r s c o v e r i n g t h e

w r a p p i n g

o f

t h e

p l u m e .

F i g .

3 ,

P l a t e

L X V I I , s h o w s

a

h e a d - d r e s s

o f t h e

p r e s e n t

t y p e w i t h a t h o n g

- f o r f a s t e n i n g

i t

t o

t h e

h a i r . T h i s h e a d - d r e s s

i s

a l s o u n u s u a l

- i n h a v i n g

f e w f e a t h e r s ,

s o t h a t

t h e

s t i c k

o n

w h i c h

t h e y

a r e

m o u n t e d

i s

v i s i b l e , a n d

i n

t h e

f a c t

t h a t

t h e

t o p

o f

t h e l o w e r

p l u m e

i s t i e d

t o t h e s t i c k

w i t h

t h e b o t t o m

o f

t h e

u p p e r f e a t h e r ,

- w h e r e a s o r d i n a r i l y t h e p l u m e s a r e f a s t e n e d

o n l y

a t t h e

b a s e .

F i g . 3 ,

P l a t e

L X V I ,

s h o w s

a

f o r m

l a c k i n g

a n y

u n u s u a l

c h a r a c -

t e r i s t i c s .

The

p l u m e s

a t t h e b a s e a r e

b r i g h t

r e d ;

t h o s e

a b o v e ,

- w h i t e . T h e f e a t h e r s i n F i g . i , P l a t e L X V I , a r e

l i g h t - c o l o r e d

p l u m e s d y e d i n

s o f t s h a d e s

o f l i g h t r e d ,

b l u e , y e l l o w ,

a n d

g r e e n ,

w h i c h b l e n d w i t h v e r y

b e a u t i f u l

e f f e c t .

A t

t h e b a s e

i s

: a

b l a c k

p l u m e .

A

s e c o n d t y p e

o f h e a d - d r e s s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e g h o s t -

d a n c e

c o n s i s t s

e s s e n t i a l l y o f

s e v e r a l

f e a t h e r s ,

u s u a l l y

o f

c r o w s ,

m o u n t e d

u p r i g h t

o n

a p o i n t e d s t i c k , a n d

i n

p a r t c u t away t o

- t h e

q u i l l .

T h e

l o w e r

p a r t o f t h e v a n e s ma y b e c u t o f f e n t i r e l y ,

o r

o n l y i n p a r t s . T h e u p p e r m o s t p o r t i o n o f t h e v a n e s i s i n a l l

- c a s e s

l e f t o n t h e q u i l l . S o m e t i m e s

t h e

l o w e r

p o r t i o n o f t h e

v a n e s i s

n o t e n t i r e l y

r e m o v e d ,

a n d

t h e

q u i l l i s s l i t ,

s o

t h a t

- t h e l o w e r

p a r t

o f t h e

q u i l l s t a n d s u p , w h i l e t h e t w o v a n e s

f a l l

. d o w n w a r d , g i v i n g t h e f e a t h e r a s l a s h e d e f f e c t . T h i s g e n e r a l

m e t h o d

o f

c u t t i n g

a n d

t r i m m i n g

f e a t h e r s

i s

n o t

c o n f i n e d

t o

c r o w

a n d m a g p i e f e a t h e r s , n o r t o t h i s

s p e c i f i c

t y p e o f

h e a d -

, d r e s s , b u t o c c u r s a l s o i n h a n g i n g h e a d - d r e s s e s a n d i n o t h e r

f e a t h e r

o b j e c t s .

I n s u c h

o t h e r

o b j e c t s ,

s h o r t h a n g i n g

c r o w -

l f e a t h e r s a r e o f t e n

c u t o f f a c r o s s t h e i r e n d s ; b u t

t h i s m u t i l a -

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326

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n

Museum o f N a t u r a l H i s t o r y . [ V o l . X V I I I ,

t i o n

i s

f o u n d

a l s o

i n

c e r t a i n

o f

t h e

o l d e r

t r i b a l

r e g a l i a .

I n

t h e

c a s e o f t h e

u p r i g h t

h e a d - d r e s s e s

u n d e r p r e s e n t

c o n s i d e r a t i o n ,

t h e

b l a c k

f e a t h e r s

a r e

u s u a l l y

r u b b e d

o v e r

w i t h r e d

p a i n t .

I n

o r d e r t o k e e p t h e

u p r i g h t

f e a t h e r s

a p a r t ,

t h e e n d o f

t h e

s t i c k , o r ,

i n

l o n g e r h e a d - d r e s s e s ,

s e v e r a l

p o r t i o n s ,

s w e l l i n t o

a

s o r t

o f

h e a d ,

a r o u n d

w h i c h ,

o r

j u s t

b e l o w

w h i c h ,

t h e

f e a t h e r s

a r e

f a s t e n e d

w i t h s i n e w

w r a p p i n g .

The

s w e l l i n g

o f t h e s t i c k

g i v e s t h e f e a t h e r s

a n

i n c l i n a t i o n

t o

s e p a r a t e

f r o m

o n e a n o t h e r .

T h e h e a d - d r e s s e s

o f t h i s

t y p e a r e u s u a l l y

worn

b y

t h e

l e a d e r s

o f

t h e c e r e m o n y .

F i g . I 0 7 s h o w s

o n e

o f

s e v e n

h e a d - d r e s s e s

o f

t h i s

t y p e

m a d e ,

t o g e t h e r w i t h s e v e n p a i n t e d

s h i r t s

o r

d r e s s e s , b y

S i t t i n g B u l l ,

t h e

m o s t

i n f l u e n t i a l

A r a p a h o

g h o s t - d a n c e a p o s t l e .

T h e

s t i c k

o n

w h i c h

t h e

f e a t h e r s a r e

m o u n t e d

h a s

t h r e e

s u c c e s s i v e

k n o b s

o r s w e l l i n g s , a t e a c h

o f

w h i c h

u p r i g h t

f e a t h e r s

a r e

a t t a c h e d .

T h e r e

a r e

f o u r

m e d i u m - s i z e d

f e a t h e r s

i n t h e

l o w e s t

o f

t h e s e

t i e r s

o r

c i r c l e s ,

t h r e e

m e d i u m - s i z e d

f e a t h e r s

i n

t h e

s e c o n d ,

a n d

f o u r l o n g

a n d

t w o

s h o r t

f e a t h e r s

i n

t h e

u p p e r m o s t

t i e r .

A l l

t h e f e a t h e r s a r e

c u t i n t o

t h e

v a n e

i n

t w o , t h r e e ,

o r

f o u r

p l a c e s

o n

b o t h s i d e s

o f

t h e q u i l l , a n d a r e m o r e

o r

l e s s

r e d d e n e d

w i t h

p a i n t .

F i g . 3 ,

P l a t e

L X V I I I ,

s h o w s

a s i m p l e r h e a d - d r e s s . From

t h e e n d

o f

t h e s t i c k r i s e

f o u r

f e a t h e r s

e n t i r e l y

t r i m m e d

a w a y ,

e x c e p t

f o r

t h e t i p . E v e n t h e

q u i l l

h a s b e e n

m o s t l y c u t a w a y ,

a n d

b a r e l y

e n o u g b

l e f t t o

e n a b l e t h e f e a t h e r

t o

s t a n d w i t h o u t

d r o o p i n g .

T h e

i n t e r i o r s i d e

o f

t h e

f o u r

c u t

q u i l l s

i s

p a i n t e d

r e s p e c t i v e l y b l u e , r e d ,

y e l l o w ,

a n d

g r e e n .

The

r e m a i n i n g p o r -

t i o n s

o f

t h e v a n e s a r e

r e d d e n e d .

I n

t h e

m i d d l e

o f

t h e

t o p

o f

t h e

s t i c k

i s

s e t

a

s m a l l b l a c k w i n g - f e a t h e r ,

w h i c h

a p p e a r s

t o

h a v e b e e n

n e a r l y

c u t i n

t w o ,

b u t

i s

n o t

c u t a w a y .

F i g . i , P l a t e L X V I I ,

s h o w s

a s i m i l a r

h e a d - d r e s s ,

i n w h i c h

b o t h

f e a t h e r a n d

q u i l l

h a v e b e e n

c u t

away s t i l l m o r e t h a n i n

t h e

l a s t

p i e c e ,

s o

t h a t

n o th i n g r e m a i n s

o f

t h e q u i l l b u t a t h i n

s t r i p

r e s e m b l i n g

w h a l e b o n e .

The

i n n e r

s i d e

o f

t h e s e

s t r i p s

o f

q u i l l i s

p a i n t e d r e d . A t t h e

m o u n t i n g

o f

t h e

f o u r

t r i m m e d

f e a t h e r s , b l u e a n d y e l l o w

p l u m e s

a r e

i n s e r t e d .

T h e

f o u r b l a c k

t o p s

a r e

r e d d e n e d

w i t h

p a i n t .

F i g .

i o 8

s h o w s a

s i m p l e h e a d - d r e s s

s o m e w h a t r e s e m b l i n g

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the multiple crow-feather head-dress just described.

It

con-

sists of a single bromlish feather mounted on a stick which

appears to be inserted in the end of the quill; and

the vanes arc cu t away, except a t the top.

At the

mounting, three small TI-k-feathers are wrapped

b

\

on with sinew.

i

X third type of upright head-dress consists of

\,

a pair of long narron- feathers mounted on a stick.

Occasionally, single feathers of this character are

I

thus t reated, and sometimes three feathers are

mounted together. The fa\-orite feather for this

type of head-dress is the long tail-feather of the

magpie.

The feathers are usually ornamented either

a t the base or a t the tip, or in both places. The

ornamentation is usually dyed plumes, n-hich are

either fastened t o the feather n-ith cement, or, a t

th e base, a re included in the n-rapping of the feather.

Fig. I Plate LXIX, shon-s a typical head-dress of this

type. I t consists of t t ~ o agpie-feathers and a few

small orange-yellow plumes. ,Inother specimen

par t of l luseum set

Nos. i\?z iRT?T

consists of

a

single

magpie-feather mounted on a stick without any

F i g . ro8

adornment. Fig.

2

Plate L X I X . shon-s, a three- ,w.

U p r i g h t F ea -

feathered form of this type of head-dress. The t h e r Head-

d r e s s . L e n g t h

feathers in this case are of a pheasant.

They are

24 5 c .

ornamented just below their pointed tips with red

plumes, and a t their bases TI-itha pair of small black-and-

white woodpecker-feathers.

Another type of head-dress that is common consists of a

cross of stiff skin either painted, or covered with bead-work,

and in most cases with a hanging at tachment of feathers or

embroidered strings.

Plate LXX shows one form, the use and

symbolism of which are described in another place in con-

nection with the remaining objects obtained from its owner.

Fig. 138, and Fig.

I

Plate LXST, how two other cross head-

dresses, which, like the last, form pa rt of a larger group of

objects, in connection with which they, also, are more fully

described. Fig. 2 Plate LXXI, shows a somewhat different

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3 2 8

B u l l e t i n A n m e r i c a ; n

Museum o f N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y . [ V o l .

X V I I I ,

f o r m

o f

t h e s e

h e a d - d r e s s e s .

T h e

s k i n

i s

i n

t h e

s h a p e

o f

a

s i m p l e

c r o s s ,

w i t h o u i t a p p r e c i a b l e

t a p e r

t o w a r d s

t h e

m i d d l e ,

a n d i s

c o v e r e d

w i t h

b e a d - w o r k i n s t e a d

o f

p a i n t i n g .

The

f e a t h e r a t t a c h m e n t s ,

w h i c h a r e more e l a b o r a t e

t h a n

i n

t h e

p r e c e d i n g

c a s e s ,

c o n s i s t

o f

two

e a g l e - f e a t h e r s ,

a l o n g

t h e

q u i l l

o f

e a c h

o f

w h i c h i s

t i e d a

s t r i p

o f

s k i n c o m p l e t e l y

w r a p p e d w i t h

r e d ,

y e l l o w ,

a n d

g r e e n

q u i l l - w o r k .

The f e a t h e r s

a r e

t i p p e d

w i t h

r e d p l u m e s ,

a n d

a t t a c h e d t o

t h e

m i d d l e o f

t h e c r o s s by

s t r i n g s

o f

r e d

b e a d s .

The

f o u r

e n d s

o f

t h e

c r o s s

a r e

a l s o

t i p p e d

w i t h

r e d

p l u m e s .

L i k e

t h e

p r e c e d i n g p i e c e ,

t h i s

s p e c i -

men

a l s o

f o r m s

p a r t

o f

a

g r o u p ,

t h e

p i e c e s

a c c o m p a n y i n g i t

b e i n g

a

w h i s t l e ,

a n d

p e n d a n t s

f o r

t y i n g

t h e

h a i r

( M u s e u m

N o .

I S O ,

b , c ) ,

w h i c h

a r e

d e s c r i b e d e l s e w h e r e .

I n

t h e

c o l l e c t i o n i s

a n o t h e r

b e a d - c o v e r e d

c r o s s

( M u s e u m

N o .

)

w i t h

s l i g h t

t a p e r

t o w a r d s

t h e

m i d d l e

o f

t h e

a r m s .

T h e

b e a d i n g i s

r e d , e x c e p t t h a t

a t

t h e e n d s

o f

t h e a r m s t h e r e

a r e

f o u r s m a l l

l i n e s

o f

b l u e

b e a d s .

F r om

t h e

c e n t r e

o f

t h e

c r o s s

h a n g

t h e

u s u a l

a t t a c h m e n t s ,

w h i c h i n

t h i s

c a s e

c o n s i s t

o f

f i v e

t h i n

t h o n g s w r a p p e d

w i t h

r e d

q u i l l - w o r k .

On

e a c h

t h o n g

a r e

f i v e p l a c e s

w h e r e

b l u e

q u i l l - w o r k

r e p l a c e s

t h e

r e d .

P e n d -

a n t s

o f t h i s

n a t u r e

o c c u r on

g h o s t - d a n c e

h e a d - d r e s s e s

o f

o t h e r

t y p e s ;

a n d

s i m i l a r

p e n d a n t s

a r e

f o u n d i n

r e g a l i a

o f

t h e

o l d e r

t r i b a l

c e r e m o n i a l

o r g a n i z a t i o n s ,

a s

i n

t h e wh i s t l e o r n a m e n t s

o f

t h e

d o g - d a n c e .

S p e c i m e n

Museum

N o .

-

0

i s

a

M a l t e s e

c r o s s

o f p a i n t e d

r a w h i d e , r e s e m b l i n g

t h e

b o d y

o f

t h e

p i e c e

shown

i n P l a t e LXX

i n

h a v i n g

t h e

c e n t r e

o f

t h e

c r o s s

c i r c u l a r .

H a l f o f

t h i s

c r o s s ,

i n c l u d i n g

o n e

e n t i r e a rm

a n d

h a l f

o f

t h e

a d j a c e n t

a r m s , i s

p a i n t e d

g r e e n ;

t h e

o t h e r

h a l f ,

r e d .

T h e s e

c o l o r s

r e p r e s e n t

r e s p e c t i v e l y s k y

a n d

e a r t h .

T h e

w h o l e

c r o s s i s

t h e

m o r n i n g

s t a r .

A

w h i t e

e a g l e - f e a t h e r

h a n g s

f r o m

t h e

e n d

o f o n e

a r m .

S u c h a t t a c h m e n t

o f

f e a t h e r s

t o t h e e n d s o f

t h e

a r m s

s e e m s

u s u a l

i n

p a i n t e d

c r o s s e s ,

w h e r e a s

b e a d e d

c r o s s e s

o r d i n a r i l y

h a v e

t h e

a t t a c h m e n t s

made

t o

t h e m i d d l e .

The

w h i t e

f e a -

t h e r

i s

p a i n t e d

i n

p a r t w i t h

r e d

a n d

g r e e n . A

n a r r o w

s t r i p

on

e a c h

s i d e

o f

t h e

l o w e r

p a r t

o f

t h e

q u i l l

i s

r e d d e n e d ; b e -

y o n d

t h i s

t h e r e

i s

a n a r r o w

g r e e n s t r i p e

o n e a c h

s i d e o f

t h e

q u i l l

t o t h e

t i p

o f

t h e

f e a t h e r ,

w h e r e t h e g r e e n a r e a

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1907.I K~o e b e l -

Th e Arapaho

3 9

spreads out fan-shaped.

A

red and a dark band pass

transversely across the feather near this end.

Another type of head-dress somewhat resembles the beaded

cross head-dresses, bu t replaces the cross with the figure of a

bird. Fig. 109 S ~ O T T - s uch a head-dress, 7 -hich,

like the cross .head-dresses, is morn attached

by thongs a t the back or side of the head.

The

bird -which probably represents the crow, or

perhaps the thunder-bird s covered with blue

beading. From the centre of it s body issues a

thong to which is attached a feather, apparently

of a hawk. The base of this feather is covered

with a piece of bird-skin, apparently from the

head or neck of a duck.

Specimen Museum No.

a ,

a, is a similar piece.

The figure of the bird is somewhat smaller than

in the last specimen, and is covered ~ ~ - i t l llue

t4

beads with a crescent of red, green, and ycllow

beads a t the centre of its body.

Two black fea-

thers, ornamented a t their Gases with red-dl-ed

plumes, hang from this crescent ornament.

Still another type of head-dress resembling

the cross and bird head-dresses n th at its

J

;

body is of vo od or skin, and its feathers are

primarily attachments to this onsists of a 09 K T

.

Head-dress repre-

small ring or hoop. Usually these rings are

sentlnr: a B i r d .

Length,

6

cm.

covered with bead-work of onc color, and have

four small areas of another color on them.

They are also

traversed by two bisecting strings of sinew.

Feathers may

be attached a t the four colored spots, or a t the bisection

of the strings. These head-dresses represent the sacred

tribal wheels and the game-ivheels used by the Arapaho.

The symbolism of the sacred wheels hich refers to

the world, the snake , and other ideas s therefore more

or less transferred to them.

Fig. shows such a head-

dress, one of a pair which are more fully commented upon

elsewhere. Another such object is shown attached to the crow

belt shown in Plate

LSXIV.

A

third piece approximating this

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type is shown in Fig. 10 ne of a set of ghost-dance objects.

It

consists of a small hoop wrapped with a dark-green thong.

Fig rr

(iy ,).

ead-orna-

m e n t u se d

in

t h e G h o s t - d a n c e .

L e n g t h c m .

head-dress different

From the hoop hang, by yellow-painted

thongs, five tips of black feathers, and

by longer thongs which are yellow,

green, and red), .two other such feather-

tips. TWO till longer thongs probably

serve to fasten the ornament to the head.

A fourth piece, resembling the last, has

been illustrated

in

Fig. 3, Plate VI.

somewhat divergent type of head-

dress is shown in Fig. 2 .

A hoop of

rat^ hide is covered on one side only with

blue beads.

From it hang two strings

of blue beads

and tq-o twists

of brown fur,

n-hich appear to

h a v e b e e n

partly painted

g r e e n . T h i s

head-dress, like

the o r d i n a r y

head-dress, i s

worn attached

5

by two thongs.

Fig.

r r r

( c z , h ) ,end-ornn-

t y p e of m e n t u s e d

i n

t h e G h o s t - d a n c e.

L e n g t h

19

c m .

g h o s t - d a n c e

from all the preceding, in that it

is a realistic representation instead of a merely symbolic

ornament, consists of a small bow and arrows, usually

ornamented with feathers. Such a head-dress forming

part of a larger group of objects belonging to one man, and

described elsewhere) is shown in Fig. 13. The bow is painted

red on one edge, green on the other , and dark green on the

outer side he inner side is half green, half yellow.

Two arrows

are tied to the middle of the bow. These are carved so as to

show triangular feathering and a notch a t the end. The forward

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half of each arrow is yellow he rear half, dark green.

The

arrows are tied against the bow, so that their yellow halves

are near the green portion o the inside of the bow, their gl-een

Fig. 2

2 0 ) .

Head orna-

ment usedin

Ghost-dance.

Length,zrcm.

Fig. 3 (i ,(~).ead-dress of Small Bow and Arrows. Length

of bow,

23

cm.

halves a1ong the yellow portion of the bow.

Seven short

crow-feathers hang from thongs a t the place where the arrows

are tied to the bow. Five of these thongs are short, two are

considerably longer, so that the feathers at their ends fall be-

low the others. Two additional thongs fastened a t the same

place serve to tie the head-dress to the hair.

This arrange-

ment of seven small black feathers on thongs of unequal

length occurs on another object belonging to the same owner

(Fig.

I

10 described under the hoop form of head-dress.

Other head-dresses consist of combinations of two or more

of the types described. Fig. I 4 hows such a specimen.

It

consists of two magpie-feathers mounted on a stick, of a hoop

head-dress with four quill-covered pendants, and of a miniature

bow and arrows. The entire object is profusely ornamented

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3 32

B ~d Ze tin m e ~ i c a ? ~user/m o f h T d t r ~ nHistory [Vol. XV

I

I

I,

-

with green and yellow quill wrapping and with green, yellow,

and red plumes. The bow is painted green, as are the two

arrows, which are feathered with trimmed magpie-feathers.

One arrow is blunt as if for p lay, the

other pointed. These two arrows are

said to represent the sun; the quilled

pendants, rain. Such head-dresses as

this are worn upright a t the back of the

head, the hoop and bow hanging from

the 1071-er part of the upright head-dress.

This object belonged to the same person

who owned the specimens hluseum Nos.

&

  , 3 1 7 7

head-dress similar to the last

specimen is Museum No.

y5 .

I t lacks

the bow and arrows of the last piece,

bu t has the pair of mounted magpie-

feathers ornamented along the shaft

~ ~ i t h strip of quill-work, and the

quill-covered hoop, from which hang

quill-covered pendants. At the ends

of these pendants are feathers. The

quill-work on the magpie-feathers is

alternately red and yellow. At the base

of the feathers are red plumes; a t

Fig. 4 :7) .

Head-dress

and Bow. Length, their tips, blue plumes. The ring is

75 cm

half red and half yellow. From it

hang, bcsides a single plume, five thin thongs completely

wrapped with quill-t~rork. Four areas of the quill covering of

each of these thongs are red, and three black. At t he end

of each thong is an iridescent black magpie-feather, a t the

base of which are red and yellow plume-feathers.

The yellow

quill-work on this double head-dress is said to represent the

earth, more, perhaps, because it o,ccurs on the circular hoop

th an on account of its color. The red denotes people; the

blue, the sky. The feathers represent birds.

Another form of head-dress consists of a pair of hanging

eagle-feathers. This type has already been met with as a

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consti tuent of the cross head-dress.

Fig.

5

sho~v s uch

a

head-dress taken from a group of ghost-dance objects.

The

feathers are nearly perfectly white eagle-feathers somewhat

stained with paint, which may not have been intentional.

They are tied together

by

a thong passing through the loop

formed by the trimmed end of the quill doubled, and inserted

into itself. Like most other head-dresses of this class, this

one is

worn

hanging from the back

of

the head.

Fig. 116 is a head-dress accompanying

the feathered belt or scarf shown in Plate

LXIIII.

It is

a

spotted eagle-feather more

or less stained with red, ancl tipped, a t the

end and a t a short

distance below the

end, \\-it11 yellow

don-11 attached to

the

feather n-ith red

cement. Contrary

to the most common

usage, this feather

lacks any thong for

attachment. A little

of the feathering is

rcmol-ed on one side

of the base, an d the

end of the quill is

sharpened, so that

it seems to have /;

been intended to

have been stuck into

/2

the hair.

Head-dresses con-

sistinq of entire or Fig. 116 ~2~,3).eather

Fig.

1 5 :A,). Simple Head-

a

r

t

i a

1

bird-skins Or n the

Len@h.

dress

of

Feathers. Length, 29

cm.

4 cm

are not rare. There

are two such skins ne an entire cro-iv-skin, the other

a

partial one n the set of the ghost-dance objects Museum

Nos.

P f-,'),02-).

Specimen No.

+

is another crowskin,

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334 B u l l e t i n A m e r i c a n

M u s e u m i i

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l .

X V I I I ,

k e p t

w r a p p e d

i n

r e d

f l a n n e l .

The

e y e s

h a v e

b e e n

p a i n t e d

r e d .

I t

i s

n o t c e r t a i n

w h e t h e r o r

n o t

t h i s

b i r d - s k i n

was

r e m o v e d f r o m i t s r e d - f l a n n e l

w r a p p i n g

when

w o r n .

Two

e n d s

o f

t h o n g

a t t a c h e d

a t t h e n e c k o f

t h e b i r d s e r v e

t o

f a s t e n t h e

h e a d - d r e s s

t o t h e

b a c k

o f

t h e

d a n c e r ' s h e a d .

P l a t e

L X X I I

s h o w s a

h e a d - d r e s s

c o n s i s t i n g

o f a

b l a c k a n d a r e d

b i r d -

s k i n

t i e d b r e a s t

t o

b r e a s t .

The

b i r d s

a p p e a r

t o

b e

a

b l a c k -

b i r d

a n d a

t a n a g e r . T h i s h e a d - d r e s s

i s a l s o

w o rn

f a s t e n e d

t o

t h e

h a i r

b y

t w o

t h o n g s .

S p e c i m e n

Museum

N o .

I °

i s

a h e a d - d r e s s

b e l o n g i n g

t o

t h e

c l a s s

o f

b e a d - c o v e r e d

r a w h i d e

h e a d - d r e s s e s

w i t h

a t t a c h e d

f e a t h e r s ,

b u t

c a n n o t

b e

i n c l u d e d u n d e r

t h e

r e l a t e d

t y p e s

o f

c r o s s ,

b i r d ,

a n d

h o o p

h e a d - d r e s s e s .

I t

i s a

c r e s c e n t

f o r m i n g

t h e

g r e a t e r

p a r t

o f

a

c i r c l e ,

w i t h i t s

e n d s

d o w n w a r d .

H a l f

o f

t h e

c r e s c e n t

i s

b e a d e d

y e l l o w ,

a n d

h a l f

l i g h t

b l u e .

R ed

a n d

y e l l o w

p l u m e s

a r e

a t t a c h e d

r e s p e c t i v e l y

t o

t h e

b l u e

a n d

y e l l o w

e n d s o f

t h e

c r e s c e n t ,

a n d

f r o m t h e

m i d d l e

t h e r e

r i s e

l a r g e r

r e d ,

g r e e n ,

a n d

y e l l o w

p l u m e s .

T h i s

f o r m

o f

h e a d -

d r e s s d o e s

n o t

s e e m

t o

b e

common.

O n e

o f

t h e

s i m p l e s t

f o r m s

c o n s i s t s

o f a

number o f

h a n g i n g

f e a t h e r s .

T h e s e a r e

u s u a l l y

w r a p p e d

w i t h

s i n e w

a g a i n s t

t h o n g s ,

t h e

t h o n g s

k n o t t e d

t o g e t h e r ,

a n d

t w o

o f

t h e m

e x t e n d e d

b e y o n d

t h e

r e s t ; o r

p e r h a p s , m o r e

f r e q u e n t l y ,

t w o a d d i t i o n a l

t h o n g s

a r e

i n s e r t e d f o r

t y i n g

t h e h e a d - d r e s s

t o

t h e

s c a l p - l o c k

o r t o t h e

h a i r

a t

t h e

s i d e o f

t h e h e a d .

S p e c i m e n Museum

N o .

I

i s

s u c h

a

h e a d - d r e s s ,

c o n s i s t i n g

o f

t w e n t y - f o u r

i r i d e s c e n t

m a g p i e - f e a t h e r s ,

s o m e o f

them

b e i n g

t h e

l o n g

t a i l - f e a t h e r s

o f t h e

b i r d .

T h e r e i s

a l s o

a t t a c h e d

a

b l a c k - a n d - w h i t e e a g l e

o r

hawk

f e a t h e r .

T h i s

s p e c i m e n w a s

s e c u r e d

f o r

t h e Museum

b y

R e v . W.

C . R o e ,

a n d ,

a c c o r d i n g

t o

t h e

i n f o r m a t i o n

g i v e n h i m ,

w a s

w o r n

i n w a r

t o

t u r n

away

t h e

e n e m y ' s

m i s s i l e s .

I t t h u s

a p p e a r s

t h a t

t h i s

f o r m o f

h e a d - d r e s s

i s

n o t

e s p e c i a l l y

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h

t h e

g h o s t - d a n c e

m o v e m e n t .

F i g .

I I

7 s h o w s

a n o t h e r

s u c h

h e a d - d r e s s ,

c o n s i s t i n g o f t w e l v e

c r o w - f e a t h e r s ,

t h e

number b e i n g

d e t e r m i n e d

by t h e

number

o f

f e a t h e r s

i n

t h e b i r d ' s t a i l .

T h e

t h o n g s

a n d s i n e w

w r a p p i n g s

a r e

p a i n t e d

r e d . T h e

t h o n g s

a r e

k n o t t e d

t o g e t h e r

i n t o

a

r o u n d

l u m p

o f

c o n s i d e r a b l e m a s s .

T h i s

f e a t u r e i s

o f t e n

f o u n d

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1907 1 /;I-orbel- The Amq nho. 5

on head-dresses of this type, including those:used in the peyote

worship.

This simple form of ghost-dance head-dress, the hanging

bunch of feathers,

does not o c c u r

among the regalia

of the Arapaho

tribal ceremonial

organizition, just

as anothercommon

form he thick

bunch of feathers

worn upright on

the head among

the Shoshoneans,

Fie.

7 7 : I). Head-dress of Crowfeathers. t h e Californians,

Lenqth,

m

and other Indians

-is lacking altogether among the Arapaho.

The bunch of hanging feathers is a frequent

head-dress in the Arapaho peyote ceremony. The

peyote head-dresses, however, differ from those

of the ghost and crow dance in being smaller, and

from other species of birds.

An unusual form of head-dress, worn

by

a boy,

is shown in Fig. I

I

8.

I t consists of a long tu ft of

twisted white hair from a cow's tail , representing a

Fig. 8 (. .

snake.

At the top are attached two brass clock- ~~:;:~(:ij

wheels, the larger flat one representing the sun,

L e n g t h nl.

and the o ther, it is said, food.

Specimen ;\luseum No. -iy4 is a pair of hair-ornaments,

each consisting of two thongs painted red, ornamented a bo ut

the middle with red, white, and green quill wrapping, and

divided each a t the lower end into four fringes. These hair-

ties form a group with a feather-ornamented whistle and the

cross head-dress shown in Fig. 2 Plate LXXI.

Fig.

9

shonrs a flat piece of bone used as a base for an

upright feather arising from one of the deer-tail head-

dresses of familiar type. The bone is cut into the shape

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336

B u l l e t i n A m e r i c a n

Museum o f

A N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l . X V I I I ,

o f a

woman.

S e v e r a l h o l e s

i n

t h e f a c e

i n d i c a t e s p o t s

o f

p a i n t .

A

number

o f

h e a d - d r e s s e s

a n d

o t h e r

o b j e c t s

o f w e a r

made

i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h

t h e

g h o s t - d a n c e , a n d

k e p t

t o g e t h e r

by

o n e

m a n ,

who was a l s o

t h e o w n e r o f t h e

p a i n t e d t e n t d e s c r i b e d

b e l o w , c o m p r i s e

t h e

f o l l o - w i n g :

a

s h e l l

g o r g e t

( c a l l e d b e i i , o r

  m o o n - s h e l l ,

when t h e I n d i a n s s p e a k E n g l i s h )

r e p r e s e n t i n g

a

p a r t o f t h e

b u f f a l o ' s

t h r o a t , and

h e n c e t h e

b u f f a l o

( F i g .

I 2 0 ) ;

a n e n t i r e

c r o w - s k i n

><

,

worn

t i e d

t o

t h e

b a c k

o f

t h e

h e a d ; a n o t h e r c r o w -

0 , t .

s k i n , s p l i t ,

a n d l a c k i n g t h e h e a d , s i m i l a r l y

- ; j

w o r n ; k n e e - b a n d s

o f b e l l s ;

a r m l e t s

o f

p o r c u -

V : $; p i n e - q u i l l s ; a p a i r o f

w h i t e

f e a t h e r s o f

t h e b a l d

e a g l e ;

a h e a d - d r e s s

( F i g .

I I

5 ) ;

a

h e a d - d r e s s

o f

K A l

W

f o u r

u p r i g h t

t r i m m e d b l a c k f e a t h e r s ,

t o b e

worn

b y

t h e

l e a d e r s

i n t h e

d a n c e

( P l a t e

L X V I I I ) ;

a

l o n g

s i n g l e - m o u n t e d n i a g p i e t a i l - f e a t h e r ;

f o u r

~ ?

I ~

u p r i g h t

p l u m e

h e a d - d r e s s e s

o f

t h e

t y p e

f i r s t

F i g .

I I 9

( 5 % )

d e s c r i b e d ;

a

m i n i a t u r e b ow a n d

a r r o w

h e a d -

A

P i e c e

o f Bo n

e

f r o m a

H e a d - d r e s s .

d r e s s

( F i g .

I I

3 ) ,

t o

b e worn

b y

a

d r u m m e r ;

t h e

L e n g t h ,

1 3 . 5

cm.

h o o p h e a d - d r e s s

o f

F i g .

I I 0 .

F e a t h e r

N e c k l a c e s

a n d

B e l t s .

-

N e c k l a c e s

a n d b e l t s

o r s c a r f s

o r n a m e n t e d w i t h

f e a t h e r s

w e r e f r e q u e n t l y made i n c o n n e c t i o n

w i t h t h e

g h o s t - d a n c e movement. With b u t f e w e x c e p t i o n s ,

t h e s e

c o n s i s t

o f

a

t w o - s t r a n d

t w i s t e d

c o r d o f s k i n o r c l o t h

t o

w h i c h

a r e

a t t a c h e d

n u m e r o u s

f e a t h e r s

o r n a m e n t e d

a t

t h e

b a s e

o r

t i p w i t h

t h e

u s u a l d y e d p l u m e s o r

h a i r .

I n . o n e s p e c i m e n

i n

t h e Museum a s i n g l e p a r t l y t wi s t e d

s t r a n d

o f

f u r

i s u s e d ;

i n

a n o t h e r , a somewhat w i d e r

f l a t

s t r i p

o f o t t e r - s k i n ;

and

i n

o n e c a s e t h e

f e a t h e r s

a r e a t t a c h e d t o t h e

t w o e d g e s o f

a

s i l k

h a n d k e r c h i e f

f o l d e d

d i a g o n a l l y .

A

n e c k l a c e o r

s c a r f

c o n s i s t i n g

o f

t w o

b l a c k - p a i n t e d

t h o n g s

t w i s t e d

t o g e t h e r ,

t o w h i c h

c r o w - f e a t h e r s

a n d

f o u r e a g l e - f e a t he r s

a r e

t i e d

b y

r e d - p a i n t e d

t h o n g s ,

i s

shown

i n

P l a t e

L X X I I I .

The

c r o w - f e a t h e r s

a r e

o r n a m e n t e d a t t h e b a s e by r e d

p l u m e s ;

t w o

o f

t h e

b l a c k - a n d - w h i t e

e a g l e - f e a t h e r s h a v e g r e e n p l u m e s a t

t h e

b a s e ;

a n d a l l f o u r h a v e

r e d p l u m e s a t

t h e e n d s . The

w h i t e p o r t i o n

o f

t h e s e e a g l e - f e a t h e r s

h a s

b e e n

r u b b e d

w i t h

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K r o e b e r , The

A r a p a h o .

r e d

p a i n t .

A l l

f o u r

o f

them

a r e

much

w o r n ,

e s p e c i a l l y

a l o n g

o n e

s i d e . To

e a c h

o f t h e t h o n g s ,

f r o m

w h i c h

h a n g s

a n e a g l e -

f e a t h e r ,

a r e

a t t a c h e d

f o u r

o t h e r

t h o n g s ,

a t

t h e e n d s o f

w h i c h

a r e

c r o w - f e a t h e r s

w i t h o u t p l u m e

o r n a m e n t a t i o n .

I t

was

s t a t e d t h a t

e a c h o f

t h e s e

e a g l e - f e a t h e r s ,

w i t h

i t s f o u r

c r o w -

f e a t h e r s ,

r e p r e s e n t e d

f i v e s u c c e s s i v e

l i v e s o r w o r l d s ,

t h e e a g l e -

f e a t h e r

b e i n g t h e

l a s t .

F i g .

I 2 0

5 0

A

G o r g e t

o f

S h e l l .

D i a m e t e r ,

6

c m .

S p e c i m e n

Museum

N o .

, a ,

was

s a i d

t o

h a v e

b e e n

worn

a s

a

s c a r f

o v e r

o n e

s h o u l d e r .

I t s

b o d y

c o n s i s t s o f

a

c o r d

o f

t w o

s t r a n d s

o f

t w i s t e d

r e d c a l i c o . The

p e n d a n t

a t t a c h m e n t s

a r e

i n

p a r t

w e a s e l - t a i l s

more

o r

l e s s

o r n a m e n t e d

w i t h

r e d

a n d

p u r p l e

a n d

g r e e n

p l u m e s ,

a n d

l o n g

t u f t s

o f g r e e n

h o r s e - t a i l

o r n a m e n t e d

w i t h

r e d

a n d

b l u e p l u m e s .

One y e l l o w

t u f t

o f

h a i r

i s o r n a m e n t e d

w i t h g r e e n

a n d p u r p l e .

A

number

o f s m a l l

b e l t s

a r e

a l s o

a t t a c h e d

t o

t h e

s c a r f . T h e

f u r

a n d

o t h e r

p e n d -

a n t s

w e r e

s a i d

t o

r e p r e s e n t

p e o p l e

i n

t h e

new

w o r l d .

The

g r e e n

o f

t h e

h o r s e h a i r

t u f t s

d e n o t e d

t h e

e a r t h ,

t h e y e l l o w

t h e

s k y .

S p e c i m e n

Museum N o .

0,

a l t o g e t h e r

a b o u t t h r e e

f e e t

l o n g ,

s e e m s t o

h a v e b e e n i n t e n d e d

p r i m a r i l y

f o r

w e a r

f r o m

t h e

b a c k

o f

t h e

h e a d ,

b u t r e s e m b l e s

t h e s c a r f s .

I t c o n s i s t s

o f

a c o r d

o f

t w o

s t r a n d s o f

t w i s t e d

b l a c k

s i l k ,

f r o m w h i c h

h a n g

f i v e

b u n c h e s

o f

b l a c k - a n d - w h i t e

m a g p i e - f e a t h e r s

a n d t w o

b u n c h e s

o f

b l a c k

c r o w o r

m a g p i e

f e a t h e r s .

F r om

o n e

e n d h a n g

t h r e e

p h e a s a n t - f e a t h e r s

a n d

a

w h i t e w e a s e l - s k i n .

N e a r

t h e m i d d l e

i s

a t t a c h e d

a

s m a l l r a w h i d e

c r o s s ,

a b o u t

a n

i n c h

i n

s i z e , w r a p p e d

w i t h

r e d ,

w h i t e , a n d

b l u e

q u i l l s .

T h i s w a s

a l s o

worn

s e p a r a t e l y

a s

a

h e a d -

d r e s s ,

b e i n g t i e d t o

t h e h a i r by

t w o t h o n g s .

[ M a r c h ,

Z 9 0 7 ]

2 1

I907

1

3 3 7

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338

B u l l e t i n

A m i e r i c a n Museum

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l .

X V I I I ,

S p e c i m e n

Museum N o .

I

0

i s o n e

o f

t h e

l a r g e s t

o f

t h e s e

f e a t h e r e d

s c a r f s . The f e a t h e r s

a r e a t t a c h e d

by

t h o n g s t o

t w o

c o r d s o f b r a i d e d r a w h i d e . One

h a l f

o f

t h e s e two

r a w h i d e

r o p e s

i s

p a i n t e d

r e d ;

t h e o t h e r

h a l f , g r e e n .

A c c o r d i n g

t o

c u s t o m a r y g h o s t - d a n c e

s y m b o l i s m ,

t h e s e

r e p r e s e n t

e a r t h

a n d

s k y . T h e

f e a t h e r s

a t t a c h e d

t o

t h e two h a l v e s

o f t h e s c a r f

a r e

d y e d r e d

a n d

g r e e n

t o

a c c o r d

w i t h

t h e

c o l o r

o f

t h e

r a w h i d e

b r a i d

t o

w h i c h

t h e y

a r e

f a s t e n e d .

T h e

g r e e n - d y e d

f e a t h e r s

a r e

a d o r n e d

w i t h

g r e e n

p l u m e s

a t

t h e

b a s e ,

a n d

y e l l o w

a t

t h e

t i p .

I n

t h e m i d d l e ,

a t

t h e

j u n c t i o n

o f

t h e

r e d

a n d

g r e e n

h a l v e s

o f

t h e

s c a r f ,

i s

a

r e d

r i b b o n , a n

e a g l e - f e a t h e r

d y e d

p u r p l e

a n d

o r n a m e n t e d

w i t h

y e l l o w

p l u m e s

a t t h e

b a s e a n d

t i p ,

a

l o n g

g r a y i s h - w h i t e

f e a t h e r

d y e d y e l l o w

a n d

t i p p e d

w i t h

a

r e d

p l u m e ,

a n d

f i v e

r e d - t i p p e d

b l a c k

f e a t h e r s

a t t a c h e d

t o

g r e e n

t h o n g s .

At

o n e

e n d

o f

t h e

s c a r f a s o m e w h a t s i m i l a r b u n c h

o f

p e n d a n t s

c o n s i s t i n g

o f

a

g r a y - a n d - w h i t e

f e a t h e r

d y e d

y e l l o w

a n d o f

f o u r

r e d - t i p p e d

b l a c k

f e a t h e r s ,

i s

a t t a c h e d t o

t h e

s c a r f

b y g r e e n

t h o n g s .

T h e

o p p o s i t e

r e d

e n d

o f

t h e

s c a r f

s h o w s

no

s u c h

a t t a c h m e n t s ;

b u t

t h i s

h a l f

o f

t h e

s c a r f h a s

f a s t e n e d

t o

i t ,

a t

some d i s t a n c e f r o m

t h e

e n d , a

s i n g l e

y e l l o w - t i p p e d w h i t e f e a t h e r .

A b o u t

t w o d o z e n s m a l l

b r a s s

b e l l s

a r e

a t t a c h e d

t o

t h i s s c a r f

i n

a d d i t i o n

t o

t h e f e a t h e r s . T h e s e

b e l l s

w e r e s a i d

t o

r e p r e s e n t

h a i l . T h e

r e d c o v e r i n g

o f

t h e

f e a t h e r s

o n

t h e s c a r f

d e n o t e d

t h e

s u n ;

t h e

y e l l o w ,

t h e w a t e r o f a l a k e

i n

t h e

w o r l d

t o

b e .

S p e c i m e n

Museum N o .

T % 9 6

i s

a n

u n u s u a l l y g r a c e f u l

n e c k -

l a c e o f

b l a c k - a n d - w h i t e

m a g p i e - f e a t h e r s

o r n a m e n t e d

w i t h

o r a n g e , g r e e n , a n d y e l l o w p l u m e s

o f

d e l i c a t e

s h a d e s . The

b o d y

o f

t h e n e c k l a c e i s a

l i g h t - b r o w n

f u r

somewhat t w i s t e d ,

a n d

l i g h t l y

p a i n t e d

r e d . The

t w o e n d s

o f t h i s

h a n g down f o r

n e a r l y

a f o o t

b e y o n d w h e r e t h e y

a r e j o i n e d . F r om

t h e p o i n t

o f t h e

j u n c t i o n t h e r e

h a n g s a l s o

a

bunch

o f

s i x

b l a c k - a n d -

w h i t e

m a g p i e - f e a t h e r s

w i t h o u t

c o l o r e d

p l u m e s ,

t o g e t h e r w i t h

a

f r i n g e o f

g r e e n t h o n g s .

S p e c i m e n

Museum

N o .

I

0

c o n s i s t s

o f

f e a t h e r s

h a n g i n g f r o m

a

s t r i p

o f

o t t e r - s k i n

a b o u t a n

i n c h

w i d e . The b a r e s i d e o f

t h e s k i n

i s

p a i n t e d

y e l l o w . F r om t h e h a i r s i d e

p r o c e e d

t h o n g s

t o

w h i c h

b l a c k

f e a t h e r s

a r e

a t t a c h e d ,

f o r

t h e m o s t p a r t

i n

p a i r s .

T h e s e

f e a t h e r s

a r e

o r n a m e n t e d

w i t h

r e d

p l u m e s a t

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1 9 0 7 . ]

X r o e b e r ,

T h e

A r a p a h o .

3 3 9

t h e -

b a s e

a n d

w i t h y e l l o w

p l u m e s

a t

t h e

t i p .

At

o n e

e n d

o f

t h e

p i e c e

t h e r e

i s a

l e n g t h

o f

more

t h a n

a

f o o t

o f

t w i s t e d

o t t e r -

s k i n

w i t h o u t

a n y

f e a t h e r

a t t a c h m e n t s .

T h e o n e

s c a r f

o r

b e l t

c o n s i s t i n g

o f

f e a t h e r s a t t a c h e d

a l o n g

t h e t w o

o u t e r

e d g e s

o f a f o l d e d s i l k h a n d k e r c h i e f c o n t a i n s

c r o w ,

m a g p i e ,

p h e a s a n t ,

hawk o r

o w l ,

a n d

p e r h a p s

o t h e r

f e a t h e r s ,

d y e d r e d ,

y e l l o w

a n d

g r e e n ,

a n d o r n a m e n t e d a t

t h e b a s e

w i t h

r e d ,

y e l l o w ,

o r

g r e e n p l u m e s .

T h e

p l u m e s

a r e

a l w a y s

o f

a

d i f f e r e n t c o l o r

f r o m

t h e

f e a t h e r

t o

w h i c h

t h e y

a r e

a t t a c h e d .

T h e

f e a t h e r s a r e

t i e d

t o t h e

h a n d k e r c h i e f w i t h r e d

t h o n g s .

A

n e c k l a c e

o f

r a b b i t

f e e t a n d f e a t h e r s

( s p e c i m e n

Museum

N o .

& - f )

w a s

w o r n

d u r i n g

t h e

g h o s t - d a n c e

o r

c r o w - d a n c e

t o

p r e v e n t t h e

d a n c e r

f r o m

b e c o m i n g

t i r e d .

S i m i l a r

r a b b i t -

f o o t

c h a r m s

s e e m

t o

b e

s o m e t i m e s

p u t

o n

h o r s e s

t o

e n a b l e

t h e m

t o

r u n

b e t t e r .

An

a d d i t i o n a l m o t i v e

f o r

t h e

s e l e c t i o n

o f

r a b b i t s '

f e e t

i n

t h i s

c a s e was t h e f a c t

t h a t

t h e

P i u t e

o r i g i n a -

t o r

o f

t h e

g h o s t - d a n c e

movement

was

r e p o r t e d

t o

t h e

A r a p a h o

t o

l i v e

l a r g e l y

o n

r a b b i t s .

C r o w

B e l t s .

-

T h e

most

c o n s p i c u o u s p i e c e s

worn

i n t h e

c r o w -

d a n c e a r e

common

t o t h e

A r a p a h o

a n d

t o

a l m o s t a l l

o f

t h e

P l a i n s

t r i b e s .

T h e y c o n s i s t

o f

a

b e l t

f r o m

w h i c h

h a n g

t w o

l o n g

a n d

s o m e t i m e s w i d e

s t r i p s

o f

s k i n

o r n a m e n t e d w i t h

f e a t h e r s ,

p a i n t i n g s ,

a n d

s o m e t i m e s b e l l s .

T h e s e

s t r i p s f a l l

f r o m

t h e b a c k

o f

t h e w a i s t

o f

t h e d a n c e r

n e a r l y

t o

t h e

g r o u n d .

A t

t h e

u p p e r p a r t

o f

t h e

b a c k o f

t h e

b e l t t h e r e

i s

a

p i e c e

o f

r a w h i d e ,

u s u a l l y

c u t

i n t o

t h e

s h a p e

o f

a

b i r d .

T h i s

s e r v e s

t o

g i v e

s u p p o r t

t o

v a r i o u s

o r n a m e n t s .

T h e

m o s t

c o n s p i c u o u s

a n d

f r e q u e n t

o f

t h e s e

a r e

t w o

p r o j e c t i n g a r m s

a t t a c h e d

t o

t h o n g s

w h i c h

a r e

d r a w n

t h r o u g h

t h e

r a w h i d e ,

a n d

w h i c h ,

b e i n g p u l l e d

t i g h t

a n d

k n o t t e d

b e h i n d ,

c a u s e

t h e

o r n a m e n t s

t o s t a n d

o u t

h o r i z o n t a l l y ,

a t

r i g h t a n g l e s

f r o m

t h e

r e s t o f t h e

p i e c e ,

S o m e t i m e s

a

r o w o f

f e a t h e r s

b e t w e e n t h e s e

t w o

a r m s

i s

m a d e

t o p r o j e c t

i n

a s i m i l a r

m a n n e r .

A s

t h e c r o w - d a n c e

b e l t s

a r e

w o r n ,

t h e s e

p r o j e c t i n g

o r n a m e n t s

s t a n d o u t

f r o m

t h e

b a c k

b e l o w

t h e w a i s t -

i n

a

v e r y

s t r i k i n g

m a n n e r .

I t

w i l l

b e

s e e n

t h a t ,

w h i l e

t h e s e s p e c i m e n s

a r e

n o m i n a l l y

b e l t s ,

t h e y

a c t u a l l y

o r n a m e n t

o n l y

t h e l o w e r

p a r t

o f

t h e

w e a r e r ' s

r e a r .

A

s p e c i m e n

o f

t h i s

c l a s s ,

w h i c h

w a s

made

by t h e

o w n e r a s

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34 0

B u l l e t i n A m e r i c a n

Museum

o f N a t u r a l H i s t o r y . [ V o l .

X V I I I ,

t h e

r e s u l t

o f

h i s

b e l i e f

t h a t

h e

v i s i t e d

t h e

s k y

a s

a

  s h a d o w ,

a n d

was

t h e r e

i n s t r u c t e d t o make

t h e

b e l t ,

i s

shown

i n

P l a t e

L X X I V . T h e

t w o h a n g i n g

s t r i p s

o f s k i n

w h i c h f o r m t h e

b o d y

o f

t h e s p e c i m e n

a r e

t o g e t h e r

somewhat

o v e r a

f o o t

i n

w i d t h .

T h e o n e o n

t h e l e f t i s

p a i n t e d y e l l o w ;

t h e

o n e o n

t h e

r i g h t ,

r e d .

To

e a c h

s t r i p

a r e a t t a c h e d f o u r

r o w s

o f a b o u t f o u r

p l u m e s

e a c h ,

a l t e r n a t i n g

w i t h r o w s

o f

a b o u t

f o u r t u f t s

o f w o o l .

T h e s e

p l u m e s a n d

t u f t s

o f

w o o l

a r e

w r a p p e d

- w i t h s i n e w t o

t h o n g s

p a s s i n g

t h r o u g h

t h e

s k i n ,

a n d

k n o t t e d on

t h e o t h e r

s i d e .

The

p l u m e s a n d

w o o l a r e

d y e d y e l l o w

a n d

r e d

t o a c c o r d

w i t h

t h e

p a i n t i n g

o f t h e

s k i n t o

w h i c h

t h e y

a r e

a t t a c h e d .

H a l f w a y

down

t h e

l e n g t h

o f

t h e

s t r i p

o f

s k i n ,

a s k i n

f r i n g e

i s

s e w e d

o n .

To

t h i s

s k i n a r e

a t t a c h e d t w o

h o r i z o n t a l r o w s

o f s m a l l b e l l s .

T h e

l o w e r

e n d s o f

t h e

t w o

s t r i p s

a r e

a l s o

f r i n g e d ,

a n d

j u s t

a b o v e

t h e

f r i n g e

a r e

o r n a m e n t e d w i t h

h o r i z o n t a l

s t r i p e s

o f

b l u e , r e d ,

a n d

y e l l o w b e a d - w o r k .

T h e y e l l o w a n d r e d g r o u n d - c o l o r

o f

t h e

t w o

s t r i p s

h a s b e e n

p a i n t e d

o v e r

w i t h

s i x

wavy

v e r t i c a l

l i n e s

e x t e n d i n g

t h e

l e n g t h

o f

e a c h

s t r i p ,

a n d

a p p l i e d

i n

a more

i n t e n s e

s h a d e

o f

t h e

c o l o r

o f

t h e

b a c k g r o u n d .

I n

a d d i t i o n ,

t w o

r e d

h o r i z o n t a l c r e s c e n t s

a r e

p a i n t e d

o n

t h e

y e l l o w s t r i p ,

t w o b l a c k o n e s

o n

t h e

r e d

s t r i p .

T h e b a c k s o f

t h e

t w o

s t r i p s

a r e

p a i n t e d

o v e r v e r y

l i g h t l y

w i t h

r e d

a n d

y e l l o w .

On

t h e

y e l l o w s i d e

o f

t h e

b a c k a r e p a i n t e d

f o u r

b l a c k

a n d t h r e e r e d

c r e s c e n t s ; o n

t h e

r e d

s t r i p , f o u r r e d

a n d

t h r e e b l a c k c r e s c e n t s .

T h e

p i e c e

o f

r a w h i d e

a t

t h e

t o p

h a s

i n

t h i s

s p e c i m e n

b e e n

c u t

i n t o

t h e

s h a p e

o f

t h e u p p e r p a r t

o f

a n

e a g l e .

I t

i s

p i e r c e d

w i t h

many

s m a l l

h o l e s , a n d

i s

e d g e d w i t h r e d , b l u e , a n d y e l l o w

b e a d i n g .

The

b o d y

o f

t h e

b i r d

b e l o w

t h e

w i n g s h a s n o t b e e n

r e p r e s e n t e d ,

a n d

a l m o s t

a l l

t h e r e

i s

o f

i t p r o j e c t s a b o v e

t h e

t w o

h a n g i n g s t r i p s .

To

t h e e y e

o f

t h i s r a w h i d e f i g u r e

o f

a

b i r d i s

a t t a c h e d

a

s m a l l h e a d - d r e s s , p r o b a b l y u s u a l l y

r e m o v e d

f r o m

t h i s

b e l t , a n d t i e d t o t h e

w e a r e r ' s h a i r . T h i s h e a d - d r e s s

c o n s i s t s

o f

a

b u n c h o f h a l f

a

d o z e n

c r o w- f e a t h e r s t h a t h a v e

b e e n

r u b b e d

w i t h

r e d

p a i n t .

T h e s e

f e a t h e r s

h a v e

b e e n

s l i t

i n

t h e

c u s t o m a r y g h o s t - d a n c e

s t y l e ,

s o

t h a t t h e q u i l l r e m a i n s

b a r e , e x c e p t a t t h e t i p ; w h i l e

t h e l o w e r p a r t o f t h e

f e a t h e r ,

much

s l a s h e d ,

r e m a i n s h a n g i n g

l o o s e

a t t h e b a s e o f

t h e q u i l l .

The

t w o p r o j e c t i n g a r m s a r e

i n

t h i s s p e c i m e n made o f w i r e

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K r o e b e r ,

The A r a p a h o .

e n t i r e l y

w r a p p e d

w i t h

b e a d - w o r k ,

-

e d

o n

t h e

r i g h t

a r m ,

a n d

b l u e

on

t h e

l e f t . A t

t h e b a s e o f

e a c h

arm a r e

a

f e w

o w l -

f e a t h e r s c u t l i k e t h e

c r o w - f e a t h e r s j u s t

d e s c r i b e d ,

a n d

d y e d

r e s p e c t i v e l y

r e d a n d y e l l o w

o n t h e

r i g h t a n d l e f t

a r m s .

A t

t h e

o u t e r e n d

o f

e a c h

w i r e arm

i s

a

b l a c k f e a t h e r

t r i m m e d

s o a s

t o

r e s e m b l e

t h e

v a n e

o f

a t w o - f e a t h e r e d

a r r o w .

A t

t h e

b a s e , t h i s f e a t h e r

i s o r n a m e n t e d

w i t h y e l l o w - d y e d

p l u m e s ;

a t i t s t i p ,

w i t h

a

t u f t

o f

d y e d

w o o l

w r a p p e d

t o

t h e

p a r e d

q u i l l

w i t h

s i n e w .

B e t w e e n

t h e

t w o

p r o j e c t i n g

a r m s

a r e

s i x

l a r g e

e a g l e - f e a t h e r s ,

e a c h a t t a c h e d

t o

t h o n g s

p a s s i n g

t h r o u g h

t h e

r a w h i d e .

The

b a s e

o f

t h e

q u i l l s

o f

t h e s e f e a t h e r s

i s

w r a p p e d

w i t h

y e l l o w

r i b b o n ,

f r o m

u n d e r

w h i c h

h a n g s a

r e d r i b b o n

s e v e r a l

i n c h e s

i n

l e n g t h .

T h e

t i p s

o f t h e s i x

f e a t h e r s

a r e

o r n a -

m e n t e d

w i t h y e l l o w - d y e d p l u m e s

f a s t e n e d

t o

t h e

f e a t h e r w i t h

c e m e n t ;

w h i l e a

f e w

i n c h e s

b e l o w ,

a

r e d

p l u m e

i s

s i m i l a r l y

f a s -

t e n e d .

As

t h e

s p e c i m e n

i s

w o r n ,

t h e s e

s i x

f e a t h e r s

p r o j e c t

a t

an

a n g l e

d o w n w a r d . U n d e r

t h e i r

b a s e s

i s

a

l a r g e

b r a i d o f

g r a s s ,

a p p a r e n t l y

t h e

s w e e t - g r a s s

u s e d

f o r

i n c e n s e .

B e l o w

t h e

s w e e t -

g r a s s a r e

t w o

r o w s o f hawk

o r

o w l f e a t h e r s

p a r t l y

t r i m m e d

J r o m

t h e

q u i l l . They

a r e

d y e d r e d a n d

y e l l o w

t o

a c c o r d

w i t h

t h e

s i d e

o f

t h e

p i e c e

t o

w h i c h

t h e y

a r e

f a s t e n e d . J u s t

a b o v e

t h e

s i x

l a r g e

f e a t h e r s t h e r e

a r e

a t t a c h e d

t w o r a w h i d e

h o r n s

p a i n t e d

b l a c k . T h e s e a l s o p r o j e c t

f r o m

t h e p i e c e ,

much

a s

d i d

t h e two a r m s

a n d

t h e

row

o f

f e a t h e r s .

T h e b e l t - s t r a p s

o f

t h i s

s p e c i m e n

a r e

f o r m e d

b y

a

s t r i p

o f

s k i n

l i t t l e

more

t h a n

an

i n c h

i n

w i d t h ,

w h i c h

i s

f a s t e n e d

b y

t h o n g s

t o

t h e

b a c k

o f

t h e

r a w h i d e

b i r d .

T h i s

b e l t

i s o r n a -

m e n t e d

w i t h

v e r t i c a l

s t r i p s

o f

b l u e ,

r e d ,

a n d

y e l l o w

b e a d - w o r k ,

i n

s e v e r a l

p l a c e s

w i t h

b e l l s ,

a n d

w i t h

s e v e r a l

b u n c h e s

o f

c r o w -

f e a t h e r s

h a n g i n g

f r o m

t h o n g s

a

f e w

i n c h e s

i n

l e n g t h .

T h e s e

c r o w - f e a t h e r s

h a v e h a d

t h e u p p e r

h a l f

c u t

o f f .

F r om o n e

o f t h e b e l t - s t r a p s

h a n g s

a s m a l l r i n g

w r a p p e d w i t h

r e d q u i l l -

w o r k .

I n

t w o o p p o s i t e

p l a c e s ,

y e l l o w

w r a p p i n g

r e p l a c e s

t h e

r e d

o n

t h e

r i n g ;

a n d

i n

t w o

o t h e r

p l a c e s ,

a l s o

d i a m e t r i c a l l y

o p p o s e d ,

t h e r e

i s b l u e

q u i l l - w o r k .

T h e s e

f o u r p o i n t s

a r e

c o n -

n e c t e d

by s t r i n g s . F r om

t h e

i n t e r s e c t i o n

o f

t h e s e

s t r i n g s

h a n g s

a l o n g t h o n g w r a p p e d

i n t h r e e p l a c e s

w i t h

r e d

q u i l l -

w o r k .

I t

i s

p o s s i b l e

t h a t t h i s

s m a l l

h o o p was i n t e n d e d

t o b e

I

9 0 7

. ]

3 4 1

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342

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n

Museum o f

A a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l . X V I I I ,

d e t a c h e d

f r o m

t h e

b e l t

on

c e r t a i n

o c c a s i o n s ,

a n d

worn

a s

a

h e a d - d r e s s .

T h e s y m b o l i s m

o f

t h i s

p i e c e

i s t h e

f o l l o w i n g .

The

e n t i r e

o b j e c t

r e p r e s e n t s

t h e

t h u n d e r - b i r d .

The

s i x

e a g l e - f e a t h e r s

p r o j e c t i n g

f r o m

t h e

l o w e r

p a r t

o f

t h e

r a w h i d e

f i g u r e

a r e

t o

b e

c o n s i d e r e d

a s

i t s

t a i l .

The

two b e a d - c o v e r e d

p r o j e c t i n g

a t t a c h m e n t s

a r e

l i g h t n i n g :

t h e y

a l s o

r e p r e s e n t

a r r o w s ,

a s

i n d i c a t e d

b y

t h e

f e a t h e r i n g

a t t h e i r e n d .

The two

b l a c k

h o r n s

o f

r a w h i d e

i n d i c a t e

b u f f a l o ,

a n d

t h e r e f o r e

s u b s i s t e n c e .

T h e

y e l l o w

s t r i p

o f s k i n d e n o t e s

l i f e i n

h e a v e n ;

t h e r e d

o n e ,

l i f e

on

e a r t h .

T h e

b l u e , r e d ,

a n d

y e l l o w

s t r i p e s

o f

b e a d - w o r k

o n

t h e

l o w e r

e n d s

o f

t h e

m a i n

s k i n - s t r i p s

a n d on

t h e

b e l t - s t r a p s

r e p r e s e n t

t h e r a i n b o w .

The

c e r e m o n y

i n w h i c h

t h e s e

p i e c e s

a r e w o r n ,

n o t

o n l y

r e f e r s t o t h e

t h u n d e r ,

b u t

i s

s o m e t i m e s

c a l l e d

  r a i n - d a n c e .

T h e

o w l - f e a t h e r s

a t t h e

b a s e

o f

t h e two

p r o j e c t i o n s

d e n o t e

g h o s t s ,

w h i c h

o w l s

a r e

s u p p o s e d

t o

b e .

T h e i r

t r i m m i n g ,

w h i c h l e a v e s

o n l y

t h e

t i p

o f

t h e

f e a t h e r

on

t h e

q u i l l ,

was

s a i d

t o

r e p r e s e n t

a r r o w - f e a t h e r i n g .

T h e numerous

s m a l l

h o l e s

i n

t h e

r a w h i d e

b i r d

r e p r e s e n t

t h e

m e t a l l i c

s h e e n

o f

t h e

t h u n d e r - b i r d .

T h e

r e d

a n d

y e l l o w

r i b b o n s

a t

t h e

b a s e s

o f

t h e

e a g l e - f e a t h e r s

a r e

f l a s h e s

o f

l i g h t n i n g .

The

b e l l s

o n

t h e

s p e c i m e n

r e p r e s e n t

t h u n d e r i n g , a n d ,

a s

t h e y

a r e

r o u n d ,

h a i l .

T h e r e d

c r e s c e n t

d e n o t e s t h e

s u n ;

t h e b l a c k ,

t h e m o o n .

T h e

s m a l l

h o o p

a t t a c h e d t o

t h e

b e l t - s t r a p

r e p r e s e n t s

t h e

s a c r e d

w h e e l .

The e n t i r e

o b j e c t

i s c a l l e d

n i i h i n a n k a '

(

b i r d - t a i l

o r

  e a g l e - t a i l ) .

A c c o m p a n y i n g

t h i s

s p e c i m e n i s

a h e a d - d r e s s , t h e

body o f

w h i c h c o n s i s t s

o f a w o o d e n

a r r o w

w i t h

a

b a r b e d p o i n t

a n d

a

w o o d e n

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n

o f

f e a t h e r i n g

( F i g . I 2 I ) .

T h r e e

f e a t h e r s

a p p e a r

t o

h a v e

b e e n r e p r e s e n t e d ;

o n l y t w o now

r e m a i n .

T h e s h a f t

o f . t h e

a r r o w

i s

w r a p p e d

w i t h

a

s t r i n g

o f

r e d b e a d s

o n

s i n e w .

At t h e b a s e

o f

t h e

wooden

f e a t h e r -

i n g ,

b i t s o f

p l u m e s d y e d

d a r k b l u e a r e

a t t a c h e d

by s i n e w

w r a p p i n g .

The

s h a f t

i s

p a i n t e d

r e d ; t h e

p o i n t ,

d a r k

g r e e n

o r

b l a c k ;

a n d t h e f e a t h e r i n g ,

r e d o n

o n e

s i d e

and d a r k

g r e e n

o n

t h e

o t h e r .

At t h e e n d

o f t h e wooden

f e a t h e r i n g

a n

e a g l e - f e a t h e r

i s

a t t a c h e d

by

a

s t r i n g .

T h i s

s t r i n g

p a s s e s

t h r o u g h

t h e

d o u b l e d

q u i l l . The l o w e r

p o r t i o n

o f t h e

f e a t h e r

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1907 1 Krocbel- he Ama jaho . 343

is notched.

This arron- is

77'01-11

as a head-dress with the point

downward. I t I-eprcsents the thunder's arrow, -lightning.

The eagle-feather and bits of plume n-ere interpreted as arrow-

feathering the red bcads n-cre said to represent each a person;

and the striilg along the wooden

feathering, serving as a means

of attachment for the hanging

eagle-feather, mas said to be

the course of the om-ncr, or of

his prayer to heax-cn before he

predicted rain.

Another

troll

belt (Museum

No.

38

is green on one side,

yellow on the other. The green

represents the ear th the yellon-,

the sky. The feathers attached

to each side are dyed in the

same color, and the belt strips

are painted in the same color as

the hanging strips. From the

middle of the top , where a

magpie-skin lacking the head is

attached over the red-painted

figure of a bird, there hang two

long thin strips of skin. one

green, an d one yellon-. In

addition there are tn-o yellow

g

Fig. 2

G ,

.

Head-dress re se r nb h~

ribbons. From the sides of

tile

an Arrow. Length of arrow,

28.5 cm.

red figure of the bird a red line

extends on each side don-n to the lov-er end of the speci-

men. The two ornaments made to stand out from the upper-

most piece have for their main part an eagle wing-feather, the

quill of which has a wrapping of porcupine-vork laid over i t

and tied on. Small bells are strung along the backof the feather.

At the base of the eagle IT-ing-feather,where this is apparently

stiffened by the insertion of a stick into the quill and by wrap-

ping with thong, about eight feathers, apparently of an owl,

are attached. The quills of these have been split to the base.

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3 4 4

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n

Museum o f N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l . X V I I I '

T h e s e

f e a t h e r s

a r e

a t t a c h e d

b y

r e d u c i n g

t h e

b a s e

o f

t h e

q u i l l

t o

a f l a t

s t r i p , b e n d i n g

t h i s

a r o u n d

t h e

t h o n g

a n d

b a c k

u p o n

t h e

e n t i r e q u i l l

a b o v e ,

w h e r e i t

i s

f a s t e n e d

b y

a

w r a p p i n g

o f

s i n e w .

T h e s e

o w l - f e a t h e r s

a r e

d y e d r e s p e c t i v e l y

g r e e n

a n d

y e l l o w

on

t h e t w o

s i d e s . W h e r e

t h e

p r o j e c t i n g

o r n a m e n t s

w h i c h

t h e y

e n c i r c l e

a r e

a t t a c h e d ,

s m a l l

f i v e - p o i n t e d

s t a r s

o f r a w h i d e

i n t e r v e n e b e t w e e n t h e

b o d y

o f

t h e

p i e c e

a n d

t h e o r n a m e n t s .

A t

t h e t o p

o f

t h e

b a c k

i s

a

p i e c e

o f

r a w h i d e

c u t

o u t

i n t o t h e

s h a p e

o f

a

b i r d ,

p r e s u m a b l y

t h e

t h u n d e r - b i r d .

T h i s

p i e c e

i s a t t a c h e d

s o

t h a t ,

when

t h e

s p e c i m e n

i s

w o r n ,

i t

i s

e n t i r e l y

h i d d e n

f r o m

v i e w , e x c e p t

f o r

t h e

h e a d

o f

t h e

b i r d ,

w h i c h

p r o -

j e c t s a b o v e t h e

t o p

o f

t h e

s o f t

s k i n

o f

w h i c h

t h e m a i n

p o r t i o n

o f

t h e s p e c i m e n

c o n s i s t s .

T h i s h e a d i s

p a i n t e d

w i t h r e d a n d

g r e e n v e r t i c a l

s t r i p e s .

When

t h e

s p e c i m e n

i s

s p r e a d

o u t

s o

t h a t t h e

b e l t - s t r a p s

a r e

h o r i z o n t a l ,

t h e

e n t i r e

p i e c e

r e s e m -

b l e s

i n

o u t l i n e

a

b i r d ;

t h e

h e a d

b e i n g

made

b y t h e h e a d

o f

t h i s

b i r d - f o r m

p i e c e

o f

r a w h i d e ;

t h e

w i n g s , b y

t h e

f r i n g e d a n d

p o i n t e d

b e l t - s t r a p s ;

a n d

t h e

t a i l ,

b y

t h e

t w o

l o n g f e a t h e r e d

h a n g i n g s t r i p s . On

t h e

b a c k

o f

t h e s e

t w o

m a i n

s t r i p s

o f

s k i n

a r e p a i n t e d

i r r e g u l a r

d o t s

o f

g r e e n

a n d

y e l l o w .

T h e

g r e e n

d o t s a r e

o n

t h a t o n e

o f

t h e

t w o

s t r i p s

w h i c h

i n

f r o n t

i s

y e l l o w ,

a n d

v i c e

v e r s a .

W i t h

t h e

y e l l o w

d o t s a r e

a f e w i n

l i g h t b l u e .

T h i s

s p e c i m e n

was

o b t a i n e d

b y

R e v .

W.

C .

R o e .

A

s i m p l e r p i e c e ( M u s e u m

N o .

f

0 ) ,

o b t a i n e d

b y t h e

R e v .

M r .

R o e ,

l a c k s

t h e

r a w h i d e

f i g u r e

o f

a

b i r d

a t t h e

t o p

o f

t h e

b a c k .

I n s t e a d ,

t h e r e

i s

a

r e c t a n g u l a r

p i e c e

o f

s t i f f

r a w h i d e

d o u b l e d

on

i t s e l f ,

f r o m

t h e l o w e r

p a r t

o f

w h i c h

two

t r i a n g u l a r

p i e c e s

h a v e b e e n

c u t ,

g i v i n g

t h e

w h o l e

p i e c e t h e a n g u l a r

o u t -

l i n e

o f

t h e b o d y , w i n g s ,

a n d

t a i l

o f

a b i r d .

W h i l e

n o

i n f o r -

m a t i o n was o b t a i n e d

a s

t o

t h e

s y m b o l i s m o f

t h i s

s p e c i m e n ,

i t

s e e m s

v e r y p r o b a b l e t h a t t h i s

p i e c e

o f

h i d e

r e p r e s e n t e d a b i r d

t o

i t s m a k e r .

T h r o u g h

t h e

u p p e r p a r t

o f

t h i s

h i d e i s

p a s s e d

a

h o r i z o n t a l s t i c k

t o

s u p p o r t t h e

e n t i r e

s p e c i m e n .

T h e s o f t

s k i n

f o r m i n g

t h e

b o d y

o f

t h e

s p e c i m e n

a p p e a r s

t o

h a v e b e e n

p a i n t e d

o v e r

v e r y l i g h t l y

i n

g r e e n . T h e

u p p e r m o s t p o r t i o n

o f

t h i s

s o f t

s k i n , a b o u t

w h e r e

i t c o v e r s

t h e

s t i f f

r a w h i d e , i s

p a i n t e d

g r e e n

m o r e

d i s t i n c t l y .

I n

t h i s

g r e e n a r e a

i s a

d a r k -

b l u e

h o r i z o n t a l

c r e s c e n t .

On

e a c h

o f t h e t w o

h a n g i n g

s t r i p s

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1 9 0 7 . ]

K r o e b e r ,

T h e

A r a p a l o .

345

o f t h e

s o f t s k i n

i s

p a i n t e d

a l o n g

d a r k - b l u e

a r r o w ,

t h e

p o i n t

u p w a r d .

The b a c k

o r

i n s i d e

o f

t h e s o f t s k i n i s

r o u g h l y

p a i n t e d

d a r k

b l u e .

The

f e a t h e r o r n a m e n t a t i o n o f t h i s

p i e c e

c o n s i s t s

p r i n c i p a l l y

o f

p h e a s a n t - f e a t h e r s ,

w h i c h a r e a t t a c h e d i n f i v e

o r

s i x h o r i z o n t a l t i e r s

o f

a b o u t

f i v e f e a t h e r s

e a c h . T h e s e

p h e a s a n t -

f e a t h e r s h a v e

b e e n

l i g h t l y

d y e d

b l u e . The

u p p e r m o s t

t i e r

o f

f e a t h e r s

i s ,

a s u s u a l ,

a t t a c h e d

t o a

s t r i p

o f

s k i n

d i s t i n c t f r o m t h e

b o d y

o f

t h e

p i e c e ,

a n d

s h o w s

some

t e n d e n c y

t o

s t a n d

o u t a t an

a n g l e .

T h e

f e a t h e r s

a r e

a l l

a t t a c h e d

b y

t h e

m e t h o d

o f

t u r n i n g

t h e

q u i l l u p o n

i t s e l f o v e r

a t h o n g ,

a n d

h a v e

s m a l l

r e d - d y e d

p l u m e s

f a s t e n e d t o

t h e i r b a s e s

b y

t h e same s i n e w

w r a p p i n g

w h i c h

h o l d s

t h e d o u b l e d - o v e r

e n d

o f

t h e

q u i l l .

A

f e w

p h e a s a n t -

f e a t h e r s a r e

a l s o a t t a c h e d

t o

t h e

b e l t - s t r a p s . T h e y

a r e f a s t -

e n e d t o

b u n c h e s

o f s h o r t

t h o n g s ,

w h i c h

a r e

t i e d

i n t o

o n e

k n o t .

T h e

t w o

s t i f f p r o j e c t i n g

o r n a m e n t s

a r e

i n

a p p e a r a n c e q u i t e

d i f f e r e n t

f r o m

t h e c u s t o m a r y f o r m ,

i n

t h a t

t h e y

c o n s i s t

o f

s l e n d e r

r o d s c o v e r e d

w i t h

r a b b i t - s k i n .

T h e

i n t e r i o r

o f

t h e s e

r o d s , h o - w r e v e r , a p p e a r s

t o

b e

n o t h i n g

b u t a

l o n g e a g l e w i n g -

f e a t h e r - w h i c h

h a s

b e e n

f o l d e d

c l o s e l y a r o u n d

i t s

q u i l l ;

s o

t h a t

a c t u a l l y

t h e u s u a l

t y p e

i s

a d h e r e d t o .

T h e e n d s

o f

t h e s e

p r o j e c t i n g o r n a m e n t s a r e t i p p e d

w i t h

b u n c h e s

o f

r e d - d y e d

p l u m e s ,

a n d

a t

t h e b a s e

e a c h o r n a m e n t i s e n c i r c l e d b y o w l

o r

hawk f e a t h e r s

d y e d

g r e e n .

T h e s e

h a v e b e e n

c u t

o f f s q u a r e

a t

t h e e n d s ,

a n d t h e

e n t i r e

l o w e r

p o r t i o n

o f

e a c h f e a t h e r h a s

b e e n

s l i t

f r o m

t h e

q u i l l

o n

e a c h

s i d e ,

r e m a i n i n g a t t a c h e d o n l y

a t

t h e b a s e .

S p e c i m e n

Museum N o . ° i s

made

o f c l o t h

i n s t e a d o f d e e r -

s k i n , a n d i s s o m e w h a t s m a l l e r a n d

s i m p l e r t h a n t h e

p r e c e d i n g

p i e c e s . I t i s e n t i r e l y

s u p p o r t e d

by a s q u a r e

p i e c e o f

r a w -

h i d e

d o u b l e d u p o n

i t s e l f

o v e r a h o r i z o n t a l

s t i c k

a t

t h e

t o p .

From e a c h

s i d e

o f t h i s h a n g s a

c o m p a r a t i v e l y

n a r r o w

s t r i p o f

b l u e - e d g e d

r e d

c l o t h

t o

w h i c h

a r e a t t a c h e d

s i x e a g l e - f e a t h e r s

i n

p a i r s . J u s t a b o v e

t h e

p l a c e

- w h e r e

t h e s e t w o h a n g i n g

s t r i p s

a r e

f a s t e n e d

t o t h e r a w h i d e ,

a r e t h e t w o p r o j e c t i n g

a t t a c h -

m e n t s ,

w h i c h ,

i n

t h i s p i e c e a l s o , c o n s i s t e s s e n t i a l l y o f

a l o n g

e a g l e w i n g - f e a t h e r . O v e r

t h e f r o n t

o f

t h i s

a

s m a l l e r f e a t h e r ,

a p p a r e n t l y

a l s o

f r o m a n

e a g l e - w i n g , h a s b e e n l a i d : a l o n g

t h e

u n d e r s i d e o f t h e

q u i l l

t h e r e

i s a s t r i p

o f

r e d

a n d

b l a c k

q u i l l -

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3 4 6

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n M u s e u m o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l . X V I I I ,

w r a p p e d

r a w h i d e .

F o u r

o r

f i v e

s m a l l b r a s s

b e l l s

a r e

a t t a c h e d

t o

a

s t r i n g r u n n i n g a l o n g

t h e f e a t h e r a n d

t h i s

q u i l l e d

s t r i p .

A t

t h e b a s e ,

e a c h

o f

t h e

two

e a g l e

w i n g - f e a t h e r s

i s

e n c i r c l e d

by

a b o u t

e i g h t

o w l o r hawk f e a t h e r s

d y e d g r e e n .

The

q u i l l s

o f

t h e s e

h a v e

b e e n

s l i t ,

s o t h a t t h e

b o d y

o f

t h e

f e a t h e r

h a n g s

l o o s e l y

i n

t w o

p o r t i o n s

f r o m t h e

b a s e ;

o n l y

t h e

q u i l l i t s e l f ,

w i t h t h e

s m a l l

t i p ,

r e m a i n i n g

s t i f f . T h e

b e l t - s t r a p s

c o n s i s t

o f a

woven

w o o l l e n

band t h e m i d d l e

o f

w h i c h h a s b e e n t i e d

t o

t h e

r a w h i d e

b a c k i n g .

A t

t h e

m i d d l e

o f

t h e

f r o n t

o f

t h i s

r a w h i d e

i s a t t a c h e d

a

b i r d - s k i n ,

a p p a r e n t l y

o f

a

h a w k ,

s o

t h a t

i t

c o m e s b e t w e e n t h e

p a i r s

o f

p r o j e c t i n g

o r n a m e n t s

a n d

h a n g i n g s t r i p s .

B e l o w

t h i s ,

f r o m

t h e

m i d d l e

o f

t h e l o w e r

p a r t

o f

t h e r a w h i d e

s q u a r e , h a n g s

a n

ornament

r o u g h l y

r e s e m b l i n g

t h e

h e a d - d r e s s e s

worn

i n

t h e

s e c o n d d a n c e

o f

t h e c e r e m o n i a l

s e r i e s .

I t

i s a

t r a p e z o i d a l p i e c e

o f

s k i n d o u b l e d on

i t s e l f ,

i n

o n e e n d

o f

w h i c h a r e i n s e r t e d f i v e

e a g l e - f e a t h e r s .

I t s e e m s

p r o b a b l e

t h a t

t h i s

p i e c e

i s

a l s o

a

h e a d - d r e s s ,

a n d

h a s

b e e n

a t t a c h e d

h e r e

f o r

s a f e - k e e p i n g .

W o m e n ' s

D r e s s e s .

-

A w o m a n ' s

d e e r s k i n d r e s s made f o r

t h e

g h o s t - d a n c e ,

a n d s e e n

a m o n g

t h e

s o u t h e r n

A r a p a h o

i n

I 8 9 9 ,

w a s

p a i n t e d o v e r

f r o m

t h e w a i s t

u p .

T h e

g r o u n d - c o l o r

o f

t h e

p a i n t i n g

w a s ' b l u e . A c r o s s

t h e d r e s s

w e r e

t w o

r o w s o f

t h i r -

t e e n

s u n s

( y e l l o w

c i r c l e s ) ,

a n d ,

b e l o w

t h e s e ,

t w o

r o w s

o f

s e v e n

l a r g e m o r n i n g - s t a r

c r o s s e s .

T h e s e c r o s s e s w e r e

y e l l o w

w i t h

r e d e d g e s .

T h e

b a c k

o f t h e

d r e s s s h o w e d

t h e

s a m e

p a i n t i n g .

F o r

t h e m i d d l e

s t a r o f t h e

u p p e r

row o n

t h e f r o n t o f t h e

d r e s s

w a s

s u b s t i t u t e d

a

l a r g e

r e d

c r e s c e n t m o o n : t h e c o r r e -

s p o n d i n g

p l a c e

o n

t h e

b a c k o f t h e d r e s s w a s

f i l l e d w i t h a

f i g u r e

o f t h e

t h u n d e r - b i r d

( a l s o

i n

r e d ) , f o u r

r e d

l i g h t n i n g -

m a r k s

p r o c e e d i n g

f r o m i t s

e y e s t o

t h e

s i d e o f t h e d r e s s .

A

l i t t l e

g i r l ' s

b u c k s k i n

d r e s s

o r n a m e n t e d w i t h b e a d s ,

p a i n t e d

w i t h s y m b o l i c

d e s i g n s ,

i n

a c ' c o r d a n c e

w i t h s e v e r a l

d r e a m s ,

by

a

y o u n g

ma n

who

w a s

h e r r e l a t i v e ,

i s s h o w n

i n

P l a t e

L X X V .

O v e r

t h e s h o u l d e r s

o f

t h e

d r e s s ,

o n

t h e

p a r t

o f

i t

t h a t

i s

worn

h i g h e s t ,

i s

p a i n t e d

t h e

t h u n d e r - b i r d , w i t h

l i g h t n i n g i s s u i n g

f . r o m i t s

e y e .

I n

t h e

m i d d l e

o f o n e s i d e o f

t h e d r e s s i s p a i n t e d

a

l a r g e

r e d

M a l t e s e

c r o s s , t h e m o r n i n g

s t a r .

The

e n d s o f t h i s

c r o s s

a r e

g r e e n .

T h i s

g r e e n d e n o t e s t h e f r e s h n e s s o f

t h e new

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. K r o e b e r ,

T h e

A r a p a h o .

w o r l d

t o

b e .

B e l o w

o n e

s h o u l d e r

i s

a

b u f f a l o ,

t h e

means

o f

s u b -

s i s t e n c e ; b e l o w

t h e

o t h e r

s h o u l d e r ,

a

m a g p i e

i n

g r e e n .

F l a n k -

i n g

t h e

m o r n i n g - s t a r

c r o s s

a r e b l a c k

t r a p e z o i d a l

f i g u r e s ,

t h e

f a -

m i l i a r h i i t e n i

l i f e - s y m b o l s .

A

f i g u r e

o f

a t u r t l e b e l o w t h e

c r o o s

r e f e r s

t o

t h e

o r i g i n o f

t h e e a r t h . T h e

t u r t l e

i s

p a i n t e d

i n

a

g r a y -

i s h - b l u e i n t e n d e d t o

g i v e t h e

e f f e c t

o f

f o g

o r

m i s t ,

t h e w o r d

f o r

t u r t l e

( b a a n a

n )

b e i n g

t h e

same a s

t h a t f o r

f o g .

O t h e r

f i g u r e s

on

t h i s

s i d e

o f

t h e

d r e s s a r e

a

f i v e - p o i n t e d

s t a r

a n d

t h e n ew

moon.

A t

t h e

b o t t o m

o f

t h e

d r e s s ,

a

g r e e n

s t r i p

r e p r e s e n t s

t h e e a r t h

i n

s p r i n g . A

s y m b o l

o f

a t r e e w i t h l e a v e s

r e p r e s e n t s

a d e c i d u -

o u s

t r e e , n o d o u b t

t h e

c o t t o n w o o d ,

w i t h

f r e s h l e a v e s .

The

r a i n b o w

i s

r e p r e s e n t e d

b y

a n a r c h

o f

c o l o r e d b a n d s . A

d a r k

c l o u d

i s

e n c l o s e d

b y

i t . A n o t h e r

f i g u r e

o f t h e

t h u n d e r - b i r d

a n d

o f

t h e

l i g h t n i n g

i s s u i n g

f r o m

i t

s y m b o l i z e s e a r l y

s u m m e r ,

t h e t i m e

o f

t h e

f i r s t

t h u n d e r s t o r m .

On

t h e

o p p o s i t e

s i d e

o f

t h i s

d r e s s

t h e r e

a r e

p i c t u r e s

o f

t h e

t u r t l e ,

o f

t w o

p i p e s ,

o f

t w o

b u f f a l o ,

a n d

o f

t h e

c r o w ,

t h e m e s -

s e n g e r

a n d

g u i d e

t o

t h e

new

w o r l d . A

r e d s u n

b e l o w

r e f e r s

t o t h e new

s u n

t h a t

w i l l

b e .

T h e

b o t t o m

o f

t h e

d r e s s i s

p a i n t e d

d a r k

b l u e ,

w h i c h

i n d i c a t e s t h e

s k y ,

a s

t h e

c o r r e s p o n d -

i n g

g r e e n

b a n d o n

t h e

o p p o s i t e

s i d e i n d i c a t e s t h e

e a r t h .

A b o v e t h i s

b l u e

a r e p a i n t e d

t w o

c e d a r - t r e e s ,

i n d i c a t e d

by

t r e e - s y m b o l s w i t h o u t l e a v e s .

To

t h e

s h o u l d e r s , f r o n t ,

a n d

b a c k ,

a r e a t t a c h e d

s e v e r a l

s m a l l

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s

o f

t h e

n e t t e d

h o o p - w h e e l

u s e d

a s

a g a m e ,

a n d

m o r e

o r

l e s s

r e v i v e d

a t

t h e

t i m e

o f

t h e g h o s t - d a n c e .

A n o t h e r

p a i n t e d d e e r s k i n

g h o s t - d a n c e d r e s s

f o r

a

g i r l

w a s

o b t a i n e d , w i t h

i n f o r m a t i o n a s

t o i t s

s y m b o l i s m ,

by R e v .

W.

C .

R o e . T h e

s y m b o l i c

d e c o r a t i o n i s t h e

f o l l o w i n g :

On o n e

s i d e

( P l a t e

L X X V I ) ,

b e l o w

t h e t h r o a t , a

M a l t e s e - c r o s s

m o r n i n g

s t a r

i n

g r e e n ;

f i v e

f i v e - p o i n t e d

s t a r s o n

e a c h

s i d e ;

b e l o w

t h e s e ,

t w o

f i g u r e s o f c r o w s o r

m a g p i e s ( t o

j u d g e f r o m

t h e

p a i n t -

i n g ,

t h e

f o r m e r ) ;

-

b e l o w

a

h o r i z o n t a l b e a d e d

b a n d ( w h i c h

i s

d e c o r a t i v e ) ,

i n

t h e

c e n t r e ,

a

p i p e ,

b o w l

d o w n ;

o n

t h e

t w o

s i d e s ,

a

r e d s u n

a n d a

b u f f a l o ;

-

a t t h e

w a i s t , a

c r o w a n d

t h r e e

s m a l l s o l i d

c i r c l e s

r e p r e s e n t i n g

t h e h e a t e d

s t o n e s u s e d

i n

t h e

s w e a t - h o u s e

t o

p r o d u c e s t e a m ;

b e l o w ,

t w o c r o w s ,

a

t e n t ,

a n d

t w o

t r e e s .

T h e

s y m b o l i s m

o n

t h e

o t h e r

s i d e

I 1 9 0 7 *

3 4 7

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3 4 8 B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n

Museum

o f

N a t u r a l H i s t o r y .

[ V o l .

X V I l l ,

( P l a t e L X X V I I )

i S t h e f o l l o w i n g :

A

h o l l o w c i r c l e

b e l o w

t h e

t h r o a t

i s

t h e

f u l l

m o o n ;

a

h a l f - c i r c l e

i n

g r e e n ,

b e l o w

t h i s ,

t h e

new

m o o n ;

-

t o

t h e s i d e s , s t a r s ,

a n d c r o w s

o r

m a g p i e s ;

b e l o w ,

t w o

s w e a t - h o u s e

s t o n e s a n d

( a

s m a l l

s o l i d o v a l w i t h

a

l i n e a t o n e e n d )

a

b u f f a l o s e e n

f r o m

a b o v e ;

a t t h e

b o t t o m ,

a

t u r t l e ,

a

t e n t ,

a

r e d s e m i c i r c l e

d e n o t i n g

a

s w e a t - h o u s e ,

a n d

a

h i g h q u a d r i l a t e r a l r e p r e s e n t i n g

a m o u n t a i n . D o w n t h e

s h o u l d e r s

i s a

s t r i p e o f

b e a d - w o r k . Under

t h i s o n e a c h

s i d e ,

a n d f o r t he g r e a te r p a r t

c o v e r e d

b y

i t ,

i s a

c i r c l e ,

s a i d

t o

r e p r e -

s e n t

t h e

g a m e - w h e e l ,

b u t

r e s e m b l i n g

t h e

u s u a l

s y m b o l s

f o r

t h e

s a c r e d

h o o p - w h e e l .

The

g a m e - w h e e l ,

h o w e v e r ,

i s

i t s e l f

r e g a r d e d

a t

t i m e s

a s a

s y m b o l

o f

t h e

l a t t e r .

I n t h e Museum

c o l l e c t i o n

i s

a

p a i n t e d

c a n v a s t e n t ( N o .

- 1 1 )

o r n a m e n t e d i n a c c o r d a n c e

w i t h a

d r e a m ,

a n d u s e d f o r

t h e

c r o w - d a n c e . I t

i s

d e c o r a t e d

a s

f o l l o w s :

The

u p p e r p a r t

o f

t h e

t e n t

i s

p a i n t e d

g r e e n

a s f a r down a s

t h e

e a r s

o r

u p p e r

f l a p s

e x t e n d .

The

l o w e r b o r d e r

o f t h e

t e n t ,

f o r

a b o u t

f o u r

f e e t

u p

f r o m

t h e

g r o u n d ,

i s

a l s o

p a i n t e d

g r e e n .

T h e

g r e e n

a r e a a t

t h e

t o p

i s

b o r d e r e d b y

a r e d

l i n e ;

t h e

o n e

b e l o w ,

b y a n

o r a n g e l i n e .

D o w n

t h e

f r o n t

o f t h e

t e n t ,

w h e r e t h e

t w o

e d g e s

a r e

j o i n e d

when i t i s

e r e c t e d ,

i s

a n

o r a n g e

b o r d e r .

On

t h e

s i d e s

a n d

b a c k o f t h e t e n t

a r e f i v e r e d s t r i p e s ,

e a c h

a b o u t

a

f o o t

w i d e ,

e x t e n d i n g

v e r t i c a l l y

f r o m t h e

u p p e r g r e e n

p o r t i o n

o f t h e

t e n t t o

t h e l o w e r

g r e e n

p o r t i o n .

T h e s e r e d

s t r i p e s

h a v e

e a c h s e v e n

b l u e

c i r c l e s p a i n t e d

i n o u t l i n e upon t h e m ,

a n d ,

l i k e

t h e

t w o

o r a n g e

s t r i p e s

down

t h e

f r o n t

o f

t h e

t e n t ,

a r e

e d g e d w i t h

b l u e .

T h e

d o o r

o f

t h i s

t e n t h a s p a i n t e d

o n

i t

a

g r e e n

b i r d , a p -

p a r e n t l y

a c r o w .

The h e a r t o f t h i s

b i r d i s r e p r e s e n t e d

i n

y e l l o w ,

a n d f r o m i t

a

y e l l o w

l i n e i s s u e s

t h r o u g h

t h e mouth

o f

t h e

b i r d ,

a n d u p w a r d

t o t h e

e d g e o f t h e

d o o r . U n d e r

t h e

b i r d

i s a

f i g u r e

o f a

b u f f a l o

i n g r e e n ;

a n d

b e y o n d

t h i s ,

o u t s i d e o f

t h e

h o o p

f o r m i n g t h e f r a m e o f t h e

d o o r , i s a

d r a w i n g

i n o u t -

l i n e

o f

a

r i d e r w i t h b ow

a n d

a r r o w , a p p a r e n t l y

p u r s u i n g t h e

b u f f a l o .

A t

t h e t w o

c o r n e r s

o f

t h e

d o o r

a n d

i n

t h e

m i d d l e

o f

i t ,

b e t w e e n t h e c r o w a n d t h e b u f f a l o ,

t h e r e

a r e

a t t a c h e d

a

f e w

c r o w - f e a t h e r s a n d

s m a l l

b e l l s ;

a t

o n e p l a c e o n t h e s i d e ,

a

f e w

c r o w - f e a t h e r s .

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K r o e b e r ,

T h e

A r a p a h o .

A

l a r g e

n u m b e r

o f

c r o w

a n d

some

m a g p i e

f e a t h e r s

h a v e

b e e n t i e d i n t o

b u n c h e s

f o r

a t t a c h m e n t

t o t h i s t e n t .

The

w o o d e n p i n s u s e d

f o r

f a s t e n i n g

t h e

f r o n t

o f t h e t e n t

t o g e t h e r

a r e

p a i n t e d

r e d ,

a n d

o r n a m e n t e d w i t h

s m a l l

b l a c k

f e a t h e r s

w r a p p e d

b y

t h e i r b a s e s

t o

t h e

wood

i n

two

p l a c e s

n e a r

one

e n d . One

o f t h e s e

p i n s

i s

p a i n t e d

g r e e n

i n s t e a d

o f

r e d .

Drums a n d

A c c e s s o r i e s .

-Fig.

I 2 2 s h o w s

a h a n d

d r u m .

I t

i s

s o m e w h a t

more

t h a n

a f o o t

a c r o s s .

I t

c o n s i s t s

o f

a

c i r c u l a r

p i e c e o f s k i n

s t r e t c h e d

o v e r

o n e

e d g e

o f

a

h o o p

o f

w o o d ,

a n d

b r o u g h t

a r o u n d

o v e r

i t s

o t h e r

e d g e .

The

h o o p

i s

F i g .

1 2 2

( § S § 0 ) .

A

Hand Drum.

D i a n m e t e r ,

4 [

c m .

p i e r c e d

w i t h

h o l e s a n

i n c h

o r

m o r e

a p a r t ;

a n d

a

t h o n g

p a s s i n g

t h r o u g h

t h e s e

a n d t h e

s k i n o n t h e

i n s i d e

a n d

o u t s i d e o f

t h e

h o o p

s t r e t c h e s

t h e

d r u m .

F rom

f o u r o p p o s i t e

p o i n t s o f

t h e

h o o p ,

o n

t h e

b a c k

o r

b o t t o m ,

t h o n g s

e x t e n d

t o w a r d t h e

c e n t r e ,

w h e r e

t h e y a r e

f a s t e n e d

t o g e t h e r

a n d

w r a p p e d w i t h

c l o t h , t o

a f f o r d

a

h a n d l e .

T h i s b o t t o m ,

o r

i n s i d e

o f t h e

d r u m ,

i s

s a i d

t o

r e s e m b l e

t h e

s a c r e d

w h e e l ,

b e c a u s e t h i s

i s

a l s o c r o s s e d

b y

I 9 0 o 7 J

3 4 9

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5

BuZZefilzA m e k z n M us eu m of

Aktul a/

Hisio~y Vol XV I,

.

--

two bisecting strings. The inside of the hoop itself is painted

dark green.

The under side of the skin is painted red.

The

inside of the drum is called haantetc ( the ocean ).

The

upper side, which is shown in the figure, is also painted red,

and is said to represent the sun.

1

arge black figure denotes

a buffalo-horn; two smaller black marks, about the size

of

fingers, represent man and woman.

Fig. 123 shon-s one of four sticks used to suspend a large

drum.

The painted ends of the sticks are stuck in the ground,

Fig. 123

( &, a .

Forked Support for

a

Large Drum.

Length 8

cm.

and the drum

is hung from

the forks at

the top. Two

of the sticks

a r e painted

yellow a t the

bottom, and

t w o b l a c k .

T h e f o r k s

a t t h e t o p

of t,he sticks

are so that

o n e branch

c o m e s a t

almost right

Fig. 124

angles to the c

A

Drurn-

straight stem, t i k

L e n g t h ,

which gives

59

cm.

the e n t i r e

stick the character-

istic shape of the

Plains pipe.

The sticks are therefore said to be pipes.

The

squarely cut ends of the transverse branches are painted red

t o

represent red catlinite.

Of the colors with which the sticks

are painted, black represents night

;

yellow, daylight ;and green.

th e earth. Near their upper part the sticks are wound with

transparent beads, said t o indicate the sun. Eagle, magpie,

nd other feathers are also tied to them near the top. These

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 907 .1

I <~ - uP~~T

he

Ampaho 35

refer to people sitting closely around th e drum IT-hen

it

is beaten. The eagle-feathers on each stick (one or two), per-

haps through association of the eagle with the thundcr-bird ,

were said to represent clouds.

An object very similar to tha t in

Pig.

129,

but quite different from

it in use, is shown in Fig. I

2

4. The

present piece was obtained from a

northern Arapaho, and

is a

drum-

stick. The wooden handle is un-

covered or unornamented bu t the

stuffed head is of green-painted

skin with a black eaglc (quill-

embroidered) on one side an d a

white onc on the other, 1-ery similar

to the crows on the head of spe-

cimen Fig. 129. The drumsticks

of the Arapaho are not often as

thickly padded as this piece, and

are not usually ornamented. Some-

times an entirely bare stick is used,

and somctimes a stick with a few

turn s of skin wrapped around one

end.

Whistles.

ooden vhistlcs

were made i n connection with the

ghost nd crow dance. The ~vhistlcs

typical of the older tribal ceremo-

nies are of bone, often ornanlent-

ed with a partial wrapping of blue

beads, and usually they h a m no

feathers, other th an a single pro-

jecting plume, attached to them.

The ghost-dance whistles arc of W F ~ ie .~y~~S ; .~ ;, z;rved wooden

m-ood, considerably larger , painted.

often carved in relief or outline, an d ornamented with pendant

feathers a t th e end.

Fig. I 5 represents a m-histle, carved, painted, an d decorated

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352

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n

Museum o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y . [ V o l .

XV

I I I ,

w i t h

f e a t h e r s .

The

c a r v i n g s

c o n s i s t

o f

a

c r o s s ,

w h i c h

i s

a s

u s u a l

t h e m o r n i n g

s t a r , a v e r t i c a l l i n e

f r o m

i t

r e p r e s e n t i n g

i t s

c o u r s e

a s i t

r i s e s ;

a b o v e

i t ,

t h e

f i g u r e

o f

a

p e r s o n

w i t h

a

r e d u p r i g h t

h e a d - f e a t h e r ,

r e p r e s e n t i n g

t h e

s u n ;

a b o v e

t h i s ,

t h e

t h u n d e r - b i r d .

A

s t r a i g h t

l i n e

i s s u i n g

f r o m

i t s

mouth

r e p -

r e s e n t s

r a i n ; wavy

l i n e s a r e

l i g h t n i n g .

O f t h e

c o l o r s

p a i n t e d

o n

t h e

w h i s t l e ,

r e d i s t h e b l o o d o f

h u m a n i t y ,

b l u e t h e

s k y ,

a n d g r e e n t h e

e a r t h .

T h e b l a c k

a n d w h i t e

o f

t h e

m a g p i e -

f e a t h e r s

a t t a c h e d

t o

t h e w h i s t l e

r e p r e s e n t

c l o u d s ;

a n d

s m a l l

p l u m e s

d y e d r e d ,

a n d a t t a c h e d

t o t h e s e

f e a t h e r s , r e p r e s e n t

l i g h t n i n g .

O f

t h e f e a t h e r s

o n

t h e

w h i s t l e ,

t h o s e

o f

t h e

mag-

p i e

r e f e r t o

t h e

t h u n d e r - b i r d ,

o n

a c c o u n t o f

t h e s w i f t

f l i g h t

o f t h i s

b i r d .

T h e u s e

o f

a

p r i m a r y

w i n g - f e a t h e r

o f

t h i s

b i r d

f u r t h e r

r e f e r s

t o t h e f l i g h t

o f t h e

t h u n d e r - b i r d .

T h e

b l o w i n g

o f

t h e

w h i s t l e

when

i t i s u s e d

r e p r e s e n t s

t h u n d e r .

A n o t h e r

w h i s t l e

o f

wood

( M u s e u m

N o .

- 5 % % - ) ,

p a i n t e d

g r e e n ,

i s

o r n a m e n t e d

a l o n g t h e

u p p e r

s i d e b y

a

s t r a i g h t

l i n e w h i c h r u n s

t h e

l e n g t h

o f

t h e

p i e c e , a n d h a s

b e e n

p a i n t e d

r e d a n d b l u e .

On t h e

o t h e r

s i d e o f t h e w h i s t l e

a r e f o u r

z i g z a g

i n c i s e d

l i n e s .

The

l i n e s

a r e

s y m b o l s

o f

r o a d s . A r o u n d t h e

e n d

o f

t h e w h i s t l e

i s a

s t r i p

o f

o t t e r - s k i n .

F r om t h i s

h a n g

a n

e a g l e - f e a t h e r

( s t a i n e d r e d d i s h a t

t h e

b a s e , a n d

o r n a m e n t e d

- t h e r e w i t h a

b l u e

p l u m e ) ,

a

s m a l l

b a r r e d

f e a t h e r , a

f e w s m a l l

t r i m m e d

i r i d e s c e n t

m a g p i e - f e a t h e r s

much

w o r n ,

a

t h o n g

o r n a m e n t e d w i t h

t h r e e s m a l l

w r a p p i n g s o f r e d

q u i l l s ,

a n d

f o u r

t h o n g s

e a c h

o r n a m e n t e d

w i t h

q u i l l - w o r k

o f

o n e

c o l o r ,

a n d

t i p p e d a t t h e

e n d

w i t h

a f e a t h e r o r p l u m e .

Two

o f

t h e s e

q u i l l e d

t h o n g s a r e

w h i t e ,

o n e

y e l l o w , a n d o n e

r e d .

A

w h i s t l e

( M u s e u m N o .

y 5 ° X 4

b )

f o r m s p a r t

o f a

s e t

t h a t

i n c l u d e s t h e

c r o s s

h e a d - d r e s s s h o w n i n

F i g . 2 ,

P l a t e L X X I , a n d

a

p a i r

o f

h a i r - t i e s d e s c r i b e d

e l s e w h e r e .

T h i s

w h i s t l e

i s

s m a l l e r

t h a n

t h e

o t h e r s ,

f r e e f r o m

c a r v i n g , p a i n t e d

r e d ,

a n d o r n a -

m e n t e d

w i t h a

s i n g l e

l a r g e e a g l e - f e a t h e r

f r o m w h i c h

a l a r g e

s e c t i o n

h a s

b e e n

r o u g h l y

c u t

o n

o n e

s i d e .

O b j e c t s

c a r r i e d i n t h e

H a n d .

-

F i g s . i

a n d 2 , P l a t e

L X X V I I I ,

r e p r e s e n t

t w o

c e r e m o n i a l

w h i p s o r

w a n d s

u s e d i n

t h e

g h o s t -

d a n c e o r

c r o w - d a n c e .

I t

w i l l b e

s e e n t h a t t h e y

r e s e m b l e

s o m e -

w h a t t h e

k a k a o x , o r

s w o r d s ( F i g .

5 6 ) ,

o f

t h e

f i r s t

o f

t h e t r i b a l

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1 9 0 7 . ]

K r o e b e r ,

l h e

A r a p a h o . 3 5 3

s e r i e s

o f

c e r e m o n i e s .

The f l a t s i d e s o f

t h e

wands

a r e c a r v e d

i n

l o w r e l i e f ,

a n d

t h e

i n c i s i o n s

a r e

p a i n t e d .

One

wand

( F i g . i ,

P l a t e L X X V I II )

s h o w s

o n

o n e s i d e

a

f i g u r e

r e p r e s e n t i n g

a   s h a -

d o w ,

o r

s p i r i t .

He

w e a r s a n

u p r i g h t

h e a d - d r e s s

a t

t h e

b a c k

o f h i s h e a d .

A b o v e

h i m

i s

a c r e s c e n t

moon f r o m w h i c h

g r o w s

a c o t t o n w o o d - t r e e .

T h i s s i d e

o f t h e

wand i s

r e d ;

t h e

i n c i s e d

l i n e s a n d a r e a s , m a i n l y

b l u e

a n d

b l a c k ,

On

t h e

o t h e r

s i d e o f

t h e w a n d ,

w h i c h

i s

b l a c k ,

i s a c e d a r - t r e e i n r e d . The o t h e r

p i e c e

( F i g .

2 )

i s

b l a c k

o n

b o t h

s i d e s .

I t

s h o w s on o n e

s i d e

t w o

r e d

c i r c l e s ,

t h e

s u n ,

t o w a r d s

e a c h

o f

w h i c h

a r e

d i r e c t e d

f i v e o r s i x

p a r a l l e l

b l u e

l i n e s ,

k a k a t g e t c a n

( t h o u g h t s

o r

' & w i s h e s ) . B e t w e e n

t h e t w o

c i r c l e s

a r e

a r e d

a n d

a b l u e

l i n e ,

j u s t

f a i l i n g t o

m e e t .

On t h e o t h e r s i d e a r e

i n c i s e d

s i m i l a r

l i n e s a t

e a c h

e n d ,

d i r e c t e d

t o w a r d

a

c r o w

a n d

a M a l te s e - c r o s s

m o r n i n g s t a r ,

b e t w e e n w h i c h

i s

a

s i n g l e l i n e .

A l l

t h e

c a r v -

i n g s o n t h i s s i d e

o f

t h e

wand a r e r e d .

F rom

t h e e n d

o f

t h e f i r s t wand h a n g t w o

e a g l e

w i n g - f e a t h e r s ,

a

l o n g

t h o n g

w i t h

a

y e l l o w - d y e d

p l u m e ,

a s h o r t

t h o n g

w i t h

a

y e l l o w

p l u m e ,

s h o r t r e d a n d y e l l o w

r i b b o n s a t t a c h e d t o

t h e

b a s e s

o f

t h e

e a g l e - f e a t h e r s , a

b u n c h o f

s m a l l b e l l s ,

a n d

b e l o w

t h e s e

a b u n c h

o f

p h e a s a n t

a n d

b l a c k

m a g p i e

f e a t h e r s .

T h e

a t t a c h m e n t s a t t h e

e n d

o f t h e

o t h e r

p i e c e a r e

s i m i l a r .

T h e y

c o n -

s i s t

o f

t w o

e a g l e

w i n g - f e a t h e r s w i t h r e d

a n d y e l l o w

r i b b o n s

a t

t h e

b a s e ,

two

l o n g

r e d r i b b o n s ,

a

l o n g

t h o n g a t

t h e e n d

o f

w h i c h

i s

a r e d - d y e d p l u m e ,

a b u n c h o f b e l l s ,

a n d

b e l o w t h i s a b u n c h

o f

a b o u t

f i f t e e n

b l a c k - a n d - w h i t e m a g p i e - f e a t h e r s

d y e d

r e d .

A t

t h e h a n d l e s

o f t h e t w o

w a n d s

t h e r e a r e

a l s o f e a t h e r

a t t a c h m e n t s : t h e s e a r e a t t a c h e d t o a s k i n c o v e r

s l i p p e d o v e r

t h e

h a n d l e .

A f e w

f e a t h e r s

a r e

a t t a c h e d

a t

t h e

f o r w a r d

e n d

o f

t h i s

c o v e r .

T h e h i n d e n d f a l l s i n a s t r e a m e r

o f s o m e l e n g t h ,

t o w h i c h

f e a t h e r s a r e a t t a c h e d t h a t a r e l a s h e d

w i t h s i n e w

w r a p p i n g t o t h o n g s

p a s s i n g t h r o u g h t h e

s k i n ,

a n d

k n o t t e d

b e h i n d . T h e f i r s t

wand h a s a t t h e f o r w a r d e n d o f

t h e h a n d l e

t w o

t h o n g s ,

t e n

s m a l l

c r o w

o r

m a g p i e

f e a t h e r s ,

a n d

t w o

t u f t s

o f

g r e e n - d y e d

h o r s e h a i r . T h e s k i n h a n g i n g f r o m

t h e h a n d l e

i s p a i n t e d d a r k

b l u e ,

a n d t e n

o r

a

d o z e n g r e e n - d y e d f e a t h e r s

a r e

f a s t e n e d t o i t .

T h e s e c o n d wand h a s a t

o n e

e n d o f

t h e

h a n d l e - c o v e r t h r e e l a r g e

w h i t e f e a t h e r s t r i m m e d t o t h e

q u i l l

( M a r c h ,

1 9 0 7 ]

2 2

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35 4 B u l l e t i n A m e r i c a n

M u s e z 4 n

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y . [ V o l .

X V I I I ,

a l o n g

t h e

l o w e r

h a l f

o f t h e i r

l e n g t h ,

a n d o r n a m e n t e d

w i t h

y e l l o w a n d

g r e e n

d y e d p l u m e s

w r a p p e d

t o t h e

q u i l l

w i t h

s i n e w .

The

h a n g i n g

s k i n - s t r i p i s

p a i n t e d

r e d ;

f r o m

i t

h a n g

a b o u t

t e n

r e d - d y e d

f e a t h e r s ;

a n d a t t h e

e n d

a b i t o f b l u e

r i b b o n

a n d

a

s m a l l

p u r p l e - d y e d

p l u m e .

F i g . I 2 6

s h o w s

a f o r m

o f

q u i r t

more

o r l e s s

t y p i c a l

o f

t h e

g h o s t - d a n c e .

As i n

most

I n d i a n

w l h i p s ,

t h e h a n d l e

i s

much

more

p r o m i n e n t

t h a n

t h e w h i p i t s e l f .

I n

c e r e m o n i a l

w h i p s

s u c h

a s

t h i s ,

t h e

h a n d l e

i s

o f

c o u r s e

b y

f a r

t h e

most

i m p o r t a n t

F i g .

I 2 6

( 3 5 § 0 ) .

A

Q u i r t

u s e d

i n

t h e

G h o s t - d a n c e .

T o t a l

l e n g t h ,

9 8

c m .

p o r t i o n .

T h i s

p i e c e

s u g g e s t s

t h e

f e a t h e r e d

b o a r d

w a n d s

c a r -

r i e d

by t h e

d a n c e r s o f

t h e

t w o

h i g h e s t

d e g r e e s i n

t h e f i r s t

o f

t h e

s e r i e s o f

t r i b a l

c e r e m o n i e s .

S u c h

i m i t a t i o n s

w e r e

n o t

r a r e .

T h e

b l a c k

s w o r d

( F i g . 5 6 )

d e s c r i b e d i n

c o n n e c t i o n w i t h

t h e

r e g a l i a o f t h i s

f i r s t

d a n c e ' i s

a c t u a l l y

a

g h o s t - d a n c e

m o d e l

made i n

i m i t a t i o n

o f t h e

p r o p e r

r e g a l i a .

T h e

p r e s e n t

p i e c e

h a s

a

d i f f e r e n t

h a n d l e .

The

b o d y

i s a

b o a r d

a b o u t

t h r e e

i n c h e s

w i d e

a n d

a

f o o t a n d

a

h a l f

l o n g .

T h e

e n d

h a s o n e

l a r g e n o t c h .

One

e d g e i s

g r o o v e d , t h e

o t h e r

n o t c h e d .

The

w h i p

p r o p e r

c o n s i s t s

o f

a

t h o n g p a s s e d

t h r o u g h

a

h o l e

i n t h e

b o a r d

n e a r t h e

l a r g e n o t c h

a t t h e e n d ,

a n d

t h e n

p a s s e d t w i c e

t h r o u g h a

s p l i t

i n

i t s e l f ; s o

t h a t

b o t h

e n d s ,

w h i c h

a r e

o f

e q u a l

l e n g t h ,

h a n g

l o o s e .

The

b o a r d

p o r t i o n

o f t h e

i m p l e m e n t i s

p a i n t e d r e d

o n

b o t h

s i d e s . On

o n e

s i d e

t h e r e

i s

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I1907.]Krer,TeAaho35

a t

t h e

b o t t o m

a

s o m e w h a t

i r r e g u l a r

a r e a

a d j o i n i n g

t h e

h a n d l e ,

w h i c h

i s

p a i n t e d

b l a c k . T h i s

r e p r e s e n t s

a c l o u d .

F r om t h i s

i s s u e

t h r e e

wavy

i n c i s e d

l i n e s ,

two

p a i n t e d

b l a c k

a n d

one

y e l -

l o w ,

w h i c h

e x t e n d

t o

t h e

o p p o s i t e

e n d o f

t h e

b o a r d .

T h e s e

a r e

l i g h t n i n g - s y m b o l s .

On

t h e

o p p o s i t e

s i d e o f t h e

q u i r t

i s

a

l a r g e

c r o s s

p a i n t e d

b l a c k ,

a t t h e

f o o t

o f w h i c h a r e

s e v e r a l

i r r e g u l a r

a n d ,

i n

p a r t ,

b i f u r c a t e d

l i n e s .

T h i s

p i c t o g r a p h

r e p r e s e n t s

t h e

C h r i s t i a n c r o s s

w i t h

g r a s s g r o w i n g

a t i t s

b a s e .

A l o n g

o n e

e d g e

o f

t h e

b o a r d

a r e

n o t c h e s ,

w h i c h

were

c a l l e d

b o t h

  t e e t h

a n d

  s t e p s

t o t h e

s k y .

A

y e l l o w - p a i n t e d

g r o o v e

a l o n g

t h e

o p p o s i t e

e d g e was

c a l l e d a

  l i g h t n i n g - f l a s h .

The

r e l a t i o n o f

q u i r t s

o f t h i s t y p e

t o

t h e

f e a t h e r e d wands

o f

t h e

t r i b a l

c e r e -

m o n i e s

i s

made s t i l l c l e a r e r

b y

t h e

f a c t

t h a t t h e

owner

o f

t h i s

p i e c e

s t a t e d

t h a t

a n

e a g l e ' w i n g - f e a t h e r

s h o u l d b e

t i e d

t o

t h e

e n d

o f

t h e i m p l e m e n t .

A

q u i r t ( M u s e u m

N o .

- 1 ° g )

h a s

a

t w i s t e d

w o o d e n

h a n d l e ,

t w o

l e a t h e r

t h o n g s

a s

w h i p ,

a n d

a

b e a d e d

l o o p

o f

s k i n

t o

p a s s

a r o u n d

t h e w r i s t . T h e

s t i c k

i s

p a i n t e d

r e d ,

w i t h

g r e e n l i n e s

f o l l o w i n g i t s

s p i r a l t w i s t .

T h e

r e d

r e p r e s e n t s

l i g h t n i n g ; a n d

t h e g r e e n , c l o u d s .

T h e b e a d - w o r k

on t h e

l o o p

i s

c h i e f l y

w h i t e ,

and

r e p r e s e n t s

s n o w . S m a l l

o r n a m e n t s

on

t h i s

a r e

s t a r s .

T r i a n g u l a r f i g u r e s i n

b l a c k , b l u e , a n d

r e d

b e a d i n g ,

r e p r e s e n t

t h e

s k y

a n d c l o u d s . T h e

b l u e

i s

t h e

s k y ;

t h e

r e d ,

t h e

e v e n i n g

s k y ;

a n d

t h e

b l a c k

a r o u n d

t h e

o u t s i d e

o f

t h e

t r i a n g l e , c l o u d s .

A

f a n

o f b r o w n

h a w k - f e a t h e r s ( M u s e u m

N o .

6

% Q )

u s e d

a t t h e

c r o w - d a n c e

a n d

o n

s i m i l a r

o c c a s i o n s

i s

made

o f e i g h t

f e a t h e r s

s e t

i n t o

a

t r a p e z o i d a l

p i e c e

o f

r a w h i d e b e n t

o n

i t s e l f , r e c a l l i n g

t h e

c o n s t r u c t i o n o f

t h e u p r i g h t

h e a d - d r e s s e s u s e d

i n

t h e

b i i t a -

h a n w u

d a n c e . T h i s

p i e c e o f r a w h i d e

f o r m s t h e

h a n d l e

o f

t h e

f a n .

I t

i s

c o v e r e d w i t h

s o f t

s k i n p a i n t e d r e d ,

i s

e m b r o i d e r e d w i t h

b e a d s ,

a n d i s

s l i t

i n t o a s h o r t

f r i n g e

a b o v e .

F r om t h e bottom

a

f e w

l o n g e r

t h o n g s

h a n g d o w n ;

a t

t h e e n d s o f t h e s e

t h o n g s

a r e

a

f e w w h i t e

b e a d s .

The b e a d - w o r k o n b o t h

s i d e s

o f

t h e h a n d l e

i s

a p p r o x i m a t e l y

h e a r t - s h a p e d .

On

t h e

b a c k

i t

i s

l i g h t

b l u e

w i t h

a

r e d - a n d - w h i t e b o r d e r .

I n

t h e c e n tr e

i s a d a r k - b l u e

M a l t e s e

c r o s s . On

t h e f r o n t

i s

a

l i g h t - b l u e a r e a

i n

w h i c h

t h e r e

a r e

r e p r e s e n t e d

i n

d a r k - b l u e

b e a d s

a

b i r d

and

t w o s m a l l

c r o s s e s . A c r o s s

t h e

b r e a s t

o f

t h e b i r d i s a

c r e s c e n t

o f r e d

1 9 0 7 . 1

K r o e b e r ,

T h e

A r a ' p a h o .

3 5 5

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3

Bt~Ilt tin nrerimn Museum of Natural History [Vol

X V I I I

beads, the ends of the crescent pointing dotvnward.

From

the lower end of the handle there hang, besides the half-dozen

thongs mentioned, two spotted eagle-feathers ornamented a t

the base with bits of red and yellow ribbon. The edge of

one of these feathers is cu t into notches a few inches up from

its base. The heart-shaped figures of bead-work are said to

represent the heart. The bird is said to be the crow.

The

crossx are no doubt the morning star. The thongs are said

to represent rain; and the white beads a t their ends, hail.

Hand mirrors, usually mounted in carved ivooden frames,

are used by the Arapaho, as by the Assiniboine and by other

Plains tribes, in connection with the ceremonials that have

originated in recent times from or as the

Omaha, crow, or grass dance, and which also

received new impetus a t the time of the ghost-

dance. A southern Arapaho specimen ob-

tained by Rev.

W.

C

Roe is shown in Fig.

2

7

The wooden frame has much the shape

of a bootjack. A circular mirror about three

inches in diameter occupies the middle of

the side not shown in the illustration. Two

areas, one circular and one crescentic, are

cut through the wood. The mirror and the

round hole represent

the

sun; the crescent,

the moon. From the hole a wavy incised line

painted green issues, passes by the side of

the mirror, and thence in an irregular course

down one of the forked ends of the piece. Be-

low the mirror, a Maltese cross is cut in low

relief, and painted yellow. This is the inev-

itable morning star. Between each two of

Fig

27

s~).

its arms, two or three lines radiate, no doubt

Wooden Frame for a

Mirror. lAength, 5 indicating its shining. Along the edge of the

cm.: width cm.

inside of the fork, on one side only, is an incised

line painted yellow, the end of which touches the morning-

star figure.

This line is the path of the morning star.

On

the opposite side of the object, which is the one shown in th e

illustration, is a heavy incised line painted white, and nearly

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9roeber,

he

A r a p a h o .

s u r r o u n d i n g

t h e

c r e s c e n t i c

p o r t i o n

c u t

o u t

o f

t h e

w o o d .

F r om

o n e

h o r n

o f t h i s

s u r r o u n d i n g

c r e s c e n t i c l i n e a

s m a l l e r

w a v y , s o m e w h a t

i r r e g u l a r l i n e ,

p a i n t e d

w h i t e

a n d

g r e e n ,

e x -

t e n d s

d i a g o n a l l y

a

s h o r t d i s t a n c e

d o w n w a r d .

On t h e

o p p o s i t e

s i d e o f

t h i s

c r e s c e n t i c

f i g u r e

t h e

t w o l i n e s

d o

n o t

q u i t e

m e e t .

One

o f

t h e m

e n d s

i n

a n

i n c i s e d l i n e

p a i n t e d

b l u e

a n d

e x t e n d -

i n g down

t h e

e n t i r e

l e n g t h

o f

t h e

f o l l o w i n g

e d g e .

T h i s

i s

t h e

c o u r s e

o f

t h e

m o o n .

R o u g h l y p a r a l l e l

t o t h i s

g r e e n

l i n e ,

b u t

wavy

i n s t e a d

o f

s t r a i g h t ,

i s

a n

u n p a i n t e d

l i n e ,

w h i c h

t o u c h e s

t h e

e n d

o f

a n arm

o f

a

human

f i g u r e

i n t h e c e n t r e

o f

t h e

b o a r d .

T h i s human

f i g u r e ,

w h i c h

i s

i n

l o w

r e l i e f

a n d

p a i n t e d r e d ,

r e p -

r e s e n t s

t h e

o w n e r o f

t h e

i m p l e m e n t ;

a n d t h e l i n e i n c o n t a c t

w i t h

t h e e n d

o f

h i s arm i s

t h e

p a t h

o f h i s

l i f e .

T h e

f i g u r e

h o l d s

i n

t h e

o t h e r

o u t s t r e t c h e d arm a

p i p e

w i t h

b o w l

u p w a r d ,

a n d

o n

i t s h e a d

i s

a

g r e e n - p a i n t e d

s y m b o l r e p r e s e n t i n g

a

c e d a r -

b r a n c h w o r n

o n

t h e h e a d .

A l o n g

o n e e d g e o f t h e

p i e c e a r e

a n u m b e r o f

n o t c h e s ,

p a i n t e d g r e e n

a n d

r e p r e s e n t i n g

s t e p s

t o h e a v e n .

From

t h e

t o p

o f

t h e f r a m e

h a n g

t w o

r i b b o n s

a n d

t w o

s t r i p s

o f

w h i t e

f u r ,

a p p a r e n t l y

o f

a

h o r s e .

T h e s e , p e r h a p s ,

a r e s u b s t i t u t e s

f o r

w e a s e l - s k i n s .

A

f e a t h e r e d s t i c k

( P l a t e

L X X I X ) , x a w a a n ,

-used

i n

t h e

c r o w - d a n c e

a s

a

s i g n a l

t o

s t a r t

t h e

d a n c e ,

a n d

s t u c k

i n t o

t h e

g r o u n d

i n

t h e

i n t e r v a l s b e t w e e n

d a n c e s ,

-

i s

c o v e r e d w i t h

s k i n

p a i n t e d

b l u e

o r

g r e e n

t o

r e p r e s e n t

t h e

s k y . T h e m a g p i e , a n d ,

p e r h a p s ,

c r o w

f e a t h e r s

f a s t e n e d

t o

i t ,

a r e p e o p l e d a n c i n g .

Dyed

b i t s

o f

p l u m e s

a n d

f e a t h e r s ,

a t t a c h e d

t o

t h e

e n d s

o f

t h e

f e a t h e r s , r e p r e s e n t t h e

h e a d - d r e s s e s

w o r n

b y

t h e

d a n c e r s .

S m a l l

b t l l s

a t t a c h e d

a t e a c h e n d

o f

t h e

s t i c k

a r e b r e a t h

o r

s h o u t i n g

( n i i t o u h u u t ) .

T h e f e a t h e r s

a r e a t t a c h e d by t h o n g s

p a s s i n g t h r o u g h

a

p a i r

o f

s m a l l h o l e s

i n

t h e

s k i n ,

a n d

k n o t t e d .

O n e e n d o f

t h e

t h o n g

h a n g s

f r e e ,

t h e o t h e r i s

l a s h e d

t o

t h e

q u i l l

o f

a

f e a t h e r b y a w r a p p i n g

o f s i n e w .

An

i n t e r e s t i n g

c a n e w a s

o b t a i n e d

among t h e s o u t h e r n

A r a p a h o

( M u s e u m

N o .

5 6 ° 3 - ) .

I t

i s

s a i d t o

h a v e b e e n

c a r v e d

i n

a c c o r d a n c e

w i t h

a

v i s i o n ,

a n d i t i s t h e r e f o r e p r o b a b l y

m o r e o r l e s s c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e

g h o s t - d a n c e . I t

d o e s

n o t

s e e m

t o

h a v e

h a d a n y

s p e c i a l

p u r p o s e , o r t o h a v e

b e e n

u s e d

o n l y o n c e r t a i n

o c c a s i o n s ,

b u t

t o h a v e b e e n c a r r i e d

w h e n e v e r

I

9 0 7 . ]

3 5

7

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358

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n

Museum

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y . [ V o l .

X V I I I ,

t h e r e

was

s u i t a b l e

o p p o r t u n i t y ,

a s

a t

g a t h e r i n g s

o r d a n c e s .

At

s u c h t i m e s ,

i t was s a i d

t o h a v e b e e n g e n e r a l l y

r e p a i n t e d .

A t

t h e t o p

o f

t h e

c a n e

i s a

b r a s s

c a p ,

a n d

f r o m t h i s h a n g

a

number

o f

m a g p i e

a n d

o t h e r f e a t h e r s .

T h e s e a r e t h e

o n l y

o r n a m e n t s

o f

t h e

s t i c k ,

o t h e r t h a n t h e

c a r v i n g .

The

l o w e r

t h i r d

o f t h e

c a n e

i s c a r v e d

w i t h

f o u r

p a r a l l e l

l i n e s

w i n d i n g

i n

a

s p i r a l

s i x

t i m e s a r o u n d

t h e s t i c k .

T h e s e

a r e

s a i d t o

r e p r e s e n t

l i g h t n i n g .

A b o v e

t h e s e

s p i r a l

l i n e s

a r e

t w o

f i g u r e s

o f

f i s h ,

on

o p p o s i t e

s i d e s

o f

t h e

c a n e ,

s o

a r r a n g e d

t h a t

t h e

t i p s

o f t h e i r

f i n s a n d

t a i l s

a r e

i n c o n t a c t . T h i s a r r a n g e m e n t

h o l d s

a l s o

f o r

t h e f i g u r e s

on

t h e

r e m a i n d e r

o f t h e

c a n e ,

w h i c h

a r e

a l w a y s

i n

p a i r s

t h a t

a r e

i n

c o n t a c t .

A b o v e

t h e

f i s h

come

d e e r - h e a d s

w i t h o u t

h o r n s ,

r e p r e s e n t i n g

d o e s ;

a n d

a b o v e

t h e s e ,

i n r e l i e f ,

i s

a

p l a i n

b a n d a b o u t a n

i n c h

i n

w i d t h .

N e x t

f o l l o w

d e e r - h e a d s

w i t h

d o u b l e - b r a n c h i n g

h o r n s , k i t - f o x e s ,

d e e r - h e a d s w i t h

o n c e -

b r a n c h e d

h o r n s ,

a n d

a g a i n

k i t - f o x e s .

T h e f e a t h e r s

h a n g i n g

f r o m t h e

t o p

o f

t h e

s t i c k

a r e

s a i d

t o

d e n o t e

p e o p l e

a n d

c l o u d s .

F o r k e d

s t i c k s

o f

some

l e n g t h ,

p o i n t e d

a t t h e

b o t t o m ,

a r e

u s e d i n t h e c r o w ,

a n d

p e r h a p s

i n

t h e

g h o s t ,

d a n c e

t o

t a k e

meat

f r o m

k e t t l e s .

Two

s p e c i m e n s

f r o m

t h e

n o r t h e r n

A r a p a h o

a r e

i n

t h e

M u s e u m .

O n e

o f

t h e s e

( M u s e u m

N o .

T 0 - T )

i s

h i g h e r

t h a n a

man,

a n d

i t i s

w r a p p e d

f o r

t h e

g r e a t e r

p a r t

o f

i t s

l e n g t h w i t h

w o o l l y

b u f f a l o - s k i n .

N e a r t h e

p o i n t

o f

t h e

f o r k , a n d

a t e a c h

o f

t h e

e n d s

o f t h e

f o r k , a n

e a g l e - f e a t h e r

i s

a t t a c h e d b y

a

y e l l o w

t h o n g .

The

w h i t e

p o r t i o n

o f

t h e s e

f e a t h e r s

i s

s t a i n e d

s o m e w h a t

y e l l o w .

The

t h r e e f e a t h e r s

a r e

t i p p e d

w i t h

r e d p l u m e s

a t t a c h e d

w i t h brown c e m e n t .

F r om o n e e n d

o f

t h e

f o r k

t h e r e

h a n g s

a l s o a t u f t

o f g r e e n - d y e d

h o r s e h a i r ;

f r o m

t h e

o t h e r ,

g r e e n a n d

r e d h o r s e h a i r .

N e a r

t h e

l o w e r

e n d ,

t h e

s t i c k

i s

w r a p p e d

w i t h b l u e

c l o t h

i n s t e a d

o f w i t h

b u f f a l o - h a i r . At

e a c h e n d

o f t h i s c l o t h - w r a p p e d

p o r t i o n

o f

t h e

s t i c k a r e t u f t s

o f

r e d - d y e d h o r s e h a i r .

The v e r y

l o w e s t

e n d o f

t h e s t i c k i s

p a i n t e d y e l l o w .

F i g .

1 2 8

s h o w s

a f o r k

o f

a b o u t

h a l f

t h e l e n g t h

o f

t h e

p r e -

c e d i n g .

The

s t i c k

i s

p a i n t e d

o r a n g e - y e l l o w ,

and a b o u t

t h e

m i d d l e , i n c l u d i n g

t h e e n t i r e

l e n g t h

o f t h e

s h o r t e r

p r o n g , i s

w r a p p e d

w i t h l i g h t - b l u e

b e a d s .

Y e l l o w and

g r e e n

b a n d s o n

t h i s

l i g h t - b l u e

g r o u n d - c o l o r

a r e

s a i d t o

d e n o t e s o n g s . F r om

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1907 1

Kroeber The Arpaho .

359

each end of the fork hang two

brown-and-white hawk or eagle

feathers tipped with unusually long

tufts of light-blue hair.

Fig. 29 shows an implement

used in the ghost-dance apparently

to aid in the act of hypnotization

of the dancer. I t consists of a

longer and a shorter stick enclosed

in a single covering of skin which

holds them together and forms a

joint where the ends of the two

sticks meet. At the opposite end

of the smaller stick the skin cover-

ing is stuffed to form a head

for

the implement. I t is said th at

when the object is held at the

joint and a dancer is tapped over

the body with it it makes him

dizzy. From the lower end of the

specimen hang a few strips of skin.

The skin covering is painted dark

green. On each side of the head is

embr0idered.a rude representation

of a crow. On one side this em-

broidery is red for the head and

body and white for the tail and

wings. On the opposite side of the

head the two colors are reversed.

Model of Sacred

Pipe ig. 30

shows a wooden model of the sacred

tribal flat pipe with accompani-

ments as i t was seen in a dream

by the maker and made by him in

connection with the ghost-dance.

This man though elderly had

never seen the sacred pipe itself

as he is a southern Arapaho: con-

Fig

~ 8

T ).

Pointed Stick used

in servmg Meat. Length

9 5

cm

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6 0 Bu llet in Anzeyican useum o f N a t u m l U i s t o v [Vo l . XVI I I

sequently his pipe differs materially from the actual sacred

pipe, which is tubular. On one side of the present pipe is

carved a turtle; on the other, a duck.

These two

animals were the ones that dived for the ear th

under the direction of our father, who, with the

pipe, at first existed alone.

According to the present

informant, the duck dived first, but failed to reach

the earth a t the bottom. The fathe r'then called it

in his thoughts to the small spot of land on which he

was. The duck was the first being to place its foot

on this. After this, the turtle dived, and brought back

a little mud in its

claws.

On the same sides of the

pipe on which are the figures of the duck and turtle

there are also carved small triangles, and , issuing from

each of these, a carved line painted in different colors

in various parts of its length. The triangles are hearts

;

and the lines, thoughts (kakaG$etcanan) Near the

mouth-end of the pipe there is a ttached a bunch of

feathers and

a

china gorget (beii). As the pipe is

Fig.

29

ordinarily held, this is in front of the smoker's throat.

Hypnotiz

ing

The feathers are from crows, ducks, and geese. The

43 crow is one of the sacred birds of the ghost-dance

;

cm.

the duck is connected with the sacred pipe; and of

the geese i t is said, tha t , a t the beginning of the world, they

flew about looking for land on which to settle, to which

action there is also a reference in the sun-dance.

TTTith the pipe are four flat sticks, each somewhat over a

foot in length and an inch in width. These are painted, cov-

ered with incised carvings, and the incisions are also painted,

The pipe is carried in the hand during the ghost-dance, with

two of the sticks (which are green) held alongside of i t , and

the two others (which are red) outside of these.

The picto-

graphic carving on both sides of the four sticks is interpreted

from below upwards, on each stick, in the following order

At the bottom of the first stick (Fig.

I

Plate ~ x x x )s a

picture of the father who directed the duck and the turtle to

dive. Following him are figures of the duck and the turt le ,

and then of a person representing mankind. Above him is

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1907.1

K r oe be r T h e A r a j a h o .

36

the crow, then there is a rosebush (yeiniici), the first plant on

earth.

On the opposite side of this stick is represented the sacred

tribal pipe. A black oblong figure is the life-symbol, hiiteni.

Then follows niihi ( bird, or sometimes specifically eagle ).

Fig.

I3 35 , d , Model of

t h e S a c r e d

Tribal Flat Pipe

L e n g th

39

cm.

On another stick (Fig. 2) are two figures of women, one

yellow and the other red, praying while holding shinny-sticks.

A green oblong figure represents the eart h; the birds are crows;

and a green-triangle in a black rectangle is a woman's heart.

A woman's figure in green and yellow represents the mythical

character Whirlwind-Woman, who assisted in the making of

the earth. Above her are four lines of different colors,

black, yellow, green, white, representing four winds; and a

black area at the end of the stick denotes the sky.

On the other side of this stick are represented successively

a person; a te nt ; a buffalo, signifying the sun-dance; a white

buff a10, signifying the women's buff alo-dance ; a magpie ; a

crow; a spirit, literally, shadow (bataasan) wearing an upright

how a t the back of his head in place of the ordinary feather; and

a

black heart (denoting sleep and dreams) in a green rectangle.

The third stick (Fig. I Plate LXXXI) shows in sequence the

moon

;

a bird painted red

;

a black tent, supposed to be in

the sky ; a person, denoting mankind ; a bow and arrow ; the

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3 6 2

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n

Museum

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y . [ V o l .

X V I I I ,

m o o n ;

t h e

m o r n i n g

s t a r

a n d

a

l i n e

f r o m

i t ,

w h i c h

d e n o t e s

i t s

c o u r s e

a s i t

r i s e s .

The

f i r s t moon i s

c i r c u l a r ;

t h e

s e c o n d ,

an

i n v e r t e d

c r e s c e n t .

The o p p o s i t e

s i d e

o f

t h i s s t i c k i s

g r e e n ,

a n d

d e n o t e s

t h e

e a r t h .

T h e r e i s

p a i n t e d

o n

i t a

y e l l o w

a r r o w ,

t h e means o f

s u b s i s t e n c e .

The

f o u r t h s t i c k

( F i g .

2 )

i s

c a r v e d

o n

o n e s i d e

w i t h

t h e

f i g u r e s

s u c c e s s i v e l y ' o f

a

w e a s e l ;

a

c e d a r ,

w h i c h i s

u s e d

f o r

i n c e n s e ;

a

b i r d

p a i n t e d

y e l l o w ,

a n d

i n d i c a t i n g p a i n t ;

a

y e l l o w

a n d a

g r e e n

wavy l i n e ,

r e p r e s e n t i n g

t h e

b i r d ' s

s i g h t

( 9 a n a n ) ;

t h e

m o o n ,

r e p r e s e n t e d

b y

a

s o l i d

b l a c k

c i r c l e ;

t h e

s t a r s ,

i n d i c a t -

e d

b y s m a l l

d o t s ;

a n d t h e

s k y , r e p r e s e n t e d

b y

a

r e c t a n g u l a r

b l a c k

a r e a .

On t h e

o p p o s i t e

s i d e i s

a b l a c k

f i g u r e

o f

a

p i p e .

S e v e n

h o l e s

a t

t h e

u p p e r

e n d

o f

t h i s s i d e

o f

t h e s t i c k d e n o t e

t h e

s e v e n

o l d

m e n .

T h i s

s i d e

o f

t h e

s t i c k

h a s

a

n u m b e r

o f

' n o t c h e s

d r a w n

t r a n s v e r s e l y

a c r o s s

i t . Some

o f

t h e s e p a s s

e n t i r e l y

a c r o s s

t h e

s t i c k ,

a n d

a r e

p a i n t e d

s o

a s

t o

b e

r e d

a n d

w h i t e ;

b u t

t h e

m a j o r i t y

a r e

s m a l l e r .

T h e

n o t c h e s

d e n o t e

l a p s e

o f

t i m e ,

- t h e

l a r g e r

o n e s ,

t h e t i m e o f

w h i c h

t h e r e

i s

k n o - w l e d g e ;

a n d

t h e

more numerous

o n e s ,

t h e

t i m e

p r e v i o u s .

I t d o e s

n o t

a p p e a r

t h a t t h e

n o t c h e s

w e r e

i n t e n d e d

t o

r e p r e s e n t

y e a r s

o r

o t h e r d e f i n i t e

p e r i o d s .

T h e t o t a l

n u m b e r o n

t h e s t i c k i s

a

h u n d r e d a n d

n i n e t y ;

b u t t h e

m a k e r

w a s

u n d e r

t h e

i m p r e s -

s i o n

t h a t

t h e

number

w a s

l a r g e r .

T h e

o w n e r

o f t h i s

m o d e l

o f

t h e

s a c r e d

p i p e p o s s e s s e d

a l s o

a

g u e s s i n g - g a m e

s e t w i t h

n u m e r o u s

a c c o m p a n y i n g

h e a d - d r e s s e s

( p a r t l y

s h o w n i n

F i g . i ,

P l a t e

L X I X ;

F i g . i , P l a t e

L X X I ;

a n d

F i g .

I 3 8 )

a n d

t h e

c e r e m o n i a l

q u i r t

o f

F i g .

I 2 6 .

T h e

f o l l o w i n g

i s

a n

a p p r o x i m a t e

t r a n s l a t i o n

o f a p r a y e r

a d d r e s s e d

t o

t h i s

m o d e l o f

t h e

s a c r e d

p i p e b y i t s

o w n e r ' s

w i f e

o n

p a r t i n g

w i t h

i t :

-

  T h r o u g h

r e v e r e n c e

I

h a v e n e v e r

g i v e n y o u

u p .

I

h a v e

k e p t

y o u

p u r e .

I

h a v e

p r a y e d

t o

y o u .

I

w i s h

t o

l i v e

i n

h a p -

p i n e s s w h i l e t h e

s u n

t r a v e l s

a n d r u n s .

I

w i s h

f o r

l o n g

b r e a t h

w h i l e

t h e

t e n t

s t a n d s

f a s t . I

w e n t w i t h

y o u , a n d y o u

w e n t

b e f o r e

m e .

P i t y

m e , w i t h

my d e a r

c h i l d r e n

a n d t h e

m a n ,

my

h u s b a n d ,

who

l i v e s

w i t h m e .

I

know

i t

w i l l

b e

a g o o d , a n d

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K r o e b e r ,

T h e

A r a p a h o .

s a f e

p l a c e

w h e r e

y o u

w i l l

b e ,

my

g r a n d f a t h e r .

M y

f a t h e r ,

we

p a r t

f r o m

y o u

t h a t

i t

ma y

b e

g o o d .

Remember

u s .

E v e r y

m o r n i n g

we

w i l l

b e

p o o r .

I t

i s n o t we

who

g i v e y o u

u p ,

i t

i s

o u r

f a t h e r .

From

t h i s

t i m e

o n t h e r e

ma y

b e

l o n g

l i f e ,

a n d

a

t e n t ,

a n d

h a p p i n e s s ,

a n d

a

g o o d

h e a r t ,

u n t i l t h e

t i m e

made

by

o u r

f a t h e r

f o r

m e e t i n g

a g a i n

w i t h

a l l

my

c h i l d r e n

a n d

my

r e l a t i v e s ,

when

t h e y w i l l

s m i l e

on

a c c o u n t

o f

t h e

f o o d ,

a n d

a s

t h e y

m e e t o n e

a n o t h e r

a n d

a r e

t o g e t h e r .

W e

h a v e

t o l d

o f

y o u r

d i r e c t i o n s

t o

u s

t h a t

a r e

p o w e r f u l

a n d

a b o v e

u s .

P i t y u s ,

a n d

l e t

t h e

way

we

t r a v e l

on

t h e

e a r t h

b e

c l e a r ,

a n d l e t i t b e

s m o o t h

b e f o r e

o u r

w a l k i n g .

M ay

o u r

l i f e

b e

g o o d a n d

e a s y

d u r i n g

t h e

d a y ;

l e t

s i c k n e s s

b e

f a r

a w a y .

T h i s

p e r s o n [ t h e

i n t e r p r e t e r ]

who i s

s e r v i n g ,

ma y

h e

t r a v e l

w h e r e

i t

i s

g o o d

d u r i n g

t h e d a y ,

a n d

s l e e p a t

n i g h t .

I

a s k

t h i s f o r

h i m .

Y o u r

b o d y i s

g o i n g

away

w i t h t h i s

w h i t e

m a n .

T h a n k s . I t

i s

w e l l . I

t h i n k

o f

y o u ,

a n d

s h a l l

n e v e r

f o r g e t

y o u r

p u r p o s e s

a n d

y o u r

i n s t r u c t i o n s ,

my g r a n d f a t h e r .

M y

f a t h e r , ,

i t

i s

w e l l .

I

a m

g l a d

f o r

f o o d

a n d

c l o t h i n g

a n d

h o r s e s

o f

d i f f e r e n t c o l o r s .

T h a n k s . I

s a y t o

y o u , P i t y

u s .

D o

n o t

f o r g e t

u s ,

f o r

I

w i t h

my c h i l d r e n

a m

p o o r .

I

d o

n o t

t h i n k t o o

much

o f

m y s e l f ,

t h e r e f o r e

I

p r a y

t o

y o u .

T h a n k s ,

t h a n k s ,

my

g r a n d f a t h e r

a n d

my f a t h e r .

D u r i n g d a y a n d

n i g h t a

l a s t i n g l i f e

-that

I

a s k o f

y o u .

THE

C R O W - D A N C E .

-

T h e

f o l l o w i n g

i s

a n

a c c o u n t o f

p a r t o f

a

c r o w - d a n c e

s e e n

i n

S e p t e m b e r ,

I 8 9 9 ,

among t h e

s o u t h e r n

A r a p a h o .

T h e

d a n c e

w a s

h e l d i n

a

c o n f i n e d

c a m p - c i r c l e

n e a r

t h e n o r t h

f o r k

o f t h e

C a n a d i a n

R i v e r .

T h e

d a n c i n g - p l a c e

w a s

i n

t h e

m i d d l e

o f t h i s

c a m p - c i r c l e ,

t h e

g r o u n d o f

w h i c h w a s n o t

q u i t e

l e v e l .

Two

o r

t h r e e

s i d e s o f

t h e

d a n c i n g - p l a c e

w e r e

s u r r o u n d e d

b y s h e l t e r s

o f

s t i c k s

a n d

c a n v a s .

T h e

o l d a n d

m i d d l e - a g e d

me n

s a t

o n

t h e

w e s t ;

t h e

d a n c e r s , t o

t h e

s o u t h

a n d

t h e n o r t h

o f

t h e

d a n c i n g - p l a c e ,

s p e c t a t o r s ' s t a n d i n g

b e h i n d

t h e m .

At

t h e

e a s t e r n

e n d w a s

t h e

d r u m .

H e r e

t h e r e

w e r e

f o u r

women

who

a c t e d

a s

s e r v a n t s

f o r t h e

d a n c e . M o s t

o f

t h e women

w e r e

o n

t h e

e a s t e r n

s i d e

o f

t h e

d a n c i n g - p l a c e .

T h e

s o n g s

w e r e

c o m p a r a t i v e l y s h o r t , '

a n d

t h e

i n t e r m i s s i o n s

a t

f i r s t o f s o m e

l e n g t h ,

e s p e c i a l l y

when

h o r s e s

w e r e

g i v e n a w a y ,

o r

a n n o u n c e -

3 6 3

1 9 0 7 . ]

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364

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n

Museum

o f A T a t u r a l

H i s t o r y . [ V o l .

X V I I I ,

m e n t s m a d e .

T o w a r d

t h e

e n d

o f

t h e

d a n c i n g ,

h o w e v e r ,

l a t e

i n t h e

a f t e r n o o n ,

t h e

i n t e r m i s s i o n s

g r e w

s h o r t e r

a n d

s h o r t e r .

T h e d a n c i n g

d i d

n o t

b e g i n

u n t i l

a b o u t

t h e m i d d l e

o f t h e

a f t e r -

n o o n , a n d

l a s t e d

p e r h a p s

t h r e e h o u r s . The drum

h u n g

o v e r

f o u r

s t i c k s ;

a n d

a b o u t

e i g h t

men s a t

c r o w d e d

c l o s e l y t o g e t h e r

a r o u n d

i t , s i n g i n g , a n d a l l

b e a t i n g i t i n

u n i s o n ,

w i t h

s t i c k s t h e

e n d s

o f

- w h i c h w e r e

w r a p p e d

w i t h c l o t h .

I n

b e a t i n g

t h e

d r u m ,

t h e y moved t h e i r

e n t i r e

b o d y .

T h e i r

s i n g i n g

was

i n

t h e

t h r o a t ,

b u t

v e r y

much

c o n s t r a i n e d ,

a n d

w i t h o u t a n

a t t e m p t

a t

p r o -

d u c i n g

a c l e a r

s o u n d . A s i s

c u s t o m a r y , t h e y

a l s o

d i d

n o t

s i n g

l o u d l y . T h e y

l o o k e d e i t h e r

a t

t h e

d r u m ,

o r

s t r a i g h t

i n

f r o n t o f

t h e m ,

w i t h o u t

w a t c h i n g

t h e d a n c i n g .

T h e

drummers

w e r e

a l l

c o m p a r a t i v e l y y o u n g

m e n . T h e

d r u m m i n g

a n d

s i n g -

i n g f o r e a c h d a n c e

b e g a n

l o w .

As t h e

drumming r o s e

i n

v o l -

u m e ,

t h e d a n c e r s

g o t

u p

f r o m t h e i r

p l a c e s .

T h e

d a n c e r s were

v e r y v a r i o u s l y

d r e s s e d .

Some o f

them

w o r e c r o w - t a i l s ,

a n d o t h e r s h a d o t h e r

f e a t h e r o r n a m e n t s .

Some

- w e r e

e n t i r e l y

n a k e d ,

e x c e p t

f o r

a

b r e e c h - c l o t h ;

b u t

t h e s e

g e n e r a l l y c a r r i e d

s o m e t h i n g i n t h e i r h a n d s .

K n e e - b a n d s

w i t h

r a t t l e s ,

a n d e s p e c i a l l y w i t h b e l l s ,

w e r e

w o r n

b y

m a n y .

A

l a r g e

p r o p o r t i o n c a r r i e d

c e r e m o n i a l

o b j e c t s

o f

s o m e

k i n d .

O n e

ma n

w a s p a i n t e d

e n t i r e l y r e d

o v e r

t h e

b o d y ;

s o m e ,

y e l l o w ;

s o m e ,

c h i e f l y

b l a c k .

One

ma n

h a d

h a n d - m a r k s i n r e d

a n d

b l a c k

s l a p p e d o v e r h i s b o d y . One

ma n

w a s

p a i n t e d b l a c k

o n

o n e

s i d e

a n d

y e l l o w

o n t h e o t h e r ; a n o t h e r ,

r e d a b o v e ,

a n d

b l u e

b e l o w .

T h e

p a i n t i n g

w a s

q u i t e

d i f f e r e n t

f r o m

t h e

s u n - d a n c e

p a i n t i n g i n

i t s

g e n e r a l l a c k

o f c h a r a c t e r .

E v e r v

ma n

d r e s s e d

d i f f e r e n t l y ,

a p p a r e n t l y

m e r e l y

f o l l o w i n g h i s

c h o i c e ;

a n d t h e r e w a s a n

a l m o s t

e q u a l

d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e p a i n t -

i n g a n d

i n

t h e d a n c e - s t e p s .

T h e

d a n c e r s

moved

a b o u t

a t random

a n d

i r r e g u l a r l y

w i t h i n

t h e

s q u a r e d a n c i n g - s p a c e ,

p a s s i n g o n e

a n o t h e r

i n

a l l

d i r e c t i o n s .

Some

o f

t h e

d a n c e r s

moved r a t h e r v i o l e n t l y ; o t h e r s ,

r a t h e r

s l o w l y

a n d

q u i e t l y .

T h e

o n l y

f e a t u r e

common

t o

t h e

d a n c i n g

o f

a l l

w a s t h e

d o u b l e - s t e p , w i t h

a

g r e a te r o r

l e s s

f o r w a r d

i n c l i -

n a t i o n

o f

t h e

b o d y , f a m i l i a r

f r o m I n d i a n d a n c e s . T h e

d e g r e e

o f

t h i s i n c l i n a t i o n

a n d o f t h e

g e s t i c u l a t i o n

v a r i e d

i n

g r e a t

m e a s u r e w i t h t h e

r a p i d i t y

o f

t h e

s o n g s a n d

d r u m m i n g . T h e

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K r o e b e r ,

The A r a p a h o .

a r m s

w e r e

c a r r i e d

a t

p l e a s u r e .

A

m i d d l e - a g e d

man

who

was

r e g a r d e d

a s t h e

b e s t .

d a n c e r

was o n e

o f

t h e most

s e d a t e ,

a n d

h i s

d a n c i n g

d i f f e r e d l e s s

f r o m

o r d i n a r y

w a l k i n g

t h a n

t h a t

o f

t h e

o t h e r s . He

p u t

down h i s

f o o t a l m o s t

f l a t ,

a n d

r a i s e d i t

o n l y

s l i g h t l y

a t t h e

h e e l

f o r

t h e

s e c o n d

p a r t

o f

t h e

s t e p ,

b u t

t h e n

s e t

i t

down

o n

t h e

g r o u n d

w i t h

g r e a t

t e n s i o n

a n d

some

t r e m o r .

Some

me n

s w u n g

t h e i r

f e e t ,

a n d

o t h e r s

s h u f f l e d

t h e m ; s o m e ,

a f t e r

p u t t i n g

t h e f o o t

d o w n ,

m e r e l y

r a i s e d t h e m s e l v e s

on

t h e

t o e

f o r

t h e s e c o n d

p a r t

o f

t h e

s t e p .

The w omen d a n c e d

much

m o r e

s l o w l y

a n d

h e a v i l y

t h a n

t h e

m e n ;

t h e

s e c o n d

p a r t

o f

e a c h

d a n c e - s t e p

b e i n g

o n l y

a

s i n k i n g - d o w n

o f

t h e

b o d y

on

t h e

f o o t .

O n e

o l d

w o m a n ,

h o w e v e r ,

r a i s e d

h e r

f e e t ,

a n d

s k i p p e d

a l o n g

w i t h

a

l i t t l e

s w i n g .

A f t e r a f e w

s o n g s ,

h o r s e s

w e r e l e d

i n t o

t h e

d a n c i n g - p l a c e ,

a l l

o f

t h e m l o a d e d

w i t h

p r o p e r t y .

A

c r i e r ,

who

w o r e

a s o r t

o f

f l a g

a s

b l a n k e t ,

c a l l e d o u t

t h e

n a m e s

o f

t h e

r e c i p i e n t s ,

who

r e c e i v e d

a s t i c k

f r o m

t h e

d o n o r .

I n

s o m e

c a s e s ,

t h e h o r s e

w a s

n o t

a c t u a l l y

b r o u g h t

t o

t h e

d a n c i n g - p l a c e .

T h e

r e c i p i e n t

t h e n

t h a n k e d

t h e

d o n o r

a n d

h i s

w i f e ,

o r ,

i f

i t

w a s

a

w o m a n ,

h e r

a n d

h e r

h u s b a n d o r

h e r

c h i l d r e n , b y

p a s s i n g h i s

h a n d down

i n

f r o n t o f

t h e i r

f o r e h e a d s

a n d

f a c e s .

S o m e t i m e s

t h e

d o n o r

w a s

k i s s e d ,

a n d

o c c a s i o n a l l y

e m b r a c e d .

A f t e r

t h i s ,

t h e

r e c i p -

i e n t

w e n t

b a c k t o h i s

p l a c e

among

t h e

s p e c t a t o r s .

S e v e r a l

o l d

w o m e n ,

a f t e r

r e c e i v i n g

g i f t s ,

s t o o d

u p

i n

t h e

d a n c i n g - p l a c e ,

a n d

s a n g .

Many

o f

t h e

h o r s e s w e r e

g i v e n

away f o r

e a r - p i e r c i n g

o r

h a i r - c u t t i n g

p e r f o r m e d

o n

c h i l d r e n .

T h e

c h i l d r e n

w e r e

b r o u g h t

i n

a n d

t h e m o t i o n s

o f

p i e r c i n g

t h e

e a r w e r e

g o n e

t h r o u g h

w i t h

a

s t i c k ;

b u t t h e

p i e r c i n g

w a s

n o t

a c t u a l l y

d o n e

u n t i l

s u b s e q u e n t l y .

T h e

ma n

t o

d o

t h e

p i e r c i n g

s t o o d

b e f o r e

t h e

d r u m ,

f a c i n g

i t , a n d

t o l d

a

w a r - s t o r y ,

g e n e r a l l y i n a

l o w

v o i c e ,

b u t

w i t h

g e s t u r e s .

A t t h e

m e n t i o n o f

t h e

d e e d ,

t h e

drum

w a s

s t r u c k

s h a r p l y t w o

o r

f o u r

t i m e s ,

a n d t h e

women

c r i e d

  N i i i i i

Young men

w h o

h a d

n o t b e e n t o

w a r , a n d

w e r e

g i v e n

a

h o r s e

f o r

p i e r c i n g

a

c h i l d ' s

e a r ,

g o t

a n

o l d e r

ma n

t o

c o u n t

c o u p

f Q r

t h e m ,

a n d

s u b s e q u e n t l y

g a v e

h i m

s o m e o f

t h e

p r o p e r t y r e c e i v e d

w i t h

t h e

h o r s e . O n e

y o u n g ma n

c h a n g e d

h i s

n a m e .

A s

h e

s t o o d

a t t h e

w e s t e r n

e n d

o f t h e

o p e n

p l a c e ,

f a c i n g

w e s t w a r d , a n

o l d

ma n

s t o o d

b e h i n d

h i m ,

a n d

s p o k e

3 6 5

9 0 7 . ]

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366

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n Museum

o f N a t u r a l H i s t o r y .

[ V o l .

X V I I I ,

l o u d l y

f o r

s o m e

t i m e ,

p a r t

o f

h i s

s p e e c h b e i n g

a

w a r - e x p e r i -

e n c e .

O n e ma n

g a v e

a

h o r s e

a n d

b u g g y

f o r t h e

e a r - p i e r c i n g

o f

a g r a n d c h i l d

o n l y

a

f e w

d a y s

o l d . T h r e e

v i s i t i n g

n o r t h e r n

A r a p a h o f r o m

Wyoming r e c e i v e d many

g i f t s ,

e s p e c i a l l y

o f

m o n e y ,

i n

o r d e r t o

e n a b l e

t h e m

t o

r e t u r n h o m e . W h e n

t h e

c r i e r h i m s e l f r e c ei v e d a s t i c k

i n d i c a t i n g

t h e

g i f t

o f

a

h o r s e ,

a n d

c a l l e d

o u t  

Hahou

 

( t h a n k s ) ,

t h e r e

was

a

g e n e r a l

l a u g h .

M o s t o f t h e h o r s e s b r o u g h t

i n t o

t h e

d a n c i n g - p l a c e

t o

b e

g i v e n

away

w e r e

p a i n t e d

i n

y e l l o w

w i t h

s p o t s

o n t h e

s h o u l d e r s ,

a

s t r i p e

down

t h e

b a c k

a n d

s o m e t i m e s

a c r o s s

t h e

h i n d

q u a r -

t e r s ,

a c i r c l e a r o u n d

t h e

e y e ,

a n d

w i t h

t h e

mane

a n d t a i l

y e l -

l o w e d .

A

f e w

h o r s e s

o f

d a r k

c o l o r

w e r e

p a i n t e d

i n

g r e e n .

W i t h i n

t h e

d a n c i n g - p l a c e

w e r e

t h r e e

p o l e s

t o

w h i c h

f l a g s

w e r e

f a s t e n e d .

T h e

m i d d l e

o f

t h e s e

w a s

a f a v o r i t e

p l a c e

f o r

m i d d l e - a g e d

a n d o l d

women t o s t a n d a n d

c r y ,

r a i s i n g

t h e i r

r i g h t h a n d .

T h e

c r y i n g

w a s

c e r e m o n i a l ,

r e s e m b l i n g '

a

c h a n t .

A

C h e y e n n e

woman

p r o v i d e d

f o o d

f o r

a l l

t h e

d a n c e r s

a n d

s p e c t a t o r s ,

a n d ,

i n r e t u r n ,

p r o p e r t y

was

c o n t r i b u t e d

f o r

h e r .

S h e r e c e i v e d

s e v e r a l

l a r g e

b u n d l e s

o f

c a l i c o

a n d

b l a n k e t s .

A l t o g e t h e r ,

a b o u t f o r t y

h o r s e s

w e r e

g i v e n

a w a y .

T h e

f o u r

women

who

a c t e d

a s

s e r v a n t s

f o r

t h e

d a n c e

s o m e t i m e s d r o v e

away

t h e

d o g s

t h a t

f o u n d

t h e i r

wa y

t o

t h e

d a n c i n g - p l a c e .

T o w a r d

t h e e n d

o f

t h e

a f t e r n o o n

t h e r e

w e r e

s e v e r a l m o r e

s p e c i a l d a n c e s , - o n e

f o r f o o d , a n o t h e r

w i t h

b o w s

a n d

a r -

r o w s ,

a n d

a

t h i r d

w i t h s p o o n s .

A

k e t t l e

o f f o o d

w a s

b r o u g h t i n .

T h e

f r o n t

row

o f

p e o p l e

a r o u n d

t h e d a n c i n g - p l a c e

r o s e

a n d

d a n c e d i n t h e i r

p l a c e s ,

t h u s

f o r m i n g

a

h o l l o w

s q u a r e .

Then

t h r e e

o r

f o u r

c r o w

t a i l - p i e c e s

w e r e

l a i d o n

t h e

g r o u n d

t o

t h e

n o r t h

a n d s o u t h .

A t

t h e

e a s t , f o u r

me n

s t o o d up

i n f r o n t o f

t h e

d r u m , a n d

d a n c e d s t a n d i n g

t h e r e . A b o u t t e n

me n g o t u p

o n

t h e

n o r t h e r n

a n d

s o u t h e r n

s i d e s o f t h e

d a n c i n g - p l a c e ,

f a c i n g

e a c h o t h e r .

T h e s e

t w o b o d i e s

d a n c e d

s t a n d i n g .

Then e a c h

b o d y

f o l l o w e d

o n e

o r

t w o

l e a d e r s ,

t u r n i n g a b o u t . T h r e e

o r

f o u r

o f

t h e

l e a d e r s

t o o k

u p

t h e

c r o w

t a i l - p i e c e s ,

a n d

p u t

them

o n .

The

s i n g i n g now

b e c a m e

much

f a s t e r a n d

m o r e e x c i t e d .

T h e

t w o g r o u p s now

d a n c e d a r o u n d t h e

d a n c i n g - p l a c e

t o m e e t

e a c h

o t h e r . On

c o m i n g

t o g e t h e r , t h e

l e a d e r s o f

e a c h

l i n e

w o u l d

r e c o i l

s o m e w h a t , a n d

make

a

g e s t u r e ,

w h e r e u p o n t h e t w o

l i n e s

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K r o e b e r ,

T h e A r a p a h o .

w o u l d

p a s s e a c h o t h e r .

A t

t h e w e s t e r n

e n d o f t h e

d a n c i n g - p l a c e ,

o n e

o f t h e l i n e s

p a s s e d

o u t s i d e o f t h e o t h e r .

At

t h e

e a s t e r n

e n d ,

w h e r e

t h e y

met

a g a i n

i n

t h e s a m e

w a y ,

t h e o u t s i d e

l i n e

w o u l d

p a s s i n s i d e .

T h i s

was d o n e

f o u r t i m e s .

A f t e r

t h i s ,

t h e two

l i n e s

f o r m e d

a t t h e

n o r t h a n d s o u t h

a g a i n ,

s t i l l

d a n c i n g .

Two

o f

t h e

d a n c e r s

now

b r o u g h t

t h e k e t t l e i n t o t h e m i d d l e .

B o t h

t h e

l i n e s

now

a d v a n c e d

t o w a r d

i t ,

s t r e t c h i n g

o u t t h e i r

a r m s ,

a n d

r e t u r n e d

f o u r

t i m e s . The

f i f t h

t i m e

t h e y

made

a

r u s h ,

a n d a l l

d i p p e d

t h e i r

f i n g e r s

i n t o i t .

T h e r e u p o n

t h e y

r e t u r n e d

t o t h e i r

s e a t s .

I t

s e e m s

t h a t

i n

t h i s

a c t i o n

t h e

d a n c e r s

r e p -

r e s e n t

m a g p i e s .

T h e

t h r e e

v i s i t i n g

n o r t h e r n

A r a p a h o

w e r e

s h o w i n g t h i s

p a r t i c u l a r

d a n c e

t o

t h e

s o u t h e r n

A r a p a h o ,

a n d

l e d o n e

o f t h e

t w o l i n e s .

A f t e r

t h i s ,

f o u r

me n

made

a

d a n c e w i t h

b o w s

a n d

a r r o w s ,

o n l y t h e

t w o

l e a d e r s ,

h o w e v e r ,

c a r r y i n g

b o w s .

T h e

g e n e r a l

c o u r s e o f t h i s

w a s

much

t h e

s a m e

a s i n t h e

p r e c e d i n g

f o o d -

d a n c e ,

e x c e p t t h a t t h e r e

w e r e

o n l y t w o

me n

o n

a

s i d e . I n

f i n a l l y

a p p r o a c h i n g

t h e

k e t t l e ,

t h e

f o u r

me n

s t o o d a b r e a s t

t o

t h e

e a s t

o f

i t ,

w h e r e a s

p r e v i o u s l y t h e t w o l i n e s

h a d b e e n t o

t h e

n o r t h

a n d

s o u t h .

F o u r

me n

t h e n

d a n c e d ,

c a r r y i n g

s p o o n s .

T h e y

f a c e d o n e

a n o t h e r ,

a d v a n c e d , p a s s e d

o n e

a n o t h e r ,

m a k i n g

a

g e s t u r e

t o w a r d

t h e

k e t t l e

o f f o o d ,

a n d

t h e n

o c c u p i e d

o n e

a n o t h e r ' s

p l a c e s .

A f t e r

t h u s

p a s s i n g o n e

a n o t h e r

s e v e r a l

t i m e s , t h e y

s t o o d

a b r e a s t

e a s t o f t h e

k e t t l e , moved

t o i t ,

d i p p e d

t h e i r

s p o o n s

i n t o

i t , a n d

t h e n

p o u r e d

t h e

c o n t e n t s

o f

t h e

s p o o n s

o n

t h e

g r o u n d ,

s a y i n g

 Haho u

( t h a n k s ) .

T h e r e u p o n t h e y

t o o k

t h e i r s e a t s .

A n o t h e r

d a n c e ,

s i m i l a r

t o

t h e

l a s t , w a s t h e n

made b y f o u r

m e n .

T h e s o n g

s u n g a t

t h e

b e g i n n i n g

o f

t h i s

d a n c e

w a s

t o

t h e

w o r d s ,

  I

a m

h o l d i n g t h e s k y

s t a n d i n g

o n

t h e

e a r t h ,

s a y s

o u r

f a t h e r .

A t

t h e c o n c l u s i o n

o f t h i s

s p e c i a l

d a n c e ,

a f e w

m o r e

o f

t h e

g e n e r a l

a n d m o r e

i r r e g u l a r

d a n c e s

t h a t

h a d

c h a r a c t e r i z e d

t h e

f i r s t

p a r t

o f

t h e

c e r e m o n y w e r e

h e l d , a n d

f o o d w a s

p a s s e d

t o

t h e

s p e c t a t o r s

b y w o m e n .

T h e r e u p o n t h e

g a t h e r i n g b r o k e

u p .

T h e

d a n c i n g w a s

r e s u m e d

a g a i n i n

t h e e v e n i n g .

A c c o r d i n g t o a n a c c o u n t

o b t a i n e d

f r o m a n e l d e r l y

ma n

i n

3 6 ' 7

9 0 7 . 1

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3 6 8

B u l l e t i n A m e r i c a n

Museum

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l .

X V I I I ,

W y o m i n g ,

t h e

A r a p a h o

b e l i e v e

t h a t

t h e

s o - c a l l e d

Omaha

d a n c e

o r i g i n a t e d

w i t h

t h e

P a w n e e s

a n d

t h e

O s a g e s .

B o t h

t r i b e s

w e r e c o n n e c t e d b y

means

o f

i t ,

a n d i t

was a d a n c e

s i g n i -

f y i n g f r i e n d s h i p .

T h e d a n c e

was

t h e n

b r o u g h t

t o t h e

Omaha,

a n d t h e y p r a c t i s e d

i t u n t i l . o n e

o f them was t o l d

b y

t h e

T h u n d e r

t h a t

t h e

d a n c e

b e l o n g e d

t o

h i m .

He

s a i d ,

s i n c e t h e

p e o p l e

w e r e p r a c t i s i n g i t , h e

w o u l d

s h o w them

how

t o h o l d i t

r i g h t .

He t o l d t h e m t o

make

t a i l s

o f

e a g l e - f e a t h e r s

a n d

o w l - f e a t h e r s .

T h e

o w l - f e a t h e r s

w e r e

t o

b e

r e d .

The

d a n c e r s

w e r e a l s o

t o

c a r r y a

w o o d e n

w h i s t l e

t o

r e p r e s e n t

a

g u n .

A

ma n who

h a d

b e e n wounded

i n

b a t t l e

was

t o

c a r r y

s u c h

a

w h i s t l e ,

a n d

wear

o n e o f t h e

f e a t h e r e d t a i l s , t h e r e d o f t h e

f e a t h e r s

s y m b o l i z i n g

b l o o d . T h e

T h u n d e r

d i r e c t e d

t h a t

t h e s e o b j e c ts

w e r e

t o

b e

made a s

h e

s a i d ,

a n d

n o t h i n g f u r t h e r was

t o

b e

a d d e d

t o

t h e m .

A g r a s s w a s

t o

b e

u s e d

a s i n c e n s e .

T h e

T h u n d e r

d i r e c t e d ,

t h a t ,

when

t h e

p e o p l e

w e r e

g o i n g

t o

e a t

f o o d a t t h e

d a n c e ,

t h e y w e r e n o t

t o

h i d e

a n y t h i n g .

I f

a

ma n

h a d s l e p t

w i t h h i s

w i f e

s i n c e

t h e

d a n c e b e g a n , h e w a s

n o t

t o

t a k e

any

o f

t h e

f o o d .

T h e o t h e r s

w e r e

t o e a t . W he n a ma n p a s s e d

b y

t h e

f o o d , t h e

s p o o n was

m o t i o n e d

w i t h t o t h e

f o u r d i r e c t i o n s , a n d

t h e n h e l d

u p .

T h e

T h u n d e r

a l s o d i r e c te d t h a t - t h e

p e o p l e s h o u l d n o t

c o h a b i t d u r i n g a t h u n d e r s t o r m .

A ma n

who

d i s o b e y e d

him

w a s k i l l e d b y

l i g h t n i n g .

T h e Omaha b r o u g h t t h e

d a n c e t o

t h e S i o u x .

T h e S i o u x b r o u g h t t h e d a n c e t o

t h e

A r a p a h o

a n d o t h e r t r i b e s .

T h e y b r o u g h t

i t

i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h

t h e

t c e a k ' g a n ,

a s a c r e d

b u n d l e

o f f e r e d

t o

f r i e n d l y

t r i b e s ,

a n d

w h i c h ,

i f

r e f u s e d , w o u l d c a u s e d e f e a t

i n

w a r .

The A r a p a h o

h a d

t h e d a n c e

u n t i l ,

a t

t h e

t i m e o f

t h e

g h o s t - d a n c e , t h e o l d e r

l i m i t a t i o n s a s

t o

t h e

k i n d

a n d c o l o r o f

f e a t h e r s

a n d t h e a c -

c o m p a n y i n g r e g u l a t i o n s w e r e g i v e n up o r m o d i f i e d ;

a n d

t h e

c e r e m o n y was c a l l e d   c r o w - d a n c e .

THE

G U E S S I N G - G A M E .

-Rather

e l a b o r a t e

s e t s o f a f o r m o f

g u e s s i n g - g a m e w e r e

made

i n c o n s i d e r a b l e n u m b e r s

a t

t h e t i m e

o f

t h e g h o s t - d a n c e

m o v e m e n t .

T h e s e

s e t s

c o n s i s t o f

b u t t o n s

h i d d e n

i n

t h e

h a n d , o f s t i c k s

u s e d

a s

c o u n t e r s ,

a n d

u s u a l l y

o f

o t h e r s t i c k s

a n d

f e a t h e r s w h i c h a r e u s e d

a s

p o i n t e r s , a s

s y m -

b o l s o f

g i f t s o r o f

f o o d ,

a n d i n o t h e r s e m i - c e r e m o n i a l w a y s .

A l l

t h e

s t i c k s n o t a c t u a l l y u s e d

a s

c o u n t e r s ,

and many

o f

t h o s e

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9]roeber,

T h e

A r a p a h o .

s o

u s e d , a r e o r n a m e n t e d

w i t h

f e a t h e r s ,

o r o t h e r w i s e .

I n

a d -

d i t i o n , h e a d - d r e s s e s

o f

t h e

v a r i o u s

t y p e s

d e s c r i b e d

were

n o t

i n f r e q u e n t l y made

s p e c i f i c a l l y

t o b e

worn i n c o n n e c t i o n

w i t h

t h e

g a m e . As t h e s e d o

n o t

d i f f e r i n

a n y

way

f r o m

o r d i n a r y

g h o s t - d a n c e

h e a d - d r e s s e s ,

t h e y

w i l l

b e

m e n t i o n e d

h e r e ,

o n l y -

t o i l l u s t r a t e

t h e

d e g r e e

o f

e l a b o r a t i o n w i t h

w h i c h

s u c h

g a m e -

s e t s w e r e

m a d e .

T h e

b u t t o n s

h i d d e n

i n

t h e

h a n d s ,

a n d

g u e s s e d

a t ,

f o r m

p a i r s , .

o r

m u l t i p l e s o f

p a i r s , u p

t o

e i g h t .

T h e

p o i n t e r s

f o r m a

p a i r ,

a n d

t h e

c o u n t e r s

a n d

o t h e r

s t i c k s

f o r m

two

s e t s o f

e q u a l

n u m b e r s ,

d i s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m o n e

a n o t h e r

b y

t h e i r

o r n a m e n t a t i o n ,

a n d

u s e d

r e s p e c t i v e l y

b y

t h e

t w o

s i d e s

o f

p l a y e r s .

O n e

s e t

o f

s t i c k s i s

u s u a l l y b l a c k ;

X J a ,

o t h e r , r e d .

T h e

p l a y e r s

u s i n g

t h e -

b l a c k

s t i c k s

a r e

c a l l e d

  m a g p i e s ;

 

t h o s e

w i t h

t h e

r e d

s t i c k s ,

 

c r o w s .

 

T h e

n u m b e r o f

s u c h

s t i c k

c o u n t e r s

s e e m s t o

b e

m o s t

f r e q u e n t l y

t e n .

I n

o n e s e t

t h e r e

a r e

t w e n t y ;

b u t

t h e

t e n

s t i c k s

u s e d

b y e a c h

s i d e

a r e

o f t w o k i n d s .

T h e r e

i s

a

s e c o n d a r y

t e n d e n c y t o w a r d

t w e l v e

s t i c k s .

O n e

s e t

( M u s e u m

N o .

-

h a s

t e n

p l a i n

c o u n t e r s

a n d t w o

o r n a m e n t e d

s i n g i n g - w a n d s .

A n o t h e r

s e t

( M u s e u m

N o .

IO

)

h a s

t e n

c o u n t e r s

a n d

t w e l v e

o r n a m e n t e d

g i f t o r

f o o d

s t i c k s

u s e d i n

c o n n e c t i o n

w i t h

- g i f t s .

a n d

i n v i t a t i o n s .

A

n o r t h e r n

A r a p a h o

s e t

o f

i n v i t a t i o n -

s t i c k s h a s

t w e l v e

s t i c k s ,

b e s i d e s

s p e c i a l o n e s

f o r

t h e h o s t

a n d

t h e

s i n g e r s .

T h e

h e a d - d r e s s e s u s e d

a t t h e s e

g a m e s

a r e

f r e -

q u e n t l y

made

i n

p a i r s ,

a n d

w o r n b y

p e o p l e o n

t h e

o p p o s i t e

s i d e s .

W h i l e

t h e r e

i s

a

g e n e r a l

s i m i l a r i t y

r u n n i n g

t h r o u g h

a l l

t h e

s e t s

t h a t

h a v e

b e e n

s e e n o r

o b t a i n e d

f o r t h e

M u s e u m ,

t h e

u s e s

t o

w h i c h

s i m i l a r

p i e c e s ,

e s p e c i a l l y

t h e

s t i c k s ,

a r e

p u t ,

a r e

q u i t e

d i f f e r e n t .

O n e s e t

( M u s e u m N o .

4 - i )

h a s

f e a t h e r e d

s t i c k s

w h i c h

a r e

u s e d

a s

c o u n t e r s ;

b u t , a s

t h e y

h a v e

s m a l l

b e l l s

a t t a c h e d t o

t h e m

a t

t h e

t o p ,

i t i s

n o t

u n l i k e l y

t h e y

w e r e

u s e d

a l s o

a s

r a t t l e s

d u r i n g

t h e

s i n g i n g

a c c o m p a n y i n g

t h e

g a m e .

O n e

o d d

s t i c k i n

t h i s

s e t ,

s i m i l a r t o

t h o s e

u s e d

a s .

c o u n t e r s , i s

h e l d b y a

p e r s o n

who

p r a y s

d u r i n g o r

b e f o r e

t h e

g a m e , a n d

who

a p p a r e n t l y ,

t h e r e f o r e ,

a c t s

a s

d i r e c t o r .

I n

a n o t h e r

s e t

( M u s e u m N o .

f l ) ,

t h e

m o s t

e l a b o r a t e

i n

t h e

M u s e u m ,

a n d

o b t a i n e d

f o r

i t

b y

R e v .

W a l t e r

C .

R o e ,

t h e r e -

[ M a y ,

1 9 0 7 . ]

2 4

3

6 9 1 ;

9 0 o 7

* ]

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3 7 O B u l l e / i n

A m e r i c a n

Museum

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y . [ V o l .

X V I I I ,

a r e t h r e e

k i n d s

o f

s t i c k s ,

-

p l a i n

s t i c k s

m e r e l y

r u b b e d

o v e r

w i t h

p a i n t , a n d

u s e d

a s

c o u n t e r s ; s i m i l a r

s t i c k s o r n a m e n t e d

w i t h

f e a t h e r s a n d f u r ,

a n d

g i v e n

t o

women

who

c o o k f o r t h e

g a t h -

e r i n g ;

a n d

t w o

s t i c k s

c o n s i d e r a b l y

l o n g e r

t h a n t h e

o t h e r s ,

a n d

f o r m i n g

a t h i r d c l a s s . T h e s e

t w o a r e more

e l a b o r a t e l y

d e c o r a t e d t h a n

t h e

o t h e r s , a n d a r e

u s e d

a s

p o i n t e r s

when

a

p l a y e r s i g n i f i e s

i n

w h i c h h a n d

h e

g u e s s e s

t h a t a

b u t t o n

i s h e l d .

I n a n o t h e r

s e t

(Museum

N o .

3 & Q 0 2 T ) ,

s t i c k s

o r n a m e n t e d w i t h

f e a t h e r s ,

f u r ,

a n d

s k i n

f r i n g e s ,

a r e

u s e d

a s

c o u n t e r s ;

w h e r e a s

o n e l o n g e r

s t i c k

i n

t h e

f o r m o f

a

c r o s s , o r n a m e n t e d

w i t h

s k i n

f r i n g e , a n d s o m e w h a t r e c a l l i n g

t h e

p a i r

o f

s t i c k s

i n

t h e

p r e -

c e d i n g

s e t

u s e d a s p o i n t e r s , i s

s e t i n

t h e

g r o u n d

b e t w e e n

t h e

t w o l i n e s o f p l a y e r s ,

i n

f r o n t

o f

t h e

p e r s o n d i r e c t i n g

t h e

g a m e .

A

f o u r t h s e t c o m p r i s e s p l a i n s t i c k s p a i n t e d o v e r , a n d

t w o

s i m i l a r

s t i c k s t o t h e

e n d s

o f w h i c h

a

f e w

f e a t h e r s

a r e

a t t a c h e d .

T h e

p l a i n s t i c k s

a r e

c o u n t e r s :

t h e

f e a t h e r e d

o n e s a r e

s h a k e n

a s

s i n g i n g - w a n d s

b y

t h e

l e a d e r s

o f

t h e t w o

s i d e s .

T h e s e t

o f

i n v i t a t i o n - s t i c k s m e n t i o n e d

a s

o b t a i n e d

f r o m

t h e

n o r t h e r n

A r a p a h o

(Museum N o .

-I

c l o s e l y r e s e m b l e s

i n a p p e a r a n c e

t h e s t i c k s

u s e d

i n

c o n n e c t i o n w i t h

t h e

p r e s e n t

game among

t h e

s o u t h e r n A r a p a h o . P l a i n

s t i c k s p a i n t e d

o v e r

a r e

o r d i n a r y

i n v i t a t i o n - s t i c k s i n

t h i s s e t . They

a r e

a l s o u s e d t o

i n d i c a t e

t h e

p r e s e n t a t i o n o f

a

g i f t , i n

t h e

way

i n w h i c h

a n y

s t i c k

i s t h u s f r e q u e n t l y u s e d

t o

e x p r e s s t h e

g i f t e s p e c i a l l y

o f a

h o r s e . Two s i m i l a r s t i c k s i n t h i s s a m e s e t

a r e

f o r k e d

a t

t h e

u p p e r

e n d ,

a n d

o r n a m e n t e d

w i t h

f e a t h e r s

a n d

f r i n g e s .

T h e s e

a r e

g i v e n

t o

t h e s i n g e r s , a n d a p p e a r

a l s o t o

b e

s h a k e n by them

d u r i n g t h e s i n g i n g . A s i n g l e s t i c k

o f

a t h i r d c l a s s i s o r n a -

m e n t e d l i k e

t h e t w o s i n g e r s '

s t i c k s ,

b u t i s u n f o r k e d a n d l o n g e r .

T h i s

s t i c k i s k e p t b y t h e h o s t

o f t h e

o c c a s i o n ,

w h o ,

o f c o u r s e ,

d i r e c t s t h e g a t h e r i n g . I t w i l l b e

s e e n t h a t i n

t h i s

r e s p e c t ,

a s

w e l l

a s i n

i t s

g r e a t e r l e n g t h

a n d i n b e i n g

t h e

o n l y

o n e

o f

i t s

k i n d

i n

t h e

s e t ,

i t

r e s e m b l e s

t h e

l o n g e r c r o s s

s t i c k

m e n -

t i o n e d

i n

t h e

t h i r d

s e t .

The

d i f f e r e n t c l a s s e s

o f

s t i c k s t h u s

h a v e ,

i n a l l , t h e

f o l l o w -

i n g

u s e s ,

-plain s t i c k s ,

c o u n t e r s , f o o d o r g i f t s t i c k s ; f e a t h e r e d

s t i c k s ,

c o u n t e r s ,

f o o d o r

g i f t

s t i c k s , s i n g i n g - w a n d s ; p a i r o f

f o r k e d

s t i c k s ,

p o i n t e r s ,

s i n g i n g - w a n d s ;

o n e

s p e c i a l

s t i c k , d i r e c -

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K r o e b e r ,

S h e A r a p a h o .

t o r ' s

o r

h o s t ' s

s t i c k .

A f u l l

s e t

o f

o b j e c t s

f o r

t h e game

w o u l d

s e e m

t o

c o n s i s t

o f

h i d i n g - b u t t o n s

i n

p a i r s ,

a

p a i r

o f f e a t h e r s f o r

p o i n t e r s ,

s t i c k s

f o r

c o u n t e r s ,

o r n a m e n t e d

s t i c k s a s

f o o d - s t i c k s ,

a p a i r

o f

s p e c i a l l y o r n a m e n t e d

s t i c k s

f o r

t w o

s i n g e r s ,

a n d a

s i n g l e l o n g e r

s t i c k

f o r t h e

h o s t ,

b e s i d e s

a c c e s s o r y

h e a d - d r e s s e s .

M o s t

o f

t h e

o b j e c t s

w o u l d

b e

i n

t w o

s e t s

o f

d i f f e r e n t

c o l o r s ,

s o m e t i m e s

r e d a n d y e l l o w ,

b u t

u s u a l l y

r e d

a n d

b l a c k .

A c -

t u a l l y

n o

s e t

h a s b e e n

f o u n d s o

c o m p l e t e

a s t h i s .

V a r i o u s

s e t s

o f

t h i s

game

w i l l

n o w b e d e s c r i b e d

s e p a r a t e l y .

Museum s e t

N o .

 

c o n s i s t s o f

two

b u t t o n s ,

t e n

p l a i n

s t i c k s

u s e d

a s

c o u n t e r s ,

two

s i m i l a r

o r n a m e n t e d

s t i c k s

u s e d

a s

s i n g i n g - w a n d s ,

a n

e a g l e - f e a t h e r

u s e d

a s

a

p o i n t e r ,

a

p a i r

o f

c i r c u l a r

b e a d e d

h e a d - d r e s s e s ,

a n d

a

n u m b e r

o f

h e a d - d r e s s e s ,

n o t ,

p e r h a p s ,

s o

d i r e c t l y

c o n n e c t e d

w i t h t h e

g a m e ,

a n d o f

s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t t y p e s . O f

t h e

t w o

h i d i n g - b u t t o n s ,

o n e

i s

a

s t o n e

f o u n d

o n

a

h i l l

w h e r e

t h e

m a k e r

o f

t h e

s e t

h a d

g o n e

t o

f a s t a n d

o n

w h i c h

h e

h a d

s e e n a v i s i o n . I t

h a s

r u d e l y

t h e

s h a p e

o f

a

f o o t

o r

m o c c a s i n ,

a n d

h e

r e g a r d e d

i t

a s

a

d i r e c t

g i f t t o

h i m s e l f . T h e o t h e r

c o u n t e r i s

a

l e g - b o n e

o f

a

t u r t l e

w h i c h

h e k i l l e d

o n

t h i s

h i l l . A r o u n d

e a c h e n d

o f

t h i s

b o n e

i s

t i e d a

t h o n g .

O f

t h e t e n

s t i c k

c o u n t e r s ,

t h e f i v e r e d

o n e s w e r e

s a i d t o

d e n o t e

c r o w s ,

o r

t o

b e

u s e d

b y

p l a y e r s

c a l l e d

 

c r o w s ;

t h e f i v e

b l a c k

o n e s , m a g p i e s .

T h e

r e d

a n d

b l a c k

s t i c k s a r e

p a i n t e d r e s p e c t i v e l y

b l a c k a n d r e d

a t

t h e e n d s .

T h e

t w o

f e a t h -

e r e d s t i c k s h e l d

b y

t h e

l e a d e r s

o f

t h e

t w o s i d e s d u r i n g

t h e

g a m e ,

a n d

s h a k e n

n o

d o u b t

a s

a n

a c c o m p a n i m e n t

t o

t h e

s i n g -

i n g , a r e

i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h e p l a i n s t i c k s ,

b u t

f o r t h e i r f e a t h e r

a t t a c h m e n t s .

T h e s e

c o n s i s t

o n

e a c h s t i c k

o f

f i v e

s m a l l

b l a c k

f e a t h e r s

o r n a m e n t e d w i t h

r e d - d y e d p l u m e s a t

t h e

b a s e , a n d

e a c h

a t t a c h e d

t o a

r e d - p a i n t e d

t h o n g . The e a g l e - f e a t h e r

u s e d

a s

a p o i n t e r i s

o r n a n i e n t e d

w i t h r e d

p l u m e s b o t h

a t

i t s

b a s e a n d

a t

i t s

t i p . The t w o

c i r c u l a r h e a d - d r e s s e s , o n e

o f

w h i c h

i s

s h o w n

i n

F i g .

i i

i , a r e

w o r n

by

a c e r t a i n p l a y e r

o n

e a c h

s i d e ,

a p p a r e n t l y

t h e

s a m e

ma n

who

h o l d s

o n e

o f

t h e

f e a t h e r e d

s t i c k s . The

f r a m e w o r k

o f t h e h o o p s i s

w o o d ,

a r o u n d

w h i c h

a s t r i n g o f

b e a d s

i s

w o u n d . T h e r e

a r e

f o u r

s p o t s

o f

b e a d i n g o f

a d i f f e r e n t

c o l o r ; a n d t w o

t h i n s i n e w

s t r i n g s b i s e c t

t h e i n t e r i o r o f e a c h

h o o p .

F o u r

p l u m e s

a r e

I 1 9 0 7 . ]

3 7 I

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3 3 7 2

B u l l e t i n A m e r i c a n Museum

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l . X V I I I ,

a t t a c h e d

t o

e a c h

r i n g ,

a n d

a

t h o n g

s e r v e s

t o

t i e

i t

t o

t h e

h a i r .

One h o o p h a s

y e l l o w p l u m e s

a n d

y e l l o w

b e a d s ,

w i t h t h e

f o u r

. s m a l l e r

b e a d e d a r e a s

i n

r e d ;

a n d

t h e

t h o n g s

a t t a c h i n g

i t s

p l u m e s

a r e r e d . The

o t h e r

h o o p

i s d a r k

b l u e w i t h

l i g h t - b l u e

b e a d s

i n f o u r

p l a c e s .

The n l u m e s a t t a c h e d

t o i t seem t o

h a v e

b e e n f a i n t l y

d y e d g r e e n ,

a n d

t h e

t h o n g s

a t t a c h i n g

them

a r e

a l s o

g r e e n .

The

y e l l o w

h o o p r e p r e s e n t s d a y l i g h t .

The f o u r

r e d

a r e a s

on i t

d e n o t e

p a i n t

a n d

m a n k i n d .

On

t h e

o t h e r

h o o p

t h e

d a r k - b l u e

b e a d i n g

r e p r e s e n t s

t h e

h i g h e s t

s k y ,

t h e

f u t u r e

w o r l d .

The

f o u r

a r e a s

o f

l i g h t - b l u e

b e a d i n g r e p r e s e n t

t h e

l o w e r

s k y ,

a p p a r e n t l y

t h e

a t m o s p h e r e .

The

g r e e n

o f

t h e

f e a t h e r s

d e n o t e s

t h i s

w o r l d .

W h i l e

t h i s

s y m b o l i s m

i s

e n -

- t i r e l y

o n e

o f

c o l o r s ,

t h e

two

h e a d - d r e s s e s a r e no d o u b t

a l s o

w o r l d - s y m b o l s

a s

r e g a r d s

t h e i r

s h a p e .

S i x

o t h e r

h e a d - d r e s s e s

o b t a i n e d

f r o m

t h e

same

m a n ,

a n d more

o r

l e s s

c o n n e c t e d i n

h i s

mind

a n d i n

t h e i r

u s e

w i t h

t h e

o b j e c t s

d e s c r i b e d ,

a r e

t h e

- f o l l o w i n g :

Two

h e a d - d r e s s e s

o f

t r i m m e d

f e a t h e r s m o u n t e d

on

s t i c k s

-

o n e

o f

f o u r

c r o w - f e a t h e r s

( F i g I 2 7 ) a n d

t h e o t h e r

o f

a s i n g l e

h a w k - f e a t h e r

w i t h

a

f e w

s m a l l

o w l - f e a t h e r s

a t

t h e

b a s e

-

a p p e a r

t o

h a v e b e e n

worn

b y

t h e

l e a d e r s

o f

t h e t w o

s i d e s

o f

p l a y e r s .

A

p a i r

o f

h e a d - d r e s s e s

c o n s i s t i n g

o f

d y e d

a n d m o u n t e d

p l u m e s

w e r e

a l s o

w o r n , e a c h

by

o n e

p l a y e r

on

a

s i d e . One

o f

t h e s e

i s

w h i t e

a b o v e and

r e d b e l o w

(Museum

N o .

I

0

) :

t h e

o t h e r i s

r e d

a b o v e a n d

g r e e n b e l o w .

T h e

c o l -

o r s

o f

t h e s e

t w o

p l u m e s

w e r e

s a i d

t o d e n o t e t h e v a r i o u s c o l o r s

o f

t h e

w o r l d .

T h e

f i f t h

h e a d - d r e s s

c o n s i s t s

o f

a n

e a g l e - f e a t h e r

: s i m i l a r

t o

t h e o n e

u s e d a s

a

p o i n t e r ( F i g . I 3 2 ) . I t

i s

o r n a -

m e n t e d w i t h

a r e d p l u m e

a t t h e b a s e ,

and

a p p e a r s t o h a v e

l o s t

a

s i m i l a r o r n a m e n t

a t i t s t i p . A t h o n g

p a s s i n g t h r o u g h

t h e

b a s e

o f

t h e q u i l l i s a l l t h a t

d e s i g n a t e s t h i s

f e a t h e r

a s a

h e a d - d r e s s , a n d

n o t a

p o i n t e r .

The s i x t h

h e a d - d r e s s

c o n s i s t s

o f

t h e

s k i n s

o f a b l a c k b i r d

a n d

o f

a

s m a l l e r

r e d b i r d , t i e d

b r e a s t

t o

b r e a s t , a n d

a t t a c h e d t o t h o n g s f o r

w e a r o n

t h e h e a d . A

s e v e n t h

h e a d - d r e s s ,

w h i c h

t h e

o w n e r

r e f u s e d

t o

p a r t w i t h ,

c o n s i s t e d

o f

a

w h i t e

e a g l e - p l u m e

mounted o n a

s t i c k , and

o r n a m e n t e d a t

t h e

b a s e

w i t h

r e d

p l u m e s . T h i s o w n e r had

b e e n t h e w h i t e - f o o l i n

t h e c r a z y - d a n c e , a n d had had

a dream

i i n

w h i c h h e

s a w p e o p l e

p a s s i n g , a n d h i m s e l f

f o l l o w i n g l a s t ,

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1

907

-1 Kroebcv T h e Arapaho . 373

wearing this white plume on his head, just as the white-fool

always follows the crowd of dancers.

In the set

g

hown in Fig.

131

there are four counters.

The first button a) appears to consist of wound and

F i g .

131

( 2, a-d .

C o u n t e r s

for

a Guessing-game.

L e n g t h o

a

cm.;

of

b

4.5 cm.; o

c 3 5

cm ; of d cm.

knotted thong. At the upper end a bit of rabbit-fur is at-

tached.

This end of the object is wound with porcupine-

quills dyed yellow; the remainder of the surface, with quills

dyed light green. The entire object represents the whirlwind,

which, it will be remembered, plays a part in Arapaho my-

thology in the making of the earth.

A

piece of eagle-quill

b)

about an inch long, through which a thong is passed, at each

end of which is a light-blue bead, symbolizes a white eagle in

the sky. The blue beads denote the sky or clouds. A figure

of a turtle

c )

-cut ou t of a flat piece of wood, and painted

red, yellow, and green -refers to the world.

A

small bird d)

ut out of rawhide lightly painted green, the edges

being red epresents

a

white crow in the sky.

It

is evi-

dent that one

pair of the buttons refers to the ear th, the

other to the sky ; also th a t, in shape an d appearance, the four

buttons divide into two pairs, one flat and one long, each

pair consisting of one earth and one sky symbol. Two

dyed feathers are used as pointers in the game-set.

One

of these is shown in Fig. 132.

Both of these feathers have

a second narrower undyed black-and-white wing-feather tied

over them. The quill of the main feather and tha t of the super-

imposed feather are tied together a t the base with wrappings

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 7

4 Bulkel2 rz Anzevicrur

Museum o f

Nnturnk

History [Vol

T 11,

of sinew, and the tops of their quills are tied together v i th a

thin string of sinew. The narrower upper feather is orna-

mented a t the base with dyed plumes. Where the bases of the

quills of the two feathers are joined, a braid of sweet-grass is

attached to them by a sinew wrapping near each of its ends.

The main feather in the pointer shown in the illustration is

dyed red, and the plume a t the base of the superimposed

feather is also red. The principal feather in the other pointer

is blue but, instead of there being a small plume, the base

of the superimposed feather seems to have been dyed light

Fig.

32

(E) , f .

Feather used as a

Pointer in a Guess-

ing game. Length,

34

c .

green. The sticks in this set, of which there are

eleven (ten used as counters and the eleventh

held up by a person who prays), are thicker in

proportion to their length than is customary

in these game-sets. Five of the counters are

painted dark green, which to the Arapaho is the

equivalent of black, and five red. The sticks

of both colors are ornamented a t the top by a

wrapping of fur (apparently of rabbit-skin) by

a small brass bell, and by two black feathers

(probably of a crow) the bases of which are

ornamented with red-dyed plumes, and which

hang from thongs passing around the top of the

stick just above the fur. Across both transverse

ends of each stick are two intersecting notches.

These notches in the green-black sticks (Fig.

133 are painted red; in the red sticks, blue.

All the sticks are ornamented with carving in

low relief. On the red sticks there is a t each

end a figure of a bird and a Maltese cross, rep-

resenting the crow and the morning star. The

heads of the birds are towards the middle of the

stick. The bird a t the lower end is painted green;

the morning-star cross near i t, yellow.

The bird a t the upper

end of the stick is blue, and the cross near i t green. On the dark-

green sticks (Fig. 134 here are a t each end similar figures of

the morning-star and the crescent moon. In the middle of

these green sticks a pointed figure forms a scroll of a single

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1907 1 Kroeber

T h e Ara pa h o.

75

tu rn around the stick. All the carving on the green sticks

seems to have been painted red and then dark blue over

the red. While nothing was said in connection with this set

as to any reference of the sticks to crows and magpies re-

spectively i t will be noted th at the red sticks are ornamented

with figures of crows.

Fig 133 ( & q ) . COmt

ing-st~c k or a Guessing-

game. Length

46.5

cm.

The guessing-game set

Museum Nos.

++-+

has

been mentioned as the

most elaborate of this

kind in the

f

u s e urn.

There are two hiding-

buttons somewhat more

than an inch long and

nearly cylindrical. These

are made of skin wrapped

with red and blue beads

forming t r a n s v e r s e

stripes. Two sticks each

about three feet long are

said to be pointers; bu t

their sharpened ends and

their elaborate decoration

make it appear probable

th at they had also some

other use which included

their being set up in

the ground. One of these

sticks is shown in Fig.

35

I t will be seen th at near

the base it has a short

fork. Above this is tied

a strip of fu r and

a

small

hoop of wood wrapped

with dyed corn-husk re-

cently u s e d by the

southern Arapaho as

a

Fig.

134

( 0

Counti~g-stlck

or

G ue ss 1 n g - g a m e .

Length

46

an.

substitute for porcupine-quills. This wrapping is yellow

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3 A uZZelilt Anzerican Museum o a twa l History [Vol XV

II

I

except in four places where it is red. These

red

areas are bor-

dered by black. Such a hoop is almost invariably a world-sym-

bol among the Arapaho bu t may have other signification in

The stick itself is painted red. Near the upper end of

are attached two pheasant-feathers and ten small

brownish-golden feathers. Above these the stick is

.wrapped for

a

distance of about an inch with a

string of blue beads above these for a distance

of three or four inches is a wrapping of ot ter or

mink fur.

At the lower end of this is fastened a

small yellow plume.

At the upper end are three

longer plumes dyed blue and green a small red

plume and short iridescent green feathers appar-

ently from a duck. The other stick of this pair

is in general similar. I t lacks the fork near the

base but it is not certain whether this is due to

accident or to design. At the place on the stick

corresponding to the fork on the other stick there

is a wrapping of light fur touched with red. Just

above this are the fu r wrapping and the hoop found

also on the first stick. The upper portion of the

present stick has the otter-skin the blue beads the

bunch of pheasant and small feathers and the

green duck-feathers of the first stick. I t differs in

having red plumes instead of yellow a t the base of

the otter-skin wrapping red plumes only at the

very top of the stick and an eagle-feather hanging

from the top which is lacking in the stick illus-

trated.

The counters in this set are plain painted

sticks ten in number.

The feathered

sticks used in this set are twelve

Fig.135( W).

Pointer used

in number and which is unusual are of four or

in a Guess~ng-

game. Length five different types. Four of the sticks are

99 cm.

painted red; eight dark green which is no

doubt in this case as in others the equivalent of black.

One pair of red sticks is wrapped a t the upper end with fur

perhaps of a rabbit touched with red paint.

From the upper

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end of each stick hang a crescent-shaped piece of hide covered

on one side with beads, and a bunch of feathers. On one stick,

the beading on the crescent is red and the feathers are red

with yellow plumes at the base: on the

other stick, the crescent is beaded yellow

and the four feathers are dyed yellow.

The two other red sticks of this set

appear to have a somewhat darker fur

wrapping a t the tcp . Attached to one

are six small barred feathers, a plume

dyed orange with a small barred feather

a t its base, and par t of the wing of a

magpie, consisting of four or five feathers

ornamented with

red plumes at the base.

All these feathers are attached to the

stick by thongs painted yellow. The other

stick appears to have lost most of its

feathers, bu t to have been similar. One

of this pair of sticks has near its base

the remains of white plumes attacged

by

sinew wrapping. The other shows no

signs at the present time of such orna-

ments. The eight green-painted sticks

are of three types. The most elaborate

pair is ornamented in the middle and at

the lower end with gray down feathers

wrapped to the stick with sinew; another

type, comprising four sticks, has such

down ornamentation only at the base Fig.

136 and

a

third type, again consisting

.of a pair, lacks such down attachments.

The two green sticks with double down

ornamentation are painted green only

over the upper half), and have attached

at the upper end a small eagle or hawk

Fig 136

Z8.d).

Feathered

Stick

for a Guessing-game.

Length, 51

cm.

fea ther, four black feathers, and one other feather, as well

as a few

gray

down feathers of the same kind as those

wrapped on farther down the stick.

The four sticks with

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3 Bulletin Anzerican Musezm

o f

Natumd History. [Vol. XVI I

gray down only a t the base are painted distinctly green only

over the upper third of their length.

The middle third ap-

pears to have been lightly painted red; and the lower third

again lightly green. Four grayish-black feathers are attached

by yellow-painted thongs to the upper ends of these sticks.

On two sticks of these four there are iridescent white-edged

magpie-feathers; on two others dark-green feathers appar-

Fig. 37 ( '3) Hiding buttons. ength of d 3.5

cm.

ently also from the magpie.

The two green sticks without any

down on the handle are exactly like the four last described

except in this particular and in the fact that one of them has

a

weather-beaten white plume tied to its top. From informa-

tion furnished with this valuable set by Rev.

W. C

Roe its col-

lector i t appears that these twelve feather-ornamented sticks

were invitation-sticks either to receive

o r

to prepare food.

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K r o e b e r ,

T u e

A r a p a h o .

9 0 7 . 1

3 7 9

Museum

s e t

N o .

y % .

l a c k s

t h e

c o u n t e r - s t i c k s ,

b u t

i s

r i c h

i n

h i d i n g - b u t t o n s a n d

a c c e s s o r y

h e a d - d r e s s e s . An e a g l e

w i n g -

f e a t h e r

i s

u s e d a s a p o i n t e r .

I t

i s m o u n t e d

on

a

p o i n t e d

s t i c k

o r n a m e n t e d

a t t h e b a s e w i t h o n e g r a y

a n d o n e b l u e

f e a t h .

e r a n d

a

r e d

p l u m e , a n d

i s

t i p p e d

w i t h a r e d

p l u m e . The

b u t t o n s

u s e d

i n

t h i s

game

a r e

e i g h t

i n

n u m b e r , a n d

a r e s h o w n

i n F i g . I 3 7 .

T h e y

c o n s i s t

o f

a

f i g u r e

o f a

b u f f a l o c u t o u t

o f wood

( a ) ; a s i m i l a r f i g u r e c u t

o u t

o f

b o n e , .

a n d

r e p r e -

s e n t i n g a w h i t e

b u f f a l o

( b ) ;

a s m a l l o b l o n g s l a b

o f

s t o n e

o f n a t u r a l

s h a p e , g i v e n t h e

E n a m e o f

t h e l i f e - s y m b o l ,

h i i -

t e n i

( e ) ; a

r e c t a n g u l a r p i e c e

o f

w o o d ,

a l s o

a

h i i t e n i

s y m b o l ,

w h i c h o n o n e

s i d e

i s

b i s e c t e d

by

a

r e d -

p a i n t e d l i n e ,

o n t h e

o t h e r

s i d e

b y

t h r e e

s u c h l i n e s , b e s i d e s

h a v i n g t w o

p i t s

a t e a c h

e n d

( c ) ; a

f i g u r e

o f

a b i r d

c u t o u t o f

w o o d , --

c a l l e d

s i m p l y

n i i h i ,   b i r d , o r

s p e c i f i c a l l y A A

' e a g l e

( d ) ;

a s m a l l w e a t h e r e d

s t o n e ( f )

a n o t h e r

s i m i l a r

s t o n e

( h ) ;

a n d

a

b i t

o f

s a g e

c o v e r e d

w i t h r a b b i t - f u r ( g ) ,

r e f e r r i n g t o

t h e

P i u t e o r i g i n a t o r

o f

t h e g h o s t - d a n c e ,

who i s

s o m e t i m e s

c a l l e d

 

h e who h a s a j a c k - r a b b i t

F i g .

i 3 8

( n .

b ) .

O r -

n a m e n t

w o r n

b y

a

P l a y e r

b l a n k e t .

T h i s

s e t

o f

o b j e c t s w a s

o w n e d

i n

t h e G u e s s n m g - g a m e .

D i a m e t e r ,

i 0

cm.

b y

t h e

s a m e ma n who made t h e

o b j e c t s

i l l u s t r a t e d

i n F i g .

i ,

P l a t e

L X X I ;

F i g .

2 ,

P l a t e L X I X ;

a n d

F i g . I 3 8 .

T h e

h e a d - d r e s s e s

a c c o m p a n y i n g

t h i s

g a m e - s e t

c o n s i s t

i n

p a r t

o f

f e a t h e r s

m o u n t e d

o n

s t i c k s ,

a n d

i n

p a r t

o f

r a w h i d e

c r o s s e s . T h e f o r m e r c l a s s

c o m p r i s e s a h e a d - d r e s s

o f f o u r

t r i m m e d

c r o w - f e a t h e r s , s i m i l a r t o

t h e ' o n e

s h o w n i n

F i g . 2 ,

P l a t e

L X V I I I ;

a h e a d - d r e s s o f

t h r e e

u p r i g h t p h e a s a n t - f e a t h -

e r s ,

s h o w n

i n

F i g . 2 , P l a t e

L X I X

( b o t h

o f t h e s e w o r n

b y

o l d

m e n ) ;

a n d s i x

h e a d - d r e s s e s o f down

f e a t h e r s , t h r e e

d y e d

r e d

a n d

t h r e e

y e l l o w ( F i g .

i i i ) , w o r n b y

p l a y e r s

o n o p -

p o s i t e

s i d e s .

T h e

r a w h i d e

h e a d - d r e s s e s

a r e

a l l

M a l t e s e - c r o s s

s h a p e d ,

p a i n t e d , a n d i n p a r t

o r n a m e n t e d w i t h f e a t h e r s .

T h r e e

a r e

o f

o n e

s i z e , t w o s m a l l e r . T h e t h r e e

l a r g e r

a r e w o r n

by t h e d r u m m e r s

i n

t h e g a m e , t h e

s m a l l e r by t h e

l e a d e r s o f

t h e

t w o

s i d e s ,

who

g u e s s

w h e r e

t h e

b u t t o n s

o n

t h e

o p p o s i n g

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380 B u l l e t i n A m e r i c a n

Museum

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l .

X V I I I ,

s i d e

a r e

h e l d .

One

o f

t h e

l a r g e r

c r o s s e s ,

w h i c h

i s

p a i n ' t e d

w h i t e

( F i g .

I 3 8 ) ,

w a s made

i n

c o n s e q u e n c e

o f a

dream o r

v i s i o n

i n w h i c h t h e o w n e r e n t e r e d

a

t e n t w h e r e

g r a y - h e a d e d

me n

w e r e s i t t i n g

s m o k i n g

t h e

s a c r e d

f l a t

p i p e .

B e i n g

i n t e n d e d

t o

b e

worn

by

t h e

o l d e s t

m e n ,

o r b e c a u s e

i t

r e f e r s t o

o l d

m e n ,

i t i s

u n o r n a m e n t e d

w i t h f e a t h e r s :

o l d

p e o p l e

d r e s s more

s i m p l y

t h a n t h e

y o u n g .

The

e n t i r e

o r n a m e n t ,

b e c a u s e

c r o s s - s h a p e d ,

o f

c o u r s e

r e p r e s e n t s t h e

m o r n i n g

s t a r .

T h r e e

o f

t h e

a r m s ,

h o w e v e r , t h e

l o w e r o n e

b e i n g

d i s r e g a r d e d ,

h a v e

t h e

s h a p e

o f

t h e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

c a t l i n i t e p i p e - b o w l .

I t

w i l l a l s o

b e

o b -

s e r v e d

t h a t

t w o o f

t h e a r m s a r e

i n

a d d i t i o n

s o

c u t a t

t h e

e n d s ,

a n d

p a i n t e d ,

a s

t o

s h o w a n

e n t i r e

p i p e

b o w l

a n d

s t e m .

A n o t h e r

o f

t h e

f i v e

o r n a m e n t s

i s

s i m i l a r i n

g e n e r a l

s h a p e ,

b u t

u n c o l o r e d ,

i n s t e a d

o f

w h i t e

( e x c e p t

a t t h e

e n d s ,

w h i c h

a r e

y e l l o w ) , o r n a m e n t e d w i t h

a

f e a t h e r

p l u m e

h a n g i n g

f r o m

t h e

e n d o f o n e

a r m ,

a n d

s o m e w h a t

d i f f e r e n t i n t h e

d e t a i l s

o f

i t s

p a i n t i n g .

A

t h i r d

c r o s s

i s

b l a c k

w i t h

r e d

a c r o s s

t h e

e n d s

o f

i t s

a r m s

a n d

a

y e l l o w

s p o t

i n

t h e

m i d d l e ,

n e a r

w h i c h

a

r e d -

d y e d

down

f e a t h e r

i s

a t t a c h e d .

T h i s

p i e c e

l a c k s t h e s m a l l

p i p e

o f

t h e

t w o

p r e c e d i n g s p e c i m e n s . I t s

b l a c k c o l o r

was

s a i d

t o r e p r e s e n t t h e

n i g h t , d u r i n g

w h i c h

t h e

m o r n i n g

s t a r

i s

i n v i s i b l e ;

t h e

r e d a t

t h e e n d s o f

t h e

a r m s ,

t h e

m o r n i n g ,

w h e n t h e

s t a r b e g i n s

t o

a p p e a r .

T h e

y e l l o w

s p o t

i n

t h e

c e n t r e

w a s

c a l l e d t h e h e a r t . T h e

t w o

s m a l l e r c r o s s e s

a r e

p a i n t e d t o

r e s e m b l e

t h e

l a s t t w o

p i e c e s ,

a n d s i m i l a r

f e a t h e r s a r e

a t t a c h e d

t o

t h e m .

W h e r e

t h e

f a s t e n i n g

t h o n g s

a r e

a t t a c h e d

a t

t h e

c e n t r e

o f

e a c h

o f

t h e s e t w o

s m a l l e r c r o s s e s

t h e r e i s

a

s m a l l

s t i c k

p a i n t e d

r e d ,

r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e

s a c r e d

s t r a i g h t

p i p e .

T h e

f e a t h e r s i n

t h e s e s m a l l

c r o s s e s a r e

a t t a c h e d t o

t h e m i d d l e

o f

t h e

s t i c k s , n o t t o

t h e

r a w h i d e i t s e l f .

Museum s e t N o .

7 h g . .

c o n s i s t s o f

t w o b u t t o n s ,

t w e n t y

f e a t h e r e d

s t i c k s

u s e d a s

c o u n t e r s ,

a n d

o n e

l o n g e r

s t i c k

s e t

i n

t h e

g r o u n d . T h e

b u t t o n s a r e

s i m i l a r

i n s h a p e

t o

t h o s e

o f

Museum

s e t

N o s .

- - - ,

a n d

p e r h a p s

r e p r e s e n t

a n

o l d e r

t y p e .

 

T h e y

c o n s i s t o f

s t i c k s

a l i t t l e

more

t h a n

an

i n c h

l o n g ,

a n d

w r a p p e d w i t h

t h o n g . One

b u t t o n i s

p a i n t e d r e d ,

t h e

o t h e r

b l a c k .

I n t h e

b e a d - c o v e r e d b u t t o n s

o f

t h e p r e v i o u s

s e t ,

r e d

a n d

b l u e

b e a d i n g

a r e u s e d

i n t h e s a m e

m a n n e r ,

t h o u g h

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K r o e b e r ,

The

A r a p a h o .

d i v e r s i f i e d

b y

b a n d s

o f

t h e

o p p o s i t e

c o l o r .

The

s t i c k

-

w h i c h

i n

t h e

p r e s e n t

s e t

i s

s e t

u p

i n

t h e

g r o u n d

b e t w e e n t h e

p l a y e r s ,

a t t h e

e n d s

o f

t h e

t w o

r o w s ,

b e f o r e t h e

p e r s o n

d i r e c t i n g

t h e

game

-

s

m o r e

t h a n

t h r e e

f e e t l o n g ,

a n d

p a i n t e d

r e d .

A

f e w

i n c h e s f r o m

t h e

t o p

a

s m a l l

c r o s s b a r

i s

t i e d

t o i t . The

e n d s

o f

t h i s , a s w e l l

a s

t h e

t o p

o f

t h e

s t i c k

a n d

a

p l a c e

a

f e w

i n c h e s

b e l o w t h e c r o s s b a r ,

a r e

o r n a m e n t e d

w i t h

s k i n

f r i n g e s p a i n t e d

r e d . B o t h t h e

s t i c k

a n d

t h e

c r o s s b a r a r e

p a i n t e d

d a r k

b l u e

n e a r t h e

p o i n t

o f

a t t a c h m e n t

o f

t h e s e

f r i n g e s .

I t

i s n o t

i m -

p r o b a b l e t h a t

C h r i s t i a n

m o t i v e s

h a v e

i n f l u e n c e d t h i s

p o r t i o n

o f

t h e s p e c i m e n .

T h e s t i c k c o u n t e r s i n

t h i s

s e t

a r e

t w e n t y

i n

n u m b e r ,

a n d

t h e i r l o w e r e n d s

a r e

s h a r p e n e d ,

a g

i f

f o r

s e t t i n g

i n t o

t h e

g r o u n d .

T h e s t i c k s

a r e

l o n g

a n d

s l e n d e r . The

u p p e r

f o u r t h

o f

e a c h i s

w r a p p e d

w i t h

s i n e w .

N e a r t h e

l o w e r

e n d

o f

t h i s

s i n e w

w r a p p i n g ,

a

t a s s e l

o f

a

f e w

r e d - p a i n t e d t h o n g s

i s a t t a c h e d . B e l o w

t h i s f r i n g e , t h e s t i c k s a r e

p a i n t e d ,

-

t e n

o f

t h e m

r e d ,

a n d

t e n

b l a c k .

T h e

s i n e w

w r a p p i n g

i s

p a i n t e d

o f

t h e

o p p o s i t e

c o l o r

f r o m

t h e

s t i c k .

E a c h

s t i c k

i s

o r n a m e n t e d

a t

t h e

v e r y

t o p

w i t h a

t u f t

o f

d y e d

w o o l

a n d w i t h

a

t h o n g

w r a p p e d

i n

s e v e r a l

p l a c e s

w i t h p o r c u p i n e - q u i l l s ,

and h a v i n g

a

s i n g l e s h a r p

b r o a d f e a t h e r

a t i t s e n d .

O f

t h e

t e n

b l a c k

s t i c k s , f i v e h a v e t h e

t u f t o f w o o l d y e d

r e d , t h e

q u i l l

w r a p -

p i n g s

o f

t h e

t h o n g

a l t e r n a t e l y r e d a n d

g r e e n ,

a n d

a c r o w - f e a t h e r

h a n g i n g

f r o m

t h e

e n d o f

t h e

s t i c k .

F i v e

o f

t h e s t i c k s

h a v e

t h e t u f t

o f

w o o l

d y e d

y e l l o w ; t h e q u i l l

w r a p p i n g s

o f

t h e

t h o n g

a r e

a l t e r n a t e l y

r e d

a n d

w h i t e ;

a n d

a t

t h e

e n d

o f

t h e

s t i c k

i s

a

b a r r e d hawk

o r o w l

f e a t h e r . T h e t e n b l a c k

s t i c k s a r e o r n a -

m e n t e d

i n

t w o s e t s i n

e x a c t l y

t h e

s a m e

w a y . T h e p l a y e r s

u s i n g

t h e

b l a c k

s t i c k s , a n d t o

w h o m

t h e

b l a c k

b u t t o n

b e l o n g s ,

w e r e

c a l l e d

 

m a g p i e s ;

 

t h o s e

u s i n g

t h e

r e d s t i c k s

a n d t h e

r e d

b u t t o n ,

 

c r o w s .

T h e s e t

o f

n o r t h e r n A r a p a h o

i n v i t a t i o n - s t i c k s

(Museum

N o .

T F T )

w e r e

u s e d

t o

s e n d

t o g u e s t s who

b r o u g h t f o o d

w i t h t h e m .

On

a r r i v i n g ,

t h e

g u e s t s

e a c h

l a i d

t h e i r s t i c k s

a c r o s s

t h e

v e s s e l

o f

f o o d b r o u g h t

b y

t h e m .

T w e l v e

o f

t h e

s t i c k s

i n

t h e s e t a r e p e r f e c t l y p l a i n

a n d s t r a i g h t ,

e x c e p t f o r

a

v e r y

s m a l l

k n o b b i n g

a t

t h e e n d ,

d u e

a p p a r e n t l y

t o

t h e i r

h a v i n g b e e n

c u t o f f a t

a

j o i n t . They

a r e p a i n t e d

r e d .

T h e s e

3 8 I

9 0 7

. ]

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3 8 2

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n Museum o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l .

X V I I I ,

t w e l v e

a r e

t h e s t i c k s

s e n t t o t h e

g u e s t s .

Two s t i c k s

o f

e q u a l

l e n g t h

w i t h

t h e s e ,

u s e d

b y

t h e

s i n g e r s ,

h a v e s m a l l

b r a n c h e s

p r o j e c t i n g

a t

a n

a n g l e

f o r a s h o r t d i s t a n c e n e a r t h e i r

u p p e r

e n d s .

The

u p p e r

e n d s a r e o r n a m e n t e d

w i t h a

h a n g i n g m a g p i e

t a i l - f e a t h e r

a n d

w i t h

f i v e

t h o n g s w r a p p e d

w i t h r e d

and

w h i t e

p o r c u p i n e - q u i l l s .

The

f i f t e e n t h

s t i c k o f

t h e

s e t , k e p t by

t h e

h o s t ,

h a s

e x a c t l y

t h e

same

o r n a m e n t a t i o n

a s

t h e

two

s i n g e r s '

s t i c k s ,

b u t

l a c k s

t h e

f o r k ,

a n d

i s

a f e w

i n c h e s

l o n g e r

t h a n e i t h e r

t h e s e

o r

t h e

p l a i n

s t i c k s .

T h e

f o r k e d s t i c k s

( p e r h a p s

b e c a u s e

t h e y

a r e

g i v e n

t o

t h e

s i n g e r s ,

who

a l s o

d r u m )

w e r e

s a i d

t o

r e p r e s e n t

t h e f o r k e d s t i c k s

o n w h i c h a

drum i s o f t e n

h u n g .

T h e

q u i l l e d p e n d a n t

t h o n g s

a t t a c h e d t o t h e

t h r e e

s p e c i a l

s t i c k s

i n

t h e

s e t

r e p r e s e n t

w a t e r - s n a k e s ;

a n d t h e wood

o f

w h i c h

a l l t h e

s t i c k s a r e

made

i s

c a l l e d

i n

A r a p a h o

  w a t e r -

s n a k e w o o d .

T h e

b u n d l e

o f

s t i c k s i s

k e p t t o g e t h e r b y

a

t h o n g

t o

w h i c h

a

b i t

o f w h i t i s h f u r

i s

a t t a c h e d .

THE

Hoop

G A M E . -Another

f o r m

o f

g a m e

p r o m i n e n t

i n

g h o s t - d a n c e t i m e s

c o n s i s t s

o f

a

h o o p

a t

w h i c h

t w o

p l a y e r s e a c h

t h r o w

a

p a i r

o f

j o i n e d

d a r t s .

P o i n t s a r e s c o r e d

a s

c e r t a i n

p a r t s

o f

t h e h o o p ,

m a r k e d

b y o r n a m e n t s ,

l i e i n

c o n t a c t

w i t h t h e

d a r t s

a f t e r

t h e

t h r o w .

T h e

h o o p s a r e a b o u t a f o o t

a n d

a

h a l f

i n

d i a m e t e r ;

t h e

d a r t s ,

a b o u t t w o

f e e t

a n d

a h a l f

i n

l e n g t h .

T h e

t h o n g c o n n e c t i n g

t h e d a r t s

o f

e a c h

p a i r

i s

a b o u t

h a l f

a

f o o t

i n

l e n g t h .

A b o u t o n e - t h i r d wa y f r o m

t h e

f r o n t

t h e

d a r t s

a r e

t i e d w i t h

t h i s

t h o n g ,

a n d

t h e p o r t i o n

o f

t h e

s t i c k f o r w a r d

o f

t h e

t y i n g

i s

u s u a l l y

f l a t t e n e d

o n

t w o

s i d e s .

T h e

d a r t s a r e

u n p o i n t e d .

F i g s .

I 3 9 - I 4 I r e p r e s e n t

m o d e l s o f s u c h

a g a m e - s e t

o b t a i n e d

b y

t h e

Museum

t h r o u g h t h e

c o u r t e s y

o f

R e v .

W a l t e r

C .

R o e .

T h e

h o o p

i s

p a i n t e d

r e d ,

a n d

w h e r e

i t

i s

j o i n e d i t i s

w r a p p e d

w i t h

f u r .

T h e r e a r e e i g h t

m a r k s o n e a c h

s i d e

o f

t h e

h o o p ,

p r o -

d u c e d

b y

i n c i s e d c a r v i n g , a n d

p a i n t e d .

On o n e s i d e ,

t h e s e

o r n a m e n t s a r e a s

f o l l o w s . Two

s h a l l o w t r i a n g u l a r

n o t c h e s -

o n e

p a i n t e d b l u e ,

t h e

o t h e r

g r e e n , a n d f o r m i n g

t o g e t h e r

a n

h o u r -

g l a s s

s h a p e d f i g u r e

-

w e r e

g i v e n

t h e

name h u n c h - b a c k .

Two

i n c i s e d

l i n e s

c r o s s i n g a t

a n a c u t e a n g l e ,

a n d p a i n t e d

d a r k

b l u e ,

r e p r e s e n t

a

p a i r

o f t h e j o i n e d d a r t s

u s e d w i t h t h e

h o o p . The

t h i r d

o r n a m e n t ,

w h o s e

s y m b o l i s m

i s

u n k n o w n ,

i s

a

d a r k - b l u e

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97]roeber,

The

A r a p a h o .

r e c t a n g l e

n o t c h e d o n

o n e s i d e w i t h f i v e

s h o r t

y e l l o w

l i n e s ,

a n d

o n

t h e o t h e r

w i t h

g r e e n

l i n e s .

The

f o u r t h

i s a b l u e

M a l t e s e

c r o s s ,

t h e

m o r n i n g s t a r .

The

f i f t h

i s

a g a i n

t h e

h u n c h - b a c k

d e s i g n ; a n d

t h e

s i x t h , a

d a r k - b l u e

c r e s c e n t

moon.

The

s e v e n t h

i s

s i m i l a r t o t h e

t h i r d ; a n d

t h e

e i g h t h , p a i n t e d

g r e e n ,

i s

a

s y m b o l o f

a

c e d a r o r c e d a r - b r a n c h . On

t h e o p p o s i t e

s i d e ,

t h e

f i g u r e s a r e

t h e

f o l l o w i n g ,

-

a

d a r k - b l u e

a r r o w , a

h u n c h - b a c k

d e s i g n

i n

d a r k

b l u e , a

l i g h t - b l u e a r r o w , a

l i g h t - b l u e

r e c t a n g l e

t r a v e r s e d

n e a r i t s

e n d

by t w o

n o t c h e d w h i t e

l i n e s ,

a

g r e e n

F i g .

I 3 9

( A 6 7 g ,

a ) .

M o d e l

o f

a

Game H o o p .

D i a m e t e r ,

4 3

c m .

a r r o w , a n o t h e r

d a r k - b l u e

h u n c h - b a c k ,

a y e l l o w

a r r o w ,

a n d

a

l i g h t - b l u e

r e c t a n g u l a r

f i g u r e

i d e n t i c a l w i t h

t h e

p r e c e d i n g

o n e . I t i s

n o t

i m p r o b a b l e

t h a t t h e

r e c t a n g u l a r

f i g u r e s

o n b o t h

s i d e s

o f

t h e

h o o p

w e r e t h e

h i i t e n i

s y m b o l .

I t

i s

n o t i c e a b l e

t h a t

t h e

h u n c h - b a c k a n d

r e c t a n g u l a r f i g u r e s ,

w h i c h

o c c u r

i n

3 8 3

9 0 7 . ]

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3 8 4 B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n

Museum

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l .

X V I I I ,

I i

A

F i g . 1 4 0

(bA,

,

c ) .

P a i r

o f

R ed D a r t s

f o r

t h e

Hoop

G a m e .

L e n g t h , 8 3 c m .

F i g . i I(

F l o .

e ,

d ) .

P a i r

o f

B l ue D a r t s

f o r

t h 6

Hoop

Game.

L e n g t h ,

8 5

c m .

I

I

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97]

o e b e r ,

T h e

A r a p a h o .

p a i r s , a r e

p l a c e d

o p p o s i t e

e a c h o t h e r

on

t h e

h o o p ,

a n d

t h a t

t h e

f o u r

a r r o w s

on

o n e s i d e

a r e

p a i n t e d

i n

f o u r

c o l o r s ,

a n d

a r e

s i t u a t e d

a t

f o u r

o p p o s i t e

s i d e s o f

t h e

c i r c u m f e r e n c e .

O f

t h e d a r t s

i n t h i s

s e t ,

o n e

p a i r

i s

p a i n t e d

r e d ,

t h e

o t h e r

b l u e .

T h e

r e d

p a i r

i s c o n n e c t e d

b y

a

d o u b l e - t w i s t e d

t h o n g

p a i n t e d

r e d

( F i g .

I 4 0 ) .

Where

t h i s

t h o n g

i s

a t t a c h e d , t h e

s t i c k

i s

w r a p p e d

w i t h b l a c k

f u r .

F o r

a

d i s t a n c e

e q u a l

t o

a b o u t o n e - f o u r t h

t h e

l e n g t h

o f t h e

s t i c k ,

b a c k w a r d

f r o m

t h i s

w r a p p i n g ,

t h e s t i c k

i s

f l a t t e n e d

o n two

o p p o s i t e

s i d e s , a n d

t h e s e

p a i n t e d

d a r k

b l u e .

T h e

b l u e

p a i r

o f

d a r t s

( F i g .

I 4 I )

i s

j o i n e d b y a

d o u b l e - t w i s t e d

y e l l o w

t h o n g ,

a t

t h e

a t t a c h m e n t

o f

- w h i c h

t h e

s t i c k s

a r e

b o u n d

w i t h w h i t e

f u r .

T h e

f l a t t e n e d

p o r t i o n s o f

t h i s

p a i r

o f d a r t s

a r e

l e s s

t h a n

h a l f

a s

l o n g a s i n

t h e

o t h e r

p a i r . I n o n e s t i c k

t h e y

a r e

p a i n t e d

r e d ;

i n

t h e

o t h e r , g r e e n .

Two

s m a l l

f l a t t e n e d a r e a s

on

e a c h

s t i c k ,

a b o u t

t h e

s i z e o f

a

f i n g e r - n a i l , a r e

p a i n t e d

y e l l o w .

Museum

s e t N o s .

g 5 X T ,

{ t ,

h a s s e e n

u s e .

O n e s i d e

o f

t h e

h o o p

i s

p a i n t e d

r e d ,

t h e

o t h e r

s i d e l i g h t l y

w i t h

d a r k

g r e e n .

T h i s i s

t h e

f a m i l i a r

r e d

a n d

b l a c k

c o l o r - d u a l i s m

o f

t h e

A r a p a h o .

T h e

r e d

s i d e

o f

t h e

h o o p h a s

c a r v e d

o n

i t

t w o f i g u r e s

o f

b i r d s .

a n d t w o

r e c t a n g l e s

w i t h

p r o j e c t i n g

a c u t e

c o r n e r s ,

w h i c h l o o k

a s

i f

t h e y

m i g h t b e

t u r t l e

o r

m o r e

p r o b a b l y

b u f f a l o

s y m b o l s .

T h e

b i r d s

a r e

p a i n t e d

d a r k g r e e n ;

t h e

q u a d r i l a t e r a l s ,

r e d .

On t h e

d a r k - g r e e n s i d e

o f

t h e

h o o p a r e

t w o

b i r d s

a n d t w o

g r e e n

r e c t a n g l e s ,

e a c h

c r o s s e d by

f i v e

n o t c h e d

l i n e s

p a i n t e d

r e d .

T h e

d a r t s

i n t h i s

s e t

a r e

p l a i n ,

- o n e

p a i r

r e d ,

t h e o t h e r

d a r k

g r e e n ,

-

c o n n e c t e d

by

t w i s t e d

d o u b l e

t h o n g s

o f

t h e s a m e

c o l o r .

T h e

f l a t t e n e d

p o r t i o n s a r e

f o r w a r d o f

t h e

t h o n g s , a n d

a r e

o f

t h e

s a m e

c o l o r a s t h e

r e m a i n d e r

o f t h e

s t i c k .

I n

Museum

s e t N o s .

I

0

t h e h o o p

i s

b l u e .

T h e

o u t e r

p e r i p h e r y

i s

s l i g h t l y

f l a t t e n e d ,

a n d

p a i n t e d

g r e e n .

Where i t i s

j o i n e d

a r e t i e d

t w o

s m a l l b e l l s a n d

t w o

f e a t h e r s ,

o n e d y e d ,

t h e

o t h e r c u t

a c r o s s

t h e

e n d ,

a n d

b o t h

o r n a m e n t e d

w i t h

d y e d

p l u m e s

a t t a c h e d

by

a

r e d - p a i n t e d

t h o n g .

On

o n e

s i d e ,

t h e

h o o p

h a s

f o u r

m a r k s ;

o n t h e

o t h e r ,

s i x .

On t h e

f o r m e r

a r e

- a

p a i r o f

f i g u r e s

l i k e t h e

h u n c h - b a c k

s y m b o l s o f

t h e

p i e c e f i r s t

d e s c r i b e d .

O n e i s

p a i n t e d

y e l l o w ;

t h e

o t h e r ,

b l u e o r

g r e e n .

The

o t h e r

f i g u r e s o n

t h i s s i d e

a r e a

p a i r o f

r e c t a n g l e s ,

o n e

p a i n t e d

r e d

3 8 5

9 0 7 . ]

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386 B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n Museum o f N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l .

XVIII,

t h e

o t h e r

g r e e n .

The r e d o n e i s

c r o s s e d

by

s e v e n

n o t c h e d

l i n e s :

t h e

g r e e n

o n e h a s

c u t

i n i t a

l o n g i t u d i n a l

z i g z a g p a i n t e d

b l u e .

On

t h e o p p o s i t e

s i d e o f

t h e

h o o p

a r e

t h e

s a m e

f i g u r e s

w i t h t w o

a d d e d

f i g u r e s

o f

b i r d s ,

o n e

p a i n t e d

g r e e n

o r

b l u e ,

t h e o t h e r

r e d . The d a r t s i n

t h i s

s e t a r e o n e p a i r b l u e ,

a n d

o n e

g r e e n ,

w i t h

c o n n e c t i n g t h o n g s

o f

t h e

s a m e c o l o r .

The

f l a t -

t e n e d

s i d e s

f o r w a r d

o f

t h e s e t h o n g s

a r e r e d .

A

s i n g l e

f e a t h e r

i s

a t t a c h e d t o

e a c h p a i r

w h e r e

t h e

t h o n g

j o i n s

i t .

T h i s

f e a t h e r

i s

d y e d

r e d , o r n a m e n t e d

a t t h e

b a s e

w i t h

r e d

a n d

y e l l o w

p l u m e s ,

a n d

t i p p e d

w i t h

a

b l u e

p l u m e .

T h e

c a r v e d

f i g u r e s o n t h e s e

h o o p s a r e

much

a l i k e

i n

c h a r -

a c t e r ,

c o n s i s t i n g

c h i e f l y

o f t h e

h u n c h - b a c k

d e s i g n ,

o f

r e c -

t a n g l e s

w i t h

i n c i s e d l i n e s , a n d

o f

b i r . d

f i g u r e s .

O t h e r

d e s i g n s

a r e

l e s s

common,

a n d

a r e

u s u a l l y

r e a l i s t i c .

I t

a p p e a r s

t h a t ,

b u t

f o r

l a c k i n g f e a th e r

a t t a c h m e n t s , t h e s e g a m i n g - h o o p s

a r e

v i r t u a l l y

i d e n t i c a l

w i t h t h e s a c r e d

t r i b a l

- w h e e l

s e v e r a l t i m e s

r e f e r r e d t o , a n d

d e s c r i b e d

b y D o r s e y . '

THE

WHEEL

G A M E .

-Netted

h o o p s

t h r o w n

a t

w i t h

a r r o w s

a r e

made

b y g r o w n - u p

p e o p l e

f o r b o y s .

They

a r e

p r o p e r l y

made

o f a g r e e n s t i c k

a n d

a

s i n g l e

l o n g t h o n g

o f b u f f a l o - s k i n .

T h e

w h e e l s

a r e

u s e d

i n

s e v e r a l

w a y s ,

s o m e t i m e s b y

t w o p a r t i e s

o f

b o y s

d r a w n

u p

o p p o s i t e ,

a n d

s o m e t i m e s by

a s m a l l e r

num-

b e r .

O n e

wa y

o f

p l a y i n g

i s

t o

t h r o w

t h e

w h e e l

s o t h a t i t

w i l l

r o l l

o v e r

a n o t h e r

p l a y e r ' s

b e n t b a c k .

T h i s

p l a y e r

t h e n

r u n s

a f t e r

i t

t o

s p e a r

i t .

S u c h

a

n e t t e d

h o o p t h r o w n

a t

w i t h

d a r t s

i s

s h o w n

i n

P l a t e

L X X X I I . I t

h a s a l a r g e

c e n t r e

m e s h p a i n t e d

r e d ,

a n d c a l l e d

t h e

  h e a r t ,

- w h i c h

c o u n t s

f o u r

p o i n t s ,

i f

s p e a r e d .

A l l

t h e r e -

m a i n d e r

o f

t h e

n e t t i n g

i s

p a i n t e d

b l u e .

T h e r e a r e

t w o r o w s

o f

l a r g e

o b l o n g

m e s h e s

i n t e r s e c t i n g

a t

t h e   h e a r t ,

a n d c a l l e d

  b u f f a l o - b u l l s .

The

s m a l l

h e x a g o n a l

m e s h e s

o c c u p y i n g

t h e

b o d y

o f

t h e n e t w o r k

a r e c a l l e d

  b u f f a l o - c o w s .

No p o i n t s

a r e

c o u n t e d ,

i f

e i t h e r

t h e

b u f f a l o

b u l l s o r c o w s

a r e s p e a r e d .

B e t w e e n

t h e b u f f a l o - c o w

m e s h e s

a r e

s m a l l

t r i a n g u l a r

i n t e r s t i c e s

c a l l e d

  b u f f a l o - e a l v e s .

I f

o n e o f

t h e s e

i s

s p e a r e d ,

o n e

p o i n t

i s s c o r e d .

A l o n g

t h e

i n s i d e

o f

t h e

w o o d e n

r i m t h e r e

a r e

h e x a g o n a l

m e s h e s ,

c a l l e d   w o l v e s ;

a n d ,

w h e r e t h e

r a w h i d e

t h o n g s t u r n

t o

p a s s

t A r a p a h o

S u n - d a n c e , o p .

c i t . , p . 1 2 ,

P l a t e i .

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K r o e b e r , T l h e A r a p a h o .

a r o u n d

t h e

w o o d e n

r i m ,

t h e y

f o r m

s m a l l

t r i a n g u l a r

o p e n i n g s

w h i c h a r e

p e r p e n d i c u l a r

t o t h e

p l a n e o f

a l l

t h e o t h e r m e s h e s , a n d

a r e

c a l l e d   c o y o t e s . B o t h

w o l v e s a n d

c o y o t e s

c o u n t

o n e

p o i n t ,

i f

t h e y

a r e s p e a r e d . The a r r a n g e m e n t

o f

m e s h e s i n t h i s

p i e c e

i s e n t i r e l y

t y p i c a l .

T h e . d a r t s

t h r o w n a t t h i s h o o p - g e n e r a l l y

h a v e

s e v e r a l

p o i n t s ,

t h e i r

e n d s

b e i n g split.

A

game w a s p l a y e d

by

b o y s

b y f a s t e n i n g

a b o w ,

s l a n t i n g

d i a g o n a l l y f r o m t h e g r o u n d ,

t o

a n o t c h i n a

t r e e ,

w h i c h h e l d i t

i n

p l a c e .

T h e

t a u t

s t r i n g

was t o u c h e d

w i t h a n

a r r o w ,

w h i c h

f l e w b a c k s o m e d i s t a n c e .

A n o t h e r

p l a y e r t h e n

s t r u c k t h e

s t r i n g

w i t h

h i s

a r r o w ,

t r y i n g

t o

make

i t f a l l

o n t h e

f i r s t o n e

t h r o w n .

I f

h i s

a r r o w

f e l l

a c r o s s

t h e

s h a f t o f

t h e

f i r s t , n o t h i n g

w a s

c o u n t e d ; ;

i f i t

t o u c h e d

t h e

f e a t h e r ,

h e

made

o n e

p o i n t ; i f

i t

t o u c h e d

t h e

h e a d

o r

t h e s i n e w

b i n d i n g ,

i t c o u n t e d two

p o i n t s ;

w h i l e i f

i t

t o u c h e d

t h e

n o t c h ,

h e

made

f o u r

p o i n t s .

D I C E .

-The

d i c e g a m e s

p l a y e d

by

t h e

A r a p a h o

a r e

o f t w o

k i n d s .

O n e

f o r m

i s

p l a y e d

w i t h

b o n e s

o r

s e e d s ,

t h e

o t h e r

w i t h

s t i c k s .

T h e

f o r m e r w i l l

b e c o n s i d e r e d

f i r s t .

The b o n e

o r

s e e d

game

c o n s i s t s

o f two o r more

s e t s

o f

e i t h e r

t w o

o r t h r e e

d i c e ,

a n d o f t e n

o f

a

b a s k e t

i n

w h i c h

t h e s e

a r e t o s s e d .

The

d i c e

a r e

s o m e t i m e s

made

o f

p l u m - s t o n e s

o r

s i m i l a r s e e d s ;

i n

o t h e r

c a s e s ,

o f

b o n e .

W h a t e v e r t h e

m a t e r i a l ,

t h e y

a r e u s u a l l y

marked

b y b u r n i n g

on

o n e

s i d e

o n l y , t h o u g h

o c c a s i o n a l l y

t h e y

a r e

i n c i s e d ,

o r

b o r e d

w i t h

rows

o f

h o l e s ,

s u c h

m a r k s

b e i n g

t h e n

f i l l e d

i n

w i t h

p a i n t .

The

s h a p e

o f

t h e

b o n e

d i c e

i s m o s t

f r e q u e n t l y

c i r c u l a r ,

r e c t a n g u l a r ,

o r

r h o m b o i d a l .

S o m e t i m e s

t h e

e n d s o f

t h e

rhombus

a r e

c u t

o f f , r e s u l t i n g

i n

a

h e x a g o n a l d i e ;

a n d

n o t

i n f r e q u e n t l y

t h e

r o u n d i n g

o f

t h e

r e c t a n g l e

o r r h o m b u s

g i v e s

r i s e

t o

o v a l f o r m s . The

number

o f

d i c e

i n

a

s e t ,

a

s e t

b e i n g

t h e

number

o f

i d e n t i c a l

d i c e

i n

a

g a m e ,

i s

e i t h e r

two

o r

t h r e e .

The number o f

s e t s

c o n s t i t u t i n g

a

game

i s

f r o m

t w o , t o f i v e , t h o u g h 7 o n l y

two s e t s

seem

g e n e r a l l y

t o

b e u s e d

a t

o n e

t i m e .

T h e

c o u n t

d e p e n d s

on t h e

c o m b i n a t i o n

o f

marked

a n d

u n m a r k e d

s i d e s

a s

t h e d i c e

f a l l .

A c c o r d i n g

t o a

m e t h o d

o f

c o u n t i n g o b t a i n e d ,

t h e

s t a k e s a r e

won when

a l l

t h e

d i c e

i n b o t h

t h e s e t s

u s e d

f a l l

a l i k e ,

e i t h e r

t h e

m a r k e d

o r

u n m a r k e d

s i d e

b e i n g u p ;

o r

when t h e

d i c e o f

I

9 0 7 . 1

3 8 7

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each set fall alike, even though the sets differ. When one die

alone falls (marked or unmarked), and all the rest are differ-

ent, one point is scored.

Fig. 142 shows four seed dice.

A dragon-fly and a bird

symbol are readily recognizable.

The fourth die represented

is ornamented with a pentagonal figure.

It is not certain

whether this shape is unintentional, or due to white influence.

Fig. 143 shows the five kinds of bone dice forming another

game. These are

all

marked by burning, except the nearly

square die with three transverse lines and two rows of dots,

the lines in which are filled with red paint, the dots with blue.

Fig. 144 shows examples of the three sets, also of bone dice,

constituting another game. The larger die in the middle has

been marked by burning; the two others, by rows of small

holes filled in with paint. Fig. 145 hows three further forms

of bone dice from two games, all more or less diamond-shaped,

and marked by burning. Fig. 146 horn-s the forms of the two

sets of another game. One of these is cut with transverse

diagonal lines in two directions. These lines have been filled

Fig. 142 e y ,

a

I z

.

Seed Dice.

Length of

a

cm . ; width 1 5

cm

in with red paint. I t is probably only on account of this

intersection that the name na kaox (meaning both morning

star and cross) was given to these markings. The other die

of this game is somewhat larger, and its upper surface is

drilled with five longitudinal rows of small holes. These

were said to represent rows of buffalo travelling. The holes,

being of some depth, look dark, so that this symbolism is

entirely analogous with that of certain paintings on parfleches

th at have been discussed. Dice from five sets of another

game, all of them of hone marked by burning, are shown in

Fig.

146,

c

and in Fig

147

Symbolic interpretations for the

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1 9 0 7 . ]

K r o e b e r ,

T h e

A r a p a h o .

3 8 9

m a r k i n g s

on

t h e s e

d i c e . w e r e

o b t a i n e d

f r o m

two

i n d i v i d u a l s

a t

d i f f e r e n t

t i m e s ,

-

o n e

a n ,

o l d

w o m a n ,

a n d

t h e

o t h e r a

y o u n g e r

w o m a n , t h e

o w n e r o f t h e

s e t .

The

o l d e r

woman

c a l l e d

t h e

t o

e e S

, . . . i

*

cz

. j

' C i

I

  l ' ' ;

1.

L L -

6 ?

e

F i g .

1 4 3

( r n ) .

F i v e K i n d s o f B o n e

D i c e .

L e n g t h

o f

c ,

4 c m .

d e s i g n

o n

t h e r o u n d

d i e w i t h t h e

h o u r - g l a s s

m a r k i n g s ,

a

  t e n t -

o r n a m e n t ;

t h a t o f t h e

l o n g

o v a l d i e w i t h

f o u r

t r a n s v e r s e

l i n e s ,

t h e   f o u r

h i l l s o f l i f e . The

y o u n g e r

w oma n

c a l l e d

b o t h

t h e l a t t e r a n d

t h e

o t h e r

o v a l - s h a p e d

d i e ,

  m o c c a s i n s .

Her

F i g .

1 4 4

( M ' , f A

h ) .

Sample

XfCMI

SampleDicefromThree

Sets.

Length of

b ,

3

cm.

i n t e r p r e t a t i o n

f o r

t h e

h o u r - g l a s s

f i g u r e o n

o n e

o f

t h e

r e c -

t a n g u l a r

d i c e was

a

  b u t t e r f l y ,

a n d

f o r t h e

H - s h a p e d

f i g u r e

f l a n k e d

b y t w o

p a r a l l e l l i n e s , a

  s w i n g

b e t w e e n

t w o

p o l e s ,

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390

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n

Museum

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y . [ V o l .

X V I I I ,

w i t h

p e r s o n s

a t

e a c h

s i d e .

W h i l e

t h e

i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s

f r o m

t h e s e

t w o i n f o r m a n t s

d o

n o t

a g r e e ,

a n d

t h e l a s t

o n e

g i v e n

i s

q u i t e

f a n c i f u l ,

s o

t h a t i t

i s

v e r y p r o b a b l e

t h e r e

was

n o

s y m b o l i c

i n t e n t

when

t h e d i c e w e r e

m a d e ,

y e t

t h e

e x p l a n a -

F i g .

I

( 4 , a , b ;

A ' 0 7 , c )

. T h r e e

F o r m s

o f

B o n e

D i c e

m a r k e d

b y

B u r n i n g .

L e n g t h

o f

C , 4 . 5

cm

.

t i o n s

g i v e n ,

w i t h ,

p e r h a p s ,

t h e

e x c e p t i o n

o f

t h e

l a s t ,

a r e

e n t i r e l y

i n

a c c o r d w i t h

t h e

c h a r a c t e r

o f

t h e

u s u a l

A r a p a h o

s y m b o l i s m ,

a n d

a r e n o

d o u b t

t y p i c a l .

Ga

F i g .

I 4 6

( d ,

a ;

l

g ) .

D i c e

f r o m

T wo

D i f f e r e n t S e t s .

L e n g t h

o f

b ,

3 c m . ;

w i d t h , 2

c m , .

I t

- w i l l

b e

o b s e r v e d

f r o m

t h e

f i g u r e s ,

t h a t

t h e r e a r e

n e v e r

i n

a n y

o n e

game

t w o

s e t s o f

d i c e o f

t h e

s a m e

s h a p e

a n d

s i z e .

T h e r e

a r e

n o t f r e q u e n t l y

t w o

r o u n d

o r

t w o

r e c t a n g u l a r

s e t s ;

b u t i n

t h i s

c a s e ,

a s

s h o w n

by

F i g s .

I 4 3 a n d

I 4 6 t h e y

d i f f e r

c o n s i d e r a b l y

i n

s i z e .

I n

F i g .

1 4 7 ,

C

a n d

d ,

t h e

d i c e a r e

v e r y

n e a r l y

o f t h e

s a m e

s u p e r f i c i a l s h a p e

a n d

s i z e ;

b u t t h e

d i c e

o f

F i g .

1 4 7 ,

C ,

a r e

s o m e w h a t

c o n v e x a s

c o m p a r e d

w i t h

t h e

f l a t

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K r o e b e r , T h e

A r a p a h o .

p i e c e s

o f

F i g . I 4 7 ,

d .

I t

i s

o b v i o u s t h a t

t h i s

d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n

i n s i z e

o r

s h a p e

b e t w e e n

t h e

d i c e

o f

d i f f e r e n t

s e r i e s

i s

b r o u g h t

a b o u t

b y

c o n s i d e r a t i o n s

o f

c o n v e n i e n c e

d u r i n g

p l a y ,

s o

t h a t

t h e d i c e

o f

d i f f e r e n t

s e t s

ma y

b e

d i s t i n g u i s h e d

a t

a

g l a n c e ,

o n

t h e i r

u n m a r k e d

a s

w e l l

a s

on

t h e i r

marked

s i d e s .

F i g .

I 4 7

( y n g ) .

B o n e

D i c e

w i t h

S y m b o l i c

O r n a m e n t a t i o n .

L e n g t h o f b ,

4 . 5

c m .

T h e r e a r e

t w o

d i c e - t o s s i n g

b a s k e t s i n

t h e

c o l l e c t i o n s

o f

t h e

M u s e u m .

I n

g e n e r a l

a p p e a r a n c e

t h e y a r e

v e r y

s i m i l a r ,

b u t

i n

d e t a i l o f

c o n s t r u c t i o n

t h e y

d i f f e r i n

s e v e r a l

p o i n t s .

B o t h

b a s k e t s

a r e

a b o u t

e i g h t

i n c h e s

i n

d i a m e t e r ,

t w o

i n c h e s

i n

d e p t h ,

w i t h

a

f l a t

b o t t o m

a n d

w i t h

s i d e s

r i s i n g

w i t h o u t

c u r -

v a t u r e

a t

a n

a n g l e

o f

f r o m

5 0

t o

7 0

d e g r e e s

f r o m

t h e

b o t t o m .

I n

b o t h

b a s k e t s ,

t h e

t e c h n i q u e i s

p r i m a r i l y

a

o n e - s t i c k

c o i l i n g ,

w h i c h

l e a v e s

t h e

c e n t r e

o f

t h e

b a s k e t

o p e n ;

a n d

i n

b o t h ,

t h e

b o r d e r

i s

a

s i m p l e

w r a p p i n g

e n c l o s i n g

t w o

r o d s o f

t h e

f o u n -

d a t i o n .

T h e

t w o

b a s k e t s

d i f f e r

a s

f o l l o w s .

T h e

o n e

s h o w n

i n

F i g .

I 4 8

h a s

a

o n e - r o d

f o u n d a t i o n ,

- w h i c h

i s ,

h o w e v e r ,

s p l i t

t o

h a v e

t h e

w o o f

p a s s e d

t h r o u g h

i t ,

e a c h

w o o f - s t r a n d

i t s e l f

b e i n g

s p l i t

b y

t h e

' w o o f - s t r a n d

o f

t h e

f o l l o w i n g

c o i l .

A t

t h e

o r i g i n

o f

t h e

b a s k e t i s

a n

o p e n i n g

a b o u t a

q u a r t e r

o f

a n

i n c h

i n

d i a m e t e r .

T h e

r o d

o f

t h e

o u t e r m o s t

c o i l

i s

c o n s i d e r a b l y

h e a v i e r

t h a n

a n y

o t h e r

i n

t h e

b a s k e t .

I t i s

w r a p p e d

t o

t h e

r o d

o f

t h e

c o i l

b e l o w

i t ,

a p p a r e n t l y

w i t h o u t

t h e

s p l i t t i n g

o f

t h e

l a t t e r ,

b y

a

w i d e

a n d

h e a v y

w o o f - s t r a n d ,

w h i c h

i s ,

p e r h a p s ,

o f

t h e

s a m e

m a t e r i a l

a s

t h e

w o o f

o f

t h e

r e s t

o f

t h e

b a s k e t ,

b u t

c o n t r a s t s

w i t h

i t

i n

a p p e a r a n c e ,

o w i n g

t o

i t s

g r e a t e r

m a s -

s i v e n e s s .

A l l

t h e

r o d s

u s e d

f o r

t h e

f o u n d a t i o n

i n

t h i s

b a s k e t .

a p p e a r

t o

b e

u n p e e l e d .

T h e

o t h e r

b a s k e t

( M u s e u m

N o .

5 j )

i s

a

o n e - s t i c k

c o i l e d

b a s k e t

e x e c u t e d

w i t h o u t

s p l i t t i n g

o f

t h e

w a r p ,

a n d i n

m o s t

c a s e s

w i t h o u t

s p l i t t i n g

o f

t h e

w o o f ,

t h o u g h

I 1 9 0 7 . 1

3 9 1 1

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3 9

BuZZetin

merican useum o atural History. [Vol. XVIII

there are some stitches that split the woof-strand below them.

The foundation-rods are for the most part peeled though near

the beginning of the basket they are unpeeled. The upper

and outermost foundation-rod is not markedly heavier than

the others. The wrapping which binds it to the rod below

is a light-red fibre differing from the woof of the remainder of

the basket and apparently dyed. The bottom of the basket

is covered with a piece of skin sewed on by stitches of sinew

thread. The centre of the basket is without coiling for a

Fig. 48 2s).

asket or Tossing Dice. Diameter

21

cm

space about an inch in diameter. The coiling begins appar-

ently on a rod bent on itself in a hoop of this diameter. The

space within this hoop is filled in with an interlacing of strands

which in par t pass over the neighboring warp and in part

under the woof. These strands appear to be drawn so that

they complete a circumference of the hoop in three stretches.

The number of strands in this filling-in of the central opening

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[

9 0 7 . ]

K r o e b e r , T h e

A r a p a h a .

i s

n o t

c e r t a i n .

Two

e n d s

a r e

v i s i b l e

i n

t h e

v e r y

c e n t r e .

The

w o o f - s t i t c h e s

i n

t h e

b o d y

o f

t h i s b a s k e t

h a v e some

i n c l i n a t i o n

a g a i n s t

t h e

d i r e c t i o n

i n w h i c h t h e

c o i l r u n s . The e n d s

o f

t h e

w o o f - s t r a n d s

a r e

t u r n e d

i n t h e

o p p o s i t e

d i r e c t i o n ,

s o a s

t o

m o r e

o r

l e s s

f o l l o w t h e

c o i l ,

a n d a r e h e l d down

b y

f r o m

o n e

t o

f o u r

o r

f i v e

w r a p s

o f t h e

n e w w o o f - s t r a n d . The

same

m e t h o d

o f

h o l d i n g

t h e

e n d s o f

t h e

w o o f - s t r a n d

a p p e a r s

t o

h a v e

b e e n

f o l l o w e d

i n

t h e

o t h e r

b a s k e t ,

b u t ,

on a c c o u n t o f

t h e

s p l i t -

t i n g

o f t h e

s t i t c h e s ,

t h i s

i s

n o t s o

s t r i k i n g l y

a p p a r e n t .

The

m a t e r i a l s

o f

t h e s e

t w o b a s k e t s

a r e

n o t

k n o w n , e x c e p t

t h a t

w i l l o w

e n t e r s

i n t o

t h e m .

T h e

w a r p

o f

t h e

o n e

s h o w n i n

t h e

i l l u s t r a t i o n

i s an

o r d i n a r y

w o o d ;

t h e w o o f

i s c o a r s e a n d

f i -

b r o u s .

T h e

w a r p

o f t h e

o t h e r

p i e c e

ma y

w e l l b e

w i l l o w ,

a n d i t s

w o o f h a s

a l l

t h e

a p p e a r a n c e

o f

b e i n g

s o .

T h e s e two

b a s k e t s

d i f f e r

s o

m u c h ,

i n

s p i t e

o f

t h e i r

s u p e r f i c i a l

r e s e m b l a n c e ,

t h a t

i t i s

n o t i m p o s s i b l e t h a t

o n e o f t h e m i s

n o t

o f

A r a p a h o

o r i g i n .

I t

i s

v e r y

c u r i o u s

t h a t

b a s k e t r y

s h o u l d

n o t

b e

made

o r

u s e d

b y

t h i s t r i b e ,

e x c e p t ,

a p p a r e n t l y ,

f o r

t h e

s i n g l e

p u r p o s e

o f

p l a y -

i n g

d i c e .

The

s e c o n d

f o r m o f

A r a p a h o

d i c e ,

u s e d ,

l i k e

t h e

p r e c e d i n g

g a m e , b y

w o m e n ,

c o n s i s t s

o f

s l e n d e r s t i c k s f r o m

h a l f

a

f o o t

t o

a

f o o t

i n

l e n g t h ,

s p l i t

l o n g i t u d i n a l l y ,

a n d

w i t h

t h e

p i t h r e -

m o v e d .

T h e f l a t

s i d e

i s t h e n

p a i n t e d ,

t h e

o u t e r

( c o n v e x )

s i d e

l e f t w h i t e . A

game c o n s i s t s

o f

t w o

s e t s , e a c h o f

f o u r s t i c k s ,

o f

o n e

c o l o r .

S o m e t i m e s

a game

c o n t a i n s

t h r e e

o r f o u r s e t s ;

b u t

o n l y

t w o

a p p e a r

t o

b e

u s e d

a t

o n e t i m e

i n

p l a y i n g

( F i g .

[ 4 9 ) .

A s

o n l y t h e f l a t

s i d e s

o f

t h e

s t i c k s

a r e

c o l o r e d , t h e

b a c k s

a r e

m a r k e d ,

t o

d i s t i n g u i s h

t h e

s e t s ,

b y

a s i m p l e

b u r n t

f i g u r e ,

s u c h

a s

t w o

o r

t h r e e

d i a g o n a l l i n e s , o r

a c r o s s . U s u a l l y

o n l y

o n e o f

t w o

s e t s i s

t h u s

m a r k e d . T h e

game

i t s e l f i s

much l i k e

t h e

game

p l a y e d

w i t h

b o n e d i c e .

T h e e i g h t

s t i c k s a r e t h r o w n ,

a n d

p o i n t s

a r e

s c o r e d ,

a c c o r d i n g

t o

t h e

c o m b i n a t i o n

o f

f a c e s

up

a n d

f a c e s

d o w n . I f a l l

t h e

d i c e o f

e a c h s e t f a l l

a l i k e ,

w h e t h e r

t h e

t w o

s e t s

a g r e e

o r

n o t ,

t h e

s t - a k e s

a r e

w o n .

I f

o n e

i s

e i t h e r

f a c e

u p o r

down

a n d

t h e

o t h e r s e v e n

a r e

r e -

s p e c t i v e l y down

o r

u p . ,

e i t h e r o n e

o r s e v e n

p o i n t s

a r e

s c Q r e d .

O t h e r

c o m b i n a t i o n s '

a c o r d i n g

t o

som,

e a r n

n o t l i i g ;

8 c c o r &

i a g

t o

o t h e r s ,

a certn

l n n u m b e r

o f

: p o i n t s .

O Q e

g a m g 4 f

s $ c h

3 9 3

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394

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n

M u s e u m i

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y . [ V o l .

X V I I I ,

s t i c k d i c e

i n

t h e

Museum

c o n s i s t s

o f

f o u r

s e t s .

One

s e t

o f

t h e

f o u r i s

p a i n t e d

g r e e n ,

a n o t h e r

y e l l o w ,

a n d

two

r e d .

The

g r e e n

s t i c k s a r e

m a r k e d

' o n t h e

b a c k

b y

two

d i a g o n a l

c r o s s e d

l i n e s ;

t h e

y e l l o w

s e t , b y

two

d i a g o n a l

p a r a l l e l

l i n e s .

The

r e d

s t i c k s a r e

m a r k e d

on t h e

p a i n t e 4

s i d e

b y

two

t r a n s -

v e r s e l i n e s

o n

e a c h

s i d e .

T h e

e n t i r e f a c e

o r

f l a t

s i d e o f

t h e s e

F i g .

I

4 9

( 1 r o , ,

c , f ) .

S t i c k D i c e .

L e n g t h , 2 7 . 5 c m .

s t i c k s , i n c l u d i n g

t h e c h a n n e l l e f t

b y

t h e

r e m o v a l

o f t h e

p i t h ,

i s

p a i n t e d .

I n

game

Museum N o .

3

t h e r e

a r e

e i g h t

d i c e ,

f o r m i n g t w o

s e t s ,

- o n e

p a i n t e d r e d , t h e o t h e r

b l u i s h - g r e e n .

I n

b o t h

s e t s

t h e

p a i n t i n g

i s

c o n f i n e d

t o

t h e

p i t h

g r o o v e .

The

r e d

s e t

i s u n m a r k e d b y

b u r n i n g ;

t h e

g r e e n

s e t

i s

m a r k e d

on

t h e

b a c k

b y

t h r e e

d i a g o n a l

l i n e s

i n

t h e

m i d d l e ,

on

t h e f r o n t

a l s o

b y

t h r e e

d i a g o n a l

l i n e s ,

a n d

a t

b o t h

e n d s

b y

t w o

t r a n s -

v e r s e

l i n e s .

B A L L S .

-

t u f f e d

d e e r s k i n b a l l s

a r e u s e d

b y

women

a n d

g i r l s

i n

a n o t h e r

f o r m

o f

game

r e v i v e d

a t

t h e t i m e

o f

t h e

g h o s t - d a n c e . T h e y

a r e

a t t a c h e d

t o

a

s t r i n g ,

b y

w h i c h

t h e y

ma y

b e

h e l d w h i l e

b e i n g

k i c k e d .

I t

w o u l d s e e m

t h a t

t h e s e

b a l l s

a r e

a s

much

i m p l e m e n t s

f o r

s o m e

f o r m

o f

j u g g l i n g

a s

t h e y

a r e b a l l s

t o

b e

a c t u a l l y t h r o w n .

T h e y a r e made

o f two

c i r c u l a r

p i e c e s

o f

s k i n .

T h e s e

a r e

a p p a r e n t l y

s t u f f e d

i n t o

h e m i s p h e r e s ,

a n d

t h e n

t h e i r

e d g e s

a r e

s e w e d

t o g e t h e r

b y

a

b a c k -

a n d - f o r t h

s t i t c h i n g

o f

s i n e w .

A l o n g

t h i s

s e a m ,

t h e

b a l l

i s

o f t e n

p a i n t e d

o f a

c o l o r

d i f f e r e n t f r o m

t h e

r e m a i n d e r

o f

t h e

s u r f a c e ,

w h i c h

a p p e a r s t o

b e

a l m o s t

a l w a y s c o l o r e d .

S o m e t i m e s t h e r e

a r e s p o t s

o f

p a i n t

o n

e a c h

h e m i s p h e r e .

One

s p e c i m e n h a s ,

i n -

s t e a d

o f

s p o t s ,

a h a n d

a n d

f i v e

g r o u p s o f

t h r e e

p a r a l l e l

b a r s

o n

e a c h

s i d e o f

t h e

b a l l ,

t h e

g e n e r a l

e f f e c t

b e i n g

q u i t e

s i m i l a r

t o

t h a t

o f t h e

s p o t s .

A n o t h e r

s p e c i m e n h a s

t h e t w o

h e m i s p h e r e s

p a i n t e d

i n

d i f f e r e n t c o l o r s ,

w i t h

t h e m i d d l e

b o r d e r a l o n g

t b e '

seam

o f

s t i l l

a n o t h e r

c o l o r .

E a c h

h e m i s p h e r e h a s a

l a r g e

s y m b o l p a i n t e d

i n t h e

m i d d l e . At w h a t

ma y

b e

c a l l e d

t h e

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K r o e b e r ,

The

A r a p a h o .

u p p e r

o f

t h e

seam

o f

t h e s e

b a l l s ,

a

s t r i n g ,

o f

e i t h e r

s i n g l e

o r

d o u b l e

t w i s t e d

t h o n g ,

i s

a t t a 6 h e d .

I t

i s

b y

t h i s

t h a t t h e

b a l l

i s

h e l d

when

i t

i s k i c k e d .

At

t h e e n d

o f

t h i s

t h o n g

t h e r e

i s

o f t e n

a

d y e d

p l u m e .

S o m e t i m e s

an

a d d i t i o n a l

p l u m e

i s

a t -

t a c h e d

t o

a n o t h e r

t h o n g

i s s u i n g

f r o m

t h e

l o w e r

e n d

o f t h e

b a l l

o r

f r o m

t h e

m i d d l e

o f

o n e

o f

t h e

s i d e s .

I n t h i s

c a s e

t h e

p l u m e

a t

t h e

u p p e r

e n d o f

t h e

m a i n

s u p p o r t i n g

t h o n g

ma y

b e

e i t h e r

r e t a i n e d

o r

o m i t t e d .

O n e b a l l

( F i g .

I 5 0 )

i s

y e l l o w .

I t

h a s

p a i n t e d

o n

i t

o n

e a c h

s i d e

a

b l a c k

h a n d ,

t h e

b a l l

b e i n g

t h r o w n

b y

t h e

h a n d .

F i v e

g r o u p s

o f

t h r e e

s m a l l

p a r a l l e l

b l a c k

b a r s

near

t h e

seam

o f

t h e

b a l l

r e p r e s e n t

f a c e

p a i n t i n g .

F i g .

1 5 0

F i g .

i S 5 .

F i g .

1 5 2 .

F i g .

I 5 0

( - V ' r ) .

B a l l

u s e d

b y

Women.

D i a m e t e r ,

g

c m .

F i g .

i 5 i

( s h ) .

B a l l

w i t h

A p p e n d a g e .

D i a m e t e r ,

7

c m .

F i g . I j 2

(

5 0

) .

S m a l l

D e c o r a t e d

B a l l .

D i a m e t e r ,

5 . 5

c m .

A n o t h e r

b a l l

( F i g .

I 5 I )

i s

b l u e

o n

o n e

s i d e ,

r e d

o n

t h e

o t h e r ,

a n d

y e l l o w

a l o n g

t h e

d i v i d i n g

s e a m .

T h e s e

t h r e e

c o l o r s

r e p -

r e s e n t

s k y ,

e a r t h ,

a n d

d a y l i g h t .

On

t h e

b l u e

h a l f

i s

p a i n t e d

a

r e d

c r o s s ,

o n ' . t h e

r e d

s i d e

a

d a r k - b l u e

c r o w .

F rom

t h e

m i d d l e

o f

t h e

f i g u r e o f

t h e

c r o w

i s s u e s

a s h o r t

t h o n g ,

a t

t h e

n d

o f

w h i c h

i s a

r e d - o r n a m e n t e d

b l u e

p l u m e

r e p r e s e n t i n g

b r e a t h .

T h e

b a l l

i s

a t t a c h e d t o

a

l a r g e r

t h o n g ,

t o

t h e

e n d

o f

w h i c h

i s

f a s t e n e d

a 7 g r o u p

o f

d y e d

p l u m e s .

T h i s

l a r g e r

t h o n g

w a s

s a i d

t o

r e p r e s e n t

o l d

a g e

o r

l o n g

l i f e .

l 1 9 0 7 . ]

3 9 5

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3 9 6 B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n

Museum

o f N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y . [ V o l .

X V I I I ,

One

b a l l

( F i g .

I

5 2 ) ,

s m a l l e r

t h a n

t h e o t h e r s

i n

t h e

M u s e u m ' s

c o l l e c t i o n ,

i s

p a i n t e d

d a r k

b l u e ,

w i t h

f i v e

y e l l o w

s p o t s

o n

o n e s i d e , a n d

f i v e r e d

o n t h e

o t h e r .

T h e s e

s p o t s

d e n o t e

t h e

s t r i k i n g

o f

t h e b a l l .

T h e

r e d

c o l o r

r e p r e s e n t s

d a w n ,

t h e

y e l l o w

d a y l i g h t . T h e

b a l l

i s

h u n g

f r o m

a

t w o - s t r a n d

t w i s t e d

t h o n g

a b o u t

a

f o o t

l o n g ,

l o o p e d

a b o v e

f o r

t h e i n s e r t i o n

o f

t h e

f i n g e r .

F r om t h e

o p p o s i t e

e n d

o f t h e

b a l l

p r o -

c e e d s

a v e r y s h o r t

t w i s t e d t h o n g e n d i n g

i n

a

p l u m e .

I t

w a s

s a i d

t h a t ,

i n

u s i n g

t h i s

b a l l ,

t h e

p l a y e r

o r

d a n c e r

t u r n e d

h i m s e l f

a b o u t ,

s w i n g i n g

t h e

b a l l .

T h e n

h e

s t r u c k

i t

a g a i n s t

t h e

g r o u n d

s o

t h a t

i t

r e b o u n d e d .

A

b a l l

( M u s e u m N o .

I % )

a t t a c h e d

t o

a

p l u m e -

t i p p e d

s t r i n g ,

a n d

a c c o m p a n y i n g

a n

a r m l e t

shown

i n

P l a t e

v i

o f

t h i s

v o l u m e ,

i s

y e l l o w ,

w i t h

t h e

s e a m

r e d d e n e d a n d

a

r e d

s p o t

i n

t h e c e n t r e

o f

o n e

h e m i s p h e r e . T h i s

b a l l

w a s

u s e d

a s

f o l l o w s .

A f t e r

b e i n g w h i r l e d

a b o u t

t h e

h e a d ,

i t w a s

s t r u c k

a g a i n s t

t h e

h e a d ,

o n

t h e

g r o u n d ,

a g a i n s t

t h e

r i g h t

k n e e ,

t h e

l e f t

k n e e ,

o v e r

t h e

h e a r t ,

a n d

w a s

t h e n

t h r o w n ,

a n d

c a u g h t b y a n o t h e r

p l a y e r .

O T H E R

G A M E S . - T h e

b u l l - r o a r e r

i s a

t o y

among

t h e

A r a p a h o .

I t

i s

a l s o

t h o u g h t t o

p r o d u c e

w i n d .

A

m o d e l

( F i g .

I 5 3 )

i s

a t t a c h e d

t o a

t h o n g

a b o u t

t w o

f e e t

l o n g

t i e d

t o

t h e

e n d

o f

a

s t i c k o f

e q u a l

l e n g t h .

T h e

b u l l - r o a r e r

i t s e l f

i s

F i g .

I 5 3

o f

b o n e ,

a

l i t t l e

m o r e

t h a n a n

i n c h

w i d e ,

a n d

o n l y

B u l l - r o a r e r ,

f o u r

o r

f i v e

i n c h e s

l o n g .

N e i t h e r

e n d

i s

p o i n t e d .

en

h

o f

h a n l e ,

6 i

T h e

e n d

t o

w h i c h t h e

s t r i n g

i s

a t t a c h e d

i s

c u t

o f f

m.

s q u a r e l y ,

a n d

t h e

o p p o s i t e e n d i s

d e e p l y

n o t c h e d .

A l o n g

e a c h

s i d e

t h e r e a r e

a b o u t

a

d o z e n

n o t c h e s .

I f

t h i s

s p e c i m e n

i s

t y p i c a l

o f

t h e

A r a p a h o

b u l l - r o a r e r ,

t h e

i m p l e m e n t

i s

q u i t e d i f f e r e n t

i n

f o r m

f r o m

t h e

l o n g e r ,

p o i n t e d

wooden

b u l l - r o a r e r

o f

t h e G r o s

V e n t r e .

A

b o n e

b u z z e r

made

o f

t h e

f o o t - b o n e

o f a

c o w ,

a n d

c a l l e d ,

l i k e

a

b u l l - r o a r e r ,

  h a t e i k u u c a n ,

i s

s o m e t i m e s

u s e d

i n

t h e

g h o s t - d a n c e t o

s t a r t t h e

s i n g i n g .

One

s p e c i m e n

(Museum

N o .

4 f f )

h a s a

f e w

s m a l l

h o l e s i n

i t .

T h r e e o f

t h e s e

i n a r o w

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.Kroeber,

T h e

A r a p a h o .

w e r e

s a i d

t o

r e p r e s e n t

t h e t h r e e

s t a r s

o f

O r i o n ,

c a l l e d

b y

t h e

A r a p a h o

  b u f f a l o - b u l l s .

T o p s -some

o f t h e m f l a t - h e a d e d ,

a n d

o t h e r s

p o i n t e d a t b o t h

e n d s

-were

w h i p p e d .

T h e game w a s c a l l e d

 

g o i n g

t o

w a r .

Any

t o p t h a t

w a s

b r o u g h t t h r o u g h

s t i l l

s p i n n i n g ,

w i t h o u t

h a v i n g

f a l l e n ,

w a s

r e g a r d e d

a s v i c -

t o r i o u s

i n

w a r .

F i g .

I 5 4

s h o w s

a c u p - a n d - b a l l

game

c o n -

s i s t i n g

o f

f o u r

h o l l o w

d e e r

l e g - b o n e s ,

e a c h

a b o u t

t w o

i n c h e s

l o n g ,

s t r u n g

i n

s e q u e n c e

a n d

c a u g h t

on a

n e e d l e ;

t h e

b o n e s c a u g h t

c o u n t i n g

t w o ,

t h r e e , f o u r ,

a n d f i v e

r e s p e c -

t i v e l y ,

a c c o r d i n g

a s

t h e y

a r e

more

o r l e s s

d i s t a n t .

A t

t h e e n d

o f

t h e

s t r i n g

a r e s e v e r a l

l o o p s

o f

b e a d s ,

e a c h

o f

w h i c h ,

i f

c a u g h t ,

c o u n t s

o n e

p o i n t .

I f

s e v e r a l

b o n e s

a r e

c a u g h t

o n t h e

n e e d l e

a t

o n e

t h r o w ,

t h e

number

o f . p o i n t s

i s

n o t t h e

t o t a l

o f

t h e

s e p a r a t e

v a l u e o f

e a c h ,

b u t

o n l y

a s

many

a s t h e

n u m b e r

o f b o n e s

c a u g h t .

The

s i d e s

o f t h e

b o n e s

a r e

p i e r c e d

w i t h s e v e r a l

s m a l l

t r a n s v e r s e

h o l e s .

I f

t h e n e e d l e

p e n e t r a t e s

o n e

o f t h e s e , t h e

game

i s s a i d

t o

b e

w o n .

From

t h e

way

t h e

game

i s

c o u n t e d

b y

o t h e r

t r i b e s ,

i t i s

p r o b a b l e

t h a t

t h i s s t a t e m e n t

r e f e r s

o n l y

t o

a

c e r t a i n

h o l e

n e a r

t h e

e n d

o f

t h e

l a s t

b o n e .

E a c h

p l a y e r

c o n t i n u e s

t o

p l a y

u n t i l h e

m i s s e s ,

o r

h a s m i s s e d

t w i c e ,

a s

ma y b e

p r e - a r r a n g e d

w h e n h i s

o p p o n e n t

r e c e i v e s

t h e

i m p l e m e n t .

A n o t h e r c u p - a n d - b a l l g a m e .

(Museum

N o .

- 6 4 )

i s

s i m i l a r

t o

t h e

l a s t ,

e x c e p t

F i g . 5 4 ( § % ) . c u p - a n d -

B a l l

G a m e .

T o t a l

l e n g t h ,

t h a t

s m a l l

h o o f s

r e p l a c e t h e

b e a d

l o o p s a t 4 9 c m .

t h e e n d

o f t h e

s t r i n g .

T h e b o n e s i n t h i s

s e t

c o u n t r e s p e c t i v e l y . f r o m

o n e

t o f o u r ;

a n d t h e h o o f s ,

i f

c a u g h t ,

o n e

p o i n t e a c h .

I n

t h i s

s e t ,

i t

i s

s a i d ,

t h e r e w a s n o

wa y

i n

w h i c h t h e game

c o u l d

b e

won

by a

s i n g l e t h r o r w .

. I 9 0 7 . ]

3 9 7

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398 B u l l e t i n A l e r i c a n

Museum

o f N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l .

X V I I I ,

THE

P E Y O T E

W O R S H I P .

- T h e

p e y o t e

c e r e m o n y

i s

c o m p a r a -

t i v e l y b r i e f .

I t i s

h e l d

i n a n

o r d i n a r y

t e n t ,

and l a s t s

t h r o u g h

a

n i g h t . A f t e r

d a r k

t he p a r ti c i p a n t s

e n t e r t h e

t e n t ,

and e a c h

e a t s

f o u r

o f

t h e

s m a l l

p l a n t s .

They ma y

f o l l o w

t h i s f i r s t

q u a n t i t y

d u r i n g

t h e

c o u r s e o f t h e n i g h t w i t h

a s many

m o r e

a s

t h e y

w i s h .

T h e n i g h t i s s p e n t

i n

s i n g i n g a r o u n d

a s m a l l

f i r e .

B e t w e e n

t h i s f i r e a n d

t h e

b a ' c k o f

t h e

t e n t ,

w h e r e t h e l e a d er

o f

t h e c e r e m o n y

s i t s ,

i s

t h e

e q u i v a l e n t

o f

a s i m p l e a l t a r

o n t h e

g r o u n d .

O n l y

o n e

p a r t i c i p a n t

s i n g s

a t

a

t i m e ,

a c c o m p a n y i n g

h i m s e l f b y

a

r a t t l e .

T h e

ma n

n e x t t o

h i m d r u m s

f o r h i m .

A f t e r f o u r s o n g s ,

t h e

r a t t l e

a n d

t h e

drum

a r e

r e s p e c t i v e l y

p a s s e d t o t h e

n e x t p a r t i c i p a n t ; a n d

i n

t h i s way t h e s o n g s

make

t h e r o u n d

o f

t h e

t e n t

d u r i n g t h e n i g h t .

The c o n c l u s i o n

o f

t h e

c e r e m o n y

i s

m a r k e d b y c e r t a i n

s y m b o l i c

a c t i o n s

a b o u t

s u n -

r i s e ,

a n d t h e

p a r t i c i p a n t s

t h e n

l e a v e

t h e

t e n t , a n d e a t . T h e

d a y i s s p e n t

i n company a t

r e s t i n

t h e

s h a d e , w i t h o c -

c a s i o n a l

i r r e g u l a r

s i n g i n g ,

b u t

w i t h n o

c e r e m o n i e s .

The

a c -

t i o n

o f

t h e

d r u g

l a s t s u n t i l

n i g h t , a t

w h i c h t i m e t h e

company

b r e a k s u p .

The

p e y o t e

c u l t

i s

n o t

t i n g e d a p p r e c i a b l y

w i t h g h o s t - d a n c e

b e l i e f s . I t ' c o n t a i n s many

C h r i s t i a n

i d e a s ,

b u t t h e y

a r e s o

i n c o r p o r a t e d

t h a t f u n d a m e n t a l l y

t h e

w o r s h i p

i s n o t d e p e n d e n t

o n

C h r i s t i a n i t y .

T h e l e a d e r

o f

e a c h

c e r e m o n y i s

s o l e d i r e c t o r

o f

i t . He

ma y

make

h i s

c e r e m o n y

i n

a c c o r d a n c e

w i t h

d r e a m s w h i c h

h e h a s

h a d ,

o r

b a s e i t

p a r t l y

o n

v i s i o n s

d u r i n g p r e v i o u s

c e r e m o n i e s .

I n

o t h e r c a s e s ,

h e f o l l o w s c e r e m o n i e s

t h a t

h e

h a s

p a r t i c i p a t e d

i n , c h a n g i n g

o r a d d i n g

d e t a i l s

t o s u i t

h i s

p e r s o n a l

i d e a s .

No

t w o

c e r e m o n i e s c o n d u c t e d

b y

d i f f e r e n t

i n d i v i d u a l s

a r e t h er e f o r e

e x a c t l y

a l i k e ;

b u t t h e g e n e r a l c o u r s e o f

a l l i s q u i t e s i m i l a r .

T h e

f o l l o w i n g

a c c o u n t o f

t h e

p e y o t e w o r s h i p i s b a s e d

o n

a

d e s c r i p t i o n o b t a i n e d

f r o m

a w o r s h i p p e r

a n d o n

t w o

c e r e m o n i e s

s e e n .

T h e s e

t h r e e

s o u r c e s

o f i n f o r m a t i o n h a v e b e e n c o m -

b i n e d

i n

a

s i n g l e

d e s c r i p t i o n ,

w h i c h

ma y

b e

r e g a r d e d

a s

a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e c e r e m o n i e s t y p i c a l i n

t h e t r i b e a b o u t

I 8 9 9 .

The

i n f o r m a n t

f r o m

w h o m

t h e a c c o u n t

w a s

o b t a i n e d t o o k

p a r t

i n

b o t h

t h e

c e r e m o n i e s

s e e n .

The

f i r s t

o f

t h e s e c e r e -

m o n i e s

had

o n l y

t h r e e

p a r t i c i p a n t s ,

b e s i d e s

a

w o m a n .

I n

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K r o e b e r ,

Ihe

A r a p a h o .

t h e

s e c o n d

t h e r e

w e r e

a b o u t

a

d o z e n

me n

( s o m e

o f

w h o m

w e r e

C h e y e n n e ,

a n d a l l

c o n s i d e r a b l y y o u n g e r

t h a n

on t h e

p r e v i o u s

o c c a s i o n )

a n d

a g a i n a

woman.

T h e

c o u r s e

o f

t h e

c e r e m o n y

i s a s

f o l l o w s .

T o w a r d

e v e n i n g

t h e

ma n

who

i s t o c o n d u c t

t h e

c e r e m o n y

s e l e c t s

a

s u i t a b l e

p l a c e

f o r

a

t e n t . He s t a n d s

f a c i n g

w e s t w a r d

o f

w h e r e t h e c e n t r e

o f

t h e

t e n t

w i l l b e .

R a i s i n g

h i s

r i g h t

h a n d , h e p r a y s .

T h e g r a s s

i s

s c r a p e d

f r o m

t h e

g r o u n d , b e i n g

c u t

f i r s t

f r o m

w e s t

t o

e a s t ,

a n d

t h e n

f r o m

n o r t h

t o

s o u t h .

The

t e n t

i s

t h e n

p u t u p ,

f a c i n g ,

a s

u s u a l ,

t h e e a s t .

T h e

wood

t h a t

i s

t o

b e

b u r n e d

d u r i n g

t h e

n i g h t

i s

s t a c k e d

i n s i d e

t h e

t e n t

t o

t h e s o u t h o f

t h e

d o o r . S m a l l s t i c k s o f

a

wood

t h a t

w i l l

b u r n

w i t h o u t

s p a r k s

a r e u s e d . T h e l e a d e r o f

t h e

c e r e m o n y

t a k e s

a

b l a n k e t ,

a n d ,

g a t h e r i n g

r e d o r

r e d d i s h - b r o w n

e a r t h o r

s a n d ,

b r i n g s

i t i n t o t h e

t e n t ,

o r

p e r h a p s

s e n d s

s o m e

o n e t o d o

t h i s .

T h i s

r e d d i s h

e a r t h

i s p u t

i n

a

s e m i c i r c l e a r o u n d

t h e f i r e -

p l a c e

i n

t h e

m i d d l e

o f

t h e

l o d g e ,

t h e

c e n t r e

o f

t h e

c r e s c e n t

b e i n g

t o w a r d t h e

b a c k

o f

t h e

t e n t ,

o p p o s i t e

t h e

d o o r .

T h e

d i a m e t e r

o f t h e

s e m i c i r c l e i s

p e r h a p s f o u r

o r

f i v e f e e t . S a g e

i s

p u l l e d o u t , a n d

l a i d

o n t h e g r o u n d

a r o u n d

t h e

i n s i d e

o f t h e

t e n t .

t o b e

s a t u p o n .

T h e

me n

s i t t i n g

o n

t h i s c a n

s t r e t c h

f o r w a r d a n d

r e a c h t h e

s e m i c i r c l e

o f

s o i l .

S o m e t i m e s

t h e

p a r

t i c i p a n t s b a t h e

j u s t

b e f o r e

m a k i n g

t h e

c e r e m o n y .

I n

t h e w a t e r

t h e y make

o n e p l u n g e

a g a i n s t

a n d

o n e

w i t h

t h e

c u r r e n t

o f t h e

s t r e a m . On

c o m i n g o u t o f

t h e

w a t e r ,

t h e y ma y

r u b

t h e m s e l v e s

w i t h

s a g e .

T h e

c l o t h i n g

a n d h e a d

a r e

some-

t i m e s

r u b b e d

w i t h t e a x u w i n e ' o r w a x -

u w a h a n ,

s c e n t e d

p l a n t s

t h a t a r e

c h e w e d .

T h e

m e s c a l - p l a n t s ,

h a h a a y d n x , w h i c h

a r e

w o o d e n - l o o k i n g d i s k s a n

i n c h o r

F i g . 1 5 5

( 2 1 2 7 ) .

M e s c a l

p r e -

p a r e d

f o r

t h e

C e r e m o n y .

D i -

more

a c r o s s , t u f t e d

w i t h

d u l l

w h i t e

( F i g .

a m e t e r ,

4

ClfD

I 5 5 ) , a r e

s o a k e d

i n w a t e r .

W h e n

t h e

d r y p l a n t s

a r e v e r y

h a r d ,

t h e s o a k i n g

r e n d e r s them

s u f f i -

c i e n t l y s o f t

t o b e

c h e w e d , b u t

w i t h

s o m e

d i f f i c u l t y .

B e f o r e

t h e

t e n t i s

e n t e r e d

f o r t h e

c e r e m o n y , t h e

p l a n t s a r e

t a k e n

f r o m

t h e w a t e r ,

w h i c h h a s

b e c o m e

b r o w n i s h , a n d

a r e l a i d

I

g o

7  

]

1 3 9

9

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4 00

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n

Museum o f N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l . X V I I I ,

i n

a

c l o t h .

T h e

d i r t y

a n d

v e r y

b i t t e r

l i q u i d

r e m a i n i n g

i s

p a s s e d a r o u n d t o

t h e

p a r t i c i p a n t s ,

e a c h

o f

w h o m

t a k c s

t w o

s i p s o f

i t , t h o u g h

t h i s

i s

n o t

o b l i g a t o r y .

T h e drum

' c o n s i s t s

o f

a n

o r d i n a r y

s m a l l

e a r t h e n w a r e

p o t

o v e r

w h i c h

i s

s t r e t c h e d a p i e c e

o f

b u c k s k i n , o r s o m e t i m e s

c a n v a s ,

w h i c h

i s

k e p t w e t t h r o u g h t h e

n i g h t by a l i t t l e w a t e r

i n s i d e o f t h e j a r . T h e

s k i n i s s t r e t c h e d by a r o p e .

T h i s

r o p e ,

h o w e v e r ,

d o e s

n o t

p a s s

t h r o u g h

h o l e s i n

t h e . s k i n ,

b u t

i s

wound

a r o u n d

s e v e n

g l a s s

m a r b l e s

w h i c h

h a v e

b e e n

r o l l e d

u p

i n

t h e

, s k i n .

T h i s

d e v i c e p r e v e n t s

t h e

s t r e t c h i n g

o f

t h e

s k i n ,

o r

t h e

t e a r i n g o u t o f p e r f o r a t i o n s i n i t

when

t h e

s t r i n g

i s

t i g h t e n e d .

T h e s e v e n g l a s s

m a r b l e s a l s o p l a y

a

p a r t

i n

t h e

s y m b o l i c a l

r i t e s

t h e n e x t

m o r n i n g . The

drum

i s

made

o n

t h e e v e n i n g o f

t h e

c e r e m o n y ,

a n d

h o u r s

a r e s o m e t i m e s c o n s u m e d

i n

a d j u s t i n g

i t .

W h e n

a t l a s t t h e

r i g h t d e g r e e

o f

t e n s i o n

i s

s e c u r e d ,

t o g e t h e r

w i t h

t h e p r o p e r s a t u r a t i o n

o f t h e s k i n , t h e e f f e c t

i s a t o n e

m o d e r a t e l y

l o u d

a n d

d e e p ,

a n d

v e r y

r e s o n a n t .

T h e

drum i s

u s u a l l y

b e a t e n

v e r y

r a p i d l y

s o

t h a t

t h e

r e v e r b e r a t i o n s

f r o m

t h e

s e p a r a t e

b l o w s

f u s e .

I n s i d e t h e

drum

a r e

a

s m a l l

q u a n t i t y

o f

a s h e s a n d

t h r e e

s m a l l

b i l l e t s

o f

p i n e - w o o d . T h e i n t r o d u c t i o n

o f t h e s e i s

p u r e l y

f o r c e r e m o n i a l r e a s o n s .

T h e

r a t t l e

w h i c h

i s

h e l d by

e a c h

ma n

a s h e

s i n g s

i s

a s m a l l

g o u r d

s t u c k o n a

s t i c k , a n d

c o n t a i n i n g o r d i n a r y s m a l l g l a s s

b e a d s .

A s

c o m p a r e d

w i t h

t h e

c l a t t e r i n g

s o u n d p r o d u c e d

b y t h e

g r a v e l

c o n t a i n e d

i n s o m e I n d i a n r a t t l e s , '

t h e n o i s e

o f

t h e s e

p e y o t e

i m p l e m e n t s

i s

a

s w i s h

r a t h e r t h a n

a

r a t t l e .

P o c k e t - k n i v e s a n d o t h e r

s h a r p i n s t r u m e n t s m u s t

b e l e f t

o u t s i d e t h e

t e n t

i n w h i c h t h e

c e r e m o n y

i s

c o n d u c t e d .

Not

e v e n

f o r k s

ma y b e u s e d w i t h t h e

f o o d e a t e n i n

t h e

t e n t , o r a t

t h e

m i d - d a y m e a l

o n

t h e

f o l l o w i n g d a y o u t o f

d o o r s .

T h e

s y m b o l i s m o f

t h i s o b s e r v a n c e '

s e e m s t o

b e t h e

i d e a t h a t t h e

c e r e m o n y

i s

a n

o c c a s i o n o f p e a c e

a n d g o o d - f e e l i n g , w h i c h

must

n o t b e d i s t u r b e d . F o r t h e

s a m e r e a s o n , p e r h a p s , a l l

f o o d e a t e n

i n

c o n n e c t i o n w i t h

t h e c e r e m o n y m u s t

b e

c o o k e d e n t i r e l y

w i t h o u t

s a l t . T h i s

c e r e m o n i a l i d e a i s ,

h o w e v e r ,

f o u n d

i n

many

r e g i o n s w i t h o u t

b e i n g b a s e d

o n

a n y s p e c i f i c

r e a s o n .

T h e

p a r t i c i p a n t s i n t h e

c e r e m o n y g a t h e r o u t d o o r s ; a n d t h e

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1907.].Kroeber,

T h e

A r a p a h o .

l e a d e r

o f

t h e

c e r e m o n y ,

t h e

o n e

i n

w h o s e

t e n t

i t

i s

h e l d ,

s e l e c t s

a f i r e - t e n d e r ,

c a l l e d h i c t a n a ' t c a

( f i r e c h i e f ) ,

s i l e n t l y

p o i n t i n g t o

him w i t h

a n e a g l e w i n g - f e a t h e r .

T h i s

f e a t h e r

t h e

f i r e - t e n d e r

u s e s

a s

a

f a n

f o r

t h e f i r e

d u r i n g

t h e

c e r e m o n y .

T h e

p l a c e

o f

t h e f i r e - t e n d e r

i s

j u s t

i n s i d e o f

t h e

d o o r ,

t o

i t s

l e f t

o r

n o r t h .

T h e

f i r e

c h i e f

g o e s

f i r s t , a n d

s t a r t s

t h e

f i r e

i n s i d e

t h e

t e n t . W h e n t h i s

b e g i n s

t o b e

i l l u m i n a t e d , t h e

o t h e r w o r s h i p p e r s

g a t h e r t h e i r

b l a n k e t s

a b o u t

t h e m ,

a n d

i n

s i n g l e

f i l e

w a l k

t o

t h e

t e n t .

The

f i r e

c h i e f

k n e e l s

o r

s t a n d s ,

o n t h e p r a i r i e ,

o ut s i d e t h e d o o r ,

w i t h h i s h e a d b o w e d ,

f a c i n g -

t h e t e n t , o r ,

a c c o r d i n g

t o

o n e a c c o u n t

o b t a i n e d ,

i n

t h e o p p o s i t e

d i r e c t i o n .

T h e c o n d u c t o r o f

t h e

c e r e m o n y ,

who

h a s

l e d t h e

r o w

o f

m e n ,

s t a n d s ,

a n d

p r a y s

i n a l o w

v o i c e ,

a n d t h e n

e n t e r s .

He i s f o l l o w e d

by t h e o t h e r s s i n g l y .

T h e f i r e

c h i e f

g o e s

l a s t , .

a n d c l o s e s t h e

d o o r o f

t h e

t e n t .

T h e w o r s h i p p e r s

t h e n

s i t

d o w n , t h e d i r e c t o r

o f

t h e c e r e m o n y

a l w a y s a t t h e

m i d d l e o f

t h e

b a c k

o f

t h e

t e n t .

U s u a l l y

c o r n - h u s k

c i g a r e t t e s

a r e

f i r s t

s m o k e d ,

a n d a r e

l i g h t e d

w i t h

a s t i c k

t a k e n

f r o m

t h e

f i r e b y t h e f i r e - t e n d e r .

T h e

l e a d e r

o f

t h e c e r e m o n y

t h e n

p r o d u c e s

f r o m

a s m a l l

b e a d e d

p u r s e

o r

p o u c h

a

m e s c a l - p l a n t ,

w h i c h

h e

k e e p s

p e r m a n e n t l y ,

o f t e n

c a r r y i n g

i t o n

h i s p e r s o n . T h e p l a n t

s e l e c t e d

i s

u s u a l l y

l a r g e ,

r o u n d ,

a n d

e v e n .

He c a r e f u l l y

s m o o t h e s a

l i t t l e s p a c e

a t t h e m i d d l e p o i n t

o f

t h e

c r e s c e n t o f

r e d d i s h

e a r t h b e f o r e

h i m .

B r e a k i n g

e i g h t s h o r t

s t e m s

o f s a g e ,

h e

l a y s

them

o n

t h i s

s p o t

i n t h e

f o r m

o f t w o

s u p e r i m p o s e d c r o s s e s ,

t h e e n d s o f

t h e

s t e m s

p o i n t i n g

i n

t h e

c a r d i n a l

d i r e c t i o n s a n d

b e t w e e n .

On

t h i s

s a g e

h i s

m e s c a l - p l a n t

i s

t h e n

l a i d

( u s u a l l y

a h e a d

f e a t h e r

p l u m e , w h i c h

ma y h a v e

b e e n

w o r n

i n t h e

h a i r

o n

e n t e r i n g

t h e

t e n t ,

i s

s t u c k

i n

t h e

g r o u n d s o t h a t

i t s t i p

n o d s

o v e r t h e

p l a n t ) ; .

t h e n ,

s t a r t i n g f r o m t h e

p l a n t , t h e

l e a d e r m a k e s a

c r e a s e

a l o n g

t h e

t o p

o f

t h e

c r e s c e n t o f e a r t h ,

f i r s t t o t h e r i g h t ,

t h e n

t o

t h e

l e f t .

T h i s

i s

c o n t i n u e d

a t

i t s

t w o

e n d s

by

t h e w o r s h i p p e r s ,

s i t t i n g o n

e a c h s i d e

o f

t h e l e a d e r , a n d t h e i r

n e i g h b o r s c a r r y

i t

f a r t h e r

u n t i l

t h e

e n d

o f

t h e

c r e s c e n t

i s

r e a c h e d . T h i s

c r e a s e

o r l i n e i s made

by

p r e s s i n g t h e

thumb

i n t o

t h e

l o o s e e a r t h .

I t

r e p r e s e n t s

t h e p a t h

b y w h i c h t h e

t h o u g h t s o f

t h e

w o r s h i p -

p e r s t r a v e l t o

t h e m e s c a l - p l a n t.

[ M a y ,

- 9 0 7 . ] '

2 6

1 9 0 7 ]

4 0 1

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402 B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n Museum o f N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y . [ V o l .

X V I I I ,

A f t e r

t h i s

a l t a r ,

a s

i t

m i g h t

b e

c a l l e d ,

h a s

b e e n

c o m p l e t e d ,

t h e

p e y o t e

i s e a t e n . T h e

d i r e c t o r

g i v e s

t o e a c h

o f

t h e

p a r -

t i c i p a n t s

f o u r

o f t h e

p l a n t s ,

w h i c h

h e

t a k e s o u t

o f t h e

c l o t h

o r

h a n d k e r c h i e f . T h e y

a r e

e x c e e d i n g l y

b i t t e r ,

a n d

s t i l l q u i t e

h a r d .

They

a r e g r o u n d

b e t w e e n

t h e

t e e t h , o n e

a t a t i m e ,

u n t i l

t h e y c r u m b l e ;

a n d

t h e

c h e w i n g i s c o n t i n u e d u n t i l

t h e y

a r e f i n e .

The

m a s s

i s

t h e n

p r e s s e d by

t h e t o n g u e i n t o a

r o u n d

b a l l , w h i c h ,

b e i n g s o f t ,

i s e a s i l y

s w a l l o w e d .

M o s t o f t h e

f u r r y

t u f t s

o n

t h e

f a c e

o f

t h e

p l a n t

a r e

s p i t

o u t d u r i n g

t h e

c h e w i n g .

I n

a

t e n t

f u l l

o f

w o r s h i p p e r s ,

a c o n s t a n t

s p u t t e r i n g

b r e a k s

t h e s i l e n c e

f o r

a

f e w m i n u t e s .

A f t e r

t h e s e

f i r s t

f o u r

p l a n t s

h a v e b e e n

e a t e n ,

more

c a n

b e

c a l l e d f o r

i n

t h e

c o u r s e

o f

t h e n i g h t ,

w h e n e v e r

a n y

o n e w i s h e s

t h e m .

F o u r a r e

g e n -

e r a l l y

e a t e n a t

a t i m e .

T h e a v e r a g e

n u m b e r

t a k e n

v a r i e s

c o n s i d e r a b l y ,

b u t

s e e m s

t o b e

a b o u t

t w e l v e .

S o m e t i m e s

more

t h a n

t h i r t y

a r e

e a t e n .

S o m e t i m e s ,

j u s t

b e f o r e r e c e i v i n g

t h e

p l a n t s ,

t h e

w o r s h i p p e r s

c h e w

s a g e ,

a n d

r u b

t h e m s e l v e s

w i t h i t .

The

d i r e c t o r p a s s e s

t h e

c l o t h

o f

s o a k e d

p l a n t s

f o u r

t i m e s

o v e r c e d a r

i n c e n s e .

He

t a k e s

o n e

h i m s e l f ,

a n d

g i v e s o n e t o t h e ma n

o n

h i s

l e f t ,

who

w i l l

drum f o r h i m . A f t e r t h e y

h a v e e a t e n t h e s e , t h e

d i r e c t o r

g i v e s

e a c h

o f

t h e

p a r t i c i p a n t s

f o u r

p l a n t s ,

f i r s t s t r e t c h i n g

h i s

h a n d

t o w a r d

t h e

e a s t .

A f t e r t h e

f i r s t f o u r

p l a n t s h a v e

b e e n d i s p o s e d

o f by a l l , t h e

l e a d e r

t a k e s

u p h i s r a t t l e a n d

b e g i n s

t o s i n g . S o m e t i m e s h e

r e s t s h i s

l e f t h a n d upon

a s t a f f ,

h o l d i n g

i n t h i s

h a n d

a n

e a g l e -

f e a t h e r f a n . S u c h a

f a n i s q u i t e commonly

u s e d

i n t h e c e r e -

m o n y .

T h e

ma n

a t

h i s l e f t

d r u m s f o r h i m .

J u s t

b e f o r e

t h e

s i n g i n g , t h e d r u m ,

r a t t l e , f a n , a n d s t a f f

h a v e b e e n

p a s s e d f o u r

t i m e s

o v e r c e d a r i n c e n s e . T h e l e a d e r

p a s s e s t h e

r a t t l e

t o

h i s

l e f t - h a n d

n e i g h b o r , a n d

d r u m s . A f t e r f o u r s o n g s ,

t h e t h i r d

w o r s h i p p e r t a k e s t h e

r a t t l e . I t g o e s

a b o u t

t h e

t e n t

f r o m

l e f t t o

r i g h t , f r o m

r i g h t

t o l e f t ,

a s

t h e w o r s h i p p e r s

s i t , making

c i r c u i t a f t e r

c i r c u i t ,

e a c h

ma n

s i n g i n g f o u r

s o n g s .

E x c e p t

i n

t h e

c a s e o f t h e

s i n g i n g o f t h e l e a d e r ,

t h e ma n

o n

t h e s i n g e r ' s

r i g h t

a l w a y s d r u m s

f o r

h i m . A b o u t

m i d n i g h t , o n t h e

c o m -

p l e t i o n

o f

a

r o u n d o f

s i n g i n g , t h e woman

p r e s e n t ,

who

i s

u s u a l l y

t h e

w i f e

o f

t h e l e a c l e r

o f

t h e

c e r e m o n y , l e a v e s t h e t e n t .

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K r o e b e r ,

The

A r a p a h o .

S h e

s o o n

r e t u r n s

w i t h

a

j a r o f

w a t e r ,

w h i c h

i s

p l a c e d

b e f o r e

h e r

h u s b a n d .

He

t h e n , a t

l e a s t

o n

some

o c c a s i o n s ,

t a k e s

an

e a g l e - b o n e

w h i s t l e

w i t h w h i c h

h e

i m i t a t e s t h e

c r y

o f

an e a g l e

a s i t

g r a d u a l l y d e s c e n d s

f r o m

a

g r e a t

h e i g h t

t o

t h e

g r o u n d

i n

s e a r c h

o f

w a t e r .

The

g r a d u a l a p p r o a c h

o f t h e b i r d f r o m

a

d i s t a n c e i s

v e r y v i v i d l y

i n d i c a t e d ,

e n d i n g

w i t h

a

c l i m a x

o f

s h r i l l

c r i e s .

T h e

e n d

o f

t h e

w h i s t l e

i s

t h e n

d i p p e d

i n t o t h e

w a t e r .

A f t e r

t h i s

t h e l e a d e r

d r i n k s

f r o m

t h e

j a r .

The

w a t e r

i s

t h e n

p a s s e d

a b o u t

t h e

t e n t

f r o m

l e f t

t o

r i g h t

i n

r e g u l a r

c e r e m o n i a l

o r d e r ,

a n d

e v e r y

o n e

d r i n k s

f o u r

s w a l l o w s .

The

e f f e c t s o f

t h e

p e y o t e

make

t h e

p a r t i c i p a n t s v e r y t h i r s t y ,

b u t

t h i s

o c c a s i o n

i s

t h e

o n l y i n t e r r u p t i o n

i n

t h e

c e r e m o n i e s

o f

t h e

n i g h t . From

t h i s

t i m e

o n

u n t i l s u n r i s e ,

t h e

s i n g i n g

a n d

t h e

d r u m m i n g g o

o n

c o n t i n u o u s l y .

S o m e t i m e s , i t

i s

s a i d ,

t h e l e a d e r

g o e s

o u t

o f

t h e t e n t

b e f o r e

t h e w a t e r i s

b r o u g h t

i n

a t

m i d n i g h t ,

t h e

w o r s h i p p e r s

r e m a i n i n g

i n

t h e

t e n t ,

a n d

p r a y i n g .

F a c i n g

t h e

e a s t ,

h e

p r a y s

t o

t h e

m o r n i n g s t a r ; t h e n , f a c i l i g w e s t ,

h e

p r a y s

t o t h e p e y o t e ,

w h i c h

i s

i n t h e t e n t , w e s t o f h i m .

On h i s r e t u r n , c e d a r i s p u t

o n t h e f i r e

a s

i n c e n s e ,

t o

c a r r y t h e

p r a y e r s u p .

T h e f i r e -

t e n d e r

s c r a p e s

t h e

a s h e s

i n t o a c r e s c e n t i c

s h a p e , i n s i d e t h e

c r e s c e n t

o f

e a r t h ,

a n d

t h e n

s t a n d s

a n d

d a n c e s .

H i s

d a n c i n g

c o n s i s t s o f

a

s h a k i n g . T h e

l e a d e r o f

t h e

c e r e m o n y

s i n g s

a n d

r a t t l e s ; t h e ma n

a t

h i s l e f t

d r u m s ; a n d a t h i r d p a r ti c i p a n t , i t

i s

s a i d ,

b l o w s

t h e

w h i s t l e ,

i m i t a t i l n g

a

b i r d .

A t

t h e

e n d

o f

f o u r

s o n g s , t h e

f i r e - t e n d e r , s t i l l c a r r y i n g h i s

e a g l e

w i n g - f e a t h e r , g o e s

o u t .

He

r e t u r n s

w i t h

t h e

w a t e r ,

w h i c h h e

s e t s

b e f o r e t h e

d i r e c t o r .

0

D u r i n g

t h e

n i g h t ,

t h e s o n g s u s u a l l y

r e f e r t o t h e p e y o t e

i t s e l f ,

t o t h e

b i r d s r e g a r d e d a s

i t s

m e s s e n g e r s , a n d

t o t h e l o n g

d u r a t i o n

o f t h e

n i g h t .

I n

t h e

m o r n i n g ,

a s

t h e

t e n t

b e g i n s

t a

b e c o m e

d i f f u s e d

w i t h

l i g h t , t h e s o n g s

r e f e r

t o t h e m o r n i n g

s t a r a n d

t h e e n d

w h i c h

i t

b r i n g s

t o

t h e c e r e m o n y . A t s u n r i s e

t h e

woman

l e a v e s

t h e t e n t , a n d a f t e r a

s h o r t

t i m e

r e - a p p e a r s

w i t h f o u r d i s h e s

o f

f o o d

a n d

d r i n k , w h i c h

s h e p l a c e s i n a r o w

on

t h e

g r o u n d ,

b e t w e e n

t h e

f i r e

a n d t h e

d o o r .

On

o n e o c c a s i o n ,

t h e

w oman

on

t h i s

r e - a p p e a r a n c e

w o r e

a s y m b o l i c a l l y

p a i n t e d ,

b u c k s k i n l d r e s s .

S o o n

a f t e r

h e r

e n t r a n c e ,

t h e l a s t r o u n d o f s i n g -

I

9 0 7 . ]

4 0 3

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4 04

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n Museum

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y . [ V o l .

X V I I I ,

i n g

i s

c o m p l e t e d ,

t h e

r a t t l e

i s

l a i d

a s i d e ,

a n d

t h e

f i r e

i s

a l -

l o w e d

t o

b u r n o u t . The drum i s

t h e n

l o o s e n e d a n d

t a k e n

a p a r t ; a n d e a c h p o r t i o n o f i t

i s p a s s e d

a r o u n d t h e

r i n g

o f

p a r t i c i p a n t s .

A

l i t t l e

o f

t h e w a t e r s t i l l

r e m a i n i n g

i n

t h e

j a r

i s

d r u n k

by

e a c h .

w o r s h i p p e r .

E v e r y

m a n ,

i n

t u r n ,

w r i n g s

t h e

w e t

s k i n ,

a n d ,

a s t h e

r o p e

w i t h

w h i c h i t

was

s t r e t c h e d

i s

p a s s e d

t o h i m ,

h e

t h r o w s

a

l o o p

o f

i t

o v e r

h i s

f o o t ,

a n d

t u g s

a t

i t .

T h i s

i s

a

s y m b o l o f

t h e

r o p i n g

o f

h o r s e s . The s e v e n

g l a s s

m a r b l e s

a r e

p r e s s e d

by

e a c h

ma n

a g a i n s t

h i s

c h e s t ,

h i s

s h o u l -

d e r s ,

a n d o t h e r

p a r t s

o f

h i s

b o d y ,

i n

o r d e r

t o

ward

o f f

d i s e a s e .

One

ma n h a s

b e e n

s e e n t o r o l l

a l l s e v e n o u t

o f

h i s

p a l m

i n t o

h i s m o u t h ,

a n d

t h e n

d r o p

t h e m

b a c k

o n e

by

o n e .

The l e a d e r ' s

f e t i s h ,

w h i c h

h a s l a i n

a l l

n i g h t

a t

t h e

b a c k

o f

t h e

c r e s c e n t

o f

e a r t h ,

i s

p a s s e d

by

e a c h

ma n

t o

h i s

n e i g h b o r ,

a n d i s

h e l d

and

l o o k e d

a t

f o r

a

s h o r t t i m e .

W h e n i t

h a s

made t h e

c i r c u l i t

a n d

r e t u r n s t o

t h e

l e a d e r ,

h e

p u t s

i t b a c k

c a r e f u l l y

i n t o

h i s

p o u c h .

Ho

d i s t r i b u t e s

t o

t h e

p a r t i c i p a n t s

t h e

b i t s

o f

s a g e - s t e m s

on

w h i c h t h e

p l a n t

h a s

r e s t e d

T h e

w o r s h i p p e r s

t h e n

w a s h

t h e

p a i n t f r o m

t h e i r

f a c e s ,

a n d

comb t h e i r h a i r ; w a t e r ,

a

t o w e l ,

a

m i r r o r ,

a n d a

comb

a l s o

m a k i n g t h e

r o u n d

o f

t h e

t e n t .

Then

a t

l a s t t h e d r i n k i n g - w a t e r

i s

p a s s e d a r o u n d t h e c i r c l e ,

a n d

i s

f o l l o w e d

by

t h e

d i s h e s

o f

f o o d , o n e

a f t e r

t h e o t h e r . A f t e r t h e

f o o d

h a s

g o n e a r o u n d

s e v e r a l t i m e s ,

a n d

n o n e o f

t h e d i s h e s

a r e a n y

l o n g e r t o u c h e d by

a n y

o n e ,

t h e

w o r s h i p p e r s

r i s e .

s t r e t c h

t h e m s e l v e s , s h a k e

t h e i r

b l a n k e t s ( w h i c h h a v e u s u a l l y

l a i n

b e h i n d

t h e m

d u r i n g

t h e

n i g h t ) ,

a n d ,

o n e b e h i n d

t h e

o t h e r ,

l e a v e

t h e

t e n t

i n

t h e s a m e o r d e r i n

w h i c h

t h e y

e n t e r e d

i t t h e

n i g h t b e f o r e .

I t

i s

p e r h a p s

e i g h t

i n

t h e

m o r n i n g

when

t h e

t e n t

i s

l e f t .

F o r

t h e

r e s t

o f

t h e

d a y t h e

w o r s h i p p e r s

l i e o n b l a n k e t s i n

a

- p l e a s a n t

s p o t

u n d e r

t r e e s ,

u n d e r

a s h a d e , o r i n

t h e h o us e .

From t i m e

t o

t i m e o n e o f them

s i n g s ,

s h a k i n g t h e r a t t l e

s o f t l y .

T h e drum

i s

n o

l o n g e r u s e d . O c c a s i o n a l l y m o r e t h a n

o n e

ma n

w i l l

s i n g

d i f f e r e n t

s o n g s

a t

t h e

s a m e

t i m e .

The

; e f f e c t

o f t h e d r u g

i s

- s t i l l

v e r y

s t r o n g . T h e

p h y s i o l o g i c a l

d i s c o m f o r t s

h a v e

u s u a l l y w o v r n

o f f , a n d

t h e

p l e a s u r a b l e

e f f e c t s

. 4 r e

a t t h e i r

h e i g h t .

I t

a p p e a r s

t h a t new s o n g s , i n s p i r e d

p e r h 4 $ p

b y

t h e v i s i o n s

o f

t h e

n i g h t ,

a r e

o f t e n c o m p o s e d

d u r i n g e

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K r o e b e r ,

T h e

A r a p a h o .

t h i s

d a y .

A t

noon

a

m e a l

i s

a g a i n

s e r v e d ,

most

o f

t h e f o o d

a t w h i c h

i s

s w e e t .

A t

t h i s

m e a l

o n l y

o n e

s p o o n

i s

a l l o w e d

i n

t h e

c o m p a n y ,

a n d

f o o d

r e q u i r i n g

t h e

u s e

o f

t h i s i s

t h e r e f b r e

p a s s e d a r o u n d f r o m o n e

p a r t i c i p a n t t o

t h e

o t h e r .

A t

d a r k

t h e

w o r s h i p p e r s

s a d d l e

t h e i r h o r s e s

a n d r i d e

h o m e ,

o r

g o

t o

b e d

i f

t h e y

l i v e

a t

t h e

l e a d e r ' s

h o u s e .

O n e

o f t h e

r e c e n t

m o d i f i c a t i o n s

o f

t h e

p e y o t e

c e r e m o n i a l

w a s

d e v i s e d

b y a f i r m

d e v o t e e , t o

c u r e

a

s i c k

p e r s o n . T h e

o r i g i n a t o r

o f t h i s

new

f o r m

o f

t h e

w o r s h i p

b e l i e v e s

h i m s e l f

t o

h a v e

b e e n

c u r e d

b y

t h e

d r u g .

I n

t h i s

c e r e m o n i a l ,

w h i c h

w a s

r e p e a t e d f o u r

t i m e s ,

t h e t e n t

s e e m s

t o

h a v e

r e p r e s e n t e d

a

s w e a t - h o u s e ,

a n d

a

p a t h

l e d

f r o m

t h e

e n t r a n c e

t o

a

f i r e

o u t s i d e ,

a s b e f o r e

a

s w e a t - l o d g e .

T h e

r i t u a l ,

w h i l e

r e m a i n i n g

a

p e y o t e

c e r e m o n y ,

c o n f o r m e d

more o r

l e s s

t o t h e o r d i n a r y

p r o c e s s e s

o f

d o c t o r i n g

a

s i c k

p e r s o n .

T h e

o b j e c t s u s e d

i n

c o n n e c t i o n

w i t h

t h e p e y o t e w o r s h i p

h a v e

a

d i s t i n c t

d e c o r a t i v e

c h a r a c t e r

o f

t h e i r

o w n . T h e

m o s t

t y p i c a l

c o l o r o n t h e m

i s

y e l l o w ,

w i t h w h i c h

t h e i r

w o o d

a n d

s k i n

p o r t i o n s

a r e

a l m o s t

a l w a y s p a i n t e d .

T h e

f e a t h e r s

m o s t

f r e q u e n t l y

u s e d

a r e

t h o s e

o f

t h e

y e l l o w - h a m m e r

a n d

o t h e r

s p e c i e s

o f

w o o d p e c k e r s .

T h e

b e a d - w o r k

on

p e y o t e o b j e c t s

i s

o n

t h e

w h o l e

p r e d o m i n a t i n g l y

y e l l o w ,

b u t m o s t f r e q u e n t l y

c o n s i s t s

o f a

m i x t u r e

o f s m a l l

a r e a s

o f

d i f f e r e n t

c o l o r s .

V e r y

f r e q u e n t l y t h e r e

a r e

b a n d s

o f

d i f f e r e n t c o l o r e n c i r c l i n g

s t e m s

a n d s i m i l a r

o b j e c t s .

I n

a l m o s t

a l l

c a s e s

t h e

o r n a m e n t a t i o n

i s

g e o m e t r i c .

T h e o b j e c t s

m o s t

u s e d

i n

t h e

p e y o t e

c e r e m o n i e s a r e

g o u r d

r a t t l e s ,

f a n s , p o u c h e s

f o r

t h e

p e y o t e - p l a n t , h e a d - d r e s s e s

o f

y e l l o w - h a m m e r

o r

w o o d p e c k e r

f e a t h e r s ,

a n d w r i s t - b a n d s .

T h e p e y o t e r a t t l e s

a r e made

o f

s m a l l

g o u r d s , w h i c h a r e

u s u a l l y p a i n t e d

y e l l o w .

T h e

s t i c k

h a n d l e

p r o j e c t s t h r o u g h

t h e

g o u r d ,

a n d

i s

o r n a m e n t e d w i t h

d y e d

h o r s e h a i r a t

t h e

t o p .

I n

some

c a s e s , t h e

h a n d l e

i s

w r a p p e d a r o u n d

w i t h b e a d s ,

a n d

a l m Q s t a l w a y s

d e c o r a t e d w i t h

a t t a c h m e n t s

a t t h e

l o w e r

e n d

o f

t h e h a n d l e . S m a l l

g l a s s b e a d s a r e u s e d t o p r o d u c e t h e

s o u n d .

The f a n s

a r e

o f t e n

q u i t e

e l a b o r a t e .

P l a t e

L X X X I I I

s h o w s

a

p e y o t e

f a n .

I t c o n s i s t s e s s e n t i a l l y

o f

a s h o r t b e a & c Q v e r e d

I 1 9 0 7 . ]

4 0 5

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406

B u l l e t i n

A m z e r i c a n

Museum

o f N a t u r a l ' H i s t o r y .

[ V o l .

X V I I I ,

h a n d l e

a n d

o f

f o u r

e a g l e - f e a t h e r s ,

w h i c h

c a n

b e

g r a s p e d

s o

a s

t o

p r e s e n t

a

s o m e w h a t

f a n - l i k e

s u r f a c e .

T h e b a s e s o f

t h e

q u i l l s

o f

t h e s e

f e a t h e r s a r e

w r a p p e d

w i t h

b e a d s ,

-

o n e

w h i t e , o n e

g r e e n , o n e

b l u e ,

a n d

o n e

y e l l o w . On e a c h

o f t h e s e

g r o u n d -

c o l o r s t h e r e a r e n a r r o w

b a n d s o f t h e t h r e e

o t h e r

c o l o r s .

A b o v e t h e

b e a d - w r a p p i n g

a t t h e b a s e o f

e a c h

f e a t h e r

p r o p e r

a r e a

r e d

p l u m e

a n d

a f e w

f r i n g e s

o f

s k i n . T h e s e

f o u r

e a g l e -

f e a t h e r s

a r e

a t t a c h e d

t o t h e

u p p e r

e n d o f

t h e

h a n d l e i n

s u c h

a

way

t h a t

w h e n

t h i s

i s

h e l d

u p

t h e y

f a l l ,

a n d

e x t e n d

h o r i z o n t a l l y .

W h e r e

t h e y

a r e

a t t a c h e d

t o t h e

h a n d l e

a r e a

number

o f

t r i m m e d

y e l l o w - h a m m e r

o r s i m i l a r

f e a t h e r s . T h e s e

a r e

o r n a m e n t e d w i t h

r e d a n d

g r e e n

p l u m e s ,

-m o s t

o f

t h e m

a t

t h e

b a s e ,

b u t t h o s e

t h a t

a r e

l o n g e s t ,

h a l f w a y u p

t h e

f e a t h e r

a l s o .

T h e

h a n d l e

o f

t h e f a n s e e m s

t o

b e o f

s k i n . T h e

b e a d i n g

e n -

c l o s i n g

i t s h o w s

many

b a n d s ,

n o n e

o f

w h i c h

i s

more

t h a n

t w o

r o w s

o f b e a d s w i d e . T h e r e

a r e

a l l

t o g e t h e r

s i x

c o l o r s

o f

b e a d s

o n

t h e

h a n d l e .

A t t h e

l o w e r

e n d o f

t h e

h a n d l e

i s

t i e d

a

s t r i p

o f

f u r ;

a n d

b e l o w

t h i s

h a n g s

a

f r i n g e o f

s t r i p s

o f

s k i n

m o r e

t h a n a

f o o t l o n g , p a i n t e d

y e l l o w .

T h e

p o u c h e s

u s e d

t o

c o n t a i n t h e

p e y o t e - p l a n t

h a v e room

f o r

o n l y

o n e

o f

t h e

d i s k s , w h i c h

i s

u s u a l l y

c a r r i e d m o r e

o r

l e s s .

a s

a

p e r s o n a l

a m u l e t i n a d d i t i o n

t o

b e i n g t h e

c e n t r e o f

w o r s h i p

d u r i n g

c e r e m o n i e s .

T h e

p o u c h e s

a r e b e a d e d ,

a n d u s u a l l y

f r i n g e d

a n d

o t h e r w i s e o r n a m e n t e d .

P l a t e

LXXXIV s h o w s

s u c h

a

p o u c h .

I t i s

a t t a c h e d t o

a

n e c k l a c e

o f

s t r i n g s o f b l a c k

b e a d s .

T h e

f l a p

t o

t h e

p o u c h

c o n s i s t s

o f

t w o

s t r i p s

o f

s k i n

w r a p p e d w i t h

b e a d s a t

t h e

e n d ,

a n d t h e n

f r i n g e d . The

p o u c h

i t s e l f

i s

s u r r o u n d e d by

a

r o w o f m e t a l

L u t t o n s

a n d

by

a

f r i n g e

o f

s k i n .

T h i s

f r i n g e ,

l i k e

a l l t h e

u n b e a d e d

s k i n o f t h e

p o u c h ,

i s

p a i n t e d

y e l l o w . A

c i r c u l a r

a r e a o f

b e a d - w o r k

c o v e r i n g t h e

f r o n t

o f t h e p o u c h i t s e l f ,

i s

s a i d t o

r e p r e s e n t

t h e

a p p e a r a n c e

o f

a

p e y o t e - p l a n t

w h i l e

b e i n g w o r s h i p p e d .

I n

t h e c e n t r e

a .

c r o s s

o f

r e d

b e a d s

r e p r e s e n t s t h e

m o r n i n g s t a r .

A r o u n d

t h e

e d g e

o f

t h i s c i r c u l a r

b e a d - w o r k

a r e e i g h t

s m a l l

t r i a n g u l a r

f i g u r e s ,

w h i c h

d e n o t e

t h e v o m i t i n g s

d e p o s i t e d by t h e r i n g

o f

w o r s h i p p e r s

a r o u n d t h e i n s i d e

o f

t h e t e n t

i n t h e

c o u r s e

o f t h e

n i g h t .

T h e

y e l l o w

f r i n g e

a r o u n d t h e

p o u c h

r e p r e s e n t s

t h e

s u n ' s

r a y s .

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K r o e b e r ,

l h e A r a p a h o .

A c c o m p a n y i n g

t h i s

p o u c h

a r e

f o u r

b u n c h e s

o f

s m a l l

f e a t h e r s

o f

y e l l o w - h a m m e r ,

s p a r r o w - h a w k ,

a n d

s i m i l a r

b i r d s , c o n t a i n i n g

e a c h

f r o m

o n e

t o t h r e e d o z e n f e a t h e r s .

T h e s e

f e a t h e r s

a r e

o r n a m e n t e d

a t t h e i r b a s e s w i t h

d y e d

p l u m e s

o r

s m a l l

b a r r e d

f e a t h e r s .

T h e y

a r e

a t t a c h e d t o

t h o n g s ,

w h i c h

a r e

g a t h e r e d

i n t o

a

s i n g l e l a r g e

k n o t ,

a n d

e n c l o s e d b y

a

c o v e r i n g

o f

s k i n

o r

w r a p p i n g

o f s i n e w .

I t i s

s a i d

t h a t t h e s e b u n c h e s

o f

f e a t h e r s a r e h u n g o n t h e

t e n t - p o l e s

-

a t t h e n o r t h e a s t ,

n o r t h -

w e s t ,

s o u t h e a s t ,

a n d

s o u t h w e s t

-

d u r i n g

t h e

p e y o t e

c e r e m o n y ,

a n d

t h a t

t h e y

a r e

a l s o u s e d t o b r u s h

t h e b o d i e s o f t h e

w o r -

s h i p p e r s

when t h e y a r e

t i r e d . I t

i s n o t i m p r o b a b l e t h a t

t h e y

ma y

a l s o h a v e

b e e n

w o r n

a s h e a d - d r e s s e s .

F i g .

I 5 6 : ( i % ) .

F e a t h e r u s e d t o b r u s h t h e

B o d y .

F u l l

l e n g t h ,

2 2

c m .

A n o t h e r

b u n c h

o f

f e a t h e r s o f t h i s

t y p e

( F i g . I 5 6 ) w a s s a i d

t o h a v e b e e n

u s e d b o t h

a s a

h e a d - d r e s s

a n d

t o b r u s h

t h e

b o d y .

T h e

y e l l o w p a r t s

a r e

f a d e d

y e l l o w - h a m m e r

f e a t h e r s .

O n l y

s e v e n

r e m a i n o n t h e

s p e c i m e n .

W h e r e

t h e

t h o n g s t o w h i c h

I

9 0 7

. ]

4 0 7

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408

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n Museum

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l .

X V I I I ,

t h e y

a r e

a t t a c h e d

a r e

g a t h e r e d

t o g e t h e r

t h e r e

i s

a

b u l b c o v e r e d

w i t h

s k i n .

T h i s b u l b

i s f u r t h e r

c o v e r e d

by

r e d

a n d

y e l l o w

b e a d s .

A s

u s u a l , t w o

t h o n g s a r e u s e d

t o

a t t a c h t h e

h e a d - d r e s s

t o t h e h a i r .

S p e c i m e n Museum

N o .

; T f 4

i s

a n o t h e r

h e a d - d r e s s

c o n -

s i s t i n g o f

a

b u n c h o f

f e a t h e r s ,

a n d

a p p a r e n t l y

i n t e n d e d

f o r

t h e

p e y o t e

w o r s h i p . To n i n e

y e l l o w h a m m e r - f e a t h e r s

i s

t i e d

a

s m a l l

e a g l e o r

hawk

f e a t h e r

o r n a m e n t e d

w i t h

a

g r e e n

p l u m e

a t

t h e b a s e

a n d

w i t h

s o m e

r e d p a i n t

o n

t h e

w h i t e

p o r t i o n

o f

i t s s u r f a c e . T h e

t h o n g s o f

a l l

t h e

f e a t h e r s

a r e

p a i n t e d

r e d .

I n s t e a d

o f

t h e b a l l

o f

k n o t s t h e r e i s

i n

t h i s

s p e c i m e n

o n l y

a

b i t

o f w e a s e l - s k i n .

T h i s

h e a d - d r e s s

w o u l d

s e e m

t o

h a v e

b e e n

F i g . 1 5 7

( ' 1 1

a ) .

Head

O r n a m e n t . F u l l

l e n g t h , 2 8

c m .

w o r n ,

a t

l e a s t

i n

p a r t ,

a s

a n

e x p r e s s i o n

o f a

w i s h

f o r

t h e a c -

q u i s i t i o n

o f

a

h o r s e .

W he n

w o r n t i e d

t o t h e

h a i r o v e r

t h e

t e m p l e ,

i t

r e p r e s e n t s

t h e

b l i n d e r s

o f

a

h o r s e . T h e

o n e

l a r g e r

f e a t h e r ,

t h e

u p p e r

e n d

o f

w h i c h i s

b l a c k , i s

s a i d t o

r e p r e s e n t

a

b l a c k - e a r e d

h o r s e ;

t h e

b i t o f

w e a s e l - s k i n ,

h o r s e h a i r .

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K r o e b e r ,

T l h e

A r a p a h o .

S p e c i m e n

Museum

N o .

4 5 W 0

c o n s i s t s

o f

a

d o z e n

y e l l o w -

hammer

o r s i m i l a r f e a t h e r s

t i e d

t o g e t h e r

b y

y e l l o w - p a i n t e d

t h o n c g s .

T h e

l a r g e

k n o t i s

l a c k i n g ;

i n s t e a d ,

a s m a l l h e m i -

s p h e r i c a l m e t a l b u t t o n

i s

a t t a c h e d ,

s a i d

t o

r e p r e s e n t

a

p e y o t e -

p l a n t .

V e r y

s i m i l a r

i s

p a r t

o f

a n o t h e r

h e a d o r n a m e n t

( F i g .

I 5 7 ) .

T h i s

a l s o

c o n s i s t s

o f

a d o z e n

y e l l o w - h a m m e r

o r

s i m i l a r

f e a t h e r s

c o n t h o n g s g a t h e r e d

i n

a

l a r g e

k n o t ,

a n d

o r n a m e n t e d

w i t h

a

c u r v e d

m e t a l

b u t t o n

r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e

p e y o t e - p l a n t .

The

y e l l o w

f e a t h e r s

a r e s a i d

t o d e n o t e s t i c k s

i n

t h e

f i r e

d u r i n g t h e

c e r e m o n y . P e r h a p s

o r i g i n a l l y

a

s e p a r a t e o b j e c t ,

b u t now

a t t a c h e d t o

t h i s

b u n c h

o f

f e a t h e r s ,

i s a

m i n i a t u r e

f a n

o f s i x

b l u i s h

f e a t h e r s

w r a p p e d

w i t h

b e a d s

w h e r e

t h e y

a r e

g a t h e r e d

a t t h e i r b a s e s . B e l o w t h i s

b e a d e d h a n d l e

i s

a

f r i n g e

o f a

d o z e n t h o n g s p a i n t e d y e l l o w , a n d a t t h e b a s e o f t h e ' b l u e

f e a t h e r s a r e d - d y e d p l u m e .

T h i s

r e d

i s s a i d

' t o r e p r e s e n t

t h e

f i r e

i n

t h e

c e r e m o n y ;

t h e

b l u i s h f e a t h e r s ,

a s h e s ;

a n d

t h e

a p p r o x i m a t e l y

c y l i n d r i c a l

b e a d - c o v e r e d

h a n d l e

o f

t h e f a n ,

a

p e y o t e - p l a n t .

A n o t h e r

o b j e c t

w a s

u s e d

a s a

b r a c e l e t ( F i g .

I 5 8 ) . I t s e e m s

o r i g i n a l l y

t o

h a v e

f o r m e d

t h e

f o r k e d

c o v e r - f l a p

o f

a

p e y o t e

p o u c h ,

l i k e

t h a t

s h o w n

i n F i g .

I

4 4 , b u t

t o

h a v e b e e n c u t

o f f

a n d

p u t

t o

a n o t h e r

u s e .

T h e

' e d g e s

a r e

b o r d e r e d w i t h g r e e n

a n d y e l l o w b e a d s . A t

t h e

e n d

o f

e a c h o f

t h e t w o s t r i p s i s

a

l a r g e

b l u e b e a d

f r o m w h i c h

i s s u e ' f i v e

l o o p s

o f

s m a l l

b e a d s .

T h e s e b e a d

a t t a c h m e n t s

r e p -

r e s e n t

t h e

h a n d

w i t h

i t s f i v e

F i g .

I 5 8

(

; , a ) . f i n g e r s .

F i g .

I 5 9

( f § ° ) .

B r a c e l e t . F u l l B r a c e l e

mde

o f

l e n g t h ,

3 7

c m .

Another

s u c h

w r i s t - b a n d

T w i s t e d

C o r d .

( F i g .

I

5 9 )

c o n s i s t s

p r i m a r i l y

o f

L e n g t h ,

i 8

c m .

two

s t r a n d s

o f - t h o n g s p a i n t e d y e l l o w , a n d t w i s t e d t o g e t h e r

i n t o

a

s i n g l e s t r i n g .

A

t h o n g

f a s t e n s t h i s

t o g e t h e r a f t e r

i t

i s

p a s s e d a r o u n d t h e w r i s t ,

a n d

l e t s t h e t w o

e n d s

h a n g l o o s e .

I

g o 0 7

*

4 0 9

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410

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n

A M u s e u m o f

N a t u r a l H i s t o r y .

[ V o l . X V I I I ,

T h e s e e n d s

c o n s i s t

o f

a

c y l i n d r i c a l

b u t t o n

c o v e r e d

w i t h

b a n d s

o f

b e a d s ,

a n d o f a

y e l l o w s k i n

f r i n g e . A t t a c h e d t o t h e

f r i n g e

a t

o n e

o f t h e

e n d s i s

a

f l a t p i e c e

o f

p e a r l

i n

t h e

f o r m

o f

a b o u t

t w o - t h i r d s

o f

t h e

a r e a o f

a

c i r c l e .

T h i s was

s a i d

t o

r e p r e s e n t

t h e m o o n , a n d t o e n a b l e t h e

w e a r e r

o f

t h e b r a c e l e t i n

t h e

p e y o t e

t e n t ,

c e r e m o n i a l l y

o f

c o u r s e ,

t o

d e t e c t

t h e a p p r o a c h

o f

m o r n i n g b y

i t s

r e f l e c t i o n .

S p e c i m e n

Museum

N o .

I

, o b t a i n e d

f r o m R e v .

W a l t e r

C .

R o e ,

i s

d e s c r i b e d

a s

a

b r a c e l e t

made

o f

h a i r

t a k e n f r o m

a

c a p t i v e .

T h e

s p e c i m e n

h a s

e v e r y

a p p e a r a n c e

o f

b e i n g

a

p e y o t e

o b j e c t .

T h e h a i r

i s

l i g h t

b r o w n

a n d

b r a i d e d ,

a n d

i n

t h e

m i d d l e

b o u n d

w i t h

a n

o r n a m e n t c o n s i s t i n g

o f

a

c y l i n -

d r i c a l

b u t t o n

o f b e a d s o f

s e v e r a l

c o l o r s

a n d a

s h o r t

y e l l o w

f r i n g e .

A t

t h e

e n d s o f

t h e b r a i d a r e

s i m i l a r

s m a l l e r

c y l i n -

d r i c a l

b u t t o n s

o f

l i g h t - b l u e

b e a d s ,

e a c h

w i t h

a

y e l l o w

b a n d a t

e a c h

e n d . F r o n m

t h e

l o w e r e n d s

o f

t h e s e

b e a d

o r n a m e n t s

h a n g s

a n o t h e r

y e l l o w

f r i n g e .

A

t w o - s t r a n d

y e l l o w

t h o n g

t i e s .

t h e

b r a c e l e t

t o g e t h e r j u s t

a b o v e

t h e

two

o r n a m e n t e d e n d s .

T h e r e s e e m s

t o b e

c o n s i d e r a b l e t r a d i n g

a n d

g i v i n g o f

p e y o t e

o b j e c t s .

Man y o f t h e s p e c i m e n s

d e s c r i b e d

i n

d i f f e r e n t

p a r t s

o f t h i s

w o r k m i g h t h a v e

b e e n

made

b y I n d i a n s

o f

o t h e r

t r i b e s ,

a n d

v e r y p r o b a b l y

some

a r e

o f

f o r e i g n

o r i g i n .

The

p o s s i b i l i t y

o f

t h i s

v a r i e s

w i t h

t h e c l a s s o f

o b j e c t s .

The

r e g a l i a

o f

t h e

a g e - s o c i e t i e s

a r e

c e r t a i n l y a l w a y s

p u r e l y

A r a p a -

h o ,

a l t h o u g h many s i m i l a r

t y p e s

o c c u r among o t h e r

t r i b e s .

A r t i c l e s o f

c l o t h i n g

a n d

i m p l e m e n t s

ma y

i n

s o m e c a s e s

h a v e

b e e n

made

o u t s i d e

t h e

t r i b e ;

a n d

t h e

s a m e

h o l d s

t r u e o f

t h e

g h o s t a n d

c r o w d a n c e

o b j e c t s .

T h e

p e y o t e p a r a p h e r n a l i a

a r e

p e r h a p s

m o s t l i k e l y t o

b e i m p o r t e d .

T h e

c e r e m o n y i s s a i d t o

b e

d e r i v e d

f r o m

t h e

K i o w a ,

a n d

me n o f

d i f f e r e n t

t r i b e s

n o t

i n f r e q u e n t l y

n ow

p a r t i c i p a t e i n

t h e

s a m e

w o r s h i p .

C H A R A C T E R

OF

CEREMONIAL

OBJECTS.

N t m b e r a n d

C o l o r

S y m b o l i s m . - I t

w i l l

b e

s e e n l

t h a t t h e

g e n e r a l

c h a r a c t e r

o f

t h e

m o d e r n

g h o s t - d a n c e

a n d r e l a t e d

c e r e m o n i a l

o b j e c t s

i s

q u i t e

d i s t i n c t

f r o m

t h a t

o f

t h e

r e g a l i a

f o r m e r l y

u s e d

i n

t h e t r i b a l

a g e - c e r e m o n i e s .

T h e

f u n d a m e n t a l

d i f f e r e n c e

i s ,

t h a t t h e

l a t t e r

a r e

f i x e d

a n d

t h e

v a r i a t i o n s

b e t w e e n

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K r o e b e r ,

T h e

A r a p a h o .

i n d i v i d u a l

p i e c e s o f

t h e

s a m e

k i n d

a r e

d u e

t o

c i r c u m s t a n c e s ,

a n d

u n i n t e n t i o n a l ;

w h e r e a s t h e m o d e r n

c e r e m o n i e s

-

n o t

b e i n g b a s e d

o n e s t a b l i s h e d

r i t u a l t o a n y

e x t e n t , b u t

d e p e n d e n t

p r i m a r i l v o n p u r e l y

p e r s o n a l

s u p e r n a t u r a l e x p e r i e n c e

-

i m p o s e

o n t h e

o b j e c t s

u s e d

i n

t h e m

o n l v

a

t e n d e n c y t o

s i m i l a r i t y ,

a n d

i n f a c t

n o

t w o s u c h p i e c e s

a r e

o r d i n a r i l y e n t i r e l y

a l i k e e v e n

i n

i n t e n t . T h i s

d i f f e r e n c e

i s

p e r h a p s

b e s t

e x e m p l i f i e d b y t h e

c o l o r i n g o f

t h e

t w o c l a s s e s

o f

r e g a l i a .

T h e

t r i b a l

p i e c e s

a r e

r e d ,

w h i t e ,

o r

y e l l o w ,

w i t h

o c c a s i o n a l

s m a l l

b l a c k

o r

g r e e n

e m b r o i d e r e d o r

p a i n t e d o r n a m e n t s ,

o r

a

l i t t l e

b l u e

b e a d i n g :

t h e m o d e r n

p i e c e s

a r e

o f a l l

c o l o r s ,

u s e d

t o g e t h e r i n d i s c r i m i -

n a t e l y

w i t h o u t

r e s t r i c t i o n . A s

r e g a r d s f o r m , many k i n d s

o f

o b j e c t s o f

e a c h c l a s s

a r e

n o t

f o u n d i n

t h e o t h e r .

T h e

t w o

t y p e s

o f

b u f f a l o - d a n c e

h e a d - d r e s s e s , b e l t s

o f

t h i s

a n d o f

t h e

s e c o n d a g e - d a n c e ,

c r a z y - d a n c e

r o b e s ,

d o g - d a n c e

s c a r f s ,

t h e

b u n c h - f e a t h e r h e a d - d r e s s e s o f

t h e

d o g - d a n c e , t h e s t a r - d a n c e

r a t t l e s ,

t h e

w o o d e n

w a r - c l u b s

o f

t h e

f i r s t

d a n c e ,

a n d

t h e

b o n e

w h i s t l e s o f

s e v e r a l o f t h e

d a n c e s , - a r e

a l l

w i t h o u t

p a r a l l e l

i n

t h e

m o d e r n r e g a l i a .

T h e

b o a r d

w a n d s

o f

t h e f i r s t

d a n c e ,

a n d

p e r h a p s

i n

a

d e g r e e

t h e

c l u b o f

t h e h i g h e s t

d e g r e e o f t h e

s e c o n d d a n c e ,

t h e

u p r i g h t

r a w h i d e

a n d

f e a t h e r h e a d - d r e s s e s

o f

t h e

s e c o n d

d a n c e ,

t h e

q u i l l e d

t h o n g

p e n d a n t s

o f

t h e

d o g -

d a n c e

w h i s t l e s a n d o f o t h e r

r e g a l i a ,

a n d t h e

s m a l l

q u i l l e d h o o p s

o f

t h e

b u f f a l o - d a n c e , h a v e m o r e

o r

l e s s c l o s e p a r a l l e l s o r

i m i -

t a t i o n s ,

e s p e c i a l l y i n

t h e

g h o s t - d a n c e

o b j e c t s .

T h e

l a n c e s

o f

t h e s e c o n d

d a n c e ,

w h i c h

h a v e

s o

w i d e

a

d i s t r i b u t i o n

o n t h e

P l a i n s ,

e s p e c i a l l y

t h e f e a t h e r e d

c r o o k s ,

d o

n o t

s e e m

t o

h a v e

c l o s e

a n a l o g u e s i n m o d e r n

c e r e m o n i a l

o b j e c t s ,

t h e

o n l y

s i m i l a r

p i e c e

i n

t h e

Museum

c o l l e c t i o n b e i n g

t h e s h o r t

f e a t h e r e d

s t i c k

s h o w n

i n

P l a t e

L X X I X .

On

t h e o t h e r h a n d , p r a c t i c a l l y

e v e r y

o n e

o f t h e many

t y p e s

o f g h o s t - d a n c e

h e a d - d r e s s e s , t h e

c r o w - b e l t s ,

t h e

h a n d

m i r r o r s , t h e

p a i n t e d

d r e s s e s , t h e f e a t h -

e r e d

n e c k l a c e s a n d

b e l t s ,

a n d

o t h e r c l a s s e s o f

o b j e c t s ,

a r e ,

among t h e

A r a p a h o ,

a l t o g e t h e r

m o d e r n .

From w h a t h a s

b e e n s a i d ,

A r a p a h o c o l o r a n d number

s y m -

b o l i s m ,

a n d

t h e i r

r e l a t i o n s , c a n now b e

s u m m a r i z e d . The

A r a p a h o

s a c r e d n u m b e r s

-

a s a p p e a r s

f r o m

i n n u m e r a b l e

r e f e r e n c e s b o t h i n

c e r e m o n i a l and

o t h e r

c o n n e c t i o n s , a n d f r o m

1 9 0 o 7

. ]

4 1 . I

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4 1

2

B u l l e t i n A m e r i c a n

Museum

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l .

X V I I I ,

t h e

t r a d i t i o n s

t h a t

h a v e

b e e n

p u b l i s h e d

- a r e

f o u r ,

f i v e ,

and

s e v e n . S i x a n d

t e n

d o n o t

o c c u r . S e v e n

i s

much

l e s s

f r e q u e n t

t h a n f o u r .

T h e

A r a p a h o

s o m e t i m e s s a y

t h a t i n

c e r t a i n

m a t t e r s ,

s u c h

a s

t h e

m e m b e r s h i p

o f

t h e

h i g h e s t

a g e -

s o c i e t y , f o u r

i s t h e o l d e r

n u m b e r ,

s e v e n

t h e n e w e r ;

b u t

t h i s i s

p r o b a b l y

n o t h i n g

m o r e t h a n a s p e c u l a t i v e

s u p p o s i t i o n b a s e d

o n

t h e

g r e a t e r i n c l u s i v e n e s s o f

s e v e n .

O b j e c t s , n a m e s ,

a n d

c o n c e p t i o n s

( c e r e m o n i a l

and

m y t h o l o g i c a l )

a r e

n o t

i n f r e -

q u e n t l y

s e v e n

i n

n u m b e r ,

e p i s o d e s

i n

t r a d i t i o n s

o c c a s i o n a l l y ,

r i t u a l

a c t i o n s

h a r d l y

e v e r .

O f t h e t w o

o t h e r

n u m b e r s , i t

ma y

b e s a i d

u n q u a l i f i e d l y ,

t h a t

f i v e

o c c u r s o n l y

a s

b a s e d

o n

f o u r : i t

i s ,

a s

a n

i d e a , t h e

s u m m i n g - u p

o f t h e

f o u r , s p a t i a l l y

t h e c e n t r e

o f

t h e f o u r .

.

The

i d e a

o f

f i v e a s

a

s i g n i f i c a n t

n u m b e r

i t s e l f

i s

a s

f o r e i g n

t o t h e A r a p a h o

m i n d a s

t h a t

o f

t h r e e

o r o f

t e n ,

e x c e p t

i n s o

f a r a s

t h i s

i s

c o n n e c t e d

w i t h

t h e

f i n g e r s

a n d

m a t h e m a t i c a l o p e r a t i o n s . On

a c c o u n t

o f

b e i n g t h e

f u l -

f i l m e n t

o f f o u r ,

f i v e

i s

p a r t i c u l a r l y

common

i n

r i t u a l i s t i c

a c t i o n s ,

p e r h a p s e x c e e d i n g

f o u r i n

f r e q u e n c y ; b u t

i t s r e l a t i o n

t o

f o u r

i s

e v e n

t h e n a l m o s t

a l w a y s

c l e a r

t o t h e

I n d i a n a s

w e l l

a s

t o t h e

w h i t e

o b s e r v e r ,

e s p e c i a l l y i n c a s e s

o f

v i s i b l e

s p a t i a l

e x p r e s s i o n .

F o u r ,

t h e n ,

i s

t h e p r i m a r y n u m b e r

w i t h

m e a n i n g

t o

t h e

A r a p a h o .

T h e y

a r e

u n a b l e

t o

d e p a r t

f r o m

t h i s

t h o u g h t ,

a n d

i t

e n t e r s i n t o t h e i r

l i f e ,

e v e n w h e r e

t h e r e

i s

n o

d i r e c t

c e r e m o n y

i n v o l v e d ,

t o

a n

e x t e n t

a n d

w i t h

a n

i n e v i t a -

b i l i t y

t h a t

ma y

b e

e q u a l l e d

b y

c e r t a i n p e o p l e s ,

b u t

i s

p e r h a p s

s c a r c e l y

s u r p a s s e d

b y a n y ,

e v e n

i n

A m e r i c a .

T h e

m a t e r i a l

l i f e

o f

t h e

P l a i n s i s

p r o b a b l y n o t

s o

c o n d u c i v e ,

d i r e c t l y a n d

i n d i r e c t l y ,

t o a

c o n c r e t e

e x p r e s s i o n

o f

t h i s

t e n d e n c y

a s

i s

t h a t

o f

t h e

S o u t h w e s t ;

b u t

t h i s

i s

c o m p e n s a t e d

f o r

b y t h e

r i g i d i t y

o f

t h e

a d h e r e n c e

o f

t h e

A r a p a h o

t o f o u r a s

c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e

g r e a t

d e v e l o p m e n t

i n

t h e

S o u t h w e s t

o f

c o n c e p t s

a l s o o f

s i x

a n d

s e v e n .

T h e

d i f f e r e n c e

i n t h i s

p o i n t b e t w e e n

t h e

t w o

c u l -

t u r e - r e g i o n s

i s

e v i d e n c e d

i n

t h a t

t h e

A r a p a h o

b e g i n

a n d

e n d

w i t h

f o u r ,

d e v e l o p i t

f r e q u e n t l y t o

f i v e ,

a n d

o c c a s i o n a l l y ,

b y

a

l e a p ,

t o s e v e n . The

s o u t h w e s t e r n

I n d i a n s , w i t h

c o n s i d e r a b l e

f r e q u e n c y

o f f o u r ,

s e e m

t o

b e

t r y i n g a l w a y s t o

r e a c h

s e v e n ,

a n d

t h e i r

a b u n d a n t

s i x

g i v e s

t h e i m p r e s s i o n

o f

b e i n g o n l y

a

s t e p ,

a

means

o f

r e a c h i n g

s e v e n

m o r e

s i g n i f i c a n t l y .

The

M e x i c a n s

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197.

o e b e r ,

T h e

A r a p a h o .

a p p e a r

t o

a g r e e

m o r e

n e a r l y

w i t h

t h e

A r a p a h o

i n

h a v i n g

f o u r

a s t h e i r p r i m a r y

n u m b e r , b u t d i f f e r f r o m them i n t h e s t r o n g

t e n d e n c y

t o

t h e u s e

o f

h i g h e r n u m b e r s , s u c h

a s

t h i r t e e n ,

n o

d o u b t

i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h

t h e

g r e a t e r

d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e i r

c u l t u r e .

I t

i s

r e m a r k a b l e

how

u n i f o r m l y t h e e x c l u s i v e s i g -

n i f i c a n c e o f

f o u r

a s

t h e l o w e s t a n d

m o s t

f u n d a m e n t a l

n u m e r -

i c a l b a s e

i n t h e A m e r i c a n h e m i s p h e r e c o n t r a s t s w i t h t h a t

o f

t h r e e ,

o r

o f

n u m b e r s h i g h e r

t h a n

f o u r ,

i n t h e O l d

W o r l d .

W h e r e

t h e

A m e r i c a n

I n d i a n

d e p a r t s

f r o m

f o u r

t o

f i v e

t h e r e

i s a l m o s t a l w a y s

a m i n i m i z a t i o n o f r i t u a l i s t i c a n d s y m b o l i c

c e r e m o n i a l i s m .

T h e c o n n e c t i o n o f f o u r w i t h t h e

c o n c e p t i o n o f t h e

c i r c l e

i s

w o n d e r f u l l y d e e p i n

t h e

I n d i a n m i n d , a n d

f i n d s f u l l

e x -

p r e s s i o n

w i t h

t h e A r a p a h o . O f c o u r s e ,

t h i s

c o n n e c t i o n

i s

g i v e n

i n

n a t u r e b y t h e f o u r q u a r t e r s

d e t e r m i n e d

b y

t h e

s u n ,

w h o s e

m a n i f e s t a t i o n s

f o r m

t h e g r e a t e s t

v i s i b l e phenomenon

i n

t h e

w o r l d ,

a n d

t h e r e

p r o b a b l y

i s

more

o r

l e s s

c a u s a l

r e l a t i o n ;

b u t

t h e c o n n e c t i o n

e x t e n d s t o

human

m a t t e r s

n o t

i n

any

d i r e c t r e l a t i o n

w i t h

n a t u r e . T h e

i d e a

o f

t h e c i r c l e

a s s u c h ,

a s

we

o f

O l d - W o r l d

c i v i l i z a t i o n

h a v e

i t ,

i s

v e r y

s l i g h t l y d e v e l o p e d

i n

t h e

I n d i a n ; b u t

i t ma y s a f e l y b e

s a i d t h a t

t h e

i d e a

o f

f o u r

i s

a l m o s t i n v a r i a b l y

i n h e r e n t i n t h e i d e a

o f

t h e

c i r c l e , a t

l e a s t

i n

t h e

m i n d o f

t h e A r a p a h o . A

c i r c l e

i s

t o

h i m a f o u r - s i d e d

o r

f o u r - e n d e d

t h i n g :

i t

i s

p e r

s e

f o u r - d e t e r m i n e d

a n d

f o u r -

c o n t a i n i n g .

T h e

r h o m b u s ,

t h e

r e c t a n g l e ,

t h e

c r o s s ,

a r e

a l l

e q u i v a l e n t s

o f

t h e c i r c l e ;

a n d

w h e n ,

a s

o f t e n , t h e c o n n e c t i o n

o r

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n

i s

n o t d i r e c t l y m a d e ,

i t i s a l m o s t

a l w a y s

n o t

f a r

a w a y . ' Where we t h i n k g e o m e t r i c a l l y ,

t h e

I n d i a n

t h i n k s

s y m b o l i c a l l y ;

w h e r e we a r e

r e a l i s t i c a l l y v i s u a l

o r

s p a -

t i a l l y a b s t r a c t ,

h e

i s

p i c t o g r a p h i c .

W h e t h e r

i n N o r t h

o r

i n

S o u t h

A m e r i c a ,

t h i s h o l d s t r u e , o f c o u r s e

i n

v a r y i n g

d e g r e e ;

a n d

i n

t h e O l d

W o r l d ,

s a v a g e s a n d c u l t u r e d

n a t i o n s

-

u r o p e ,

A f r i c a ,

A s i a ,

a n d

O c e a n i a

-

a r e

i n

f u n d a m e n t a l t e n d e n c y

a u n i t

I

On p . 1 4 4

i t

i s s t a t e d

t ha t , i n

t h e p r i m a r i l y d e c o r a ti v e

a r t o f

t h e

A r a p a h o ,

t h e

f i g u r e

o f

a

r h o m b o i d h a s

t e n

d i f f e r e n t s i g n i f i c a t i o n s .

S i x

o f t h e s e

a r e

o f o b j e c t s

t h a t a r e

n a t u r a l l y

r o u n d ,

o r w o u l d n a t u r a l l y b e r e p r e s e n t e d b y a

c i r c l e

b y

any

p e o p l e , - t h e

n a v e l ,

a

l a k e ,

a

t u r t l e , a

b u f f a l o - w a l l o w ,

t h e a r e a

o f

a

h i l l , t h e

f l o o r o f

a t e n t .

The

s e v e n t h , a

p e r s o n ,

i s

no

d o u b t

an e n l a r g e m e n t i n i d e a o f

t h e

n a v e l ; t h e e i g h t h , t h e

e y e ,

i s p a r t l y

r o u n d ,

p a r t l y more

r e a l i s t i c ; t h e n i n t h ,

a

s t a r , i s p r o b a b l y

b a s e d

on

t h e c r o s s ,

t h e

r h o m b o i d b e i n g

a

c r o s s

w i t h i t s

p o i n t s

c o n n e c t e d ;

t h e

t e n t h ,

t h e a b s t r a c t

symbol

h i i t e n i ,

a p p e a r s

t o

h a v e i t s

p r i m a r y s i g n i f i c a n c e i n b e i n g

f o u r - c o r n e r e d .

I

9 0 7 . ]

4 I3

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4 14 B u l l e t i n A m e r i c a n

Museum

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l . X V I I I ,

i n

t h i s

r e s p e c t .

O f

c o u r s e ,

t h e c o n n e c t i o n

o f

t h i s

t e n d e n c y

a s

r e g a r d s

t h e

c o n c e p t i o n

o f

t h e

c i r c l e ,

w i t h

t h e

s t r a i g h t - l i n e d

c h a r a c t e r

o f

A m e r i c a n

a r t

( w h a t

we

f a l s e l y

c a l l

g e o m e t r i c )

a s

c o n t r a s t e d

w i t h t h e

o v e r w h e l m i n g

p r e p o n d e r a n c e

o f

t h e

c u r v e

i n

t h e

O l d

W o r l d ,

i s n o t f a r

t o

s e e k .

From

t h e p r e v a l e n c e

i n

N o r t h

A m e r i c a

o f

c o l o r - d i r e c t i o n

s y m b o l i s m , a n d

t h e

e x t e n t among

t h e

A r a p a h o

o f d i r e c t

c o l o r -

s y m b o l i s m , o f

w o r l d - q u a r t e r

a n d

o f f o u r

s y m b o l i s m ,

i t

m i g h t

b e

e x p e c t e d

t h a t

t h e y ,

t o o ,

c o n n e c t e d

c e r t a i n

c o l o r s

w i t h

c e r t a i n

d i r e c t i o n s . T h e r e i s

a s

y e t

a p p a r e n t l y

no

t r a c e

o f

a n y s u c h

c o l o r - d i r e c t i o n s y m b o l i s m . '

W h i l e t h e r e

ma y

b e

i n s t a n c e s

o f

i t ,

t h e y

a r e

c e r t a i n l y

s p o r a d i c ,

a n d

c o n t r a r y

t o t h e

g e n e r a l

t r e n d o f

A r a p a h o

s y m b o l i s m ,

a n d

w o u l d

o n l y p r o v e

t h e

i n n a t e

d e e p - s e a t e d n e s s o f s u c h

a n

a s s o c i a t i o n .

T h e r e

i s

a

c e r t a i n

c o n n e c t i o n o f

d i f f e r e n t

c o l o r s w i t h t h e

n u m b e r

f o u r ,

e s p e c i a l l y i n g h o s t - d a n c e

o r n a m e n t a t i o n .

A

t y p i c a l

q u i l l - e m b r o i d e r y

i n

w h i t e ,

y e l l o w ,

r e d ,

a n d

b l a c k ,

h a s

a l s o b e e n

d e s c r i b e d

( p . 6 5 )

a s

r e f e r r i n g t o

t h e s a c r e d f o u r .

I n

t h e f e w

c a s e s o f g h o s t - d a n c e

o b j e c t s

o b s e r v e d , t h e

c o l o r s

h a v e a l w a y s

b e e n b l a c k ,

r e d , y e l l o w ,

a n d g r e e n ,

b l u e s o m e t i m e s

r e p l a c i n g b l a c k . T h e r e

i s ,

h o w e v e r ,

n o f i x e d o r d e r i n

w h i c h

t h e s e

s u c c e s s i v e c o l o r s

c o m e ,

s o

t h a t i t i s

e v i d e n t , t h a t ,

w h i l e

t a k e n

c o l l e c t i v e l y

t h e y ma y c o n t a i n

t h e i d e a

o f t h e

f o u r -

d i r e c t i o n a l

w o r l d , t h e r e i s

n o d e f i n i t e

a t t r i b u t i o n

o f

p a r t i c u l a r

' c o l o r s

t o c e r t a i n d i r e c t i o n s .

T a k i n g

t h e

c o l o r s

a s

t h e y

o c c u r

f r o m

l e f t t o

r i g h t ,

o r

i n s u n r i s e c i r c u i t ,

t h e i r o r d e r i n

t h e s e v e r a l

c a s e s

i s b l a c k ,

y e l l o w ,

g r e e n , r e d , b l a c k ,

g r e e n ,

r e d ,

y e l l o w ,

w i t h w h i t e a s

t h e c e n t r a l f i f t h ;

b l a c k , g r e e n ,

r e d , w i t h

w h i t e

a s

t h e f i f t h ; a n d

b l u e , r e d , y e l l o w ,

g r e e n . S o

t h a t ,

w h e t h e r

t h e s e v e r a l

s e r i e s a r e

r e a d f o r w a r d

o r

b a c k w a r d , t h e

s a m e

o r d e r

c a n n o t

b e

o b t a i n e d .

One o f t h e s e c a s e s i s

t h a t

o f

f o u r

d i f f e r e n t

w i n d s r e p r e s e n t e d

by

l i n e s

o f

d i f f e r e n t

c o l o r s .

T h e

w i n d s

a r e o f t e n

e q u i v a l e n t s

o f

t h e

w o r l d - q u a r t e r s

i n

A m e r i c a ,

s o

t h a t

we

a r e

h e r e a p p a r e n t l y

n o t v e r y f a r

f r o m a s s o c i a t i o n

1

The

s u n - d a n c e

c o n n e c t i o n

o f r e d and b l a c k

w i t h n o r t h a n d

s o u t h i s p r i m a r i l y

a

r e f e r e n c e

t o

day

and n i g h t , n o t

t o

d i r e c t i o n s .

As

m a t t e r o f

f a c t ,

t h e r e d

( r e p r e s e n t i n g

t h e

day

a n d

t h e

s u n ) i s t o t h e

n o r t h ; t h e b l a c k

( s t a n d i n g f o r

n i g h t , t h e

moon, and

w i n t e r ) i s

s o u t h . A c c o r d i n g t o

D o r s e y

( A r a p a h o S u n - D a n c e , p .

1 2 5 ) , t h e

Arapaho

s t a t e

t h a t t h e o r i g i n a l

s y m b o l i s m

was t h e r e v e r s e

o f t h i s .

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r o e b e r ,

T h e

A r a p a h o .

o f c o l o r s

w i t h

d i r e c t i o n s ;

b u t

t h e

o n l y

i d e a

i n

t h e

mind

o f

t h e

maker o f t h i s

p i e c e

s e e m s t o

h a v e b e e n t h a t

o f

f o u r ,

a n d

t h e c o l o r s s e r v e d

o n l y

t o

e m p h a s i z e

t h i s

i d e a a s

s u c h .

S t i l l

l e s s

i m p o r t a n c e

c a n b e

a t t a c h e d

t o

t h e

c o l o r - s e q u e n c e s

a s

c o n n e c t e d

w i t h d i r e c t i o n s

when

t h e

t e c h n i c a l

a n d

p u r e l y

s t y l i s t i c

l i m i t a t i o n s

o f

A r a p a h o

a r t a r e

c o n s i d e r e d .

M i x e d

c o l o r s ,

s u c h

a s

t h e s p o t t e d

o r

s t r i p e d

o f

t h e

S o u t h w e s t ,

d o

n o t

o c c u r ; b l u e a n d d a r k b l u e

a r e

r e g a r d e d

a s

e q u i v a l e n t s

f o r

b l a c k ;

l i g h t

b l u e

i s

c o m p a r a t i v e l y

l i t t l e

u s e d ,

a n d

was

l e s s

s o

b e f o r e t h e

i n t r o d u c t i o n

o f

g l a s s

b e a d s a n d

c i v i l i z e d

d y e s ,

a n d ,

a s

i f

t o

s t i l l f u r t h e r

m i n i m i z e

t h e

r o l e

p l a y e d

b y

b l u e ,

i t

i s

s o

m e t i m e s

t h e

e q u i v a l e n t

o f

g r e e n . T h i s l e a v e s

o n l y

f i v e

c o l o r s ,

-

r e d ,

y e l l o w ,

g r e e n ,

b l a c k ,

a n d

w h i t e ;

a n d

a s

w h i t e

i s

t h e

n o r m a l

c o l o r o f

t h e

u n o r n a m e n t e d s u r f a c e

( w h e t h e r

s k i n ,

r a w h i d e ,

w o o d ,

o r

q u i l l ) , i t

i s

n a t u r a l

t h a t

i t s h o u l d

b e

r e g a r d e d

a s

l e s s

d i s t i n c t l y

a

c o l o r

t h a n t h e

o t h e r s ,

a n d

f i n d

i t s c h i e f

f u n c t i o n

i n

e x p r e s s i n g

t h e c o n t a i n i n g

f i f t h ,

l e a v i n g

t h e

c o m -

b i n a t i o n

o f

r e d ,

y e l l o w ,

g r e e n ,

a n d

b l a c k

a s

a l m o s t

a

n e c e s s i t y .

D e c o r a t i v e

f a c t o r s

a r e

a l s o

i n t i m a t e l y

c o n n e c t e d

w i t h

t h e

w h i t e ,

y e l l o w ,

r e d ,

b l a c k

c o m b i n a t i o n . A

r i c h

medium

b l u e

s u c h

a s b e s t

b r i n g s

o u t

i t s

q u a l i t y

a s

a

d i s t i n c t c o l o r

i s

n o t

u s e d

b y t h e

A r a p a h o ,

e x c e p t

i n

o l d

b l u e - a n d - w h i t e b e a d - w o r k

i n

b e a d s

n o

l o n g e r

e m p l o y e d ,

a n d

t o

a

c e r t a i n

e x t e n t

i n

m o d e r n

p a r f l e c h e

p a i n t i n g . M o d e r n

b e a d - w o r k

u s e s

e i t h e r

d i s t i n c t l y

d a r k

o r

l i g h t

b l u e ;

o l d

r a w h i d e

p a i n t i n g l a c k e d

b l u e ;

wood

a n d

s k i n

a r e

n o t

s o

o f t e n

p a i n t e d

b l u e

a s

r e d ,

g r e e n ,

o r

y e l l o w ,

b u t

i f s o ,

i n

d a r k

b l u e ;

p o r c u p i n e - q u i l l s f o r

e m b r o i d e r y

a n d

m o d e r n

g h o s t - d a n c e

f e a t h e r - w o r k

a r e

d y e d

i n

c o l o r s

t h a t a r e

n e a r e r

p u r p l e

t h a n

b l u e .

I t

i s

i n

c o n n e c t i o n

w i t h

t h i s

f a c t

t h a t

b l u e

i s s o

n e g l e c t e d

i n

c o l o r - c o m b i n a t i o n ,

t h o u g h

w h e t h e r

t e c h n o l o g i c a l

r e a s o n s

c a u s e d

t h e

s t y l i s t i c

d e v e l o p m e n t , a n d

t h i s

a f f e c t e d

s y m b o l i s m ,

o r

t h e

r e v e r s e

t o o k

p l a c e ,

o r

t h e

m a t t e r i s

s t y l i s t i c

i n

o r i g i n ,

c a n n o t

b e

s a i d .

G r e e n

i s

now

f r e q u e n t l y

u s e d

a s a

w e l l - m a r k e d

c o l o r ,

t h o u g h

s o m e t i m e s

s o

d a r k

a

s h a d e o f

t h e

c o l o r

i s

u s e d

t h a t

i t

i s

s u b s t i t u t e d f o r

b l a c k .

G r e e n

i s

a t

p r e s e n t

n o t

r a r e

i n

o b j e c t s

o r n a m e n t e d

i n

t h e

t r i b a l ,

t h a t

i s ,

n o n - i n d i v i d u a l

s t y l e ,

s u c h

a s

r o b e s

a n d

c r a d l e s ;

b u t

i t i s

d i f f i c u l t

t o

s e e how

t h e

n a t i v e

g r e e n s

f o r m e r l y

4I5

9 0 7 . 1

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416 B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n

Museum

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l .

XVIII

a v a i l a b l e

c o u l d

h a v e

s u f f i c e d

t o

p r o d u c e

a

c o l o r

a r t i s t i c a l l y

s a t i s f a c t o r y ,

e s p e c i a l l y

when

t h e y

w e r e

a p p l i e d

t o

q u i l l s .

I n

m o d e r n

p a r f l e c h e s , g r e e n i s

o n e

o f

t h e

c o m m o n e s t

c o l o r s ;

b u t

i n

t h e

o l d

p i e c e s - e s p e c i a l l y s u c h

a s

m e d i c i n e - c a s e s , w h e r e

s t y l e s w o u l d

b e

l i k e l y t o b e

m o r e

c o n s e r v a t i v e l y

a d h e r e d

t o

t h a n

i n

h o u s e h o l d

a r t i c l e s

-the g r e e n i s

u n i f o r m l y

e x t r e m e l y

d a r k .

W h i l e

t h i s

ma y

b e

d u e

i n

p a r t t o

c h a n g e s

i n

t h e

p i g -

m e n t , i t

s e e m s

t h a t t h i s o l d

g r e e n m u s t

h a v e b e e n

o r i g i n a l l y

d a r k e r t h a n

t h a t

now

u s e d ,

a n d

t h a t

i t

w a s

e m p l o y e d

a s

a

m o r e

p l e a s i n g

s u b s t i t u t e f o r

b l a c k , w i t h

r e d

a n d

y e l l o w ,

o n

t h e

n a t u r a l l y

w h i t e

b a c k g r o u n d

o f

r a w h i d e . The

t e n d e n c y

t o

u s e

b l u e

a n d

g r e e n

a s

s u b s t i t u t e s f o r

b l a c k

g o e s

v e r y d e e p

among

t h e

A r a p a h o .

I n

a l l t h e

r e g a l i a

o f t h e

a g e - s o c i e t i e s ,

t h e r e

i s

s c a r c e l y

a

b l a c k

l i n e

p a i n t e d ;

a n d

e m b r o i d e r y i n

b l a c k

i s

l i m i t e d

t o

l i n e s a n d

s m a l l

b a r s .

B l a c k

b e a d s

a r e

v e r y

u n u s u a l

i n

a n y

c l a s s

o f

o b j e c t s .

T h e r e

i s

s c a r c e l y

a n

A r a p a h o

a r t i c l e

i n

e x i s t e n c e p a i n t e d

w i t h

s o o t o r

c h a r c o a l .

O u t s i d e

o f

b o d y - p a i n t

a n d ' c e r t a i n

c e r e m o n i a l

p a i n t i n g s ,

e s p e c i a l l y

i n

t h e

s u n - d a n c e ,

a n a c t u a l

b l a c k

s e e m s

t o h a v e

b e e n

a v o i d e d . 1

W i t h

b l u e a n d

g r e e n

s o

l a r g e l y

r e d u c e d

i n

f u n c t i o n

t o

s e r v e

a s i t s

e q u i v a l e n t s ,

e s p e c i a l l y

i n

t h e

o l d e r

d a y s ,

t h e

w h i t e ,

y e l l o w ,

r e d ,

b l a c k ,

b l u e ,

g r e e n ,

c o m b i n a t i o n

i s a l s o

a l m o s t

r e d u c i b l e

t o

s o n - s y m b o l i c

c a u s e s .

A l o n g w i t h

t h e s e

a p p o r t i o n m e n t s o f

c o l o r s

i n t o

g r o u p s

o f

f o u r s , t h e r e

i s

a

c o l o r - d u a l i s m i n

c e r t a i n

c i r c u m s t a n c e s ,

-

t h e

d e e p - s e a t e d

c o n t r a s t ,

w h i c h w e , t o o , h a v e

n o t

o u t l i v e d ,

b e t w e e n

b l a c k

a n d

r e d .

T h i s

f i n d s ,

p e r h a p s ,

f u l l e s t

e x p r e s s i o n

i n

t h e

s u n - d a n c e , s o

t h a t

b l a c k a n d

r e d

s e e m

t o

b e

r e g a r d e d

a s

t h e

d i s t i n c t i v e s u n - d a n c e

c o l o r - c o m b i n a t i o n .

A p p a r e n t l y

i t

o c c u r s

a l s o

i n

t h e o l d e r

a g e - s o c i e t y

c e r e m o n i e s ,

a s

i n

t h e

b o d y -

p a i n t s u s e d

b y

t h e

d o g - d a n c e r s ,

a n d

p r o b a b l y

by

t h e

s t i l l o l d e r

m e n .

S a c r e d

b a g s

c o n t a i n r e d a n d

b l a c k

p a i n t . I n

t h e

g h o s t - d a n c e

m o v e m e n . t

t h e r e

s e e m s

t o

h a v e

b e e n

a

new

d e v e l o p m e n t

o f

t h i s

i d e a

i n

t h e

d i v i s i o n

o f

t h e

g u e s s i n g - g a m e

s e t s

i n t o

b l a c k

a n d

r e d

h a l v e s .

T h a t

b l u e o r g r e e n

r e p l a c e s

1

I t i s

d o u b t f u l

w h e t h e r

c h a r c o a l

was e v e r

u s e d ,

e x c e p t

a s

a

b o d y - p a i n t

on

t h e r e t u r n

o f a

v i c t o r i o u s

w a r - p a r t y .

B l a c k

body and c e r e m o n i a l

p a i n t was

u s u a l l y ,

i f

n o t

a l w a y s ,

m i n e r a l ;

b l a c k

e m b r o i d e r y

w a s b y means

o f n a t u r a l l y

b l a c k v e g e t a b l e

f i b r e s ;

and

t h e

b l a c k i s h

o u t l i n e s o f

r a w h i d e

p a i n t i n g s

a r e

made

w i t h v e g e t a b l e

j u i c e s .

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K r o e b e r ,

T h e

A r a p a h o .

b l a c k

a s

s o o n

a s

t h e

a r t i s t i c

c o n s i d e r a t i o n

t a k e s

a

p l a c e

b e s i d e

t h e

t r a d i t i o n a r y a n d o l d

c e r e m o n i a l ,

d o e s n o t

i n t h e l e a s t

i m p a i r

t h e

d u a l i s m t o t h e

I n d i a n .

I t i s c u r i o u s

t h a t ,

i n t h e ceremo-

n i a l

r e g a l i a o f

a g e - s o c i e t i e s , t h e

b l a c k

a n d r e d c o m b i n a t i o n

i s

c o n s p i c u o u s l y

w a n t i n g .

T h e r e a r e

f r e q u e n t

p a i r i n g s

o f

c o l o r s ;

b u t

t h e y

a r e

w h i t e a n d

y e l l o w ,

w h i t e

a n d

r e d ,

a n d y e l l o w

a n d

r e d .

I n

c o n n e c t i o n

w i t h

t h e

g h o s t - d a n c e

movement

t h e r e

i s

a

f r e q u e n t

c o l o r - d u a l i s m s y m b o l i z i n g

h e a v e n

a n d

e a r t h ,

o r

t h e

f u t u r e o r t h e

p r e s e n t w o r l d ;

b u t t h e

c o l o r s u s e d

v a r y . B l u e

a n d

p r o b a b l y

y e l l o w

d e n o t e

o n l y

t h e

s k y ;

r e d ,

o n l y t h e

e a r t h ; .

g r e e n ,

b o t h .

W h e n

y e l l o w

a n d g r e e n a r e

p a i r e d ,

t h e

f o r m e r

i s

d a y l i g h t

a n d t h e r e f o r e

t h e

s k y ; g r e e n ,

v e g e t a t i o n

a n d

h e n c e

t h e

e a r t h . A s

b e t w e e n

r e d a n d

g r e e n ,

t h e

f o r m e r ,

d e n o t i n g

b l o o d ,

m a n , p a i n t ,

a n d

e a r t h , i s

t h i s

w o r l d ; t h e

l a t t e r ,

a s

a n

e q u i v a l e n t

o f b l u e , i s t h e

s k v .

T h e

a v e r a g e

c o l o r - s y m b o l i s m

o f

t h e

d e c o r a t i o n

o f

u s e f u l

o b -

j e c t s ,

w h i c h h a s

b e e n

d i s c u s s e d

o n p .

I 4 9 ,

i s n o t

v e r y

d i f f e r e n t

f r o m

t h a t

o f

o b j e c t s

e x c l u s i v e l y

c e r e m o n i a l ,

s o t h a t

n o t h i n g -

n e e d

b e

a d d e d h e r e t o

w h a t

h a s

b e e n

s a i d ,

e x c e p t a f e w

g e n e r a l i -

z a t i o n s

a s

t o

t h e

s c o p e o f

t h i s s y m b o l i s m .

I t

w i l l b e

s e e n

t h a t

t h e

s i g n i f i c a t i o n s

o f

c o l o r s a r e

t a k e n

f r o m

v i s i b l e

n a t u r e , .

- e a r t h , s k y ,

s u n , n i g h t ,

l i g h t ,

r o c k s ,

w a t e r , s n o w ,

v e g e t a t i o n ,

b l o o d ,

b u f f a l o ,

s u n s e t . T h e r e

i s

v i r t u a l l y n o

d e s i g n a t i o n

o f

a n y t h i n g

a b s t r a c t ;

a n d a n y

c o n n e c t i o n

o f c o l o r s

w i t h

s t a t e s

o f

m i n d

-

s u c h

a s

g r i e f , f r i e n d s h i p ,

l o v e ,

j e a l o u s y

-

i s

f o r e i g n

t o

t h e

a b o r i g i n a l

A r a p a h o wa y

o f

t h o u g h t . B l a c k

i s a s i g n

o f

v i c t o r v ,

b u t

e x p r e s s e s a

f a c t r a t h e r

t h a n a

f e e l i n g .

I t

t h u s

d i f f e r s f r o m

o u r u s e

o f b l a c k

a s a

m o u r n i n g - c o l o r

i n d r e s s : i t

i s

n e a r e r

t h e

b l a c k c r a p e

o n d o o r s ,

w h i c h ,

w h a t e v e r

i t s

o r i g i n ,

ma y

h a v e b e e n ,

i s

now n o t

a

d i r e c t e x p r e s s i o n

o f g r i e f , b u t

an

i n d i c a t i o n

o f

a

f a c t .

L i k e

t h i s ,

t h e

u s e

o f

b l a c k

a s

a

s i g n

a n d ,

t h e n

a s a

s y m b o l

o f v i c t o r y ,

a n d

t h e r e f o r e

o f

w a r ,

i s

e n t i r e l y

c o n v e n t i o n a l ;

b u t

i t s w i d e

d i s t r i b u t i o n i n

N o r t h

A m e r i c a

i s

r e m a r k a b l e .

W h i t e

i s o c c a s i o n a l l y

a

s y m b o l o f o l d

a g e ;

b u t

h e r e ,

h o w e v e r

a b s t r a c t t h e

s i g n i f i c a n c e ,

t h e

c o n c r e t e

v i s u a l

b a s i s o f

t h e

s y m b o l i s m

r e m a i n s

c l e a r . Red

a l s o

s o m e -

t i m e s

i m p l i e s

a g e . T h e

a s s o c i a t i o n o f

i d e a s

i n

t h i s

c a s e

i s

[ M a y , 1 9 0 7 . ]

27

I 9 0 o 7 . ]

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4 4 1 8

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n

M u s e u m

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y . [ V o l .

X V I I I ,

t h r o u g h

t h e u s e

o f

t h e

p a i n t

i t s e l f . R ed

i s

t h e

p a i n t p a r

e x c e l l e n c e ;

a n d

i t

i s

t h e o l d

p e o p l e ,

who m o s t

p a i n t

t h e m s e l v e s

- f o r

r e l i g i o u s

m o t i v e s , who

d i r e c t

t h e

p a i n t i n g o f t h e

y o u n g i n

c e r e m o n i e s

a n d i t s

u s e

o n o b j e c t s .

T h e n , t o o , o l d

p e o p l e ,

l e a d i n g

a

s i m p l e r

l i f e , d i s c a r d

t h e o t h e r

c o l o r s

o f

y o u t h ,

a n d

p a i n t

t h e m s e l v e s i n

r e d .

T h e i r

c l o t h i n g

a n d t h e i r

p e r s o n a l

- a r t i c l e s

a r e

u s u a l l y

u n o r n a m e n t e d

w i t h

b e a d s o r

e m b r o i d e r y ,

o r

a n y t h i n g

b u t r e d

p a i n t .

H e r e ,

a g a i n , a

v i s i b l e

s e r i e s

o f f a c t s

i s

t h e

b a s i s

o f

t h e

s y m b o l i s m .

T h e

s e m i - a b s t r a c t

r e f e r e n c e

- o f

r e d t o ma n

i s

s i m i l a r i n

c h a r a c t e r .

Red i s

b l o o d :

i t i s a l s o

p a i n t ,

w h i c h ma n

u s e s , a n d

b y

m e a n s

o f

w h i c h h e

l i v e s .

Even

t h e

d e s i g n a t i o n o f

t h e

e a r t h

by

r e d

i s

o f

t h i s

n a t u r e ,

t h o u g h

i t ' i s n o

d o u b t

f o u n d e d i n

p a r t

o n

t h e

f r e q u e n t

r e d n e s s

o f

t h e

s o i l

i n

t h e

A r a p a h o

h a b i t a t .

Red

i s

p a i n t ,

w h i c h

c o m e s o u t o f

t h e

e a r t h , a n d

o f t e n i s

e a r t h y : '

t h e r e f o r e i t

i s

t h e

e a r t h .

I t

w i l l

b e

s e e n

f r o m t h i s ,

t h a t ,

w h e r e t h e

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n

o f

r e d

i s

n o t o f

v i s i b l e

p h e n o m e n a

o r o b j e c t s ,

i t s

s y m b o l i s m

i s

o f

t h e

p i g m e n t

a n d

i t s

u s e s , n o t

o f i t s

c o l o r - q u a l i t y ; s o t h a t

t h e

s y m b o l i s m

i s

a

m a t t e r o f

a s s o c i a t i o n

o f

f a c t s , n o t

o f

a

c o l o r

a s

s u c h

w i t h

a n

a b s t r a c t i o n a s

s u c h .

PERSONAL

SUPERNATURAL

POWERS.

S u p e r n a t u r a l

p o w e r

o f

w h a t e v e r

k i n d

i s

b e l i e v e d

among t h e

A r a p a h o

t o

b e

u s u a l l y

a c q u i r e d

a t a

t i m e o f

f a s t i n g a n d i s o l a t i o n .

T h e

c u s t o m

o f

m o r e

e a s t e r l y

t r i b e s ,

f o r

y o u n g

b o y s

t o g o

o u t

- s o o n

a f t e r

t h e

a g e

o f

p u b e r t y , a n d

f a s t i n a

g i v e n

wa y

f o r

a

- c e r t a i n

number

o f

d a y s ,

i s

n o t

known b y

t h e

A r a p a h o . The

me n

who

g o

o u t t o

o b t a i n

s u p e r n a t u r a l

p o w e r

a r e

u s u a l l y f u l l y

a d u l t , a n d

s o m e t i m e s

o f m i d d l e

a g e .

A

ma n

d o e s

n o t

n e c e s -

s a r i l y h a v e

s u p e r n a t u r a l

e x p e r i e n c e s o n l y

o n c e i n

h i s

l i f e .

T h e

p l a c e s

c h o s e n a r e

m o s t

f r e q u e n t l y

h i l l s

o r

m o u n t a i n - p e a k s .

The

d u r a t i o n o f t h e

f a s t

v a r i e s

f r o m

t w o

o r

t h r e e

t o ,

i n

s o m e

c a s e s ,

s e v e n

d a y s .

F o u r d a y s

a s

t h e

I n d i a n s r e c k o n ,

w h i c h

i s

p e r h a p s u s u a l l y

s e v e n t y - t w o

h o u r s ,

s e e m s t o

b e

t h e

m o s t

common

p e r i o d . T h e

b e i n g

t h a t

a p p e a r s

t o t h e

f a s t e r ,

and

b e c o m e s

h i s

g u a r d i a n

s p i r i t ,

i s

u s u a l l y

a n

a n i m a l ,

m o s t f r e -

q u e n t l y , i t w o u l d

a p p e a r ,

a

s m a l l

a n i m a l .

T h i s

f a c t

i s

p e r -

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K r o e b e r ,

T h e

A r a j p a h o .

h a p s

c o n n e c t e d

w i t h

t h e

p r a c t i c e

i n

w h i c h

a

ma n

u s e s

t h e s k i n

o f t h e

a n i m a l ,

h i s s u p e r n a t u r a l h e l p e r ,

a s

h i s

m e d i c i n e - b a g .

D u r i n g

t h e

v i s i o n ,

when t h e

w o r s h i p p e r

i s

i n s t r u c t e d ,

t h e

s p i r i t

m o s t

o f t e n

a p p e a r s

i n

human

f o r m ;

o n l y

when

i t v a n i s h e s &

i s i t

s e e n

t o b e

a n

a n i m a l .

S u p e r n a t u r a l p o w e r s

e f f e c t i v e

i n

m e d i c i n e o r

w a r , o r

o f

a n y

o t h e r

v a l u e , a r e

n o t

d i f f e r e n t i a t e d

i n m e t h o d

o f

a c q u i s i t i o n

b y

t h e

A r a p a h o .

I t

a p p e a r s

t h a t

t h e

g r e a t

m a j o r i t y

o f

m i d d l e - a g e d

me n

w e n t

o u t

t o

r e c e i v e

s u -

p e r n a t u r a l

c o m m u n i c a t i o n , a n d

w e r e

s u c c e s s f u l .

E v e n

a t

t h e

p r e s e n t d a y , t h i s h o l d s

t r u e

o f

t h e me n

o f

s o m e a g e . A d i s -

t i n c t p r o f e s s i o n

o f

m e d i c i n e - m e n

o r

s h a m a n s

c a n

t h e r e f o r e

n o t

b e

s p o k e n

o f w i t h

a n y a p p r o x i m a t i o n

t o

c o r r e c t n e s s , a n y -

m o r e

t h a n

c a n

a

c a s t e o f

w a r r i o r s .

T h e

d i f f e r e n c e s

b e t w e e n

i n d i v i d u a l s

i n

k i n d a n d

d e g r e e

o f

s u p e r n a t u r a l

p o w e r

w e r e -

a p p a r e n t l y

n o t

g r e a t e r t h a n i n m a t t e r s

o f

b r a v e r y

o r

d i s t i n c - -

t i o n

i n

w a r .

T h e

f o l l o w i n g

p a r a g r a p h s

g i v e

a c c o u n t s

o f

s u p e r n a t u r a l .

e x p e r i e n c e s ,

d e s c r i p t i o n s

o f

i m p l e m e n t s

c o n n e c t e d w i t h

s u c h

e x p e r i e n c e s ,

o f

a m u l e t s ,

a n d

o f

m e d i c i n e s ,

a n d

s t a t e m e n t s

o f

a

g e n e r a l

n a t u r e made

b y

I n d i a n s

on

s u c h

m a t t e r s .

A

ma n

f a s t e d

o n

a

h i l l

f o r

f o u r

d a y s ,

c r y i n g . T h e f o u r t h

m o r n i n g ,

a t

s u n r i s e ,

h e saw

a

b a d g e r .

T h e

b a d g e r

s t o o d

u p

o n

h i s

h i n d

l e g s

a n d

t u r n e d i n t o

a

n a k e d

ma n

p a i n t e d

r e d

o v e r

h i s

b o d y .

T h i s

b a d g e r - m a n

l o o k e d

l i k e

a n

i m a g e

o f

t h e

ma n

who

s a w

h i m .

He

w a s ,

o f

c o u r s e ,

a n u n t r u e

p e r s o n , o r

s p i r i t .

He

d i r e c t e d

t h e

f a s t e r

t o u s e a

b a d g e r - s k i n f o r h i s

m e d i c i n e -

b a g .

To

t h e

b a d g e r

b e l o n g

a l l

m e d i c i n e s

t h a t

g r o w

o n

t h e

g r o u n d .

T h e

ma n

d i d n o t

b u i l d

a

monument

o f

s t o n e s o n t h e

h i l l w h e r e

h e

f a s t e d ,

a s i s t h e common

p r a c t i c e .

He f o u n d

a

b u f f a l o - s k u l l , a n d

u s e d i t

a s a

p i l l o w

when

h e s l e p t .

H i s

m e d i c i n e - b a g ,

w h i c h

a c c o r d i n g l y

was

o f

b a d g e r - s k i n , c o n -

t a i n e d

t h e

f o l l o w i n g

m e d i c i n e s : -

i .

A

r e d

b a g

o f

n i a a t a n - r o o t ,

u s e d

a g a i n s t c o u g h .

P i n c h e s

o f t h e

p o w d e r e d

r o o t a r e

p u t

i n t o

a

v e s s e l o f w a t e r

a t

f o u r s i d e s ,

p r o c e e d i n g

i n o r d e r f r o m l e f t

t o

r i g h t .

A

f i f t h

p i n c h

o f t h e

r o o t

i s

t h e n

d r o p p e d

i n t o

t h e m i d d l e

o f

t h e v e s s e l , t h e

f i n g e r s

b e i n g

r a i s e d

s o m e w h a t

h i g h e r

t h a n

b e f o r e .

T h e

w a t e r

i s .

t h e n

b o i l e d ,

a n d

t h e m e d i c i n e d r u n k

b y

t h e

p a t i e n t .

l 1 9 0 7 . ]

4 I 9 #

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. 4 2 0 B u l l e t i n A m e r i c a n Museum o f N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l . X V I I I ,

2 .

A

l i t t l e

b a g

o f

m e d i c i n e

c a l l e d

w a x u b a a , T

w h i c h

i s

- s a i d t o g r o w

i n t h e

p r e s e n t

h a b i t a t

o f

t h e n o r t h e r n

A r a p a h o .

T h i s

i s

a

m e d i c i n e

f o r

s t o m a c h - a c h e .

3 .

A s m a l l e r y e l l o w b a g

o f

h a g a w a a n a x u ,

t h e

r o o t

m o s t

f r e q u e n t l y

u s e d

i n t h e t r i b a l c e r e m o n i e s o f

t h e

A r a p a h o .

By t h i s

ma n

t h e

r o o t

was

m i x e d w i t h

e a r t h

when

u s e d .

F i v e

p i n c h e s

w e r e

d r o p p e d

i n t o a v e s s e l o f

w a t e r ,

b o i l e d ,

a n d

d r u n k .

' T h i s

w a s

t o

c u r e

p a i n s

i n

t h e

b a c k a n d

i n

t h e

c h e s t .

4 .

A

s m a l l

r e d

b a g

c o n t a i n i n g

a

p e b b l e - l i k e

f o r m a t i o n

f o u n d

' b y t h e

o w n e r i n

t h e s i d e o f t h e

b o d y

o f a

b u f f a l o ,

a n d c a l l e d

' h a n a d t c a '

(

b u f f a l o - b u l l ) .

T h i s

s t o n e

i s

l a i d

o n

s o r e s

i n

o r d e r

t o

c u r e

t h e m .

The

b a g

a l s o c o n t a i n e d

a

r o o t , w h i c h ,

l i k e

- t h e p r e c e d i n g r e m e d i e s ,

i s b o i l e d

i n w a t e r

and

t h e d e c o c t i o n

d r u n k .

I t

i s u s e d a s

a c u r e

f o r

h e m o r r h a g e s o r ' l u n g - d i s e a s e .

5 .

A t u r t l e - t a i l

worn

a s

a

h e a d - d r e s s

b y y o u n g

m e n ,

b e i n g

, s u p p o s e d

t o

a i d

them

i n

r e t a i n i n g g o o d

h e a l t h . W i t h

t h i s

w a s

t h e

h e a r t

o f

a

t u r t l e ,

w i t h

w h i c h

t h e

o w n e r

r e f u s e d

t o p a r t .

T h i s

h e a r t

i s

p o u n d e d f i n e ,

a n d

d r u n k i n w a t e r a s a

r e m e d y

f o r

p a i n

i n

t h e

h e a r t .

A

w e l l - k n o w n m e d i c i n e - m a n ,

w h o ,

w i t h

much

r e a l

d e v o t i o n ,

h a s

many

o f

t h e

q u a l i t i e s

o f

t h e

c h a r l a t a n ,

t o l d

t h e f o l l o w i n g

a b o u t

h i s

s u p e r n a t u r a l e x p e r i e n c e s .

O n c e

h e f a s t e d

f o u r

d a y s .

On

t h e

t h i r d

d a y

h e

saw

f i g h t i n g .

A

ma n

p a i n t e d g r e e n

o v e r

h i s

b o d y ,

h i s

h a n d s

r e d ,

a n d

h i s

f a c e

- y e l l o w w i t h

r e d s t r e a k s

p a s s i n g

down

f r o m

h i s

f o r e h e a d t o

h i s

j a w ,

w a s o n

f o o t

i n t h e

f i g h t

i n

t h e m i d s t

o f

t h e

e n e m y . He

w o r e

a n e c k l a c e f r o m

w h i c h

h u n g

m e d i c i n e a n d a n o w l - f e a t h e r ,

a n d

w h i c h

w a s

s w u n g

a r o u n d h i s b a c k . T h i s p e r s o n r a n b e -

t w e e n

t h e t w o f i g h t i n g - l i n e s f o u r t i m e s . T h e

enemy

s h o t a t

' h i m w i t h

a r r o w s ,

b u t d i d n o t

h i t

him

o n c e .

E v e n

when

h e

was

n e a r

t h e m ,

t h e i r

b o w - s t r i n g s w o u l d b r e a k .

Then

h i s

d r e a m

. o r

v i s i o n

c h a n g e d ,

a n d

t h e p e o p l e h e

h a d

s e e n

w e r e

s m a l l

b i r d s

f l y i n g i n f l o c k s ,

c a l l e d w a o t a n i c t c e c i ; a n d t h e

ma n r u n n i n g

b e t w e e n

t h e m w a s

a

y e l l o w - j a c k e t

o r

w a s p ,

f l y i n g

b a c k

a n d

- f o r t h . A f t e r

h i s

f a s t a n d r e t u r n h o m e ,

t h e i n f o r m a n t

d r e a m e d

t h a t h e saw

a

ma n

w e a r i n g o n t h e

f r o n t

o f h i s

h e a d

a s m a l l

- f i g u r e r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e ma n

h e

h a d

s e e n

i n

h i s v i s i o n .

A f t e r

h e h a d

b e g u n

t o

h a v e m e d i c i n e s , a p e r s o n

a p p e a r e d

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I r o e b e r ,

T h e

A r a p a h o .

t o

him

i n

a

d r e a m

o r

v i s i o n ,

b r i n g i n g

h i m

a

b a d g e r - s k i n

m e d i c i n e - b a g .

On

a n o t h e r o c c a s i o n

h e f a s t e d

o n

a

h i l l n e a r a

l a k e

o n

t h e

C i m a r r o n .

I t

w a s

t h e t h i r d

n i g h t .

A s

h e was

l y i n g

on

t h e

g r o u n d

h e h e a r d

f o o t s t e p s .

A ma n c a l l e d t o h i m t o come t o

h i s

t e n t .

He

t h o u g h t

some

o n e

was

t r y i n g

t o

d e c e i v e

h i m ,

a n d

h e

p a i d n o

a t t e n t i o n .

T h e

p e r s o n

c o n t i n u e d

t o

c a l l h i m .

T h e

f o u r t h

t i m e

h e

s a i d ,

 

H u r r y

a n d

c o m e . O t h e r

p e o p l e

a r e

w a i t -

i n g

f o r

y o u .

T h e n

t h e

i n f o r m a n t

c o n s e n t e d .

He

went

i n

h i s

t h o u g h t s ,

b u t

h e

h i m s e l f

d i d

n o t

g e t u p

f r o m

t h e

g r o u n d .

He

w e n t

d o w n w a r d

f r o m

w h e r e

h e was

l y i n g ,

i n t o

t h e

g r o u n d .

He

f o l l o w e d t h e

ma n who

h a d

c a l l e d

h i m ,

a n d

e n t e r e d

a

t e n t .

On t h e

r i g h t

s i d e i n t h e t e n t s a t f o u r

y o u n g

men

p a i n t e d

b l a c k

w i t h y e l l o w

s t r e a k s .

On

t h e

l e f t s i d e i n

t h e t e n t

s a t

t h r e e

y o u n g

me n

p a i n t e d

y e l l o w

w i t h

r e d s t r e a k s .

T h e ma n

who

h a d

p o s s e s s e d

t h e

m e d i c i n e s a t a t t h e b a c k o f

t h e

t e n t .

He

h i m s e l f

s a t

down

a t

t h e

l e f t

s i d e ,

s o

t h a t

t h e r e w e r e

f o u r

o n

e a c h

s i d e

o f

t h e

ma n

a t

t h e

b a c k .

T h i s

p e r s o n

was

p a i n t e d

r e d .

I n f r o n t o f h i m

l a y

a

p i p e

w i t h i t s h e a d

t o

t h e

n o r t h

( t h e

l e f t ) .

T h e h e a d

o f

t h e

t e n t

p u t

m u s h r o o m s

o n t h e

f i r e a s

i n c e n s e ,

a n d

t h e n

s h o o k

h i s

r a t t l e ,

i n

i m i t a t i o n o f

a

r a t t l e s n a k e ,

w h i l e t h e

y o u n g

me n

s a n g .

Then

h e

p a s s e d t h e

p i p e ,

a n d

t h e y

s m o k e d .

A f t e r

t h i s ,

h e

r u b b e d

a n d

c l e a n e d t h e

p i p e ,

a n d t o l d

t h e

v i s i t o r t h a t

h e

must

d o

i n

t h e same

w a y .

T h e n

h e

f o l d e d

h i s

a r m s , b e n t

h i s

h e a d ,

a n d t w o

s n a k e s

came f r o m

h i s

m o u t h ,

c o i l e d o n

t h e

g r o u n d ,

a n d

d a r t e d

t h e i r

t o n g u e s . T h e n

t h e

ma n who h a d

v o m i t e d t h e t w o

s n a k e s

b l e w

o n

t h e m ,

a n d t h e y

d i s a p p e a r e d .

A t f i r s t

t h e

v i s i t o r d i d n o t know

w h e r e t h e y

h a d

g o n e .

T h e n

h e r e a l i z e d

t h a t t h e y w e r e

i n . h i s

own

b o d y .

He d e c l a r e s t h a t

h e

k e e p s

them t h e r e

n o w ,

o n e

o n

e a c h

s i d e .

T h r o u g h

v i r t u e

o f

t h i s

d r e a m

h e

no w

c u r e s

r a t t l e s n a k e - b i t e s .

A

p i p e

i s

s e n t

h i m ,

a n d

a f t e r

s m o k i n g

i t

h e

g o e s t o

d o c t o r t h e

p e r s o n

t h a t

h a s

b e e n

b i t t e n .

I f

h e

r e c e i v e s

t h i s

p i p e ,

h e

i s

a b l e

t o

e f f e c t

a

c u r e .

W h i l e h e

i s d o c t o r i n g ,

t h e p a t i e n t

c a n

s e e

t h e

t w o

s n a k e s

p r o j e c t i n g

o u t

o f

t h e

m e d i c i n e - m a n ' s

m o u t h .

When

t h e

m e d i c i n e - m a n c o m e s

a c r o s s

a

s n a k e ,

o f

w h a t e v e r

k i n d ,

h e

c a t c h e s

i t , s t r i p s

o f f

i t s

s k i n , a n d e a t s i t s m e a t

a n d

i n t e r n a l

o r g a n s

r a w .

1 9 0 7 -

]

4 2 1 I

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422

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n

M u s e u m

o f

N a t u r a l H i s t o r y .

[ V o l . X V I I I ,

I t

a p p e a r s t h a t t h e

s u p e r n a t u r a l

b e i n g t h a t

g a v e

him

h i s

s n a k e - m e d i c i n e was t h e

s a m e t h a t

h e

h a d s e e n i n a

d r e a m

o f

t h e

b a t t l e .

A p p a r e n t l y

t h i s s a m e

p e r s o n t o o k him away i n a

d r e a m a n d s h o w e d

him

t h e p l a n t

w h i c h

h e

w a s t o u s e when h e

d o c t o r e d

r a t t l e s n a k e - b i t e s . A f t e r

h a v i n g

b e e n

s h o w n

t h e

p r o p e r p l a n t ,

h e

l o o k e d f o r i t

u n t i l

h e

f o u n d i t .

T h i s m a n ' s m e d i c i n e - b a g

w a s

a

b a d g e r - s k i n ( M u s e u m *

N o .

O ) ,

a n d

i t s

c o n t e n t s w e r e

t h e

f o l l o w i n g : -

A

s m a l l

f i g u r e

made

o f

s k i n

p a i n t e d

g r e e n ,

w i t h

a

y e l l o w

h e a d a n d

w i t h

r e d

h a n d s ,

t h r o a t , a n d v e r t i c a l s t r i p e s o n t h e

f a c e

a n d

l e g s ,

a n d w i t h a s m a l l

b a g

o f

m e d i c i n e

a n d

a n o w l ' s

f e a t h e r

a t -

t a c h e d , r e p r e s e n t s

h i s s u p e r n a t u r a l

h e l p e r

a s

h e s a w h i m i n t h e

f i g h t

( F i g . i 6 o ) .

T h e

s m a l l

m e d i c i n e - b a g

a t t a c h e d

t o

t h e

f i g u r e

i s

p a i n t e d

w i t h

b l u e s t r i p e s , a n d c o n t a i n s a m i x t u r e

c o n s i s t i n g

o f

a r o o t c a l l e d

h i i t c a u x u -

, u w a x u ,

o f

amalgam

f r o m a l o o k i n g -

g l a s s ,

a n d

o f

t h e e x c r e m e n t

o f

w a s p s .

A

f e a t h e r

s o m e w h a t

p a i n t e d

w i t h

g r e e n h a n g s f r o m t h e

m e d i c i n e - b a g .

T h e

b o d y

o f

t h e f i g u r e c o n t a i n s

p a r t s

o f

t w o

w h i t e

p l u m e f e a t h e r s

w i t h

q u i l l s .

H a i r

i s

a t t a c h e d

t o t h e

b a c k

o f

t h e

h e a d .

T h e

e n t i r e f i g u r e

i s

w o r n o n

t h e h e a d a s a

b a t t l e - a m u l e t .

T h e r e

i s

a l s o

i n t h i s c o l l e c t i o n

o f

m e d i c i n e s

a n d

a m u l e t s

a

s t u f f e d

m o l e -

s k i n

t o w h i c h a r e

a t t a c h e d

a b a g

o f

m e d i c i n e

a n d

a s m a l l

r i n g o f

r e d

c a t l i n i t e

( F i g . i 6 i ) . To t o u c h

a

m o l e ,

F i g .

z 6 o

e . A

i g r e f rm

3 0 e )

F i g u r e f r o m a

o r e v e n t h e e a r t h t h r o w n u p by o n e ,

M ed i c i n e- b a g . L e n g t h ,

I 4

c m .

g i v e s

t h e

i t c h .

The

m e d i c i n e k e p t

w i t h

t h i s

m o l e - s k i n

i s

u s e d

t o

c u r e t h i s

i t c h ,

a s w e l l a s

t h e

b i t e s

o f

i n s e c t s ,

o r

d i s e a s e s

s u p p o s e d

t o

b e

c a u s e d b y

t h e m .

I t

i s t h e r e f o r e c a l l e d

b i i s a n o x u

( i n s e c t m e d i c i n e ) .

The

m e d i -

c i n e i n t h e

b a g

c o n s i s t s

o f

s c e n t e d l e a v e s

c a l l e d t c a a x u w i n a n ,

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K r o e b e r ,

The

A r a p a h o .

o f

c h a r r e d

t o b a c c o ,

o f

h a r d

r e d

s e e d s

c a l l e d

n a n w u b a e i

( s o u t h -

e r n b e r r i e s ) ,

o f

t h e p l a n t

c a l l e d

b i i s a n o x i ,

o f t h e

d u s t ,

p r o b -

a b l y t h e

s p o r e s ,

o f s m a l l m u s h r o o m s ,

w h i c h

a r e

s u p p o s e d

t o

f a l l

f r o m

t h e

s k y

w i t h t h e r a i n ,

a n d o f

p o w d e r e d

b o n e

o f

h i i n t c a b i i t ,

t h e w a t e r - m o n s t e r .

B o n e s

o f

a

v e r y

l a r g e

mammal

o r

r e p t i l e

I

F i g . I 6 I (   ' , d ) . S t u f f e d

M o l e - s k i n . L e n g t h ,

i i

c m .

a r e

n o t

common o n t h e r i v e r - b a n k s o f t h e

A r a p a h o

r e s e r v a t i o n

i n

O k l a h o m a ,

a n d

a r e

l o o k e d

u p o n

a s

t h e

b o n e s

o f

t h i s

m o n s t e r .

T h e

s m a l l

b a g

c o n t a i n i n g

t h i s m i x e d

m e d i c i n e

h a s

t h e

s h a p e o f

a

m u s h r o o m ,

i t

i s

s a i d .

F o u r

s m a l l p i t s h a v e

b e e n b o r e d i n t h e

c a t l i n i t e

r i n g ,

g i v i n g

t h i s

t h e

a p p e a r a n c e

o f

a

w o r l d - s y m b o l .

A n o t h e r a m u l e t

worn

i n

f i g h t i n g

c o n s i s t s

o f

a

b r a c e l e t o r

a r m l e t

o f

b a d g e r - s k i n ,

p a i n t e d

g r e e n

a n d

y e l l o w i n s i d e ,

t o

w h i c h a r e

a t t a c h e d

a

g o p h e r - s k i n ,

a n o w l - c l a w , s e v e r a l b e l l s ,

f e a t h e r s ,

some

o f

t h e

r e d

s e e d s

c a l l e d

  s o u t h e r n

b e r r i e s ,

a n d

a

f e w

s k i n

f r i n g e s

p a i n t e d

y e l l o w ,

w i t h g r e e n

e n d s

( P l a t e

L X X X V ) .

T h e b a d g e r - s k i n w r i s t - b a n d

i s u s e d

t o

i n c r e a s e t h e

s p e e d

o f

t h e

h o r s e t h a t i s

r i d d e n ;

t h e c l a w

h e l p s t h e

w e a r e r

t o

s e i z e

t h e

e n e m y ;

t h e

m o t i o n o f

t h e

f e a t h e r s d r i v e s

away t h e

4 2 3

1 9 0

7

-

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4 24

B u l l e t i n A m e r i c a n

M u s e u m

o f

N a t u r a l H i s t o r y .

[ V o l . X V I I I ,

e n e m y ;

a n d

t h e

b e l l s

r e p r e s e n t

t h e

n o i s e

o f

t h e

f i g h t .

I n

c a s e

o f

n e e d ,

o n e o f

t h e r e d

s e e d s

i s b r o k e n o p e n a n d

c h e w e d .

B e s i d e s

a

b a t t l e - a m u l e t ,

t h i s

o b j e c t

i s

a l s o

u s e d a s

a

r a t t l e

i n

d o c t o r i n g

t h e

s i c k .

Two

e l k - t a i l s

o n h a n d l e s

a r e u s e d ,

f i r s t t o p o i n t o u t

t h e

d i s e a s e d s p 6 t

w h i l e

t h e d o c t o r

s i n g s ,

a n d

a f t e r w a r d s

t o

b r u s h

away

t h e

p a i n

i n t h a t

p a r t . T h e y

w e r e

b o t h s e e n

u s e d

i n a

d r e a m .

One

o f t h e s e

t a i l s i s

d e c o r a t e d

w i t h a

s m a l l

r i n g o f

c a t l i n i t e ,

a

b r a s s c l o c k - wh e e l

r e p r e s e n t i n g

t h e

s u n ,

a n d

a

p i e c e

o f

a U t e

s c a l p

( F i g . I 6 2 ) .

To

t h e

o t h e r a r e

a t t a c h e d

s e v e r a l

o f

t h e r e d s o u t h e r n

b e r r i e s .

Water

i n

w h i c h

t h e s e

b e r r i e s

h a v e b e e n

b o i l e d

c a u s e s

v o m i t i n g .

A

s m a l l m e d i c i n e - b a g

c o n t a i n s h o r s e - m e d i c i n e a n d

a m u l e t s

t o

c a u s e

m a r e s

t o h a v e c o l t s o f a

c e r t a i n

c o l o r .

The

m e d i c i n e

i n

t h e

b a g

i s

g i v e n

t o t h e

m a r e ,

a n d

s h e

i s t h e n

p a t t e d , a n d

r u b b e d o n

t h e

f l a n k s w i t h

a

b e a n

o f

a

c e r t a i n

c o l o r .

The u s e o f

a

r e d

b e a n w i l l

make

t h e

c o l t r o a n

o r

b a y ;

o f

a

w h i t e

b e a n ,

w h i t e

o r

b u c k s k i n .

O t h e r s ,

s p o t t e d

b e a n s

w h i c h

t h e

owner v a l u e d

t o o

h i g h l y

t o

p a r t

w i t h ,

a r e

u s e d

t o

p r o d u c e

a

p a i n t e d

c o l t .

The

m e d i c i n e

w i t h t h e s e b e a n

am-

u l e t s

c o n s i s t s

o f

h o r s e - f e t l o c k

u s e d

a s i n c e n s e a n d o f

t h e r o o t

o f

a

p l a n t

c a l l e d

h i w a x u h a x h i -

waxu

(

h o r s e - r o o t

  ) .

T h i s

i s

g i v e n i n t e r n a l l y

t o

a s i c k

h o r s e ,

F i g .

i 6 2 ( 0 , f ) .

T a i l o f a n

E l k u s e d

o r i s r u b b e d

o n t h e n o s e

o f

a

i n

D o c t o r i n g .

L e n g t h ,

4 2

c m .

t i r e d

h o r s e

t o r e f r e s h

i t .

The

m e d i c i n e

u s e d

b y

t h i s

ma n

t o c u r e

r a t t l e s n a k e - b i t e s

c o n -

s i s t s

o f a

r o o t

c a l l e d

c i i c i i y e n a x u ( s n a k e - r o o t   ) ,

o f

s n a k e -

s c a l e s ,

a n d

o f t h e

r e d

s o u t h e r n

b e r r y .

A

o n e - l e g g e d

ma n

among

t h e

n o r t h e r n

A r a p a h o ,

n o t e d

f o r

h i s a b i l i t y

t o

d o

c o n j u r e r ' s

t r i c k s ,

s a i d

h e

t h o u g h t

t h e

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90]roeber,

T l h e

A r a p a h o .

t i m e

w o u l d

come

when

t h e

g r e a t

b e i n g s

w o u l d

meet

i n

t h e

new w o r l d

a n d c o n t e n d

t o

s e e

who c o u l d

d o

t h e

m o s t .

He

t h o u g h t

t h a t

h e

w o u l d

w i n

w i t h

t h e f e a t s h e c o u l d

d o .

The

p a r a p h e r n a l i a o f t h i s

ma n

w e r e t h e

f o l l o w i n g .

Two

s t o n e s

u s e d a s

a m u l e t s ,

r e p r e s e n t i n g ,

o n e

t h e

e a r t h ,

a n d t h e

o t h e r m e a t .

A

r a w h i d e r a t t l e , s h o w n

i n

F i g . I 6 3 ,

made

o f

t h e

s c r o t u m

F i g . I 6 3 (

R a t t l e

w i t h

S y m b o l i c

D e c o r a t i o n s .

L e n g t h ,

2 6 1 c m .

o f

a b u f f a l o - b u l l .

T h i s r a t t l e i s

e l l i p t i c a l i n s t e a d

o f

g l o b u l a r ,

a s i s

more

o f t e n

t h e

c a s e ;

b u t

o c c a s i o n a l l y r a t t l e s

o f

e v e n

s l e n d e r

s h a p e

a r e m a d e . The

o w n e r

was

f a s t i n g o n

a

h i l l .

Toward t h e

e n d

o f h i s

f a s t ,

h i s

g r a n d f a t h e r ,

t h e

s u n ,

d i r e c t e d

him t o make t h i s

r a t t l e .

T h e

r a t t l e

i s

p a i n t e d r e d , a n d

m a r k e d

w i t h

d a r k

h o r s e s h o e - s h a p e d

f i g u r e s , s y m b o l i z i n g b o t h t h e s u n

4 2 5

9 0 7 . ]

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426 B u l l e t i n A m e r i c a n Museum o f N a t u r a l H i s t o r y . [ V o l .

X V I I I ,

a n d

h o r s e - t r a c k s ,

a n d

w i t h

s m a l l

f i g u r e s

s h a p e d

l i k e

a

Y

b i s e c t e d

i n t h e

f o r k ,

w h i c h

r e p r e s e n t

b i r d - t r a c k s .

Y e l l o w -

hammer

o r

s i m i l a r

f e a t h e r s a n d

l i t t l e

b r a s s b e l l s a r e

a t t a c h e d

a t f o u r p l a c e s ,

a n d

a g a i n

a t f o u r

p l a c e s b e l o w ,

t h i s t i m e w i t h o u t

b e l l s . A t

t h e t o p

i s

a

l a r g e r

b u n c h

o f

f e a t h e r s

and

a n o t h e r

b e l l -

T h e s e a t t a c h m e n t s

a r e

made

by

a

t h o n g

p a s s i n g

t h r o u g h

a

s m a l l r a i s e d

a r e a

o f t h e

s k i n

w i t h o u t p e r f o r a t i n g

i t

t o t h e

i n t e r i o r .

T h e s e

t h o n g - h o l e s

a r e

p e r h a p s

made b y

a

s k e w e r

l e f t

i n

t h e

f r e s h h i d e .

T h e

h a n d l e

o f

t h e

r a t t l e

c o n t a i n s

a

s t i c k , .

a n d

i s

w r a p p e d

w i t h t w i n e .

T h i s r a t t l e i s

u s e d t o

c u r e t h e

s i c k . I t

d r i v e s

away t h e s p i r i t s , a n d a i d s t h e m e d i c i n e t h a t

i s

a d m i n i s t e r e d .

A

f o s s i l

s h e l l

f o u n d o n

t h e

o c c a s i o n

o f

t h e

o w n e r ' s f a s t i n g

o n

a

h i l l

r e p r e s e n t s

a

monument o r

p i l e

o f

s t o n e s

( g i n y a n ) .

I t

i s u s e d

t o

t o u c h

p a t i e n t s ,

a n d

i s a l s o

t a k e n i n t o t h e s w e a t -

h o u s e . I n c e n s e o f i b a a n t o u ,

f i r

( ? ) n e e d l e s , i s

u s e d

w i t h

t h i s

s t o n e .

A

s c a l y t u r t l e - t a i l o r

f i s h - b a c k

m o u n t e d

o n

s t u f f e d b u c k -

s k i n ,

t o o n e e n d

o f

w h i c h

a r e t i e d f e a t h e r s ,

i s u s e d

b o t h

a s

a ,

w a r - a m u l e t a n d

i n

d o c t o r i n g ( F i g .

i

6 4 ) .

I n t h e l a t t e r c a s e t h e

s i c k

p e r s o n

i s

f a n n e d

a n d

b r u s h e d w i t h

t h e f e a t h e r s .

I n

g o i n g

t o

w a r ,

t h e

p i e c e

i s w o r n

o n

t h e

h e a d ,

o n t h e

c h e s t ,

o r

on

t h e

s i d e ,

h a n g i n g

f r o m

a

s t r i p

p a s s i n g

over

o n e

s h o u l d e r .

I

T h e

f e a t h e r s

p r o d u c e

s w i f t n e s s ,

a n d t h e h a r d s c a l e s c a u s e i n v u l -

n e r a b i l i t y .

A

r o o t c a l l e d

n e n i i t c i c a x a a

,

o r

p i t h - r o o t ,

i s

u s e d b y

t h i s

m e d i c i n e -

ma n

a s a

c u r e e s p e c i a l l y

f o r

f i t s ,

F i

6 r .

6 4

Y g )

A

T u r t l e - t a i l ,

u s e d

a s a

V a

r a m u l e t .

L e n g t h

2 7

c m .

b u t

more

g e n e r a l l y

f o r

o t h e r

i l l -

n e s s e s .

The

r o o t i s e a t e n w h o l e .

A

h e a d - d r e s s

o f

s p l i t a n d i n p a r t

t r i m m e d f e a t h e r s

c o n t a i n &

e a g l e

a n d

p e r h a p s

o t h e r

g r a y - b l a c k

f e a t h e r s a n d

a

s i n g l e

p l u m e

d y e d

r e d

( P l a t e

L X X X V I ) .

A

s m a l l s h o r t

s t i c k

i s t h e

f o u n d a -

t i o n

t o

w h i c h

t h e

e n d s o f

t h e

q u i l l s

a r e

t i e d . T h r e e

c e n t r a l :

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9]roeber,

T h e

A r a p a h o .

q u i l l s

t r i m m e d

t o

t h e

t i p

a n d

t h e

r e d

p l u m e

a r e

s t i f f ,

a n d

s t a n d

when

t h e

h e a d - d r e s s

i s h e l d

u p :

t h e o t h e r

f e a t h e r s

f a l l ,

b e c a u s e

t h e i r

q u i l l s

h a v e b e e n

s p l i t .

I t

s e e m s t h a t t h e

h e a d - d r e s s

was

w o r n

i n t h e

g h o s t

o r

c r o w

d a n c e ,

h a n g i n g

down

a s

i l l u s t r a t e d .

F e e b l e

o r weak

p e o p l e ,

a n d

c h i l d r e n ,

w e r e b r u s h e d

w i t h

i t

d u r i n g t h e d a n c e .

A

ma n

who

a t t h e t i m e

o f t h e

g h o s t - d a n c e

e x c i t e m e n t

f a s t e d

f o r

s e v e n

d a y s

s u b s e q u e n t l y

made

t h e

f o l l o w i n g

o b j e c t s ,

a n d

t o l d

t h i s

s t o r y

o f

h i s

e x p e r i e n c e s .

T h e i n f o r m a n t s t a t e d t h a t h e

g a v e

h i m s e l f

u p

t o

t h e

g h o s t -

d a n c e ,

a n d

t r i e d

t o

s e e

v i s i o n s . He

p u t

a l l

h i s

t h o u g h t s

on

t h e

m a t t e r ,

b u t

f a i l e d t o h a v e

a n y

v i s i o n s .

T h e n

h e

made a

vo w

t o f a s t

o n

C o y o t e

H i l l s . He

went

u p

on

t h e

h i l l s

n a k e d ,

e x c e p t

f o r a

b l a n k e t ,

a n d

d u r i n g

t h e

n i g h t

p r a y e d

a n d

c r i e d .

F o r f o u r

d a y s

h e

saw

n o t h i n g .

He

h e a r d

o n l y

t h e

n o i s e

o f

t h e

p e o p l e

t a l k i n g

n e a r him

a n d o t h e r

t h i n g s

t o

d i s t r a c t

h i m .

B u t

t h e

l a s t

t h r e e

d a y s

w e r e

more

s a t i s f a c t o r y .

He

sa w s u p e r -

n a t u r a l

t h i n g s

p l a i n l y ,

a s

i f i n

f u l l

d a y l i g h t ,

n o t

a s

when

a s l e e p .

A

s p i r i t

c a m e . He

d i d

n o t

l o o k

a t

i t ; b u t

i t t o l d

h i m ,

 

I f

y o u

d o

a s

I

t e l l

y o u ,

i t

w i l l

b e

w e l l .

He

c o n t i n u e d

n o t t o

l o o k

a t i t .

I t s e e m e d

t o b e

b r i g h t

d a y .

T h e

s p i r i t

d i r e c t e d

h i m

n o t

t o

f i n d

f a u l t ,

o r b e c r i t i c a l

o f o t h e r

p e o p l e ,

b u t

t o b e

g e n e r o u s

a n d

p l e a s a n t . I t

t o l d

him

t h a t t h e b i r d s

a n d

a n i m a l s

w o u l d b e

h i s

f r i e n d s , a n d

p r o t e c t

h i m ;

t h a t , w h e n e v e r

t h e r e

w a s

a

new

m o o n ,

h e

w o u l d

h a v e

a

d r e a m w h i c h w o u l d

s h o w

h i m

t h e

f u t u r e .

I t

t o l d

h i m

t o

h a v e

f o r t i t u d e ;

f o r t h e

s u n

w o u l d

g i v e

him

s t r e n g t h

t o

c o m p l e t e

t h e

s e v e n

d a y s

o f

f a s t i n g

w h i c h

h e

h a d

v o w e d . T h i s

s p i r i t

a p p e a r e d

o n

t h e

f i f t h

d a y .

I t

b r o u g h t

n o t h i n g ,

b u t

s a i d

t h a t a f t e r

t h e

s e v e n

d a y s

w e r e

c o m -

p l e t e d , when h e

w e n t

b a c k , t h e

c l o u d s

w o u l d g o

w i t h

h i m ,

t h r e a t e n i n g

r a i n .

I t

t o l d h i m

t h e n

t o

t h i n k o f

t h e

a b o v e ,

o f

t h e s t a r

e x a c t l y

o v e r h e a d ,

a n d o f

t h e

m o r n i n g

s t a r ,

w h i c h

i s

t h e

l a s t

t o

r i s e

i n

t h e

n i g h t .

T h e s e

w o u l d

p r o t e c t

him

w h i l e

h e w a s

a s l e e p . I t

t o l d

h i m

a l s o ,

t h a t ,

when t h e

d a y o f

t h e

new

w o r l d

c a m e ,

t h e r e

w o u l d b e

s i g n s

i n

t h e

m o r n i n g ,

a n d

t h e

f o l l o w i n g

c o l o r s

w o u l d

b e

v i s i b l e

a t

t h e

r i s i n g

o f

t h e

s u n ,

-

l a c k ,

g r e e n , r e d ,

y e l l o w ,

a n d

w h i t e .

F i n a l l y t h e

s p i r i t t o l d him

t o

r u n

when

h e

w e n t

home

1 9 0 7 . 1

4 2 7

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4 28 B u l l e t i n A m e r i c a n

Museum

o f

N a t u r a l H i s t o r y .

[ V o l .

X V I I I ,

a f t e r

c o m p l e t i n g

h i s

s e v e n

d a y s

o f

f a s t i n g ,

b u t

t o

s t o p

i f

h e

met

a n y

o n e .

W h e n

t h e

i n f o r m a n t h a d

f a s t e d f o r s e v e n

d a y s ,

h e

r e t u r n e d .

As

h e

r a n

i t s e e m e d t o him

t h a t h e was n o t

t o u c h i n g

t h e

g r o u n d ,

b u t

h e saw t h a t h i s

f e e t w e r e

o n

t h e e a r t h . As

h e r a n

h e

k e p t

h i s

h a n d s

o p e n .

Then

t h e r e was

a n

e v e n ,

r o u n d h i l l i n

f r o n t

o f

h i m .

On i t s t o o d

a

ma n w i t h

a

d a r k - b l u e

b l a n k e t .

Then

h e

t h o u g h t

o f

what t h e

s p i r i t

had

t o l d

h i m ,

a n d

s t o p p e d

a n d

w e n t

t o

t h i s

m a n .

T h i s p e r s o n

had

o n e

arm h a n g i n g

o u t

o f

h i s b l a n k e t . T h e

a rm

was n a k e d a n d

f l e s h y .

He

h e l d

a

b l a c k

c a n e

w i t h

a

g o l d e n

h e a d ,

a n d s t o o d

f a c i n g

t h e

w e s t .

T h i s p e r s o n s a i d ,

 

I a m

n o t t h e f a t h e r

n o r

t h e

m e s s e n g e r ,

b u t

I

a m

wh om

y o u

h a v e h e a r d o f

a n d

t a l k e d

o f ,

-

t h e

t u r t l e .

I

own

t h e r a i n .

When

y o u w a n t

r a i n ,

p r a y

t o m e ,

f o r I

a m t h e

f o g .

I

know a b o u t

y o u r f a s t i n g , t h a t y o u

h a v e

a

s t r o n g h e a r t ,

a n d

I

w i l l

h e l p

y o u i f y o u w a n t r a i n . Y ou

h a v e d o n e w e l l

t o

f a s t f o r

s e v e n

d a y s ,

f o r

A b o v e - N i h ' a n g a n

t h i n k s

w e l l

o f

t h a t

n u m b e r . W h e n y o u a r e a t

a f e a s t , l e t

t h e

p e o p l e

t a k e a l i t t l e

f o o d

a n d

g i v e i t t o m e . L e t t h e m

d o t h i s w h e n e v e r

t h e y c a n ,

a n d

I

w i l l

r e m e m b e r t h e m a n d

p r o t e c t

t h e m .

Y ou

h a v e

d o n e

r i g h t

t o

o b e y t h e s p i r i t a n d

s t o p

h e r e .

D o n o t

s p e a k e v i l o f

p e o p l e .

Y ou w i l l h a v e n o

d i f f i c u l t i e s

h e r e a f t e r . E v e r y t h i n g

w i l l

b e

p l e a s a n t . W h e n

t h e t u r t l e s p o k e t o him

t h u s ,

i t w a s

a

s t o u t

m a n ,

b u t , a f t e r i t

h a d f i n i s h e d , h e s a w i t a s

a t u r t l e .

I t

a p p e a r s

t h a t t h e r e

i s

a s y m b o l i c

r e f e r e n c e

t o

t h e

t u r t l e

i n

t h e

r o u n d h i l l .

T h e

f o l l o w i n g o b j e c t s

w e r e made

a n d k e p t by

t h i s ma n

a s

t h e

r e s u l t

o f

h i s

e x p e r i e n c e .

A

w h i t e

f l a g o r

h a n d k e r c h i e f

( F i g .

1 6 5 ) .

The

f i g u r e

o f a

p e r s o n

p a i n t e d

o n

t h i s

r e p r e s e n t s t h e f i r s t s p i r i t

s e e n

b y

t h e

i n f o r m a n t .

T h i s

s p i r i t c a r r i e d

a

y e l l o w a n d a

g r e e n

h a n d k e r -

c h i e f , h a d

h i s

f a c e

p a i n - t e d

y e l l o w ,

a n d

w o r e

a

r e d h e a d f e a t h e r .

T h e t u r t l e

p a i n t e d o n t h i s c l o t h i s h i s

r e a l s u p e r n a t u r a l

h e l p e r .

The

moon i s

r e p r e s e n t e d ,

b e c a u s e

t h e

f i r s t s p i r i t

t o l d him t h a t

e v e r y

new

moon

h e

s h o u l d

d r e a m

o f t h e f u t u r e . The c r e s c e n t

i s

p l a c e d h o r i z o n t a l l y ,

w h i c h

t o t h e

A r a p a h o i s

a n

omen o f

h e a l t h a n d p r o s p e r i t y .

W h e n o n e

h o r n o f

t h e

moon

i s

much

h i g h e r

t h a n

t h e

o t h e r ,

i t

i s b e l i e v e d

t h a t

t h e r e

w i l l b e g e n e r a l

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X r o e b e r ,

he

A r a p a h o .

s i c k n e s s .

T h e

M a l t e s e

cross

on

t h i s

h a n d k e r c h i e f

r e p r e s e n t s

t h e

m o r n i n g s t a r ,

w h i c h t h e s p i r i t

s a i d w o u l d p r o t e c t

h i m .

A

f i v e - p o i n t e d s t a r

i s p a i n t e d

i n b l a c k ,

g r e e n , r e d , y e l l o w , a n d

w h i t e ,

t h e f i v e

c o l o r s

t h a t were

t o

b e

v i s i b l e

on t h e

morning o f

F i g .

I 6 5

( U ' 5 j ) .

P a i n t e d

C l o t h

r e p r e s e n t i n g

a

D r e a m

E x p e r i e n c e .

L e n g t h ,

8 8

cm.; w i d t h ,

9 I

cm.

t h e

l a s t

d a y .

Z i g z a g

l i n e s

across t h e

c e n t r a l

p o r t i o n

o f

t h i s

s t a r r e p r e s e n t

i t s

r a ys

o r

t w i n k l i n g .

The

w h i t e

h a n d k e r c h i e f

i s

b o r d e r e d

by m a r g i n s

o f f o u r

d i f f e r e n t

c o l o r s , - b l a c k , green,

r e d ,

a n d

y e l l o w ; m a k i n g ,

w i t h t h e

c e n t r a l

w h i t e ,

t h e same

f i v e

c o l o r s

p r o p h e s i e d .

A

s m a l l

human

f i g u r e

o f b u c k s k i n

( F i g .

i 6 6 ) ,

w i t h

f i v e

cr o w -

f e a t h e r s

a t t a c h e d

a l o n g

o n e

s i d e o f

t h e

b o d y

and

a

r e d - p a i n t e d

f r i n g e

a l o n g

t h e

o t h e r ,

a l s o

r e p r e s e n t s

t h i s

m a n ' s

super-

n a t u r a l

h e l p e r .

I t

i s

f a s t e n e d

t o

s t r i n g s

so a s

t o b e

worn

a s

a

n e c k l a c e .

At

t h e b a c k o f

t h e

h e a d

i s

h a n g i n g

h a i r . At

t h e

t i p

o f

t h e

h a i r

a r e

r e d - d y e d

p l u m e s .

The

b o d y

i s

p a i n t e d y e l l o w ,

w i t h r e d

and

g r e e n

f a c e

and a

r e d

s t r i p e

down

and

one

across

t h e

b o d y .

The

r e a r

s i d e

i s

p a i n t e d

b l a c k and

r e d .

-E--mI---m.mIIm

i

1-

*

l I 9 0 7 . ]

4 2 9

7

- 7

I

I

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4 30 B u l l e t i n A m e r i c a n

Museum

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l .

X V I I I ,

T h e

h e a d

o f h i s

s u p e r n a t u r a l

b e i n g

was

f u r t h e r

r e p r e s e n t e d

by

t h i s

ma n

i n

c a r v i n g

a t

t h e

e n d o f

a

c l u b - s h a p e d

s t i c k

( F i g . I 6 7 ) .

T h e

g r e a t e r p a r t o f

t h i s s t i c k i s

w r a p p e d w i t h

f u r ;

a n d

e a g l e ,

m a g p i e ,

a n d

p e r h a p s

c r o w

f e a t h e r s

( s o m e

o f them

p a r t l y

s l i t

f r o m t h e

q u i l l s )

a r e a t t a c h e d

t o

t h e h e a d .

T h e

b e i n g ' s

h a i r

i s

r e p r e s e n t e d b y

f u r r y b u f f a l o - s k i n c o v e r i n g t h e

F i g . I 6 6 .

F i g .

I 6 7 .

F i g .

I 6 6

( g 5 ) .

N e c k l a c e

b e a r i n g

a n

I m a g e

o f a

S u p e r n a t u r a l

H e l p e r .

L e n g t h ,

7 2

c m .

F i g .

I 6 7 ( s % ) .

C a r v e d

S t i c k r e p r e s e n t i n g a S up e r n a t u r a l H e l p e r .

L e n g t h ,

5 8

c m .

b a c k

o f

t h e f i g u r e ' s h e a d .

S u c h

t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l

c a r v i n g

a s

i n

t h i s

p i e c e

i s

v e r y

u n u s u a l among t h e

A r a p a h o

a t

t h e

p r e s e n t d a y ,

a n d i t

i s

d o u b t f u l t o

w h a t e x t e n t

i t was

p r a c t i s e d

i n

a b o r i g i n a l

t i m e s .

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90]

o e b e r , The

A r a p a h o .

A

r a w h i d e

o r n a m e n t

i n

t h e

s h a p e

o f

a

M a l t e s e

c r o s s

r e p r e -

s e n t s

t h e

m o r n i n g s t a r .

T h i s

c r o s s ,

i n c l u d i n g a

w h i t e

c h i n a

d i s k

( a m o d e r n

s u b s t i t u t e f o r t h e o l d s h e l l

g o r g e t s )

f a s t e n e d

t o

i t s

m i d d l e , i s o f

t h e

s a m e f i v e

c o l o r s - b l a c k ,

y e l l o w , g r e e n , a n d

r e d ,

w i t h

w h i t e i n t h e m i d d l e

-

t h a t a p p e a r

o n t h e

h a n d k e r c h i e f .

S h e l l

g o r g e t s

o f t h i s t y p e

a r e

u s e d

a s

o f f e r i n g s

a t

t h e

s t o n e

p i l e s

o n

m o u n t a i n - t o p s .

T h i s o n e i s

a n o f f e r i n g t o

t h e

m o r n i n g

s t a r .

A t t a c h e d

t o

t h e

e n d s

o f

t h e c r o s s

b y

t h o n g s

a r e

r e d ,

y e l l o w ,

a n d

b l a c k

down

f e a t h e r s

r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e

c l o u d s ,

t h e

r e d

i n

t h e

m o r n i n g

a n d

t h e

e v e n i n g ,

t h e

y e l l o w d u r i n g

t h e d a y ,

a n d t h e

b l a c k b e f o r e

r a i n . T h e

a r r a n g e m e n t o f

c o l o r s o f

t h e

down

f e a t h e r s

i n

r e l a t i o n

t o

t h e

c o l o r s o f t h e

c r o s s - a r m s t o

w h i c h t h e y

a r e

a t t a c h e d , i s

t h e

f o l l o w i n g : b l a c k

a r m ,

r e d ;

y e l l o w

a r m ,

. y e l l o w ;

g r e e n

a r m ,

b l a c k ;

a n d

r e d

a r m ,

r e d .

A

h e a d - d r e s s

o f

l o n g ,

b l a c k

u p r i g h t

f e a t h e r s

a t t a c h e d

t o

a

s t i c k ,

t h e

f e a t h e r s

b e i n g

p a r t l y

t r i m m e d

t o t h e q u i l l ,

i s o n e

o f

s e v e n

made

by

S i t t i n g - B u l l ,

t h e

o r i g i n a t o r

o f

t h e

g h o s t - d a n c e

among

t h e

A r a p a h o ,

t o g e t h e r

w i t h s e v e n

g h o s t - d a n c e

s h i r t s

o r

d r e s s e s , s o m e

o f

w h i c h

a r e s t i l l

r e l i g i o u s l y

p r e s e r v e d .

An

i r o n c h a i n

t o w h i c h

a

number o f

a m u l e t s a n d

m e d i c i n e s

a r e

a t t a c h e d i s

w o r n

o v e r o n e

s h o u l d e r

( P l a t e

L X X X V I I ) .

T h e

v a r i o u s

o b j e c t s

o n

t h i s a r e t h e

f o l l o w i n g :

A

t u r t l e - t a i l

o r n a m e n t a t t h e b a s e

w i t h

a

c h a r m

o f

b l u e

b e a d s . T h i s i s

w o r n

a s a

h e a d - d r e s s

when t h e

o w n e r

s e e s a

c l o u d

t h a t a p p e a r s

d a n g e r o u s ,

i n

o r d e r t h a t t h e

c l o u d ,

w h i c h

i s

t h e

t u r t l e ( u n d e r t h e

t u r t l e ' s

c o n t r o l ) ,

w i l l

n o t i n j u r e

h i m .

T h e b l u e o f

t h e

b e a d s

o n t h i s

h e a d - d r e s s

r e p r e s e n t s

t h e s k y .

T h e t u r t l e - t a i l

i t s e l f

i s

s a i d

t o

b e a

c l o u d .

A

h o r s e - f e t l o c k ,

w i t h

w h i c h

t h e o w n e r

r u b s

h i s

b o d y when

h e

i s

a b o u t

t o

b r e a k

a

h o r s e .

A

h o r s e - t o o t h .

A n o t h e r

t u r t l e - t a i l .

A

p i e c e

o f

h o r s e - h o o f . When

o n e

i s k i c k e d

b y

a

h o r s e , t h i s

i s u s e d

t o

m o d e r a t e t h e

s w e l l i n g .

A

d e e r - t a i l .

Two

d e e r - f e t l o c k s .

A n o t h e r

d e e r - t a i l .

T h e s e

l a s t

f o u r p i e c e s

a r e

a l l

f r o m

a n i -

m a l s

t h a t

w e r e

h u n t e d

a

l o n g t i m e

b e f o r e

b e i n g k i l l e d .

I

9 0 7 1

4 3I

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4 3

2

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n

M u s e u m , o f N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y . [ V o l .

X V I I I ,

A n o t h e r

t u r t l e - t a i l ,

r e g a r d e d

a s t h e f o r e m o s t

o f

a l l

t h e

o b -

j e c t s

o n

t h e

c h a i n . I t

i s

t h e

l a r g e s t p i e c e

a t t a c h e d t o

i t ,

and

t h e

c h a i n

i s w o r n

s o t h a t t h i s h a n g s a t t h e

b o t t o m ,

  l i k e a h e a r t .

A n o t h e r

h o r s e - t o o t h .

A

h o r s e - f e t l o c k

a n d a

p i e c e

o f

o t t e r - s k i n ,

worn

a s

a

h e a d -

d r e s s

i n o r d e r

n o t

t o

b e

t h r o w n i n

b r e a k i n g a

h o r s e .

A r e d - p a i n t e d

t u r t l e - t a i l

a n d a

s l i g h t l y b l u e

w h i t i s h

p l u m e

m o u n t e d

o n a

s h o r t s t i c k ,

a n d

w o r n a t

g a t h e r i n g s

o r

f e a s t s .

T h e

h a r d n e s s

o f

t h e

s c a l e s o f

t h e

t a i l

r e p r e s e n t s t h e

o w n e r ' s

h e a l t h ;

a n d

t h e

f e a t h e r p l u m e , h i s

l i g h t n e s s .

A n o t h e r h o r s e - t o o t h . T h e i n f o r m a n t w a s

o n c e b i t t e n

t h r o u g h

t h e

f i n g e r b y

a

h o r s e ,

b u t

a

f r e s h

n a i l

g r e w

o v e r

t h e

w o u n d .

A n o t h e r d e e r - f e t l o c k .

A n o t h e r

d e e r - t a i l .

A n o t h e r d e e r - f e t l o c k .

S t r i p s

o f d e e r - s k i n .

A

d e e r - t a i l

s e c u r e d

when

h e w a s a

b o y

o r

y o u n g

man.

A

d e e r - f e t l o c k .

A n o t h e r h o r s e - t o o t h .

A ma n

who w a s

m i d d l e - a g e d a t t h e t i m e o f t h e

g h o s t - d a n c e

h a d t h e

f o l l o w i n g d r e a m :

He

s a w h i m s e l f s t a n d i n g a l o n e o n

a

g r e e n p r a i r i e ,

l o o k i n g

t o

t h e e a s t . On h i s l e f t , t o

t h e

n o r t h ,

h e

t h e n

s a w a p e r s o n

s e a t e d , d r e s s e d e n t i r e l y i n b l a c k s i l k .

He

t h o u g h t

t h a t

t h i s

w a s

t h e

m e s s e n g e r .

T h e

ma n

w a n t e d

t o

a p p r o a c h

him a n d

t o u c h

h i m ;

b u t

h i s t h o u g h t s

w e r e

n o t

s t r o n g e n o u g h ,

a n d h e

w a s

u n a b l e

t o m o v e . Then t h i s p e r s o n

i n

b l a c k

s p o k e

t o

h i m .

He

knew

a l l t h e

m a n ' s t h o u g h t s .

He

t o l d

him

o f t h e

new

w o r l d t h a t

w a s t o b e ,

a n d t h a t t h e y

w e r e

n ow

o n

a c l o u d .

T h e n

t h e

i n f o r m a n t s a w

t h e e a r t h

b e l o w him

a n d

t h e

s k y

a b o v e him a t

a n e q u a l d i s t a n c e . T h e p e r s o n i n

b l a c k ,

who w a s

t h e

c r o w ,

t h e n

s h o w e d

him

a r a i n b o w e x t e n d -

i n g

f r o m

e a s t

t o

w e s t ,

a n d

a n o t h e r

f r o m

s o u t h

t o

n o r t h .

T h e

i n f o r m a n t w a s

t h e n t a k e n b y

him

t o t h e

s p o t w h e r e t h e t w o

r a i n b o w s

c r o s s e d o n e a n o t h e r .

T h e r e h e

s t o o d , a n d

t h e c r o w

t o l d

him

t o

l o o k

u p .

He t h e n

s a w w h e r e

t h e

f a t h e r w a s ,

a n d

s a w

t h e t h o u g h t s o f a l l m a n k i n d

r e a c h i n g up t o h i m .

He

s a w

a l s o b i r d s o f

a l l

k i n d s . Two o f t h e s e

w e r e

t h e

f o r e m o s t ,

-

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K r o e b e r ,

T h e

A

r a p a h o .

t h e

e a g l e

( n i i h i ,

l i t e r a l l y ,

  b i r d

  )

a n d

t h e c r o w .

He

saw

a l s o

t h e s u n ,

t h e

s t a r s ,

a n d

t h e

m o r n i n g

s t a r .

* T h i s

d r e a m

w a s

p a i n t e d

by

t h e i n f o r m a n t

o n

a

w h i t e s h e e t

w o r n

a s

a b l a n k e t

( F i g . i 6 8 ) .

The

e x t r e m i t i e s

o f t h e two

l o w e r

c o r n e r s

a r e h a l f

f i l l e d i n w i t h

r e d , r e p r e s e n t i n g

t h e

e a r t h ,

t h e

r e s t o f t h e s h e e t

r e p r e s e n t i n g

t h e a b o v e .

A

p i p e

i n

o n e

c o r n e r ,

w i t h

a

b l u e

b o w l , r e p r e s e n t s

a

b l a c k

s o a p s t o n e p i p e ;

o n e

p a i n t e d

i n

r e d ,

i n

t h e o t h e r

l o w e r

c o r n e r ,

a more

o r d i n a r y ,

l e s s .

s a c r e d ,

c a t l i n i t e

p i p e .

N e a r

t h e c e n t r e

o f

t h e s h e e t

i s

a

r e d

c i r c l e

f r o m w h i c h

y e l l o w

l i n e s r a d i a t e . T h i s

i s

t h e

s u n .

The

F i g .

i 6 8

5 0

P a i n t i n g

r e p r e s e n t i n g

a

Dream

E x p e r i e n c e . L e n g t h , 2 . I 3

m . ;

w i d t h ,

I . 6 8

m.

i n t e r i o r

o f t h i s

f i g u r e

c o n s i s t s o f

s e v e r a l

r i n g s

o f

d i f f e r e n t

c o l o r s ,

r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e r a i n b o w . T h e r a i n b o w i s

a l s o s h o w n

i n a l o n g

a r c h

p a s s i n g a c r o s s

t h e l o w e r p a r t

o f t h e

b l a n k e t , p a i n t e d

i n

s t r i p e s

o f f o u r

c o l o r s . T h e u p p e r a n d

o u t e r m o s t

c o l o r i s b l u e .

I t

w a s o n t h i s , w h e r e t h e t w o

r a i n b o w s

c r o s s e d ,

t h a t t h e i n -

f o r m a n t

s t o o d

a n d

l o o k e d

u p

t o

t he h i g h e s t

h e a v e n .

On

e a c h

s i d e o f

t h e

u p p e r p a r t

o f t h i s

r a i n b o w - a r c h i s t h e f i g u r e o f

a

l a r g e b i r d . One o f t h e s e i s t h e c r o w ; t h e o t h e r , w h i c h h a s

much t h e a p p e a r a n c e

o f

a p a r r o t , r e p r e s e n t s

n i i h i

(

b i r d , o r

  e a g l e ) . T h i s w o r d

h e r e e v i d e n t l y d e n o t e s t h e t hu n d e r - b i r d .

[ M a y , 1 9 0 7 . ]

28

I

9 0 7

. ]

4 3 a

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. 4 3 4 B u l l e t i n A m e r - i c a n

Museum

o f N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l .

X V I I I ,

T h i s b i r d w a s s a i d

t o

b e

s u p p o s e d t o b e i n

a

c l o u d .

B e h i n d

- i s a b u l l - b a t , w h i c h

i s

a l s o i n d i c a t i v e o f

r a i n ,

b e c a u s e t h i s

b i r d

f l i e s

b e f o r e

r a i n .

B e h i n d t h e c r o w

i s

a

f l y i n g m a g p i e .

F r om

t h e m o u t h

o f

e a c h

o f

t h e t w o

l a r g e

b i r d s

a

wavy

l i n e

i s s u e s

d i a g o n a l l y u p w a r d a c r o s s

t h e s h e e t .

T h e s e l i n e s a r e t h e

v o i c e s

o f t h e b i r d s . E a c h o f t h e

l i n e s

i s

i n c o n t a c t w i t h a

f i v e -

- p o i n t e d

s t a r , w h i c h i n d i c a t e s

t h a t

t h e

b i r d s '

v o i c e s

r e a c h

t h e

s k y , a n d a r e h e a r d . T h e f i v e - p o i n t e d

s t a r i s

e v i d e n t l y n o t

a b o r i g i n a l

w i t h

t h e

A r a p a h o .

A b o v e

t h e

f i g u r e o f

t h e s u n

i s

a t e n - p o i n t e d

s t a r , l a r g e r

t h a n

t h e

o t h e r s . T h i s

i s ,

n o

d o u b t ,

m e r e l y o n a c c o u n t

o f

i t s s i z e , t h e

m o r n i n g

s t a r .

A

y e l l o w f i v e -

- p o i n t e d

s t a r

b e l o w t h e s u n i s a n

o r d i n a r y s t a r .

T h e

t w o

s t a r s

- i n

c o n t a c t w i t h t h e

v o i c e - l i n e s o f

t h e b i r d s a r e s u r r o u n d e d

by

s m a l l

l i n e s i n d i c a t i n g

t h e i r s h i n i n g .

A

c r o s s b e h i n d

t h e h e a d

o f

t h e c r o w

r e p r e s e n t s

t h e m o r n i n g

s t a r , a n d a b l u e

c r e s c e n t

i n

c o r r e s p o n d i n g p o s i t i o n b e h i n d t h e h e a d

o f

t h e o t h e r

b i r d

i s

t h e

m o o n .

A

ma n n o t e d

f o r

h i s l o n g h a i r

w a s t o l d

i n

a

d r e a m t o

p r e -

- s e r v e a l l

h i s

h a i r a s h e combed i t

o u t .

I n

c o n s e q u e n c e , h e

b r a i d e d

t o g e t h e r a l l

t h i s l o o s e

h a i r

u n t i l ( a t

t h e

t i m e

t h e

s p e c i -

me n

w a s o b t a i n e d

f r o m h i m , when

h e

w a s

b e g i n n i n g

t o b e a n

o l d

m a n ) t h e

r o p e

h a d

r e a c h e d

a

l e n g t h o f

t h i r t y f e e t ,

w i t h

a

t h i c k n e s s

o f

a b o u t

h a l f a n i n c h .

An o l d

woman

s t a t e d

t h a t s h e h a d o n c e b e e n a t t a c k e d a n d

b i t t e n

b y

a

b e a r .

F r om

t h a t

t i m e

o n ,

s h e

d r e a m e d

much

o f

b e a r s . I n

o n e

o f h e r d r e a m s ,

a

b e a r

t o l d h e r

t o

w e a r b e a r -

c l a w s , t o p a i n t

i n a

c e r t a i n

w a y , a n d t o u s e c e r t a i n

p l a n t s

f o r

m e d i c i n e

a n d

i n c e n s e , a n d

s h e

w o u l d b e c o m e a

d o c t o r ;

b u t

s h e

r e f u s e d

t h e s u p e r n a t u r a l g i f t .

A

b l i n d s o u t h e r n

A r a p a h o ,

h a v i n g b e e n

a s k e d t o

s h o w h i s

s u p e r n a t u r a l

p o w e r s , r e f u s e d , o n t h e g r o u n d t h a t t h e

p e o p l e

w e r e t h e n c a m p e d t o g e t h e r

f o r

a

d a n c e , a n d

t h a t

h e w o u l d d o

n o t h i n g

d i s t u r b i n g

t o

g o o d

f e e l i n g

a n d

h a p p i n e s s .

T h e

f o l l o w -

i n g d a y

h e

o f f e r e d

t o

v o m i t

b r a s s

r i n g s a n d

b u l l e t s . B e i n g

r e f u s e d ,

h e

o f f e r e d t o

p r o d u c e

t h e

b u l l e t s

a n d s o m e

l i m e f o r

a

s m a l l e r p a y m e n t . A f t e r

s o m e

n e g o t i a t i o n s ,

t h i s w a s a c c e p t e d ,

and

w i t h o u t

p r e p a r a t i o n

h e

b e g a n

t o

c o u g h

a n d

r e t c h , f i n a l l y

. s p i t t i n g o u t

f o u r

r o u n d b u l l e t s .

S o o n

h e b e g a n a g a i n , s u c k i n g

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90.]roeber,

T h e

A r a p a h o .

i n s i d e

h i s

c h e e k s

m o r e t h a n

b e f o r e .

He

t h e n s p a t

o u t

a

p i n k s u b s t a n c e l o o k i n g

l i k e

w e t

s l a k e d

l i m e .

A f t e r a

s h o r t

t i m e , h e b e g a n

c o u g h i n g ,

a n d

s u c k i n g

i n t e r n a l l y a g a i n ,

t h i s .

t i m e

p r o d u c i n g

a

b l u e

s u b s t a n c e

i n

t h e

same

manner

a s b e f o r e .

T h e p e r f o r m a n c e

e n d e d ,

h e a p p e a r e d

t o

s w a l l o w

t h e

b u l l e t s

a g a i n .

O n e

o f

a p a i r

o f

w r i s t l e t s

o f

o t t e r - s k i n ,

o r n a m e n t e d

w i t h

y e l l o w - h a m m e r

o r s i m i l a r

f e a t h e r s

a n d a

p l u m e ,

a n d

p o s s e s s i n g

m a g i c a l

p r o p e r t i e s ,

b e l o n g e d

t o

t h i s

m a n ,

a n d

i s

shown

i n

F i g .

I 6 9 . A t t a c h e d

t o t h e

w r i s t l e t

i s

a

s m a l l

m e d i c i n e - b a g

p a i n t e d

r e d .

T h i s

w a s

s a i d

t o

c o n t a i n

a

m i x t u r e

o f

- 5

p o w d e r e d

b l a c k i r o n

o r e ,

c o p p e r

f i l -

i n g s , g o p h e r - e y e s ,

s n a k e - e y e s , a n d

t h e

m e d i c i n e

t c e t c a a t c e i - r o o t ,

u s e d

i n

t h e

c r a z y - d a n c e ,

a n d

t h o u g h t

t o

p o s s e s s

t h e

p o w e r

o f

p a r a l y z i n g .

W i t h

t h i s

s m a l l

m e d i c i n e - b a g

i s

a

s t e e l n e e d l e

w r a p p e d t o

a

t h o n g

l i k e

a s m a l l

f e a t h e r .

Some

o f

t h e

m e d i c i n e

b e i n g t h r o w n

o n

t h e

g r o u n d ,

t h e

n e e d l e

a t o n c e p i e r c e s

t h e

h e a r t

o f

a n y

o n e d e s i r e d . T h e

o w n e r

a f f i r m s

t h a t

h e

o n c e k i l l e d

a n

a n t e l o p e

f r o m a

d i s t a n c e i n t h i s

w a y .

/

I t f e l l down

d e a d w h i l e

r u n n i * g .

I t s

h e a r t

c o n t a i n e d

h i s

n e e d l e . A t t h e

o t h e r

e n d

o f t h e w r i s t l e t a r e . a n

i r o n

F u l l h n g t j h

:

W r c m .

a n d

a

c a t l i n i t e

r i n g .

An

e l d e r l y

ma n

among t h e

n o r t h e r n

A r a p a h o made

t h e

f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s

i n

r e g a r d t o

t h e

a c q u i s i t i o n

a n d

t r a n s f e r

o f

s u p e r n a t u r a l p o w e r .

When

s u c h

p o w e r

w a s

g i v e n

by t h e

s p i r i t

o r

s o m e o b j e c t

i n n a t u r e , c e r t a i n r e s t r i c t i o n s

w e r e u s u a l l y

i m p o s e d . T h e s u p e r -

n a t u r a l b e i n g

m i g h t

s a y ,

 D o

n o t e a t

t h e h e a r t

o r

t h e

k i d -

n e y ,

a n d

d o n o t p i e r c e

o r

s t i c k

a n y

f o o d

t h a t

y o u a r e e a t i n g .

O r , a g a i n ,

 

T h e r e

i s

o n e

t h i n g t h a t

I d o

n o t

w a n t

y o u t o

e a t ,

t h a t

i s

t h e h e a d .

I f

y o u d o , y o u r

t e e t h

w i l l s o o n f a l l o u t ,

y o u r

s t r e n g t h

w i l l

n o t l a s t ,

a n d

y o u w i l l

n o t b e c o m e

o l d . I f

a

I 1 9 0 7 . ]

4

3 5 3

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4 36

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n

Museum o f N a t u r a l H i s t o r y .

[ V o l .

X V I I I ,

ma n

who

h a d

r e c e i v e d

s u c h

p o w e r s

s u p e r n a t u r a l l y

b e g a n

t o

t r a n s f e r

them t o

o t h e r s ,

h e d i d

n o t

g i v e

them a l l

a w a y .

A f t e r

h a v i n g b e g u n

t o

t r a n s f e r

h i s

p o w e r s ,

h e was

e v e n

more c a r e f u l ,

t h a n

b e f o r e t o o b s e r v e t h e

r e s t r i c t i o n s . He

w o u l d n o t

d r i n k

f r o m t h e

s a m e

c u p

t h a t

o t h e r p e o p l e

d i d .

G e n e r a l l y , w h e n

s u c h

p o w e r s

w e r e t r a n s f e r r e d , t h e y

w e r e e i t h e r

s o l d ,

o r

g i v e n

t o

s o n s

o r n e p h e w s .

A

y o u n g

ma n

m i g h t

p r a y t o

a n

o l d

ma n f o r

h i s

p o w e r .

T h e n ,

i n s t e a d

o f

g o i n g

o u t

o n

t h e

h i l l s

a n d

s u f f e r i n g

h a r d s h i p s

t o

a c q u i r e

i t ,

h e

r e c e i v e d

h i s

p o w e r

b y

i n s t r u c t i o n .

He p a i d

t h e o l d

ma n f o r

e a c h

s i t t i n g

w i t h

h i m .

He

l e a r n e d

t h e

o l d

m a n ' s

m e d i c i n e - r o o t s

a n d

t h e i r

u s e s ,

h i s

way

o f

p a i n t -

i n g ,

h i s

s o n g s ,

a n d s o

o n .

By t h e t i m e

t h e

o l d

ma n was

d e a d ,

t h e y o u n g

ma n

h a d

h i s p o w e r .

A

m a n ' s

m e d i c i n e - b a g

was

g e n e r a l l y r e p a i n t e d

e v e r y y e a r ,

when

t h e

new

g r a s s

came

u p .

S o m e t i m e s

t h e

s u p e r n a t u r a l p o w e r

g i v e n

t o

a

p e r s o n

i s

bad

f o r

h i s

f a m i l y . T h e s p i r i t

d o e s n o t

m e n t i o n

t h i s t o

h i m ;

b u t

t h e

r e c i p i e n t ' s

f a m i l y

d i e

o f f

o n e

b y

o n e ,

l e a v i n g

him

a l o n e .

S o m e t i m e s

a

ma n

t a k e s s u c h p o w e r

when

h e s h o u l d

r e f u s s e

i t

o n

a c c o u n t

o f t h e e f f e c t

o n

a i s

r e l a t i v e s .

An

o l d ma n

who

h a d

h o r s e - m e d i c i n e

t a u g h t

i t t o h i s

s o n

a n d

s e v e r a l o t h e r

y o u n g

m e n . I n

t e a c h i n g i t

t o t h e m , h e

d r e w

o n t h e g r o u n d ,

w i t h

r e d

p a i n t ,

a

h o r s e

f a c i n g

t o

t h e l e f t , a n d

w i t h y e l l o w p a i n t ,

a n o t h e r h o r s e o r

a

m u l e ,

s o m e w h a t s m a l l e r ,

f a c i n g t h e

n o r t h .

W h i l e

t h i s

m e d i c i n e

w a s i n

a t e n t , n o

p e g

o r

o t h e r

p a r t

o f

t h e

t e n t

m i g h t

b e

r e m o v e d ,

l e s t

t h e r e

s n o u l d

b e

a

s t o r m .

A f a m o u s

m e d i c i n e - m a n

c a l l e d

H a n a t c a n h a n a a t i ,

who

d i e d

a b o u t t w e n t y y e a r s a g o , a n d

who

h a d

p a r t i c u l a r p o w e r i n

b r i n g -

i n g t h e

b u f f a l o , l i v e d i n a

t e n t p a i n t e d

r e d ,

w i t h

b l a c k b u f f a l o ,

t h e

m o r n i n g

s t a r , t h e

s u n ,

a n d

o t h e r

d e s i g n s u p o n

i t .

C h i l d r e n

w e r e

n o t

a l l o w e d t o

a p p r o a c h

t h i s t e n t

f o r f e a r t h a t s t i c k s m i g h t

b e

t h r o w n

a g a i n s t

i t . On h i s c e r e m o n i a l

r a w h i d e

m e d i c i n e - c a s e

t h i s

m e d i c i n e - m a n

u s e d

t h e c u r i o u s

s y m b o l i c

d e s i g n

o f

c r e s c e n t s

a n d

f o r k e d

u p r i g h t f i g u r e s , t h a t h a s

b e e n

d e s c r i b e d

o n

p .

I 3 4 .

He

i s

s a i d

t o

h a v e o r i g i n a t e d

t h i s d e s i g n ,

b u t

t h i s

s e e m s i m -

p r o b a b l e .

He t a u g h t ma n y me n p a r t o f

h i s

m e d i c i n e , among

t h e m

b e i n g

L i t t l e - L e f t - H a n d , S a g e - B a r k ,

Y o u n g - B u l l , N i g h t ,

and

H o w l i n g - M a n .

T h e

c e r e m o n y

o f

c a l l i n g t h e

b u f f a l o

w a s

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K r o e b e r , T l e

A r a p a h o .

c a l l e d

n a e t a n a a .

M en

s t o o d

i n

two

l o n g

l i n e s

w h i l e

t h e

m e d i -

c i n e - m a n

w e n t

b e t w e e n

t h e m ,

l e a d i n g

t h e

h e r d .

A

c e r t a i n

ma n

t r i e d

t o

p e r f o r m

t h i s

f e a t ,

b u t f a i l e d .

H i s

f a i l u r e

was

a t t r i b u t e d t o

h i s

m a k i n g

t h e

a t t e m p t

o n l y

i n

o r d e r

t o

s e c u r e

a

g i r l

h e

w a n t e d

t o

m a r r y ;

a n d t h e

l o s s

o f

an

e y e

w h i c h

h e

s u f f e r e d

n o t

l o n g a f t e r w a r d

w a s a t t r i b u t e d

t o

h i s

f a i l u r e .

A f t e r a

c e r t a i n

c h i e f ,

c a l l e d

B a n a a s e t i ,

was

b u r i e d ,

h i s

g r a v e

s e t t l e d ,

u n t i l t h e r e

was a

d e p r e s s i o n

i n

t h e

g r o u n d .

I t

was

s a i d

t h a t

t h e

t h u n d e r h a d

t a k e n

h i m

u p

o u t

o f

t h e

g r o u n d ,

a n d

t h e r e a f t e r

p e o p l e

w e r e

n o t a f r a i d

t o

t r a v e l

o v e r

t h e

p l a c e

w h e r e h e h a d b e e n

b u r i e d ,

w h e r e a s

t h e y

a l w a y s

a v o i d e d

o t h e r

g r a v e s .

A

woman who

was b i t t e n

b y

a

r a t t l e s n a k e

was

t r e a t e d

b y

a

m e d i c i n e - m a n

a s

f o l l o w s .

He

t o o k

t h e

s n a k e ' s

h e a d ,

c h o p p e d

i t

u p , d r i e d

i t a n d

p o w d e r e d

i t ,

m i x e d

i t

w i t h

d r i e d

b l o o d

o f

t h e

s n a k e ,

a n d a d d e d

a

m e d i c i n e - r o o t a n d

some

p e p p e r .

T h e

m i x t u r e

w a s

t h e n

s p r i n k l e d

o v e r

a

c l o t h .

T h e

m e d i c i n e - m a n

a b r a d e d

t h e

s k i n

i n

t h e

w r i s t

u n t i l

i t

b l e d .

Then

h e

t i e d

t h e

c l o t h

a r o u n d

i t , p u t

on

a

p i e c e

o f

f a t ,

a n d

k e p t

t h e

p l a c e

w a rm

w i t h a

h o t s t o n e .

When

p e r s o n s ,

e s p e c i a l l y

c h i l d r e n ,

s u d d e n l y

b e c o m e

s i c k

w i t h

p a i n s

i n

t h e

s i d e , o r

b a c k ,

o r

n e c k ,

t h e y a r e

t h o u g h t

t o

h a v e

b e e n

s h o t b y

a

g h o s t .

T h e

o b j e c t w h i c h

h a s

e n t e r e d

t h e

b o d y ,

a n d

w h i c h

ma y

b e a

b o n e ,

t o o t h ,

h a i r ,

o r

p i e c e

o f

s k i n

o f

a

d e a d

p e r s o n ,

i s

c a l l e d

a  

g h o s t

a r r o w

( g i i k a n a g i ) .

T h e

d o c t o r

s a y s t o

t h e

p a t i e n t ,

 

A

g h o s t

h a s

s h o t

y o u ,

g i i k t c a b i i n .

 

When t h e

d o c t o r

s u c k s

o u t

t h e

o b j e c t , w h i c h

s o m e t i m e s

p r o v e s

t o

b e

l i q u i d

o r

f i l t h y ,

e i t h e r h e

o r t h e

p a t i e n t

s w a l l o w s

i t .

I f

t h e

d o c t o r

s w a l l o w s

i t , i t

i n c r e a s e s

h i s

p o w e r

o f

s u c k i n g

o b j e c t s

o f t h i s

k i n d .

P e o p l e

f a s t i n g

o n

h i l l s

f r e q u e n t l y

s e t

u p p i l e s

o f

s t o n e

t h e r e .

I t

s e e m s

t h a t

t h e s e

m o n u m e n t s

a r e

made

e i t h e r t o

s y m b o l i z e

p e r s o n s ,

o r

a r e

t h o u g h t t o

r e s e m b l e

t h e m .

C h i l d r e n

o f t e n

w e a r

a

w a l n u t o n

a

s t r i n g

a r o u n d

t h e

n e c k ,

o r ,

w h i l e

t h e y

a r e

v e r y

s m a l l ,

a r o u n d

t h e

w r i s t . T h i s

n u t i s

t h o u g h t

t o

r e s e m b l e

t h e

f a c e

o f a

s k u l l ,

a n d

t h e r e f o r e

t o

b e

e f f e c t i v e

i n

k e e p i n g

o f f

g h o s t s .

T h e

t r e e

i s

c a l l e d

t a b i i g a b i i c

(

c u t n o s e - b u s h

  ) .

I

9 0 7 . ]

4 3 7

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4 3 8 & B u l l e t i n A m e r i c a n Museum o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l . XVI I I ,

T h e

r o o t

c a l l e d n i a a t a n ,

u s e d

o t h e r w i s e

a s

a

c o m p o n e n t

o f

i n c e n s e

a n d

on

t h e

r e g a l i a

o f

c e r t a i n a g e - s o c i e t i e s ,

i s a l s o p u t

a r o u n d

c h i l d r e n s

n e c k s a s

a

g e n e r a l a m u l e t .

A

r o o t c a l l e d

h a a k a h a a

(Museum N o .

A 9 1

) i s s a i d

t o

b e

u s e d

t o

p u t

i n t o t h e e a r s

o f

c r a z y - d a n c e r s ,

m a k i n g

them

d e a f , i t

i s

t h o u g h t ,

a n d

a t

t h e

s a m e t i m e c r a z y .

M u s h r o o m s

a r e

a l s o

u s e d

f o r

t h i s

p u r p o s e b y

b o t h t h e A r a p a h o

a n d t h e

G r o s

V e n t r e .

T h e

b o n e s

o f l a r g e

mammals

o r

r e p t i l e s ,

f o u n d

e s p e c i a l l y

o n

r i v e r - b a n k s ,

a n d

t h o u g h t

t o

b e

t h e

b o n e s

o f

t h e h i i n t c a b i i t

o r

w a t e r - m o n s t e r s ,

a r e

f r e q u e n t l y

u s e d

b y t h e

A r a p a h o

a s

i n g r e d i e n t s

o f m e d i c i n e ,

a s

w e l l a s

f o r

s u c k i n g

o u t

d i s e a s e s ,

t h e p o r o u s

b o n e

b e i n g a p p l i e d

t o

s o r e s o r

w o u n d s .

F o r

b i t e s o f

c e n t i p e d e s

o r

t a r a n t u l a s ,

t h e s e a n i m a l s

a r e

c r u s h e d

a n d

t h e n

m i x e d

w i t h

a

p l a n t

( a f t e r

i t

h a s

b e e n

p o w d e r e d )

known

b y

t h e w h i t e s o f

O k l a h o m a

a s

 

s h o e s t r i n g

( M u s e u m

N o . O.

C h i l d r e n ' s

d i a r r h o e a

i s

t h o u g h t

t o

b e

c a u s e d b y b a d m i l k ,

a n d

i s

c u r e d

e i t h e r

b y

s u c k i n g

t h e b r e a s t

o r

b y d r i n k i n g

a

d e c o c -

t i o n

o f

a

p l a n t

c a l l e d

b e g e n e t c a a n a n

( b r e a s t - l i q u i d , b e 9 e n e t c

b e i n g m i l k ) .

T h i s

p l a n t

g r o w s

a

f o o t

o r

two

f e e t

h i g h ,

h a s

r o u n d

l e a f l e s s

s t e m s ,

a n d

c o n t a i n s

a n

a b u n d a n c e

o f

w h i t e ,

t h i c k i s h

j u i c e ,

w h i c h

no

d o u b t

h a s

b e e n t h e

c a u s e

o f

i t s u s e

f o r

t h i s

p u r p o s e .

The w om a n d r i n k s

t h e m e d i c i n e

when

s t o o p i n g

on

h e r

k n e e s ,

s o

t h a t

i t

ma y r u n i n t o

h e r

b r e a s t s .

A

m o u t h f u l

o f

t h e

d e c o c t i o n

ma y

a l s o

b e

s p r i n k l e d

o v e r t h e

c h i l d

b y

t h e

m e d i c i n e - m a n

i n

o r d e r

t o

c o o l

i t .

W h i l e

t h e

c h i e f

p h y s i c a l

means o f

c u r e e m p l o y e d

b y

m e d i c i n e -

men

was s u c k i n g , b l e e d i n g was a l s o p r a c t i s e d . P i e c e s o f

 

b l a c k

g l a s s

 

w e r e

f a s t e n e d t o

s t i c k s ,

a n d

t h e s e

w e r e

l a i d

o v e r

a

v e i n

a f t e r

t h e

s k i n

h a d

b e e n w e t .

T h e

s t i c k

was

t h e n

s t r u c k

w i t h

a n o t h e r

p i e c e

o f

w o o d ,

s o

t h a t

t h e b l o o d

s p u r t e d

o u t .

B l e e d i n g

was

p e r f o r m e d

i n

s p r i n g

a n d

a u t u m n , a p p a r e n t l y f o r

g e n e r a l

i n d i s p o s i t i o n

r a t h e r

t h a n

f o r

s p e c i f i c

p a i n .

Two

s m a l l

b u f f a l o - h o r n s i n w h i c h a r e

c u t f i g u r e s

r e p r e s e n t i n g

t h e

s u n ,

t h e

m o o n ,

a

s t a r ,

a n d

s u n - r a y s ,

a r e

u s e d

a s

p o i n t s

t o

t h r o w i n g - s t i c k s

s l i d

o n

t h e i c e

i n

p l a y ,

a s

w e l l

a s

f o r

d o c t o r i n g .

I n

c a s e

o f r h e u m a t i s m

o r

s i m i l a r

a i l m e n t s ,

a

h o l e

i s

c u t

i n

t h e

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K r o e b e r ,

T h e

A r a p a h o .

s k i n ,

a n d

t h e h o l l o w

h o r n

s e t

o v e r t h e c u t

The

h o r n

i s

t h e n

s u p p o s e d

t o

s u c k

t h e

wound

o f

i t s e l f ,

d r o p p i n g o f f ,

l i k e

t h e

l a s t

s p e c i m e n ,

when

f u l l o f

b l o o d .

One o f t h e s e

h o r n s ,

a n d

t h e

d e s i g n s

c a r v e d

o n

t h e

o t h e r ,

a r e shown

i n

F i g s .

I

7 0 ,

I 7 1 .

F i g .

I 7 0 .

F i g .

1 7 1 .

F i g .

1 7 0 ( s % ) .

A

C u p p i n g

I n s t r u m e n t .

L e n g t h

8 . 5

c m .

F i g .

1 7 1 (s).

D e s i g n

on a

C u p p i n g

I n s t r u m e n t .

A

s i m i l a r s m a l l

b u f f a l o - h o r n

u s e d

i n

d o c t o r i n g ( M u s e u m

N o .

I

W 1

)

i s

p u t

o v e r

a h o l e

i n

t h e

s k i n i n

o r d e r

t o d r a w

b l o o d .

T h i s h o r n

i s

c o m p l e t e l y p e r f o r a t e d ,

s o

t h a t

i t

c a n

b e

s u c k e d

t h r o u g h ;

b u t

when

i t

i s

i n

u s e

t h e

h o l e

a t

t h e

u p p e r

e n d

i s

p l u g g e d

w i t h

m e d i c i n e .

T h e h o r n

i s

s a i d

t o

r e m a i n

h a n g i n g

t o t h e

wound

u n t i l

i t

i s

f i l l e d w i t h

b l o o d ,

when

i t

d r o p s o f f .

I t

i s

u s e d

e s p e c i a l l y

o n t h e

h e a d .

A

w o m a n ' s m o r t a r

a n d

p e s t l e

( M u s e u m

N o .

IO

) w e r e

u s e d

b y

t h e n o r t h e r n

A r a p a h o

f o r

g r i n d i n g

m e d i c i n e .

T h e

m o r t a r c o n s i s t e d

o f

p a r t

o f a

q u a r t z - l i k e

c o n c r e t i o n , t h e

c e n -

t r a l

c o n c a v e

p o r t i o n

o f w h i c h

h e l d

t h e

m e d i c i n e .

T h e

p e s t l e

w a s

a s m a l l e r e n t i r e

c o n c r e t i o n , a p p r o x i m a t e l y

g l o b u l a r ,

b u t

q u i t e

i r r e g u l a r .

I n

o n e

f a m i l y

h a l f a

g l o b u l a r

c o n c r e t i o n ,

h o l l o w

i n s i d e , w a s

s e e n .

T h i s

was

k e p t

t o

b e

d i p p e d

i n t o

w a t e r

c o n t a i n i n g

m e d i c i n e ,

t h e n t o

b e

p u t

o n

t h e

h e a d

o f

a

woman

a b o u t t o

g i v e

b i r t h t o

a

c h i l d ,

i n

o r d e r

t o

e a s e

h e r

d e l i v e r y .

I 1 9 0 7 . 1

4 3 9

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4 4 0

B u l l e t i n A m e r i c a n

M u s e u n m

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l .

X V I I I ,

A r i v e r

m u s s e l - s h e l l

(Museum

N o .

- 4 - T )

w a s

u s e d f o r

v a r i -

o u s

p u r p o s e s ,

-

t o

c a t c h t h e

b l o o d

o f

n e w l y

k i l l e d

game

t o

b e

c o o k e d

a n d

e a t e n ,

a s a

s p o o n

f o r

m e d i c i n e ,

a n d ,

o n

a c c o u n t

o f

i t s

s m o o t h n e s s

o r

s l i p p e r i n e s s ,

a s

a n a m u l e t

t o

h e l p

a woman

i n

l a b o r .

A n e c k l a c e

w o r n a s

a c h a r m

i n

b a t t l e

i s

s h o w n

i n P l a t e

L X X X V I I I . T h e

b o d y

o f t h e

n e c k l a c e c o n s i s t s

o f l a r g e

r o u n d

b e a d s

w h i c h

r e p r e s e n t b u l l e t s .

A b r a s s

b a l l

s t r u n g

o n

t h e

n e c k l a c e

a l s o

r e p r e s e n t s

a

b u l l e t .

A number o f

p i e c e s

o f

i r o n ,

m a i n l y

hammers

a n d

t r i g g e r s ,

a r e

t a k e n

f r o m v a r i o u s g u n s .

T h e i r p u r p o s e

i s

t o

c a u s e

t h e

e n e m y ' s

g u n

t o

f a i l t o

g o

o f f .

A t

t h e

b o t t o m

o f

t h e

n e c k l a c e ,

o v e r t h e

b r e a s t o f t h e

w e a r e r ,

i s

a r i n g

t h r e e

o r

f o u r i n c h e s

i n d i a m e t e r ,

a n d c o v e r e d

w i t h

w h i t e

b e a d s .

T h i s

r i n g

r e p r e s e n t s

e a r t h w o r k

d e f e n c e s .

T h e r e

a r e

f o u r s p o t s

o f b l u e

b e a d s

among

t h e

w h i t e .

T h e s e

r e p r e s e n t

c l o u d s

o f

s m o k e

f r o m

t h e

g u n s ,

w h i c h

s e r v e t o

make

t h e f i g h t e r s

i n v i s i b l e . I n s i d e

t h e

r i n g ,

t h r e a d s

c o v e r e d

w i t h

w h i t e

b e a d s

f o r m

a

l o o s e

n e t w o r k

r e p r e s e n t i n g

a

s p i d e r - w e b .

T h e s p i d e r - w e b

i s

s o f i n e a s t o

b e

o f t e n

i n v i s i b l e .

B e i n g q

c a n

f l y

t h r o u g h

i t

w i t h o u t i n j u r i n g i t ,

a n d

i t

i s

a

t r a p .

F r om

t h e

r i n g h a n g s

a

l i t t l e

c l u s t e r o f o b j e c t s .

I n

t h i s

t h e r e

a r e

s e v e r a l

s t r i p s o f

w e a s e l - s k i n

o r

a

s u b s t i t u t e

- f u r , w h o s e

y e l l o w i s h

c o l o r

d e n o t e s s m o k e .

T h e r e

i s

a l s o

a

p i e c e o f

r e d

c l o t h

c o n c e a l e d

by

g r a y

c l o t h .

T h e

r e d

i s

c o m p l e t e l y c o v e r e d

i n o r d e r t h a t

t h e

b l o o d

o f

t h e

p e r s o n

who

w e a r s

t h e n e c k l a c e

s h a l l

n o t

b e

s h e d .

T h e r e

i s ,

f u r t h e r ,

a

s m a l l

b a g

o f

m e d i c i n e .

T h e

m e d i c i n e

i n t h i s

was

s a i d

t o

c o n t a i n

a

g r a i n o f g u n p o w d e r

a n d a l i t t l e

d r i e d

f l e s h

o f

a

k i n g f i s h e r . T h e

k i n g f i s h e r - f l e s h i s u s e d

b e c a u s e

t h i s

b i r d

s w o o p s

a n d

s t r i k e s . A c t u a l l y t h e

m e d i c i n e c o n s i s t s ,

s o

f a r

a s

c a n

b e

s e e n ,

o f

a

s p e c i e s

o f s e e d s .

T i e d

t o

t h e

m e d i c i n e -

b a g

i s

a

p i e c e

o f

r o u n d p e a r l y

s h e l l ,

w h i c h i s

h e l d

up a g a i n s t t h e

l i g h t

s o

a s

t o

r e f l e c t

a g a i n s t

t h e

e n e m y .

When t h e r e f l e c t i o n

s t r i k e s

t h e e n e m y ,

t h e y

b e c o m e

u n a b l e t o

e s c a p e . Where

t h e

g r o u p s

o f

o b j e c t s

a r e

h e l d

t o g e t h e r ,

t h e r e a r e

a

f e w

t u r n s

o f

l i g h t - b l u e

b e a d s ,

i n d i c a t i n g

s m o k e ,

o r

h a z e , o r f o g .

F i g . I 7 2

s h o w s

a

n e c k l a c e

c o n s i s t i n g o f

a n

i r o n

c h a i n

t o

w h i c h

a r e a t t a c h e d s e v e r a l r e d

p e a r - s h a p e d

s t o n e s ( a p p a r e n t l y

n a t u r a l

f o r m a t i o n s ) ,

t w o

i r o n

r i n g s ,

a n d a n

a r r o w - h e a d .

The

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1 9 0 7 . ]

K r o e b e r , T h e

A r a p a h o .

4 4 I

s t o n e s ,

b e i n g

s h a p e d

much

l i k e

s m a l l

m e d i c i n e - b a g s ,

a r e

u s e d

a s

m e d i c i n e .

T h e y

a r e r u b b e d

o v e r

t h e

b o d y , o r ,

i n

c a s e

o f

i n t o x i c a t i o n ,

h e l d

i n

t h e m o u t h .

T h e

i r o n

r i n g s ,

b e c a u s e

h a r d

a n d

i n d e s t r u c t i b l e ,

p r e s e r v e

t h e w e a r e r

i n

s o u n d

h e a l t h .

The

a r r o w - h e a d

s v m b o l i z e s

t h e

o l d

l i f e .

F i g . I 7 2

' ( A r ' ° ) .

N e c k l a c e

b e a r i n g

A m u l e t s .

L e n g t h o f

c h a i n ,

I I 2

c m .

S p e c i m e n

Museum

N o .

A 9 T

c o n s i s t s o f

a

p i e c e

o f

r e d

s a n d -

s t o n e

s i m i l a r

t o

t h o s e

a t t a c h e d

t o

t h e

n e c k l a c e

j u s t

d e s c r i b e d ,

a n d ,

l i k e

t h e m ,

a p p a r e n t l y

a n

u n w o r k e d

d o u b l e

c o n c r e t i o n .

I n

t h i s

c a s e

t h e

l a r g e r

p o r t i o n

o f

t h e

s t o n e f a r

e x c e e d s

t h e

s m a l l e r i n

s i z e . A

s i n e w i s

w r a p p e d

a r o u n d

t h e

n e c k ,

a n d

t h i s

h o l d s

i n

p ' l a c e

t h e

t w o

e n d s

o f

a

t h o n g

w h i c h

s e r v e a s a

n e c k l a c e f o r

t h e

a m u l e t .

T h e

s t o n e w a s

c a l l e d a

t u r t l e .

S p e c i m e n

Museum

N o .

{ ° % %

i s

a s m a l l

a n t e l o p e - h o r n u s e d

a s

an

a m u l e t

f o r

c h i l d r e n ,

t o

c a u s e

them t o

g r o w

f a s t ,

a n d

l e a r n

t o w a l k .

I t

i s

w o r n

f r o m

a

s t r i n g

a r o u n d

t h e

n e c k .

I t

i s

s a i d

t o

b e

u s e d

a l s o t o

make

h o r s e s

r u n

f a s t .

An

e l d e r l y

woman

u s e d a s

a n

a m u l e t a

n u m b e r

o f

s m a l l

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4 4 2

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n

Museum

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l .

X V I I I ,

p e b b l e s ,

w h i c h

s h e

k e p t

t i e d

u p

i n

a

c l o t h o r

b a g .

A

f e w

o f

them

a r e s h o w n

i n

F i g .

I 7 3 .

Some o f

t h e

s t o n e s

a r e

n a t u r a l l y

p o i n t e d ,

o t h e r s

more

r o u n d . The f o r m e r

r e p r e s e n t

c a n i n e

t e e t h ;

t h e

r o u n d e d

o n e s ,

m o l a r s .

The

s t o n e s , b e i n g

l o o s e ,

r e p r e s e n t t e et h t h a t h a v e f a l l e n o u t

f r o m o l d

a g e ,

i n d i c a t i n g

t h e

p o s s e s s o r ' s

w i s h

t o

r e a c h

t h a t p e r i o d o f l i f e .

F i g . 1 7 3 (

A m u l e t s

r e p r e s e n t i n g

T e e t h . L e n g t h

o f

a ,

2

c m .

T h r e e s t o n e a m u l e t s o f

n a t u r a l s h a p e ( F i g .

I

7 4 ) ,

e v i d e n t l y

k e p t

o n a c c o u n t

o f t h e i r

r e s e m b l a n c e

t o a n i m a l s , w e r e t h o u g h t

t o

b e

s i m i l a r

t o a

t u r t l e ( a ) ,

a b i r d

( b ) ,

a n d a

s k u n k

o r h o r s e -

h o o f ( c ) . T h e

t u r t l e s t o n e w a s

s a i d

t o h a v e b e e n

f o u n d i n s i d e

a

b

F i g .

I 7 4

( % 4 §

) .

A m u l e t s

r e p r e s e n t i n g

a T ur t l e , B i r d ,

a n d S k u n k . L e n g t h o f a , 3

c m . ;

b ,

3

c m . ; c , 5

c m ,

a

h o r s e ' s

b o d y . I n

c a s e

o f

d i a r r h o e a ,

i t

w a s

p l a c e d

o n t h e

a b d o m e n

t o warm t h e i n t e s t i n e s .

T h e b i r d a m u l e t w a s

p l a c e d

a t

t h e h e a d

o f s i c k p e r s o n s ,

w h i l e t h e s k u n k s t o n e w a s

h e l d i n

t h e

h a n d

b y s i c k p e r s o n s w h i l e

s l e e p i n g .

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]Kroeber,

T h e A r a p a h o .

Two

s m a l l

t r a n s l u c e n t

p e b b l e s

c o n t a i n i n g

s m a l l

b l a c k

f i g u r e s ,

a n d u s e d

a s

a m u l e t s ,

a r e ' shown

i n

F i g .

I 7 5 .

A m u l e t a

was

s a i d

t o

h a v e

r e f e r e n c e

t o w a t e r .

The e n t i r e s t o n e

i s

t h o u g h t

t o

r e s e m b l e

a

l a k e .

The

p a r a l l e l

l i n e s w e r e s a i d

t o

l o o k

l i k e

a

b

F i g .

I 7 5

(

w S i 0 7 ) .

T r a n s l u c e n t

P e b b l e s

u s e d

a s

A m u l e t s .

L e n g t h

o f

a ,

2 . 5

c m .

w a v e s ,

a n d a

h e a v y

d o u b l e

f i g u r e w a s

c a l l e d

a n i s l a n d

w i t h

t r e e s

o n

i t ,

w h i l e

n e a r

t h e

u p p e r

e n d

o f

t h e p e b b l e

a

c r o s s

i s

r e g a r d e d

a s t h e m o r n i n g

s t a r ,

a n d

a b o v e

t h i s

a r e

h o r i z o n t a l

l i n e s s a i d

t o

b e

c l o u d s . A m u l e t

b

i s f a s t e n e d

t o a t h o n g , s o

t h a t

i t c a n b e

worn

i n

t h e

h a i r .

I t

i s

w o r n when r i d i n g r a c e -

h o r s e s .

S m a l l

b l a c k f i g u r e s i n t h e i n t e r i o r

o f

t h i s

p e b b l e

a r e

t h o u g h t

t o r e s e m b l e c e d a r - t r e e s .

F i g .

I 7

6

r e p r e s e n t s o n e o f

t w o

n a t u r a l

s t o n e s

r e s e m b l i n g

t h e

b l a c k

f o s s i l s

u s e d

b y

t h e

B l a c k f e e t

a s

b u f f a l o - s t o n e s .

T h e y

w e r e

c a l l e d c e n -

t i p e d e s .

T h e y

a r e

p a i n t e d r e d ,

a n d

 

w e r e

k e p t b y

t h e

o w n e r

i n

a

b a g o f

i n c e n s e .

A t t h e s u n - d a n c e

h e

w o u l d

F i g .

1 7 6

7

A m u l e t

r e p -

 .

<

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r e s e n t i n g

a

C e n t i p e d e .

L e n g t h ,

t a k e

them

o u t and

l a y them near

2 . 5

c m

e

i n c e n s e .

P B e s i d e s t h e t w o

m e ( l i c i n e - b a g s

o f b a d g e r - s k i n w h o s e

c o n -

t e n t s

h a v e b e e n

d e s c r i b e d ,

t h e A r a p a h o c o l l e c t i o n s

i n t h e

Museum

c o n t a i n m e d i c i n e - b a g s o f s k u n k ,

s q u i r r e l ,

p r a i r i e - d o g ,

a n d

b e a v e r s k i n . T h e b e a v e r b a g i s f r o m a y o u n g

a n i m a l .

None o f

t h e

b a g s a r e

o r n a m e n t e d w i t h e m b r o i d e r y , o r

i n

a n y

o t h e r

w a y , e x c e p t t h a t t h e p o r t i o n s o f t h e

s k i n

f r e e

f r o m h a i r ,

s u c h

a s t h e i n s i d e

o f

t h e t h r o a t a n d

t h e

t a i l ( w h i c h s o m e c a s e s

l 1 9 0 7 - ]

4 4 3

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4 4 4 B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n Museum

o f

N a t u r a l H i s t o r y . [ V o l .

X V I I I ,

i s

s p l i t

a l o n g

t h e

b o t t o m ) ,

a r e

p a i n i t e d

r e d .

T h e o n l y

o n l e

o f

t h e s e m e d i c i n e - b a g s ,

o t h e r t h a n

t h e

t w o p r e v i o u s l y

d e s c r i b e d ,

t h a t c o n t a i n s

m e d i c i n e , i s

Museum

N o .

O ,

-a

s k u n k - s k i n

b a g o b t a i n e d t h r o u g h

R e v .

W a l t e r

C .

R o e . T h i s s k i n

i s

f i l l e d

w i t h

t w e n t y m e d i c i n e - b a g s ,

s o m e

o f

s k i n ,

some

o f

c l o t h .

T h e s e

a l l

c o n s i s t

o f

s q u a r e

o r c i r c u l a r

p i e c e s

o f

m a t e r i a l ,

i n

t h e

c e n t r e o f w h i c h

t h e

m e d i c i n e

i s

g a t h e r e d , a n d

w h i c h -

a r e t h e n

f o l d e d a r o u n d t h e

m e d i c i n e ,

a n d t i e d

a b o v e

i t

w i t h

a t h o n g .

Some

o f

t h e

b a g s

a r e

p a i n t e d

r e d .

The

m e d i c i i n e s

a r e i n

m o s t

c a s e s

g r o u n d

o r

p o w d e r e d ,

a n d a r e

u n l r e c o g n i z a b l e .

None o f

t h e

t w e n t y b a g s

c o n t a i n s

a

l a r g e

q u a n t i t y

o f

m e d i c i n e ,

a n d

i n

many t h e amount i s

v e r y

m i n u t e .

T h e

o w n e r o f

t h i s b a g

h a v i n g

d i e d

b e f o r e

i t

w a s

s e c u r e d ,

n o i n f o r m a t i o n was

o b t a i n a b l e

a s t o

t h e

c o m p o s i t i o n

a n d u s e s

o f t h e

m e d i c i n e .

B e a d e d

m e d i c i n e - b a g s

s i m i l a r

t o

t h e s i n a l l

p i e c e s

o f

s k i n

g e n -

e r a l l v

u s e d

a s

b a g s

f o r

h o l d i n g

m e d i c i n e ,

b u t

a l s o

d i f f e r e n t

f r o m

t h e m i

i n

more

e l a b o r a t e

ornamen-

_-|

tation

a n d

i n h o l d i n g

a s o m e w h a t

l a r g e r q u a n t i t y o f m e d i c i n e , a r e

s o m e t i m e s made

by t h e

A r a p a h o .

T h e y

s e e m

t o

b e

u s e d

f o r

what

ma y

b e c a l l e d

  '

h o u s e h o l d

m e d i -

c i n e s ,

i n

d i s t i n c t i o n

f r o m

t h e

n m e d i c i n e s

w i t h m o r e s p e c i f i c a l l y

s u p e r n a t u r a l c o n n e c t i o n s ,

a n d

p e r h a p s

f o r

i n c e n s e

a l s o .

S u c h

a

b a g

( F i g . I 7 7 )

was

o b t a i n e d

t h r o u g h

R e v .

W a l t e r

C .

R o e .

XThe

a g

i t s e l f

i s

a

c i r c u l a r

p i e c e

o f

s k i n

p a i n t e d

r e d

o u t s i d e a n d

y e l l o w

i n s i d e , a n d e d g e d w i t h a . r o w

H e i g h t

o f

b a g ,

7M

e

o f

b l u e

a n d

a

row

o f

w h i t e

b e a d s .

W hen

t h e

b a g

i s

g a t h e r e ( d

t o g e t h e r

o v e r

t h e

m e d i c i n e ,

t h i s b o r d e r i s

b r o u g h t t o g e t h e r

a t t h e

t o p .

A t t h e

v e r y

c e n t r e

o f

t h e

b a c k ,

on

t h e

o u t e r

s i d e ,

i s

a n

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X r o e b e r ,

T h e

A r a p a h o .

o r n a m e n t e d

a r e a

a b o u t

a n i n c h

i n

d i a m e t e r . A r o u n d

t h i s

a r e f o u r c o n c e n t r i c

c i r c l e s

o f

b e a d - w o r k

i n

c o n t a c t

w i t h

e a c h o t h e r ,

e a c h

a b o u t

a

q u a r t e r

o f

a n

i n c h

w i d e .

T h e i r

c o l o r s

a r e

r e s p e c t i v e l y

g r e e n i s h - b l u e ,

y e l l o w , w h i t e ,

a n d

a

d a r k

b l u e .

T h e

t h o n g

w i t h

w h i c h

t h e

m e d i c i n e - b a g

i s

g a t h -

e r e d

h a s

t i e d t o

i t

a

r i n g

o f

c a t l i n i t e .

T h e

t h o n g

i s

wound

s e v e t a l t i m e s

a r o u n d

t h e b a g .

I t s t w o

e n d s w i d e n

o u t ,

a n d

a t

t h e

v e r y

e n d

a r e

n o t c h e d

o n c e .

T h e s e w i d e r e n d s

a r e

e d g e d

b y

r o w s

o f

g r e e n i s h - b l u e

a n d

o f

v e l l o w b e a d s ,

a n d

t h e r e

i s

o n

e a c h a

s m a l l

c i r c l e

o f

g r e e n i s h - b l u e b e a d s . T h e c o n t e n t s

o f

t h i s

b a g

c o n s i s t o f

c o n i f e r - l e a v e s , a p p a r e n t l y f i r - n e e d l e s ,

w h i c h

a r e u s e d

by

t h e

A r a p a h o

a s

i n c e n s e .

T h e r e

a r e

a l s o a

s m a l l

r e d

p e b b l e a n d

a

s m o o t h

o r a n g e - c o l o r e d

haw i n t h e

b a g .

A n o t h e r

b a g

o f

t h e s a m e

t y p e ( M u s e u m

N o .

I 0

T - ) w a s

o b t a i n e d

among t h e

n o r t h e r n

A r a p a h o .

T h i s

c o n t a i n s s n u f f

m a d e

o f

l i c h e n

g r o w i n g

o n

c o n i f e r - b a r k ,

a n d

u s e d

f o r h e a d a c h e .

I t

i s

a l s o

c i r c u l a r ,

a n d

l i t t l e

more

t h a n

h a l f

a

f o o t

i n

d i a m e t e r .

T h e o u t s i d e

i s

p a i n t e d y e l l o w .

One

h a l f

o f

t h e

c i r c u m f e r e n c e

i s

e d g e d

w i t h

a

row

o f r e d

b e a d s , t h e

o t h e r

h a l f

w i t h

b l u e b e a d s .

T h e

b l t u e

was s a i d

t o

r e p r e s e n t

t h e s k y ,

t h e

r e d

t h e

c l o u d s .

N e a r

t h e

m i d d l e o f

t h e o u t s i d e

o f

t h e

b a g ,

i n t h e p o r t i o n

w h i c h

a c t u a l l y

e n c l o s e s

t h e

c o n t e n t s ,

a r e

f i v e s m a l l b e a d e d

f i g u r e s ,

-

t w o

b l u e

c r e s c e n t s ,

t w o r e d

c r e s c e n t s ,

a n d

a

r e d

c r o s s .

The

c r o s s

i s

t h e

m o r n i n g

s t a r ;

t h e

b l u e

c r e s c e n t s ,

t h e

m o o n ;

t h e

r e d

c r e s c e n t s ,

t h e

s u n .

R a w h i d e

r a t t l e s

o f a

s h a p e

t y p i c a l

o n t h e

P l a i n s

-

c o n s i s t i n g

o f a

s p h e r i c a l

o r

s o m e w h a t

e l o n g a t e d

h e a d

t w o

o r

t h r e e i n c h e s

i n d i a m e t e r ,

a n d

a

s t r a i g h t

h a n d l e

a b o u t

s i x i n c h e s

l o n g

-

o c c u r

among t h e A r a p a h o . R a t t l e s o f t h i s c h a r a c t e r

s e e m

t o

b e

u s e d

b y

t h e s e v e n o l d

me n

c o n s t i t u t i n g

t h e h i g h e s t s o c i e t y

i n

t h e

c e r e m n i o n i a l

o r g a n i z a t i o n . On

t h e

w h o l e ,

howev

e r , t h e

u s e

o f

r a t t l e s

o f

t h i s

t y p e

i s

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

o f

t h e m e d i c i n e -

ma n

a n d

h i s

i n d i v i d u a l

s u p e r n a t u r a l

p o w e r s ,

a n d

n o t

o f

t h e

t r i b a l

c e r e m o n i e s . I n

m o s t

o f t h e s e

c e r e m o n i e s , r a t t l e s a r e

e i t h e r

n o t

u s e d ,

a s

i n t h e

c r a z y - d a n c e ,

o r c o n s i s t

o f

b u n c h e s

o f

h o o f s

a t t a c h e d t o

s t i c k s ,

a s

i n t h e

d o g - d a n c e .

R a w h i d e

r a t t l e s

a r e u s e d

i n

t h e

s t a r - d a n c e ,

t h e f i r s t

p r e l i m i n a r y t o t h e

s e r i e s

o f

t r i b a l

c e r e m o n i e s ;

b u t t h e s e r a t t l e s a r e s m a l l , k i t e - s h a p e d ,

I 1 9 0 7 . 1

4 4 5

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4 4 6

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n M u s e u m

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y . [ V o l .

X V I I I ,

a n d

f l a t ,

t h u s

d i f f e r i n g

v e r y

d i s t i n c t l y

f r o m

t h e

g l o b u l a r

o r

o v a l ,

o r e v e n

s a u s a g e - s h a p e d

r a t t l e s ,

o f

t h e

m e d i c i n e - m e n .

Among t h e

G r o s

V e n t r e

t h e

s a m e

d i s t i n c t i o n

e x i s t s

b e t w e e n

t h e

s t a r - d a n c e

r a t t l e

a n d

t h e

o r d i n a r y m e d i c i n e - m a n ' s

r a t t l e ,

F i g .

1 7 8

( s 5 s 9 i ) .

R a t t l e

r e p r e s e n t i n g

a

P e r s o n .

L e n g t h ,

5 2

c m .

t h o u g h

t h e G r o s V e n t r e

s t a r - d a n c e r a t t l e

i s

q u i t e

d i f f e r e n t

f r o m

t h a t

o f

t h e

A r a p a h o .

T h e

m e d i c i n e - m e n ' s

r a t t l e s

u n d e r

p r e s e n t

c o n s i d e r a t i o n

a r e

made

o f

two

p i e c e s

o f

h i d e

f i r m l y s e w e d

t o g e t h e r , t h e

s t i t c h e d

seam

p a s s i n g u p

o n e

s i d e o f

t h e

h a n d l e

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R907_roeber,

T h e

A r a p a i z o .

a n d

t h e h e a d ,

o v e r

t h e t o p

o f

t h e h e a d ,

a n d

down

t h e

o t h e r

s i d e .

T h e h e a d i s

a p p a r e n t l y

s e w e d when

t h e

h i d e

i s

g r e e n ,

a n d

d r i e d

o v e r a

f i l l i n g

o f

s a n d . T h e

r a t t l i n g

i s

s a i d

t o

b e

p r o d u c e d

b y g r a v e l .

A

s t i c k

i s

i n s e r t e d

i n

t h e h a n d l e ,

a n d

t h e h a n d l e

i s

a l m o s t a l w a y s w r a p p e d

w i t h

c l o t h , s k i n ,

o r

t h o n g s . U s u a l l y ,

f e a t h e r s

o r s i m i l a r o r n a m e n t s a r e a t t a c h e d

t o

t h o n g s a t

t h e

v e r y t o p

o f t h e r a t t l e ;

a n d

i n

many

c a s e s c l o t h , s k i n ,

o r o t h e r

h a n g i n g

s u b s t a n c e s

f a l l f r o m

t h e l o w e r

e n d

o f

t h e

h a n d l e .

M o s t

o f

t h e

g l o b u l a r

r a t t l e s

a r e

s t r e a k e d

w i t h

v e r t i c a l

l i n e s

o r

i n c i s i o n s .

I t

i s

n o t c l e a r

how

t h e s e a r e p r o d u c e d .

I n

some

s p e c i m e n s

t h e y

a r e

s u f f i c i e n t l y

m a r k e d

t o

c a u s e t h e

h e a d o f

t h e r a t t l e t o

h a v e

a

d i s t i n c t l y c o r r u g a t e d

a p p e a r a n c e .

I n

o n e c a s e t h e y

w o u l d s e e m

t o

h a v e b e e n

b u r n t

i n .

T h e

r a t t l e

s h o w n

i n

F i g .

I

7 8 w a s

s a i d

t o

r e p r e s e n t a s

a

w h o l e

a

p e r s o n

w i t h

a h e a d - d r e s s ;

t h e

g l o b u l a r

p o r t i o n o f t h e r a t t l e ,

o f

c o u r s e , f o r m i n g t h e h e a d ,

a n d

t h e

b e l l s a n d

f e a t h e r s

a t t a c h e d

t o

t h e

t o p ,

t h e

h e a d - d r e s s .

Among

t h e

f e a t h e r s

t h e r e

a r e

t w o w h i t e

p l u m e s l i g h t l y d y e d

r e d :

t h e s e ,

b e c a u s e w h i t e

a n d

l i g h t , a r e

s a i d ,

a s i n

many

o t h e r

i n s t a n c e s , t o r e p r e s e n t c l e a n -

l i n e s s ,

a n d , b e c a u s e

d y e d r e d ,

t o

r e p r e s e n t r e d p a i n t . A t t h e

v e r y

t o p

o f

t h e

h e a d

o f t h e

r a t t l e , w h e r e

t h e

b e l l s

a r e a t t a c h e d ,

i s

a

c i r c u l a r

a r e a

p a i n t e d g r e e n :

b e l o w t h i s a r e

c o n c e n t r i c

r i n g s

p a i n t e d

r e s p e c t i v e l y r e d ,

b l u e , y e l l o w , g r e e n , b l u e ,

a n d

y e l l o w .

T h i s

p a i n t i n g

r e p r es e n t s t h e

s u n a n d r a i n b o w ,

a n d

o c c u p i e s

a b o u t

t h e u p p e r

h a l f

o f t h e

h e a d o f t h e r a t t l e .

T h e

l o w e r

h a l f i s

o c c u p i e d b y v e r t i c a l

d e p r e s s e d

l i n e s p a i n t e d

y e l l o w :

t h e s e a r e

s u n - r a y s .

T h e

e n t i r e

h a n d l e

o f

t h e

r a t t l e

i s

e n c l o s e d i n

a

f e a t h e r y

o w l - s k i n ;

t w o

c l a w s a n d

t h e t a i l h a n g -

i n g

b e l o w

t h e

e n d o f

t h e h a n d l e .

S c r e e c h - o w l s a r e g h o s t s ;

a n d

t h e s e f e a t h e r s

a r e

h e r e

u s e d

i n o r d e r

t o

d r i v e

away

g h o s t s

when t h e

r a t t l e i s u s e d .

The

s p e c i m e n

s h o w n i n

F i g .

I 7 9

h a s

a

s o i n e w h a t

l a r g e r

h e a d

t o

t h a n u s u a l .

T h e

t o p i s

o r n a m e n t e d

w i t h

a

b u u n c h

o f t h o n g s

t o

w h i c h

y e l l o w -

hammer

o r

s i m i l a r

f e a t h e r s

a p p e a r

t o

h a v e b e e n

a t t a c h e d , a n d

o f

w h i c h a f e w f r a g m e n t s

r e m a i n . T h e h a n d l e

i s

w r a p p e d

f o r

t h e

g r e a t e r p a r t o f i t s

l e n g t h w i t l h t h o n g , a n d

t h i s , a g a i n ,

h a s

b e e n

w r a p p e d

f o r t h e

g r e a t e r p o r t i o n o f i t s

l e n g t h w i t h s t r i n g . T h e h a n d l e , a s

u s u a l , c o n t a i n s a

s t i c k .

1 1 9 0 7 . ]

4 4 7

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4 4 8

B . u l l e t i n A m e r i c a n Museum

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l .

X V I I I ,

On

o n e

s i d e

o f

t h e

r a t t l e

a

d e p r e s s e d

v e r t i c a l

b l a c k

l i n e

o r

s t r i p e ,

a p p a r e n t l y

p r o d u c e d ,

l i k e

a l l t h e

o t h e r

m a r k i n g s

o n t h i s

p i e c e ,

by

b u r n i n g ,

e x t e n d s

f r o m t h e m i d d l e

o f

t h e t o p

t w o -

t h i r d s o r

more o f

t h e d i s t a n c e

down

t h e h e a d .

B e l o w

t h i s

s t r i p e a r e t h r e e

s m a l l

c i r c l e s

i n

a

r o w .

On

e a c h s i d e

o f t h e s t r i p e

i s

a s i m i l a r s i n g l e

c i r c l e ,

a n d a b o v e

e a c h

o f t h e s e c i r c l e s a

h o r i z o n t a l l i n e .

S t i l l

f a r t h e r

t o

t h e

s i d e s ,

n e a r

t h e

s t i t c h e d e d g e , a r e

t w o

c i r c l e s .

T h i s

e n t i r e

d e s c r i b e d

h a l f

o f t h e

h e a d r e p r e -

s e n t s

a

p e r s o n ' s

f a c e . ;

t h e

v e r t i c a l

s t r i p i n g

b e i n g

t h e

n o s e ,

t h e

r o w

o f t h r e e

c i r c l e s t h e

m o u t h , t h e

p a i r

o f c i r c l e s w i t h

l i n e s

a b o v e

t h e m

t h e e y e s a n d

e y e b r o w s , a n d

t h e t w o

s i d e m o s t c i r c l e s

t h e

e a r s .

On

t h e

o p p o s i t e

s i d e ,

o r b a c k ,

a r e

t h r e e s t r a i g h t

v e r t i c a l

l i n e s

e x t e n d i n g

t h e

l e n g t h

o f

t h e

h e a d

o f

F i g .

1 7 9

( g . R a t t l e

t h e r a t t l e ,

a n d , o n

e a c h s i d e

o f

t h e s e ,

t w o

r e p r e s e n t i n g

a

F a c e .

L e n g t h , 3 7

c m .

wavy

l i n e s ,

m a k i n g

s e v e n

i n

a l l .

T h e s e

l i n e s

r e p r e s e n t

h a i r .

S t i l l

f a r t h e r

t o

t h e

s i d e s ,

n e a r

t h e

s t i t c h e d

e d g e s ,

a r e a

n u m b e r o f s m a l l

c i r c l e s

t h e

s i g n i f i c a n c e

o f w h i c h

i s

n o t c l e a r .

T h i s v a l u a b l e

s p e c i m e n ,

w h i c h

i s a m e d i c i n e - m a n ' s

r a t t l e u s e ( d

i n s i n g i n g

o v e r

t h e

s i c k ,

i s

s a i d t o

h a v e b e e n

made o f

h i d e

o f a

b u f f a l o - c a l f ,

a n d was

o b t a i n e d

t h r o u g h

R e v .

W a l t e r

C .

R o e .

S p e c i m e n

Museum

N o .

- g 5 3 0 ,

i s

a

p l a i n

r a t t l e .

T h e

h e a d

i s

p a i n t e d e n t i r e l y r e d . I t i s

s t r e a k e d

w i t h

t h e u s u a l

v e r t i c a l

d e p r e s s i o n s t o a m a r k e d

d e g r e e . T h e

a t t a c h m e n t

a t

t h e

t o p

c o n s i s t s

o f a

s i n g l e f e a t h e r a t

t h e e n d o f a

t h o n g .

T h e

h a n d l e ,

w h i c h

c o n t a i n s a

s t i c k ,

i s

c o v e r e d w i t h b l a c k

c l o t h ,

t h e e n d s

o f

w h i c h

h a n g

b e l o w

t h e h a n d l e .

T h i s

c l o t h i s

w r a p p e d

t o t h e

h a n d l e

b y

c o r d .

S p e c i m e n

Museum N o .

w 5 5 -

w a s o b t a i n e d f r o m

t h e

s a m e

i n d i v i d u a l ,

a n d

i s

o f a b o u t t h e

s a m e

s h a p e .

The

h a n d l e

i s

v e r y

s i m i l a r ,

b e i n g

c o v e r e d w i t h

b l a c k

c l o t h ,

t h e

e n d

o f

w h i c h

h a n g s f r e e , a n d

t h e u p p e r

p o r t i o n

o f w h i c h i s

w r a p p e d

t o t h e

h a n d l e

w i t h

w h i - t e

c o r d .

T h e h e a d o f

t h e

r a t t l e

i s

p a i n t e d r e d .

H o r i z o l n t a l l y

a r o u n d i t s

m i d d l e e x t e n d s

a g r e e n -

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9]Kroeber,

T h e

A r a p a h o .

p a i n t e d

o r n a m e n t

c o n s i s t i n g

o f

e i g h t

h a n g i n g

l o o p s

o r

f e s t o o n s .

T h i s r a t t l e i s

f u r t h e r

o r n a m e n t e d b y

f o u r v e r t i c a l

r o w s , e a c h

o f

f o u r

t h o n g s , f a s te n ed t o

t h e r a w h i d e

o f

t h e

h e a d .

T h e s e

t h o n g s

a r e

p a s s e d

u n d e r

a

s m a l l r a i s e d

p o r t i o n

o f

t h e

s k i n

w i t h -

o u t a p p e a r i n g

t o

p i e r c e i t e n t i r e l y .

T h e y

a r e

k n o t t e d

o n c e

a f t e r p a s s i n g

t h r o u g h

t h e

s k i n .

The

s h o r t e r

o f

t h e

h a n g i n g -

e n d s h a s

a

w h i t e

p l u m e t i e d

t o

i t .

T h e

l o n g e r

e n d

h a n g s

f r e e .

T h e

t h o n g s a r e p a i n t e d g r e e n .

T h e

r a t t l e

s h o w n

i n

F i g .

I

6 3 ,

a n d

o b t a i n e d

f r o m

t h e

n o r t h e r n

A r a p a h o ,

r e s e m b l e s t h e l a s t

s p e c i m e n

i n

h a v i n g

f e a t h e r s a t -

t a c h e d

b y t h o n g s

t o

i t s

h e a d .

I t

i s

l o n g e r

i n

p r o p o r t i o n

t o i t s

d i a m e t e r t h a n a n y o f t h e p r e c e d i n g f o r m s , b e i n g

made

o f

a

b u f f a l o - s c r o t u m . I t

h a s

b e e n

d e s c r i b e d i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h

t h e o th e r

i m p l e m e n t s b e l o n g i n l g

t o

t h e m e d i c i n e - m a n

who

was

i t s

o w n e r .

S p e c i m e n M . - u s e u m

N o .

- 5 % ,

a ,

a l s o f r o m

t h e

n o r t h e r n .

A r a p a h o ,

i s

s t i l l

m o r e

s l e n -

d e r

i n

p r o p o r t i o n

t o

i t s

l e n g t h

t h a n

t h e

l a s t p i e c e .

T h e

h e a d m e r g e s

i m p e r c e p -

t i b l y

i n t o

t h e

h a n d l e .

T h e

t o t a l

l e n g t h

i s

a b o u t

t h e

s a m e

a s

t h a t

o f

t he s o u t he r n

A r a p a h o

g l o b u l a r - h e a d e d

r a t t l e s ,

b u t

t h e

t r a n s v e r s e

d i a m e t e r

i s o n l y a b o u t

o n e - h a l f a s

g r e a t .

T h i s

r a t t l e i s

e n t i r e l y

unorna-

m e n t e d ,

e x c e p t

t h a t

i t i s

p a i n t e d

r e d . .

A

f o s s i l u n i -

v a l v e

s h e l l

i s t i e d t o

i t by

a

r e d - p a i n t e d

t h o n g .

_

M e d i c i n e - m e n ' s h

o o f

r

a t

t

l e s ,

c o n s i s t i n g o f

a

number o f h o o f s s e p a r a t e l y

F i g .

I 8 0

(

H o o f

R a t t l e .

L e n g t h ,

i 6

c m .

a t t a c h e d

t o t h o n g s ,

a s

d i s -

t i n g u i s h e d f r o m t h e

h o l l o w

r a w h i d e r a t t l e s , a r e

a l s o

u s e d .

The s p e c i m e n s h o w n

i n F i g . i 8 o i s

f r o m t h e n o r t h e r n A r a p - -

[ M a y ,

1 9 0 7 . ]

2 9

I

9 0 7 . ]

4 4 9 -

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. 4 5 0

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n

Museum o f

N a t u r a l H i s t o r y .

[ V o l . XVIII

. a h o .

T h i s

w a s

s a i d

t o

h a v e

b e e n

u s e d

i n

t h e

s w e a t -

h o u s e . I t c o n s i s t s

o f a b o u t

a

d o z e n e l k - h o o f s ,

a b e a r - c l a w ,

a n d a

b r a s s b e l l ,

a t t a c h e d t o

a h a n d l e

b y r e d - p a i n t e d

t h o n g s .

T h e i n t e r i o r

o f t h i s h a n d l e ,

w h i c h

i s

a l l

t o g e t h e r

- a b o u t t h r e e i n c h e s

l o n g , c o n s i s t s o f a b r a i d

o f

s w e e t - g r a s s .

T h i s

i s

s u r r o u n d e d

by

f o l d e d

s k i n

p a i n t e d

r e d , a n d

t h i s ,

i n t u r n , i s

w r a p p e d w i t h r e d - p a i n t e d t h o n g .

A

s i m i l a r

r a t t l e ,

a l s o f r o m t h e

n o r t h e r n

A r a p a h o ,

i s

e x h i b i t e d

i n

t h e

U n i t e d

S t a t e s

N a t i o n a l

M u s e u m .

I t

i s ,

p e r h a p s ,

more

t h a n

a

, c o i n c i d e n c e t h a t b o t h o f t h e s e

h o o f r a t t l e s ,

a n d

b o t h

t h e

e l l i p -

t i c a l r a t t l e s

i n

t h e

A m e r i c a n M u s e u m ,

a r e f r o m t h e n o r t h e r n

A r a p a h o , a n d

a l l t h a t a r e

g l o b u l a r - h e a d e d

f r o m

t h e s o u t h e r n

A r a p a h o .

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f

I n d i v i d u a l

S u p e r n a t u r a l

P o w e r .

-

s

h a s

b e e n s t a t e d , t h e m o s t

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

wa y

i n w h i c h t h e A r a p a h o

a c q u i r e

s h a m a n i s t i c

o r

i n d i v i d u a l s u p e r n a t u r a l

p o w e r i s by

g o i n g o u t t o

s e e k

i t , m o r e o f t e n

a s

a d u l t s t h a n

a t t h e t i m e

o f

p u b e r t y .

To t h e

s e e k e r

t h e r e

a p p e a r s

a s p i r i t , i n t h e

f o r m

o f

a

p e r s o n ,

f r o m w h om

h e r e c e i v e s

i n s t r u c t i o n .

A s

t h e s p i r i t

v a n i s h e s ,

i t

i s

s e e n

t o

a s s u m e t h e

f o r m

o f

s o m e

a n i m a l .

P a r t s

o f t h i s

a n i m a l

a r e

o f t e n

u s e d a s

f e t i s h e s

o r

m e d i c i n e

by

t h e

s h a m a n .

I n

many c a s e s

i t s

s k i n i s

e m p l o y e d

a s

h i s

m e d i c i n e -

b a g ,

a n d

o f t e n

t h e r e

s e e m s

t o

b e

a n

i d e a t h a t t h e

p e c u l i a r

p o w e r s o f t h e

a n i m a l

h a v e b e e n

a c q u i r e d . The p r o s p e c t i v e

s h a m a n ' s p u r p o s e m u s t , h o w e v e r ,

b e s e r i o u s

a n d h i g h - m i n d e d ,

a n d h e m u s t n o t b e

a c t u a t e d o n l y

by

d e s i r e

o r

w i s h

o f

g a i n ;

- e l s e h i s p o w e r ma y

r e a c t

f o r

e v i l ,

a s

i s

e v i d e n t

f r o m t h e i n s t a n c e

g i v e n

o f

t h e ma n who f a i l e d t o c a l l t h e

b u f f a l o . The a p -

p e a r a n c e

o f

t h e

s p i r i t s

t a k e s

p l a c e

i n

w a k i n g

v i s i o n s

a s

w e l l a s

- i n

d r e a m s .

W h i l e

s u c h

i s

t h e

m o s t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

m e t h o d

o f

t h e

a c q u i s i t i o n

o f

s h a m a n i s t i c p o w e r

by

t h e

A r a p a h o , e s -

p e c i a l l y

when

t h e y

a r e

c o m p a r e d

w i t h t h e

p e o p l e

o f

d i f f e r e n t

t y p e s

o f

c u l t u r e

b o t h i n

A m e r i c a a n d

e l s e w h e r e ,

y e t

i t i s

n o t i c e a b l e

t h a t

t h i s

method

i s

n o t

t h e

o n l y o n e

f o l l o w e d

by

t h e m ,

a n d

t h a t

t h e s y s t e m

o f

b e l i e f u p o n

w h i c h t h e s e p r a c -

- t i c e s a r e b a s e d i s

n o t

c o n s i s te n t l y o r

r i g o r o u s l y f o l l o w e d o u t .

F i r s t o f a l l

i t w i l l

b e

s e e n ,

f r o m

t h e

i n s t a n c e s

g i v e n ,

t h a t

p o w e r

ma y

b e

s o l d

o r

f r e e l y t r a n s f e r r e d

t o a

r e l a t i v e . T h e n ,

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K r o e b e r ,

T h e

A r a p a h o .

t o o ,

a n i m a l s

a n d

s p i r i t s

v i s i t

p e o p l e

w i t h o u t

s o l i c i t a t i o n ,

a s -

a p p e a r s

f r o m t h e

c a s e

o f

t h e

w om a n

who

d r e a m e d

r e p e a t e d l y

o f b e a r s .

T h e o f f e r

o f

p o w e r

t h a t

t h e y

b r i n g

ma y

b e

r e j e c t e d ; .

o r ,

o n

t h e o t h e r

h a n d ,

p o w e r

ma y

b e

a c c e p t e d ,

b u t

ma y

b e

s o

h a r m f u l

i n

i t s

e f f e c t s

on

t h e

r e c i p i e n t

o r

h i s

p e o p l e ,

t h a t

i t

s h o u l d b e

r e j e c t e d

b y

h i m ,

o r

w o u l d

b e ,

i f

h e

knew i t s

d a n g e r .

I t i s

e v i d e n t t h a t

t h e s e

c o n c e p t i o n s

a r e

q u i t e

a t

v a r i a n c e

w i t h

t h e m o r e

f u n d a m e n t a l

o n e ,

t h a t

a

m a n ,

o f h i s

o wn

a c c o r d ,

s e e k s

t h e

a i d

o f

a

s p i r i t

i n

o r d e r

t h a t

h e

ma y

a c q u i r e

p o w e r -

t h a t w i l l

b e

h e l p f u l

t o h i m .

I t

a l s o

a p p e a r s ,

f r o m

t h e

i n s t a n c e s

g i v e n ,

t h a t ,

w h i l e

t h e

u s u a l s o u r c e o f t h e

m e d i c i n e - m a n ' s

p o w e r

i s

h i s

o r i g i n a l

com-

m u n i c a t i o n

w i t h h i s

s p i r i t

a n i m a l ,

y e t

t h e r e

i s a t

t i m e s

a

c o n c e p t i o n

t h a t

h i s

p o w e r

l i e s

i n

h i s

k e e p i n g

s u p e r n a t u r a l

d i s e a s e - o b j e c t s

w i t h i n

h i s

own

b o d y .

T h e

s h a m a n

who

c u r e d

r a t t l e s n a k e - b i t e s h a d

two

s n a k e s

i n

h i s

b o d y

w h i c h

h e

s h o w e d

t o

h i s

p a t i e n t s .

A

m e d i c i n e - m a n

who

s u c k s

g h o s t

a r r o w s -

i n c r e a s e s

h i s

p o w e r ,

i f

h e

s w a l l o w s a n d

r e t a i n s

t h e s e

o b j e c t s

a f t e r

e x t r a c t i n g

t h e m

f r o m

t h e

p a t i e n t ' s

b o d y .

I t

i s

p r o b a b l e

t h a t s u c h

b e l i e f s a r e c o n n e c t e d

w i t h

t h e

f e e l i n g

t h a t

t h e

a b i l i t y

t o

p r o d u c e

v a r i o u s

o b j e c t s

a t

w i l l , b y

v o m i t i n g , i s a n

e v i d e n c e

o f

s u p e r n a t u r a l

p o w e r .

I t

h a s

b e e n

s t a t e d i n

o n e

c a s e ,

a n d

s e e m s t o

b e

g e n e r a l l y

b e l i e v e d ,

t h a t

m e d i c i n e - m e n

w i t h t h i s

p o w e r

k e e p

s u c h

o b j e c t s

p e r m a n e n t l y

i n

t h e i r ' b o d i e s .

A n o t h e r

p r i n c i p l e

t h a t

a p p e a r s

q u i t e

p l a i n l y

i s ,

t h a t

c e r t a i n

a f f l i c t i o n s a r e c u r e d

b y

t h e

h o m c e o p a t h i c

a p p l i c a t i o n

o f

t h e i r

c a u s e .

The

r a t t l e s n a k e i t s e l f

i s

u s e d

a s

a

m e d i c i n e

f o r

c u r i n g

r a t t l e s n a k e - b i t e s ;

c e n t i p e d e s

a n d

t a r a n t u l a s ,

f o r

i n j u r i e s d o n e

by

t h e s e

a n i m a l s ;

a n d

a

m o l e - s k i n

c u r e s

t h e

i t c h

s u p p o s e d

t o

b e

p r o d u c e d

b y

t h i s

a n i m a l .

No

c a s e s

a r e ,

h o w e v e r ,

y e t

known

o f

t h i s i d e a

b e i n g

e x t e n d e d

t o

a n y c a u s e s :

o f

d i s e a s e

o t h e r t h a n

n o x i o u s

a n i m a l s .

M e d i c i n a l

r o o t s

a n d

p l a n t s

a r e

c o n s i d e r a b l y

u s e d . Some

o f

t h e

m o s t

f r e q u e n t

o f

t h e s e

a r e

e m p l o y e d

a l s o

i n

t h e

t r i b a l

a g e - c e r e m o n i e s .

S u c h

a r e

n i a a t a n ,

t c e t c a & t c e i ,

a n d

h e g a w a a -

n a x - t .

I t

a p p e a r s

f r o m

s e v e r a l

i n s t a n c e s t h a t

t h e

q u a n t i t y

o f

a

m e d i c i n a l r o o t

o r

p l a n t

g i v e n

t o

a

p a t i e n t

i s

o f t e n

q u i t e

m i n u t e ,

s o

t h a t

i t s e f f e c t

c a n

b e

o n l y

t h r o u g h

t h e

i m a g i n a t i o n m .

I

9 0 7 . 1

4

5

1

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452

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n

Museum

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l .

XVIII

W h i l e

t h e

t a k i n g

o r

a p p l i c a t i o n

o f

m e d i c i n e s ,

a n d

s u c k i n g

' b y

t h e

s h a m a n ,

a r e

t h e

p r i n c i p a l

means o f

c u r i n g

d i s e a s e ,

t h e r e a r e a

n u m b e r

o f

o t h e r

m e t h o d s o f

an

e n t i r e l y

d i f f e r e n t

n a t u r e

n o t c o n n e c t e d w i t h

t h e s e

more

u s u a l

p r a c t i c e s .

B l o o d -

l e t t i n g a n d

a f o r m o f

c u p p i n g

a r e

p e r f o r m e d .

T h e

s w e a t -

h o u s e

i s

u s e d .

S o m e t i m e s

t h e

m e d i c i n e - m a n

b r u s h e s

t h e

b o d y

w i t h

a n

o b j e c t

o f f u r . P o r o u s

b o n e s

a r e

u s e d t o

s u c k

d i s e a s e

- f r o m t h e

b o d y ;

a n d w a rm

s t o n e s

a r e

a p p l i e d

t o

s w o l l e n

o r

d i s e a s e d

p a r t s .

I n a d d i t i o n t o

a l l

t h e s e

p h y s i o l o g i c a l ,

o r

s u p p o s e d

p h y s i o -

- l o g i c a l ,

means o f

c u r i n g

d i s e a s e

o r

a c c o m p l i s h i n g

o t h e r

r e s u l t s ,

a m u l e t s

h a v e a n

i m p o r t a n t

u s e .

T h e i r

e m p l o y m e n t

ma y

b e

d e s i g n a t e d

a s

p u r e

f e t i s h i s m ,

t h o u g h

t h i s

f e t i s h i s m i s

n o t

o f

t h e d i r e c t

k i n d ,

-in

w h i c h

t h e

p o y w e r

o f

t h e

f e t i s h

i s

s i m p l y

i n h e r e n t ,

o r

i s

d e r i v e d

f r o m

c o n t a c t

w i t h

some

o t h e r

o b j e c t ,

b u t i s

i n v a r i a b l y

d e p e n d e n t

u p o n

s y m b o l i s m .

I t

i s

i n

t h i s

s y m b o l i c

r e s e m b l a n c e ,

a n d

a s s o c i a t i o n

w i t h

s o m e t h i n g

e l s e ,

t h a t

t h e

v i r t u e

o f

t h e

A r a p a h o

f e t i s h

c h i e f l y

r e s t s ,

a l t h o u g h

i n

s o m e

c a s e s

r a r e t y

o f

t h e

o b j e c t ,

i t s

c u r i o u s

s h a p e ,

o r

i t s

s u p -

p o s e d

s u p e r n a t u r a l

o r i g i n ,

-

a s

i n

t h e

c a s e

o f

t h e

p e b b l e s

b e -

l i e v e d

t o h a v e

b e e n

f o u n d

i n

t h e

i n t e r i o r o f

a n i m a l s ,

-

i n

o t h e r

w o r d s ,

some a b n o r m a l

f e a t u r e ,

a l s o

c o n t r i b u t e s

t o t h e

e n d o w -

ment

o f

t h e

f e t i s h w i t h

p o w e r .

I t

i s

n o t i c e a b l e ,

h o w e v e r ,

t h a t

e v e n

i n

s u c h

c a s e s

t h e

s y m b o l i s m

i s

n e v e r

a b s e n t , e v e n

t h o u g h

i t

ma y

r e a l l y

b e

s u p e r a d d e d

a n d

s e c o n d a r y .

I t i s

p r o b a b l e ,

f o r

i n s t a n c e ,

t h a t

t h e

b l a c k

f o s s i l - l i k e

o b j e c t s

d e s c t i b e d a s

- h a v i n g

b e e n

u s e d

by

a

n o r t h e r n

A r a p a h o

w e r e

s e c u r e d a n d

' k e p t

p r i m a r i l y

o n

a c c o u n t

o f

t h e i r

s t r i k i n g

a p p e a r a n c e ;

b u t

i t

i s

s i g n i f i c a n t t h a t

t h e y w e r e

i d e n t i f i e d

w i t h

c e n t i p e d e s

o n

a c c o u n t o f

s o m e

s l i g h t

r e s e m b l a n c e . I t

i s i n

s y m b o l i s m ,

t h a t

i s

t o

s a y ,

t h e

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f

d i s t i n c t

b u t

s i m i l a r

o b j e c t s ,

t h a t

t h e

e n t i r e

a b u n d a n t

f e t i s h i s m o f

t h e

A r a p a h o h a s

i t s

- b a s i s .

T h e

i n s t a n c e s

o f

t h i s

f e t i s h i s m a r e

n u m e r o u s . -

3 e a n s

o f

d i f f e r e n t

c o l o r s

a r e

u s e d t o

p r o d u c e

c o l t s

o f

c e r t a i n

c o l o r s ;

t h e

h o r n

o f

a n

a n t e l o p e m a k e s a

h o r s e

s w i f t ;

a n u t

w h i c h

b e a r s

some

r e s e m b l a n c e t o a

s k u l l

k e e p s

o f f

g h o s t s ;

f e a t h e r s

and

c l a w s o f

o w l s ,

w h i c h a r e

g h o s t s ,

a l s o

d r i v e

away

g h o s t s ;

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1 9 0 7 . ]

K r o e b e r ,

T h e

A r a p a h o .

4 53

a

p l a n t

w h i c h

c o n t a i n s

a

m i l k y

j u i c e

i s

m e d i c i n e

f o r

m i l k ;

a

s h e l l t h a t

i s s m o o t h

a n d

s l i p p e r y

a i d s i n

d e l i v e r y ;

t r i g g e r s

worn

o n

a

n e c k l a c e

c a u s e

t h e

e n e m y ' s g u n s

t o

f a i l

t o

s h o o t ;

l i g h t - b l u e

b e a d s ,

w h o s e

c o l o r

r e s e m b l e s

t h a t

o f

s m o k e ,

make

t h e

f i g h t e r s

i n v i s i b l e ;

b e a d s

i n

t h e

s h a p e

o f a

s p i d e r - w e b

r e n d e r

t h s

w e a r e r ,

l i k e t h e

w e b ,

i m p e r v i o u s

t o

m i s s i l e s ,

a n d

a t

t h e

same

t i m e

i n s u r e

t h e

t r a p p i n g

o f t h e

e n e m y ,

a s

i n s e c t s

i n

a

w e b . T h e

c o v e r i n g - o v e r

o f

a

b r i g h t - r e d

c l o t h

w i t h

t h a t o f

a n o t h e r

c o l o r

p r e v e n t s

t h e

s h e d d i n g

o f

t h e

b l o o d

o f

t h e

w e a r e r .

P e b b l e s

r e s e m b l i n g

t e e t h a r e

k e p t ,

s o

t h a t

t h e

o w n e r

ma y

l i v e t o

an

a g e

when

h i s t e e t h

f a l l

o u t .

An

i r o n

c h a i n

o r

r i n g ,

b e i n g

h a r d

a n d

i n d e s t r u c t i b l e ,

i n s u r e s

s o u n d

h e a l t h .

R e d d i s h

p e a r - s h a p e d

s t o n e s ,

r e s e m b l i n g

s m a l l

b u c k -

- s k i n

m e d i c i n e - b a g s

p a i n t e d r e d ,

a r e

e f f i c a c i o u s ,

i f

r u b b e d

o v e r

t h e

b o d y ,

o r h e l d

i n

t h e

m o u t h .

I t

i s

i n t e r e s t i n g

t h a t

some

o f

t h i s

s y m b o l i c

f e t i s h i s t i c

p o w e r

i s

p o s i t i v e

i n

i t s

s u p p o s e d

a c t i o n ,

some

n e g a t i v e .

A

r e d

b e a n

c a u s e s

t h e c o l o r o f a c o l t t o

b e

b a y .

On

t h e

o t h e r

h a n d ,

a

n u t

t h a t r e s e m b l e s

a

s k u l l

d o e s n o t

b r i n g ,

b u t

d r i v e s

a w a y ,

g h o s t s ;

a n d

t h e

same

i s

t h e

e f f e c t

o f

f e a t h e r s o f

b i r d s , t h a t

a r e

s u p p o s e d

t o

b e

i n c a r n a t e

s p i r i t s .

T h e h o r n

o f a

s w i f t - r u n n i n g

a n i m a l

m a k e s

a h o r s e

s w i f t ,

a n d

a

p l a n t

w i t h

a

m i l k y j u i c e i s

a

m e d i c i n e

t h a t

i m p r o v e s

m i l k .

On t h e

o t h e r

h a n d ,

t h e

w e a r -

i n g

o f

t r i g g e r s

i s n o t

an a m u l e t

f o r b e t t e r

s h o o t i n g ,

b u t

f o r

p r o d u c i n g

f a i l u r e

o f

t h r e

e n e m y ' s t r i g g e r

t o

a c t .

L o g i c a l l y

t h e r e

i s i n

t h e s e i n s t a n c e s

a

d i r e c t

i n c o n s i s t e n c y .

T h e

p r i n c i p l e

u n d e r l y i n g

a n d

u n i t i n g

s u c h

o p p o s i t e

m o d e s

o f

t h o u g h t

s e e m s t o

b e

t h a t t h e

f e t i s h

h a s

t h e

p o w e r

o f

p r o d u c i n g

t h e

d e s i r e d

e n d

t o

w h i c h

i t

h a s

r e f e r e n c e ,

t h o u g h

t h e

m e a n s

by

w h i c h

i t

a c h i e v e s t h i s

p u r p o s e ma y

b e

i n

o n e

c a s e

c a u s a t i v e

a n d

p o s i t i v e ,

a n d

i n

t h e

v e r y

n e x t

i n s t a n c e

p r o h i b i t i v e

and

n e g a t i v e .

I t

i s

o b v i o u s

t h a t a l l

t h i s

s y m b o l i s m

o r

f e t i s h i s m

i s

a t

b o t t o m

u n c o n n e c t e d

w i t h

s h a m a n i s m ,

t h a t

i s

t o

s a y ,

t h e

r e c e i p t

o f

p o w e r

d i r e c t l y

f r o m

s p i r i t s .

T h e two

a r e

b a s e d

u p o n

f u n d a m e n t a l l y

d i f f e r e n t

i d e a s . S t i l l

f u r t h e r ,

s h a m a n i s m

i t s e l f

i s

o f

d i f f e r e n t

k i n d s .

W h i l e

i t s

p o w e r

i s

u s u a l l y

s o u g h t ,

i t

ma y

b e

r e c e i v e d

u n s o u g h t .

I t

ma y b e

r e c e i v e d

d i r e c t l y

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4 5 4 B u l l e t i n A m i e r i c a n

Museum

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

L V o l .

X V I I I ,

f r o m

s p i r i t s ,

o r

f r o m

l i v i n g

p e r s o n s

who

a r e

i n

p o s s e s s i o n

o f

i t .

The

g u a r d i a n s p i r i t

n a t u r a l l y

i s

i n m o s t

c a s e s

h e l p f u l , b u t

s o m e t i m e s

h e

i s

h a r m f u l .

S o t h e m e d i c i n e s t h a t a r e

u s e d

a r e

s o m e t i m e s

p h a r m a c e u t i c a l ,

s o m e t i m e s

o f

p h a r m a c e u t i c a l

e f f e c t

o n l y

t h r o u g h

t h e

i m a g i n a t i o n ,

s o m e t i m e s b a s e d

u p o n

c r u d e

s u p p o s e d

h o m c e o p a t h i c

p r i n c i p l e s ,

a n d

a t

t i m e s p u r e l y

s y m b o l i c .

Even

i n

t h i s c a s e

t h e i r a c t i o n

ma y b e e i t h e r

p o s i -

t i v e

o r

n e g a t i v e .

I t

i s

e v i d e n t

t h a t

a n a l y s i s o f

t h e A r a p a h o

c o n c e p t s

a s

t o

t h e

s o u r c e

a n d

o p e r a t i o n

o f

i n d i v i d u a l s u p e r -

a n t u r a l

p o w e r s

d o e s

n o t

r e v e a l

a

s i n g l e c o n s i s t e n t

s y s t e m

o f

b e l i e f s

a n d

p r a c t i c e s , b u t a

m i x t u r e o f

many u n r e l a t e d a n d

s o m e t i m e s

i n c o n g r u o u s i d e a s .

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V O L .

X V I I I ,

PLATE

L V I I .

TENT

F OR

T HE

KEEPER

OF

THE

SACRED

P I P E .

B U L L E T I N

A . M.

N . H .

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V O L . X V I I I ,

PLATE

L V I I I .

i

B

C T

4 l

E l 4

B 4

H

B U L L E T I N

A .

M.

N . H .

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V O I . . X V I I I , PLATE LIX.

z

0

0

U I

U ,

M

q

P S

w

n

0

0 4

U, q

B U L L E T I N

A .

M.

N 4 .

H .

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a

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B U L L E T I N

A . M . N .

H .

VOL. XVIII,

P LA T E

L X,

z J

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

0

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

, ~ ~ ~

s

Y F

Yt

*

T

T\_ __

T

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B U L L E T I N

A.M. N.H.

V O L .

X V I I I ,

P L A T E

L X I .

0

E l -

z

  ' P . . .

- A L : : : : .

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V O L .

X V I I I ,

PLATE

L X I I .

BULLETIN

A .

M .

N .

H .

I

0

z

0 4

N

P A 4

W

N

N

. 4

N

H

0

N

0

0

N

C -

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B U L L E T I N

A . M . N .

H .

V O L .

X V I I I ,

P L A T E

L X I I I .

0 4

N

N r

z

N

H -

C

U

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V O L .

X V I I I ,

P L A T E

LXIV.

B U L L E T I N

A . M.

N .

H .

/

_

I

K i & j )

Q 2 W

0

I)ESIGNS

R E F E R R I N ( G

T O

MYTHS

OF

CREATION.

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V O L . X V I I I , PLATE

LXV.

2

1

F4

F E A T H 1 E R

ATTACHMENTrS.

s I A

B U L L E T I N

A .

M .

N

R .

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BULLETIN

A .

M.

N.

H.

V O L .

X V I I I ,

P L A T L .

LXVI.

Cv7

/

6 -

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V O ; . .

X V I I I ,

P L A T E

LXVII.

FEATHER

H E A D - D R E S S F . R S .

' 2

. t

~

j 3

B U L L F - T I N

A .

M .

N .

H .

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V O L .

X V I I I , P L A T R .

L X V I I I .

J 2

3

DETAIL

OF

ONE F ' O R M

OF

I - I F

T A D - D R E S S .

BULLETIN A .

M .

N .

H .

I

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0

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V O L .

X V I I I ,

P L A T E

LXIX.

B U L L E T I N

A .

M.

N .

H.

  t

2

[ 1 .

FEATHER H E A D - I ) R E S S .

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o l

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V O L .

X V I I I ,

PLATE

LXX.

BULLETIN

A .

M.

N .

H

/ 1

f t

1 T

  o l

A C R O S S

HEAD-DRESS.

y

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V o L .

X V I I I ,

PLATE

LXXI.

A

C R O S S

HEAD-DRESS.

B U L L E T I N

A .

M.

N .

H .

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V O I .

X V I I I ,

PLATE

LXXII.

B U L L E T I N

A . M.

N .

H .

HEAD-DRESS

OF

C R O W V - S K I N .

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0

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V O L .

X V I I I ,

PLATE

LXXIII.

NECKLACE

OF

F E A T H E R S .

B U L I A M I N

A . M .

N .

H

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I

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V O L .

X V I I I , PLATE

LXXIV.

C R O W

B E L T .

B U L L E T I N

A . M.

N . H .

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V O L .

X V I I I ,

PLATE

LXXV

G I R L ' S C E R F I M O N I A L

D R E S S .

B U L L E : T I N

A . M.

N .

H .

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I

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V O L .

X V I I I ,

PLATE

LXXVI.

G I R L ' S

C E R E M O N I A L D R E S S .

B U L L F - T I N A .

M . N .

H .

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0

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V O L .

X V I I I ,

P L A T E

LXXVII.

BULLETIN

A

M.

N .

H .

G I R L ' S

C E R E M O N I A L

I ) R E S S .

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. f

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V O L .

X V I I I ,

P L A T E

L X X V I I I .

(

. . 1 .

l f / X

r

1 \ I

.4

' A

2

C E R E M O N I A L

W H I P S .

B U L L R T I N

A .

M .

N .

H .

.1

. 4 0

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I

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V O L .

X V I I I ,

P L A T I E

L X X I X .

i ,

- r

C d

¢ 4

B U L L E t T i i ,

A . M. N .

H .

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V O I . .

X V I I I ,

P L A T

E

LXXX.

1

4

C A R V E D

S T I I C K S

]IELONGINGTO

THE

SACRED-PI1PE MODEL..

B U L L E T I N

A .

A l .

N .

H .

Ir %

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I

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V o T . .

X V I I I ,

PLATE

LXXXI

CEIBGTE/IMI

CA R V E D

STICKS

B E ~ L O N G I N G

TO

THE

S A C R E D - P I P E ,

M O D E L .

B U ' L L F - T I N

A .

M 1 .

N .

H .

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A

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V C L .

X V I I I ,

PLATE

LXXXII.

NETTE D

GAME-HOOP.

B U L L E T I N

A .

M.

N .

H .

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V O L .

X V I I I , PLATE

L X X X I I I .

A

P ' E Y O T E

FAN.

Bu

L L E T I N

A . M . X .

N . H .

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V O L . X V I I I ,

PLATE

LXXXIV.

P

A

P E Y O T F E

AMULET.

B U L L I I T I N K

A .

M. N . H .

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I

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V O L .

X V I I I ,

PLATE

LXXXV.

BRACELET

US E D

AS

AN

AMULET.

B U L L E - T I N .

A .

M. N .

H .

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V O L .

X V I I I ,

PLATE

L XXXVI.

I

HEAD-DRESS.

B U L I . E T I N

A .

M.

N . H .

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V O L .

X V I I I ,

PLAT

E

LXXXVII-

BULLETIN

A.

M .

N.

H.

AM U L E T S AND MEDICINE.

D b i . ,

  t . i x

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BULLETIN

A

M .

N

H

VOL .

XV I I I

PLATE LXXXVIII

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I n d e x .

4 5 5

INDEX.

Ag e

and

se x d e n o t e d i n

s y m b o l -

2 5 8 ;

w i t h r o b e

d e s i g n ,

I 2 0 ; w i t h

i s m , 5 8 .

A g e - s o c i e t i e s , p a i r i n g

o f c o l o r s

i n

r e g a l i a

o f ,

4 I 7 .

A l p h a b e t u s e d

f o r

r e n d e r i n g A r a p -

a h o ,

2 .

A m e r i c a and

t h e

O l d

W o r l d ,

n u-

m e r i c a l

b a s e s

i n ,

4 1 3 .

A m u l e t s ,

44I-443,

4 5

2.

A n i m a l s

i n

s y m b o l i c

r e p r e s e n t a -

t i o n ,

r e s t r i c t i o n t o t h e

s m a l l e r ,

5 4 ,

I48.

A r a p a h o ,

c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f

t h e ,

3;

l a c k

o f

i n f o r m a t i o n

r e g a r d -

i n g ,

4 .

A r m l e t , o r n a m e n t a t i o n o f , 5 I , 52,

25 2; w o r n i n s e c o n d d a n c e , I 7 5 ,

I 7 8 .

A r r o w - h e a d ,

s y m b o l i s m o f ,

4 4 1 .

A r t ,

a means

f o r t h e

p r o d u c t i o n

o f

i d e a l s ,

274;

method o f

s t u d y

o f

e x i s t i n g ,

232;

o f

t h e

S i o u x

and

t h e B l a c k f e e t , 27

6 ; pure

d e c o r a t i v e ,

2 3 9.

A s s i n i b o i n e ,

a r t

i d e a s o f t h e ,

2 5 4 ;

v i s i t

t o ,

i n

I 9 O I ,

I .

Bjiasa-wtiune'nan,

5 ,

6.

Back and

c h e s t , cure f o r p a i n s i n

t h e ,

4 2 0 .

B a d g e r , s u p e r n a t u r a l

power

ac-

q u i r e d

t h r o u g h , 4 I 9 .

B a g ,

c o n t e n t s

o f t h e

s a c r e d , 3IO;

f o r

f o o d ,

I I 5 ,

1 1 9 ,

1 2 1 ;

f r o m

a

p a r f l e c h e ,

I

I

I ;

manner

o f mak-

i n g

r a w h i d e ,

I 0 4 ;

 owner

o f

t h e

s a c r e d ,

3

I

I ; p i p e - a n d -

t o b a c c o ,

2 3 8 , 2 6 3 - 2 6 5 ;

v a r i -

c o l o r e d ,

I 1 2 0 ;

w i t h d e c o r a t i v e

and

s y m b o l i c

o r n a m e n t a t i o n ,

t u r t l e

design,

242

.

B a g s , a s w o r k s o f

a r t ,

2 3 8 ;

d e -

s i g n s

on

r a w h i d e ,

I04-I31;

f o r

w om e n ,

2 5 I ;

of

s o f t

h i d e ,

IOI-

B103;

s a c r e d , 30-35 ,

207,

209.

B a l l ,

s y m b o l i s m

o f

c o l o r s o n , 3 9 5 ;

u s e d

by women,

m a t e r i a l

a nd

d e c o r a t i o n

o f , 3 9 4 .

B a l l

game, 3 9 4 - 3 9 6 .

B a s k e t r y , use o f , 3 9 3.

B a s k e t s , d i c e - t o s s i n g ,

3 9 1 - 3 9 3 ;

m a t e r i a l and use

o f ,

25.

B a t t l e ,

s c h e m a t i c

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n

o f , 2 6 6 .

B a y a a - w u ,

t h e ,

average t i m e

b e t w e e n c e r e m o n i e s

o f , 155;

c e r e m o n i e s

c o n s t i t u t i n g ,

I 5 3 ;

d e g r e e s

o f , 2 2 8 ;

d u r a t i o n o f

c e r e m o n i e s o f ,

I 5 5 ;

e l i g i b i l i t y

t o

s o c i e t i e s

o f , 153,

I 5 6 ;

E n g -

l i s h

e q u i v a l e n t s f o r terms

i n

c e r e m o n i e s o f , I

54;

f u n c t i o n s

o f

s o c i e t i e s

o f ,

I 5 7 ;

h o n o r a r y

d e g r e e s

i n

s o c i e t i e s

o f ,

I 5 5 ;

myth r e l a t i n g

t o c e r e m o n i e s

o f ,

I

5 8 ;

summary o f

c h a r a c t e r -

i s t i c s o f ,

2 2 5 ;

s y m b o l i s m

i n

c e r e m o n i e s

o f , 2 2 6 ; system

o f ,

227.

Bdyaa wu

and

s u n - d a n c e ,

d i f f e r -

e nce

b e t w e e n , 152,

2 2 6 ;

s i m i -

l a r i t y

b e t w e e n , I 6 9 ,

2 2 6 .

B e a r ' s

f o o t ,

a ,

c o n v e n t i o n a l

r e p r e -

s e n t a t i o n o f ,

g o .

Bed

i n

A r a p a h o

t e n t ,

p o s i t i o n o f

t h e

o w n e r ' s , I 2 .

B e l l s

r e p r e s e n t a t i v e

o f

h a i l ,

3 3 8 ,

342.

B e l t ,

o f

o w n e r - o f - t h e - t e n t - p o l e s ,

1902-0

. ]

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4 5 6

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n Museum

o f N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l .

X V I I I ,

2

I

9; o f

w h i t e - w o m a n ,

21

7 ;

worn i n

s e c o n d

d a n c e ,

s y m b o l -

i s m o f ,

173;

worn i n w o m e n ' s .

d a n c e , 2 I 5 .

B e l t - p o u c h e s , f o r

women,

8 8 - 9 4 ;

w i t h o u t f l a p ,

9 I .

B e r d a c h e s ,

I 9 .

B e r r y i n g - b a g ,

I 3 2 .

B i i t a h a - w u , t h e ,

p a r t i c i p a t i o n

i n

d a n c e - l o d g e

c e r e m o n i e s b y ,

2 8 9 ;

r i d e

around

c a m p - c i r c l e

b y ,

280, 28I.

B l a c k ,

i n

Arapaho

d e c o r a t i v e

a r t ,

I49; l i m i t e d

use

o f , 4 I 6 .

 Bla ck

w a r - b o n n e t , 2 4 6 .

B l a c k f e e t ,

d e c o r a t i v e

a r t

o f

t h e ,

276.

B l e e d i n g ,

manner

and

season

o f ,

438.

B l u e ,

a s

a

b a c k g r o u n d ,

274;

a s

a

s u b s t i t u t e

f o r

b l a c k ,

270,

274;

r o c k y

mountains

i n d i c a t -

e d

b y ,

I

I 4 .

 Blue

b r e a s t b e a d i n g ,

2 3 9 .

Bone

o r

s e e d game,

s c o r i n g

p o i n t s

i n ,

3

8 8 ;

w i n n i n g s t a k e s i n , 3

8

7 .

B o r d e r - l i n e s ,

purpose o f ,

1 2 2 ;

t i m e

o f

m a k i n g ,

I 2 2 .

Bo w and

a r r o ws ,

making o f , 2 4 ,

B o w l s ,

making

o f , 25.

B o w s ,

h a n d - t o - h a n d

encounter

d e p i c t e d

b y c r o s s e d ,

2 6 8 .

B r a c e l e t ,

p e y o t e ,

409,

4I0.

Brown

i n

Arapaho

d e c o r a t i v e

a r t ,

I 4 9.

B u c k s k i n ,

p i c t o g r a p h i c

d e s i g n s

o n , 3 I I .

B u f f a l o ,

c a l l i n g . t h e ,

4 37.

B u f f a l o - h u n t i n g ,

account o f ,

2 2 .

B u f f a l o - r o b e ,

d e s i g n o n ,

2 4 6 ;

making

o f ,

3 3 - 3 5 .

B u f f a l o - s k i n ,

ceremonies

w i t h ,

283.

B u f f a l o - s k u l l ,

d e c o r a t i o n

o f , 2 8 4 ;

i n

d a n c e ,

use o f , 2 9 3 .

B u l l - r o a r e r ,

3 9 6 .

B u z z e r ,

u s e o f ,

3 9 6 .

C a l i f o r n i a ,

p r i n c i p a l

a r t

o f n o r t h -

w e s t e r n ,

I 4 7 ;

r e a l i s m

i n

d e c o - .

r a t i v e

a r t o f

n o r t h w e s t e r n ,

1 4 7 ;

r e p r o d u c t i o n s

r a r e i n a r t

o f ,

I 4 8 .

Cane

u s e d

i n

g h o s t - d a n c e ,

3 5 7 .

C a r v i n g ,

r a r i t y

o f

t h r e e - d i m e n -

s i o n a l , 4 3 0 .

C e d a r - W o m a n ,

o r n a m e n t a t i o n

o f

t e n t

b y ,

7 I - 7 7 .

C e n t i p e d e , c u r e f o r

b i t e

o f ,

4 3 8 .

C e r e m o n i a l

o b j e c t s ,

c h a r a c t e r

o f ,

4 I 0 - 4 I 8 ;

d e c o r a t i o n

o f ,

I 4 9

1 5 0.

C e r e m o n i e s ,

k i n d s o f , 1 5 I .

Ceremony

p r e p a r a t o r y

f o r

d a n c e ,

2 8 5 .

Charm a g a i n s t

i n j u r y by

c l o u d ,

. 4 3

I

C h e r r y - b a g ,

I 2

5 .

C h e y e n n e ,

r e c t a n g u l a r

f o r m

o f

ornament

t y p i c a l

o f

t h e ,

6 3 .

C h i e f s ,

c h o i c e

o f ,

8 .

C i r c l e ,

c o n n e c t i o n

o f f o u r w i t h

i d e a

o f

t h e ,

4 I 3 ; u n u s u a l

i n

r a w h i d e

p a i n t i n g ,

i i i .

C i r c l e t ,

power

o f

o w l - f e a t h e r ,

I

9 3 .

C l o t h ,

  g i v i n g

a wa y o f ,

2 8 3 .

C l o t h i n g ,

s a c r i f i c e

o f

c h i l d r e n ' s

w o r n - o u t , 3 0 0 ,

3 0 3 .

C l o u d s , s y m b o l i z a t i o n

o f ,

I 4 9 .

C o a t ,

p i c t o g r a p h i c

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n

o n , 2 6 8 ,

2 6 9 .

C o l o r ,

i n f l u e n c e

o f

p o s i t i o n

on

s i g n i f i c a n c e

o f ,

2 7 0 .

C o l o r - d u a l i s m ,

4 I 6 , 4 I 7 .

C o l o r s ,

g h o s t - d a n c e

s y m b o l i s m

o f ,

3 3 8 ;

i n d i c a t e d

by

d e v i c e s ,

3 6 ;

m i l i t a r y

s i g n i f i c a n c e

o f ,

2 7 0 ;

s y m b o l i s m

o f , I 4 9 ,

2 4 9 ,

4 I 7 ,

4 I 8 .

C o l o r s

and

d i r e c t i o n s ,

c o n n e c t i o n

o f ,

4I5.

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1 9 0 2 - - 0 7 . ]

I n d e x .

C o l o r s and

s t a t e s

o f

m i n d ,

no

c o n n e c t i o n

b e t w e e n , 4 I 7 .

Company,

t h e

k i t - f o x , I 5 4 ,

i 8 i ;

t h e s t a r ,

I 5 4 ,

I 8 I .

C o n j u r e r ,

f e a t s

o f ,

4 3 4 ; p a r a -

p h e r n a l i a

o f , 4 2 5 .

C o u g h ,

m e d i c i n e

f o r ,

4 I 9 .

C o u r t s h i p ,

c u s t o m s

r e g a r d i n g ,

1 3 ,

I

4 .

C r a d l e ,

d e c o r a t i o n

o f , 6 6 - 6 9 ,

2 4 1 ;

l o s s

o f s y m b o l i s m

i n

d e c o r a t i o n

o f , 243;

m a k i n g

o f ,

i 6 .

C r a z y - d a n c e r s ,

f r e a k s

o f

t h e ,

1 9 2 .

C r e s c e n t ,

an

omen

f o r

g o o d

s e e n

i n

t h e

h o r i z o n t a l p o s i t i o n o f ,

4 2 8 .

C r o s s

a s

a

m i l i t a r y

s y m b o l ,

2 6 7 .

C r o s s

d e s i g n ,

m e a n i n g o f , 2 6 7 ,

2 6 9 .

Crow

b e l t s ,

3 3 9 - 3 4 6 ;

s y m b o l i s m

o f ,

3 4 2 , 3 4 3 -

C r o w - d a n c e ,

3 2 0 , 3 6 3 - 3 6 8 ;

d r e s s

and

p a i n t i n g

o f d a n c e r s

i n ,

3

6 4 ;

m o t i o n s

i n , 3 6 4 ;

u s e o f f o r k e d

s t i c k s

i n , 3 5 8 .

C r u p p e r , d e s i g n o n ,

1 3 5 .

C u l t u r e - h e r o i n e ,

2 4 7 .

C u p - a n d - b a l l

g a m e , s c o r i n g p o i n ts

i n ,

3 9 7 .

C u p p i n g

i n s t r u m e n t ,

4 3 9 .

C u p s ,

m a t e r i a l

f o r ,

2 5 .

Dakota

r o b e s ,

s y m b o l i c

v a l u e

s t i l l r e t a i n e d

i n

t h e , 2 4 6 .

D a n c e , d i r e c t i o n s

g i v e n by

Thun-

d e r

f o r ,

3 6 8 ; o r i g i n

and

s i g n i f i -

c a t i o n

o f

t h e Omaha,

3 6 8 ;

c a r r y i n g

o f s p o o n s i n ,

3 6 7 ;

w i t h

bows and

a r r o w s , 3 6 7 .

D a n c e - l o d g e ,

  a l t a r

 

f o r ,

3 0 4 ;

c e r e m o n i e s

c o n n e c t e d w i t h

c e n -

t r e

p o l e

o f ,

2 8 9 ;

c o m p l e t i o n

o f ,

2 9 0 ;

d i f f e r e n c e s

b e t w e e n

t h e

n o r t h e r n

and s o u t h e r n

A r a -

p a h o ,

3 0 3 ;

e r e c t i o n

o f , 2 8 6 ;

o r d e r

o f

s p e c i e s

o f t r e e s

u s e d

f o r

4 5 7

s c r e e n

b e h i n d

  a l t a r

 

o f , 3 0 5 ;

p a r a p h e r n a l i a

f o r ,

2 8 7 ;

p o s i -

t i o n o f p e o p l e

w h i l e

p a i n t i n g

p o l e s o f , 2 8 8 ;

p r e p a r a t i o n s

f o r ,

2 8 4 ;

p r o c e s s i o n

f o r p a i n t i n g

p o l e s

o f ,

2 8 8 ;

p r o c e s s i o n

f r o m

r a b b i t - t e n t t o ,

2 8 7 , 3 0 2 .

D a n c e r o f h i g h e s t

d e g r e e

i n

s e c o n d

d a n c e , I 6 9 .

D a n c e r s ,

m a g p i e s p e r s o n a t e d

b y ,

3 6 7 ;

m o t i o n s

o f , 2 9 I ;

p a i n t i n g

o f , 2 9 0 , 2 9 4 ;

r e p a i n t i n g o f ,

2 9 6 ,

2 9 8 ,

2 9 9 .

D a n c e r s

and

p l e d g e r s ,

p a i n t i n g

and

d r e s s

o f , 2 8 7 .

D a n c e s , A r a p a h o

t e r m

f o r ,

I

5 I ;

d i s c o n t i n u a n c e o f ,

I

5

8 ;

s p e c i a l ,

3 6 6 , 3 6 7 .

  D a n c i n g a g a i n s t

t h e

s u n ,

 

3

0

I .

D a n c i n g ,

i n

t h e

f i r s t

d a n c e ,

I 8 3 ;

i n

t h e f o u r t h

d a n c e ,

I

9 8 ;

i n

t h e

s e c o n d

d a n c e ,

i 6 5 - i 6 8 ;

i n

t h e t h i r d d a n c e ,

I 9 o ; i n t h e

w o m e n ' s

d a n c e ,

2 I 2 .

  D a n c i n g - i n , 2 9 0 ,

3 0 2 .

  D a n c i n g - o u t ,

3 0 0 , 3 0 3 .

D e a d ,

t h e ,

c u s t o m s r e g a r d i n g ,

i 6 ,

1 7 ;

p r o p e r t y

o f ,

3 I 7 .

D e c o r a t i o n ,

by

s c r a p i n g ,

2

5

6 ;

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

t r i b a l

manner o f

t h i n k i n g

o f ,

I 4 6 ;

c l a s s e s

o f

o b j e c t s

h a v i n g

f i x e d t r i b a l , I 4 7 ;

c o n v e n t i o n a l

t y p e

o f , f o r

c r a d l e ,

2 4 3 ;

i n f i n i t e v a r i a t i o n o f , 1 4 7 ;

r e d l i n e

i n ,

2 4 2 - 2 4 6 ,

2 7 3 ;

w i t h

s y m b o l i c a s s o c i a t i o n s ,

2 3 9 - 2 4 9 .

D e s i g n ,

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f

a

p r a y e r

g r a n t e d ,

2 5 0 ;

d i f f e r e n t

i d e a s

r e p r e s e n t e d

by

t h e

s a m e ,

2 5 4 ,

2 5 9 ,

273,

275;

d i f f e r i n g

sym-

b o l i c

m o t i v e s

e x p r e s s e d

b y

t h e

s a m e ,

2

7 0 ; o r i g i n

o f t h e

g e o -

m e t r i c ,

2 7 5 ;

p r e c e d e n c e

o f t h e

p a i n t e d , 2 7 0 ;

p u r p o s e

o f

an

a r t i c l e

i n f l u e n c e d by

t h e ,

2 5 6 ;

r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n

i n t e r p r e t a t i o n

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4 5 8

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n Museum

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l . X V I I I ,

and

o r i g i n

o f ,

2 3 3 ,

2 7 4 ;

r e -

p e a t e d

u s e

o f t h e

s a m e , 2 7 2 ;

s a c r e d n e s s o f

t h e

b i i n a b l ' t , I 2 0 .

D e s i g n

and

s y m b o l i z a t i o n , r e l a -

t i o n

o f , 2 7 2 .

D e s i g n e l e m e n t s ,

a e s t h e t i c c o m -

b i n a t i o n o f , 2 7 2 ;

c o m p l e x

f i -

g u r e s

b u i l t

f r o m , 2 3 7 ;

f i x i t y

o f

c o m b i n a t i o n s

o f ,

2 3 8 .

D e s i g n s ,

c o m p a r a t i v e

a g e

o f

g e o -

m e t r i c

and

p i c t o g r a p h i c ,

2 7 1 ;

d i v e r s i t y

i n

s y m b o l i c

a s p e c t s

o f , 2 4 9 ;

e m p l o y m e n t o f

g e o -

m e t r i c ,

by m e n , 2 7 3 ;

o n

m o c -

c a s i n s ,

234, 235, 25 4 ,

2 6 0 - 2 6 3 ,

2 7 6 ;

on

s c a l p s h i r t s , 2 6 0 ;

o r i g i n

o f

a l l , 2 3 I ;

o r i g i n

o f ,

i n

d r e a m s ,

2 4 7 ;

two

modes o f

i n -

t e r p r e t a t i o n

f o r

i d e n t i c a l ,

2 7 3 ;

v a r i a b i l i t y

i n

a l l ,

1 2 0 .

D e t a i l

i n

o r n a m e n t a l

d e c o r a t i o n ,

d i v e r s i t y

i n ,

9 8 .

D i a r r h o e a

i n

c h i l d r e n , c a u s e and

c u r e

o f , 4 3 8 .

D i c e ,

3 8 7 - 3 9 4 ;

f o r m s

o f ,

3 8 8 ;

m a t e r i a l o f ,

3 8 7 ,

3 9 3 ;

s y m b o l i c

i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s f o r

m a r k i n g s

o n , 3 8 9 .

D i c e g a m e ,

s c o r i n g

o f

p o i n t s

i n ,

3 8 7 ,

3 9 3 ; s t i c k s

f o r ,

3 9 3 .

D i s e a s e ,

h o m c e o p a t h i c p r i n c i p l e

f o r

c u r i n g , 4 5 I .

D i s p u t e s a s t o d e e d s o f

h o n o r i n

w a r , s e t t l e m e n t

o f ,

3 I 9 .

D r e a m ,

p a i n t i n g o f

a ,

4 3 3 .

D r e a m s ,

a r t

i n s t r u c t i o n

t h r o u g h ,

2 4 7 .

D r e s s , o f a

s m a l l

g i r l , 2 3 9 ;

o f b o y s ,

2 8 ;

o f

m e n ,

2 8 ; o f

women,

2 8 .

Drum,

s t r e t c h i n g

s k i n

f o r

a ,

4 0 0 .

Drums

u s e d

i n

t h e

s e c o n d

d a n c e ,

i 6 5 .

E a g l e ,

c a t c h i n g

t h e ,

2 2 .

E a r - p i e r c i n g ,

3 6 5 ;

s y m b o l i z a t i o n

o f ,

I 9 .

E a r t h , t h e , d i v i n g

f o r ,

3 6 0 ;

g r o w t h

o f ,

6 i ;

s e x

o f ,

3 I 3 .

E l k - t a i l ,

d o u b l e u s e

f o r , 4 2 4 .

E m b r o i d e r y ,

m a t e r i a l s

f o r ,

2 8 ;

s t a t e m e n t s

r e g a r d i n g ,

2 9 .

E n t e r t a i n m e n t

p r a c t i s e d

a t

n i g h t ,

3 I 8 .

F a c e , t h e , p a i n t i n g

o f ,

i n

c e r e -

m o n i a l s ,

2 8 .

F a n ,

p e y o t e ,

4 0 5 ,

4 0 9 .

F a n s ,

u s e o f ,

2 2 .

F a s t , b r e a k i n g

o f

t h e t h r e e - d a y s ' ,

300.

F e a t h e r - b a g , I 2 9 .

F e a t h e r s ,

a t t a c h m e n t

o f , t o

t h o n g s ,

3 2 1 - 3 2 3 ; u s e o f ,

a s

b r u s h e s

and

h e a d - d r e s s e s , 4 0 7 .

F e t i s h , g r e a t t r i b a l

o f t h e

A r a p a -

h o ,

3 0 8 ;

s o u r c e

o f

power

o f , 4 5 2 .

F e t i s h i s m , b a s i s

o f , 4 5 2 ,

4 5 3 .

F i e l d

C o l u m b i a n

Museum, m o d e l

a t , 304.

F i f t h

d a n c e ,

I 5 4 , 2 o 6 .

F i f t h

d e g r e e o f women's

d a n c e ,

2 2 2.

F i g u r e s ,

c o m p o s i t i o n o f

c o m p l e x ,

2 3 7 .

F i r e ,

m a k i n g

o f ,

2 4 .

F i r s t

d a n c e , t h e ,

a c c o u n t

o f ,

i 8 2 -

I 8 7 ;

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

p a i n t - d e -

s i g n

o f , I

8 3 ;

manner o f

d a n c i n g

i n ,

I 8 3 ;

r e g a l i a

o f ,

I 8 4 - I 8 8 ;

s t i c k

c a r r i e d

i n

l o w e s t

d e g r e e

o f , i 8 6 - i 8 8 ; s w o r d

o f

d a n c e r

i n , i 8 4 ,

i 8 5 ;

s y m b o l i c

r e f e r -

e n c e

t o

b u f f a l o

i n ,

i 8 8 .

F i r s t

k n o w l e d g e o f

A r a p a h o , 3 .

F i t s ,

c u r e

f o r ,

4 2 6 .

F o g ,

h o w t o

c l e a r ,

3 1 7 .

F o o d , d a n c e

a r o u n d k e t t l e

o f , 3 6 6 ;

g i v e n

i n

r e m u n e r a t i o n

f o r

p a i n t i n g , 2 9 2 .

F o o d - b a g ,

d e s i g n

o n ,

1 2

5 ;

l a c k o f

symmetry

i n

d e c o r a t i o n

o f ,

I

2 3 ;

r e p r e s e n t i n g

a

m o l e ,

I 2 2 .

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I

902-07.]

I n d e x .

F o r m u l a f o r

s e c u r i n g

o l d

a g e ,

3

I

5 .

F o u r - P i p e D a n c e ,

2 4 6 , 2 7 3 .

F o u r t h

d a n c e ,

a c c o u n t

o f , I 9 6 -

2 0 6 ;

d e g r e e s

i n ,

1 9 7 ;

d u r a t i o n

o f

p r a c t i c e s

and

r e s t r i c t i o n s

d u r i n g ,

2 0 0 ;

manner o f

d a n c i n g

i n ,

I 9 8 ;

p a i n t i n g i n ,

I 9 9 ; r e -

g a l i a

o f ,

I 9 8 ,

2 0 I - 2 0 6 .

F r i n g e ,

on

b a g ,

I 2 5 ;

on r a w h i d e

o b j e c t s ,

i I 9 ;

on

s c a r f ,

2 0 I . .

G e n e r a l

d e s c r i p t i o n

o f

A r a p a h o ,

3 .

  G h o s t

a r r o w ,

4 3 7 .

G h o s t - d a n c e , t h e ,

c o l o r

s y m -

b o l i s m

i n

movement

o f ,

4 I 7 ;

d r e s s

f o r ,

3 4 6 ,

3 4 7 ;

h e a d -

d r e s s e s

f o r ,

3 2 1 - 3 3 6 ;

n e c k -

l a c e s and

b e l t s

f o r ,

3 3 6 - 3 3 9 ;

s y m b o l i s m

o f

s c a r f

f o r ,

3 3 8 ;

w h i s t l e s

f o r ,

3 5 I , 3 5 2 .

G h o s t s ,

k e e p i n g

o f f ,

4 3 7 ,

4 4 7 ,

4 5 2 .

G o o s e - w a t e r ,

d r i n k i n g

o f , 3 0 0 .

G r a n d f a t h e r s ,

I 5 5 ,

I 6 0 ,

2 2 6 .

G r e e n and

b l u e , A r a p a h o

u s e

o f ,

I2I.

G r o s

V e n t r e s , t h e , a g e - c o m p a -

n i e s

a m o n g ,

I 5 5 ;

d i a l e c t

o f ,

6 ; k i n s h i p

b e t w e e n

A r a p a h o

a n d ,

4 ;

p a r t i c i p a n t s

i n

c e r e -

m o n i e s o f ,

I 5 6 ;

t e n t - o r n a m e n t s

o f , 6 3 ;

t e r m s

o f

r e l a t i o n s h i p

and

a f f i n i t y

a m o n g ,

9 ,

i

o ;

v i s i t e d i n

1 9 0 1 ,

I .

G u e s s i n g - g a m e , 3 6 8 - 3 8 2 ;

c o m -

p o s i t i o n o f ,

3 7 1 ;

h e a d - d r e s s e s

f o r , 3 6 9 ,

37I,

372,

3 7 9 .

G u e s s i n g - g a m e

s e t ,

an

e l a b o r a t e ,

3 7 5 - 3 7 8 ;

d i f f e r e n t

uses

f o r ,

3 6 9 ,

3 7 0 ;

o r n a m e n t a t i o n

o f ,

3 6 9 ,

3 7 0 .

H M n a n a x a w f i u n e ' n a n ,

5 ,

6 .

H a a ' n i n i n ,

6 .

H

i g a w a a n a x u - r o o t ,

g i v i n g

o f ,

I 8 3 ,

1 9 3 , 2 0 0 ;

p e c u l i a i

p r o p e r t y o f ,

I 8 3 ,

1 9 3 ;

u s e

o f ,

i n

w o m e n ' s

d a n c e ,

2 I 2 ,

2 1 9 ,

220.

4 5 9

H a i r ,

manner o f

d r e s s i n g

t h e , 2 7 .

Hand

m i r r o r s ,

u s e o f ,

i n

c e r e -

m o n i a l s ,

3 5

6 .

H a n d s , e m b l e m a t i c

o f

a

b l o w ,

2 6 8 ;

p e c u l i a r i t y

i n

r e p r e s e n t a -

t i o n

' o f , 2 6 6 .

H a s e i h a - w u ,

m e a n i n g o f ,

I 5 2 , 2 8 0 .

H a x u x a n a - ,

a c c o u n t s

o f , I 9 .

H e a d - d r e s s ,

a r r o w , 3 4 2 ;

b i r d ,

3 2 9 ;

c r o s s ,

3 2 7 ;

d o u b l e ,

3 3 2 ;

h o o p , 3 3 0 ;

o f

b i r d - s k i n ,

3 3 3 ;

o f

b ow and

a r r o w s ,

3

3

1 ;

o f

f e a t h e r s , 3 3 3 , 3 4 0 ;

o f

o w n e r -

o f - t h e - t e n t - p o l e s ,

2

I 8 ;

o f

w h i t e -

woman, 2 1 6 ;

r e d - s t a n d ,

2 I 4 ;

r e p r e s e n t i n g

a s n a k e , 3 3 5 ;

r e p -

r e s e n t i n g w h e e l s , 3

2

9 ; s i m p l e s t ,

3 3 4 ;

w h i t e - s t a n d , 2 I 4 ;

worn

i n f o u r t h

d a n c e , 2

0 2 ; worn

i n

s e c o n d

d a n c e , I

7 4 ,

1 7 8 ,

1 7 9 ;

worn

i n

w o m e n ' s

d a n c e ,

2 1 4 .

H e a d - d r e s s e s , c o l l e c t i o n

o f , 3 3 6 ;

o r n a m e n t a t i o n

o f ,

5 2 - 5 4 .

H e a l t h ,

charm

f o r

r e t a i n i n g ,

4 2 0 .

H e a r t ,

m e d i c i n e

f o r

p a i n

i n , 4 2 0 .

H e m o r r h a g e s , c u r e

f o r ,

4 2 0 .

H i i t e n i ,

s i g n i f i c a t i o n

o f , 4 0 ,

1 4 4 ,

I 49.

H i n a n a e & i n a ,

5 ,

6 .

H i t 6 u n e ' n a - ,

5 ,

6 .

 Hol y w o m e n ,

2 4 7 .

Hoop g a m e ,

3 8 2 - 3 8 6 ;

s c o r i n g

o f

p o i n t s

i n ,

3 8 2 .

H o r s e , p r e c a u t i o n

t a k e n

b e f o r e

b r e a k i n g ,

4 3 1 , 4 3 2 ;

remedy

f o r

k i c k

o f ,

4 3

I

.

H o r s e s , g i v e n

a w a y ,

2 9 6 , 3 6 6 ;

how

f i r s t

o b t a i n e d ,

2 4 .

  H o u s e h o l d

m e d i c i n e s ,

4 4 4 .

Human

b e i n g , s y m b o l i z a t i o n

o f ,

5 8 .

H y p n o t i z a t i o n ,

i m p l e m e n t

u s e d

f o r ,

3 5 9 .

I n d i a n

d e c o r a t i v e

w o r k e r ,

m o t i v e

o f , 239,

273.

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4 6 0 B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n

Museum

o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l .

X V I I I ,

I n f a n t , o n d e a t h

o f m o t h e r , d i s -

p o s a l o f , i 6 .

I n h e r i t a n c e ,

r u l e s

o f ,

i

I .

I n s a n i t y ,

2 0 .

I n s e c t s , c u r e

f o r

b i t e

o f , 4 2

2 .

I n t e r c o u r s e b e t w e e n

r e l a t i o n s ,

r e s t r i c t i o n s

r e g a r d i n g , I 0 ,

I

i .

I n t o x i c a n t s ,

2 0 .

I n t r o d u c t o r y ,

i .

I n v i t a t i o n - s t i c k s ,

u s e

o f ,

3 8 I .

I t c h , c u r e

f o r , 4 2 2 ,

4 5 I .

J e s u p ,

M r s . M o r r i s

K . ,

I , 2 7 9 .

K n i f e - c a s e s ,

o r n a m e n t a t i o n

o n ,

87, 88,

250, 25I.

K n i v e s , m a k i n g o f ,

2 4 .

Knots

f o r

k e e p i n g t a l l y , I 9 9 ,

2 0 1 .

K w a k i u t l ,

c e r e m o n i a l

o r g a n i z a -

t i o n

o f ,

I 5 6 .

L a n c e ,

c a r r i e d

i n

s e c o n d

d a n c e ,

I 7 5 - I 8 I ;

s y m b o l i s m r

o f , I 7 6 .

L a n g u a g e ,

o f

t h e

A r a p a h o , 3 - 5 ;

o f

t h e

B l a c k f o o t ,

4 ,

5 ;

o f

- t h e

C h e y e n n e ,

3 - 5 .

L a n g u a g e s ,

t h e

w e s t e r n

A l g o n k i n ,

4 -

L e g - b a n d s

worn i n

s e c o n d

d a n c e ,

1 7 5 .

L e g g i n g s , d e s i g n s

o n , 4 6 - 5 0 ,

2 4 I ,

2 53 ;

t y p i c a l , 2 5 3 .

L i g h t n i n g ,

c o l o r

f o r ,

2 4 9 ;

i n

p a i n t i n g ,

s y m b o l

f o r , 2 8 I , 2 9 8 ,

2 9 9 .

L o d g e ,

t h e ,

b r i n g i n g

o f c e n t r e

p o l e

f o r ,

2 8 6 ;

p o s i t i o n

o f

p a r t i c i p a n t s

i n

f i r s t

d a n c e

i n ,

I 8 2 ; p o s i t i o n

o f

p a r t i c i p a n t s

i n

s e c o n d d a n c e

i n ,

I 6 2 .

*

L u n g - d i s e a s e ,

c u r e

f o r ,

4 2 0 .

M a n l i n e s s ,

h o r s e

o f ,

3 1 9 .

g i v e n

a s

p r o o f

M a r r i a g e ,

r e s t r i c t i o n s

r e g a r d i n g ,

I I ;

s t a t e m e n t s

o n ,

I 2 - I 4 .

M e a d o w - l a r k , b e l i e f

a s t o s o n g

o f ,

3

I 8 .

M e a t , manner o f

b o i l i n g ,

2 5 .

M e d i c i n e , i n s t r u m e n t

f o r g r i n d -

i n g , 439-

M e d i c i n e - b a g ,

c o n t e n t s

o f ,

4 2 2 ,

4 2 4 ,

4 3 5 ,

4 4 4 , 4 4 5 ;

d e s c r i p t i o n

o f ,

117-II9.

M e d i c i n e - c a s e , s y m b o l i c

d e s i g n

o n , 4 3 6 .

M e d i c i n e - c a s e s ,

d e s c r i p t i o n o f ,

I32-I35.

M e d i c i n e - h o o p ,

s y m b o l i s m

o f

t h e ,

2 4 8 .

M e d i c i n e - m a n ,

v a r i o u s

means em-

p l o y e d

by t h e , 4 5 2 .

M e s c a l , e f f e c t s

o f ,

2

I .

M e s c a l - p l a n t ,

f o r

p e y o t e

c e r e -

mony,

p r e p a r a t i o n o f ,

3 9 9 .

M e x i c a n s and

A r a p a h o , u s e

o f

numbers

b y , 4 I 3 .

M o c c a s i n s , o r n a m e n t a t i o n

o n ,

3 6 -

4 9 ,

2 3 4 ,

2 3 5 ,

2 5 4 ,

2 6 0 - 2 6 3 , 2 7 6 .

M o d e r n

c e r e m o n i e s , 3 1 9 - 4 I 0 .

M o l e , e f f e c t

o f

t o u c h i n g a ,

4 2 2 .

M o o n ,

s i c k n e s s

p r e d i c t e d by p o s i -

t i o n

o f , 4 2 8 .

M o o n e y ,

J a m e s ,

3 ,

7 .

M o r n i n g

s t a r ,

s y m b o l

o f

t h e ,

I 4 9 .

M o t i v e , p a r a l l e l b e t w e e n

t h e r e -

l i g i o u s

and t h e

a e s t h e t i c ,

2 7 3 .

M o u n t a i n s ,

b l u e

u s e d t o d e n o t e

r o c k y ,

I I

4 .

M o u r n i n g ,

t i m e

o f , I 7 .

Mummy,

d e c o r a t e d

w r a p p i n g o f ,

2 5 6 .

M u r d e r e r , s t a t u s

o f ,

1 7 .

M u s s e l - s h e l l ,

u s e s

f o r ,

4 4 0 .

M y t h ,

o f

A r a p a h o , t r i b a l ,

3 0 9 ;

o f

c r e a t i o n ,

p i c t o g r a p h i c d e -

s i g n s

i n

r e f e r e n c e

t o ,

3

I 1 ,

3 1 2 ;

o f

T a n g l e d - H a i r ,

2 2 .

N a m e , c h a n g i n g o f ,

2 9 6 , 3 6 5 .

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1902-07.

N a v e l ,

i n

d e c o r a t i v e

s y m b o l i s m ,

5 6 ;

u n v a r y i n g s y m b o l

f o r

t h e ,

' 4 4 .

N a v e l - a m u l e t s , 5 4 - 5 8 .

N a v e l - s t r i n g ,

p r e s e r v a t i o n

o f ,

5 4 .

N E - w a g i n a h a ' a n a n ,

5-7.

N e c k l a c e o f

r a b b i t f e e t and

f e a t h e r s ,

3 3 9 .

N i a a t a n - r o o t ,

u s e

o f ,

3 2 ,

2 0 1 .

N o r t h

P a c i f i c

c o a s t ,

d u p l i c a t i o n

o f

p i e c e s

o f

a r t

i n ,

I 4 8 ;

r e a l i s m

i n

d e c o r a t i v e

a r t

o f ,

I 4 6 .

Number

f o u r ,

c o n n e c t i o n o f c i r c l e

w i t h

I n d i a n

c o n c e p t i o n o f ,

4 I 3 ;

c o n n e c t i o n

o f

c o l o r s

w i t h ,

4 I 4 ;

s i g n i f i c a n c e

o f ,

4 I 2 .

N u m b e r s ,

A r a p a h o

s a c r e d ,

4

I

I .

O b j e c t s

w i t h

d e c o r a t i o n

p e c u l i a r

t o

t h e m s e l v e s ,

2 5 4 .

Oklahoma

b r a n c h

o f

t h e

A r a p a h o

v i s i t e d

i n

I 8 9 9 ,

I .

O l d

a g e ,

d e a t h

by

war

p r e f e r r e d

t o , 2 3 ;

f o r m u l a

f o r

s e c u r i n g ,

3 I 5 .

O r i g i n a l i t y

i n

d e c o r a t i o n ,

m y t h i -

c a l c h a r a c t e r

o f ,

2 7 3 .

O r n a m e n t a t i o n ,

c o l o r s

c h a r a c -

t e r i s t i c

o f

A r a p a h o , 6 4 ;

d i v e r -

s i t y

and

g e n e r a l

s i m i l a r i t y

c o -

e x i s t e n t

i n ,

9 8 .

O s a g e s ,

f r i e n d s h i p

w i t h t h e

A r a p -

a h o

e s t a b l i s h e d

b y

t h e ,

8 .

O w n e r - o f - t h e - t e n t - p o l e s ,

2 I I - 2 1 3 ,

2 I 8 ,

2 I 9 ;

r e g a l i a o f ,

2 I 8 - 2 2 0 .

P a i n t - b a g ,

o f

d o g - d a n c e r ,

2 0 0 ;

u s e

and

o r n a m e n t a t i o n

o f ,

2 5 1 .

P a i n t i n g ,

i n

d a n c e ,

k e e p i n g t a l l y

o f ,

I 9 9 ,

2 0 I ;

o f

d a n c e r ' s

w i f e ,

200.

P a i n t - p o u c h e s ,

t y p i c a l

f o r m s

o f ,

7 7 - 8 5 .

P a r f l e c h e ,

c o n s t r u c t i o n

o f , 2 5 4 ;

d e s c r i p t i o n

o f ,

1 0 4 - I I 4 ;

o r n a -

m e n t a t i o n

o f , 2 5 7 ,

2 7 6 ;

o p e n -

i n g

o f ,

1 0 5 ;

s y n c h r o n o u s p a i n t -

i n g o n f o u r

s i d e s o f ,

I 2 2 ;

t y p i c a l d e s i g n

f o r , 2 5 7 ; u s e

o f ,

I04, 2 5 4 .

P a w n e e ,

f r i e n d s h i p w i t h

t h e

A r a p -

a h o

e s t a b l i s h e d

b y

t h e , 8 .

P e n a l t y f o r

s l e e p i n g

d u r i n g

r e -

c i t a l

o f a

s t o r y , 3 I 8 .

P e y o t e ,

e f f e c t s o f ,

3 2 0 , 4 0 3 .

P e y o t e c e r e m o n y ,

t h e ,

e a g l e - c r y

i m i t a t e d by l e a d e r

o f ,

4 0 3 ;

e a t i n g

p e y o t e a t , 4 0 2 ;

e r e c t i o n

and

p r e p a r a t i o n o f

t e n t

f o r ,

3 9 9 ; l a s t

a c t s i n , 4 0 4 ; l i n e a g e

o f , 4 I o ;

m a k i n g

a l t a r f o r , 4 0 I ;

p a s s i n g o f e a r t h

i n , 4 0 2 ; p a t h

f o r

t h o u g h t s

o f

w o r s h i p p e r s

a t ,

4 o I ; p l a c e o f

d i r e c t o r

o f ,

4 0 1 ;

p l a c e

o f

f i r e - t e n d e r

o f ,

4 0 I ;

p r a y i n g

a t ,

4 0 I ,

4 0 3 ;

s o n g s

a t ,

4 0 3 ;

u n s a l t e d f o o d

f o r , 4 0 0 ;

u s e

o f

e a g l e

w i n g - f e a t h e r

a t ,

40I-403;

use

o f sage

a t , 402;

u s e

o f

s h a r p i n s t r u m e n t s

a t ,

4 0 0 .

P e y o t e

o b j e c t s ,

p r o b a b l e

s o u r c e

o f , 4 I 0 .

P e y o t e

w o r s h i p ,

3 9 8 - 4 I 0 ; h e a d -

d r e s s

f o r , 4 0 7 - 4 0 9 ;

new

f o r m

o f ,

4 0 5 ;

o b j e c t s

most

u s e d

i n ,

4 0 5 .

P i c t o g r a p h y

and

s y m b o l i s m , d i f -

f e r e n t i a t i o n

o f , I 4 9 .

P i l l o w ,

d e s c r i p t i o n

o f

b u f f a l o -

s k i n ,

6 5 ,

6 6 .

P i p e , t h e ,

c o m p l i a n c e

s e c u r e d b y

use

o f ,

1 3 , I 5 9 , 200,

201; form

and

m a t e r i a l

o f , 2 I ; k e e p e r

o f

s a c r e d ,

2 8 0 ,

2 8 3 ,

2 8 6 - 2 8 9 ,

2 9 I ,

2 9 4 ,

298, 300,

308, 3 0 9 ;

mo d e l

o f

s a c r e d ,

3

5

9 ;

p r a y e r

t o

model

o f

s a c r e d ,

3 6 2 ;

s a c r e d , 3 0 8 ;

s a c r e d n e s s

o f ,

2 I ; s m o k i n g

o f ,

2 1 , I 6 0 - I 6 2 ,

1 6 4 , I 9 8 ;

t e n t o f

k e e p e r

o f

s a c r e d ,

2 8 I ; t r u t h -

t e l l i n g

s e c u r e d

by

p a s s i n g a n d

s m o k i n g o f ,

3 1 9 .

4 6 r

n d e x .

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4 6 2

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n

Museum o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y . [ V o l . X V I I I ,

P i p e - b a g ,

d e c o r a t e d

w i t h

q u i l l -

w o r k ,

2 6 6 ;

s y m b o l i s m

o f ,

2 6 6 .

P i p e - s t i c k s ,

p i c t o g r a p h i c

c a r v i n g

o n , 3 6 0 - 3 6 2 .

P i p e - s t o k e r ,

2

I .

P o l e ,

c e n t r e ,

f a s t e n i n g

o f

o b j e c t s

t o , 2 8 9 ;

f e l l i n g

and

b r i n g i n g

o f ,

2 8 5 ;

p l a c i n g

o f w h i t e

s k i n

a t f o o t o f , 2 9 5 ;

s c o u t s

s e n t o u t

f o r ,

2 8 2 .

P o r c u p i n e - q u i l l s ,

p o u c h e s

f o r , 7 7 ,

I30.

P o t t e r y ,

m a k i n g

o f ,

2 5 .

P o u c h ,

p e y o t e , 4 0 6 .

P o u c h e s ,

f o r

p o r c u p i n e - q u i l l s ,

7 7 ,

1 3 0 ; o r n a m e n t a t i o n

and

u s e s

o f

s o f t

s k i n ,

7 7 ;

s y m b o l i s m

i n

d e s i g n s

o n , 9 3 ;

t y p i c a l d e s i g n s

f o r ,

2 3 6 .

P o w e r ,

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n

o f

a c q u i s i -

t i o n

o f

s u p e r n a t u r a l ,

I

3 4 .

P r a c t i c e s ,

s e m i - c e r e m o n i a l ,

i

8 .

P r a y e r ,

b e i n g s

a d d r e s s e d

i n , 3

I

3 ;

t o m o d e l

o f

s a c r e d

p i p e ,

3 6 2 ;

u s e d

b e f o r e

e a t i n g ,

3 I 4 ;

u s e d

on

c h a n g i n g

n a m e , 3 I 3 .

P r e s e n t ,

g i v i n g o f , i 8 ,

i

9 ;

man-

n e r

o f

m a k i n g

known

w i s h

f o r ,

i 8 .

P r o p e r t y ,

t r a n s p o r t a t i o n

o f ,

2 3 ,

24 .

P r o w e s s

i n wa r

d i s p l a y e d

on

c l o t h i n g ,

2 6 0 .

P u b e r t y

c e r e m o n y ,

2 4 4 .

Q u i l l - f l a t t e n e r ,

2

9 .

Q u i r t

u s e d

i n

g h o s t - d a n c e , 3 5 4 .

R a b b i t - t e n t ,

t h e ,

abandonment

o f , 3 0 2 ;

e r e c t i o n

o f , 3 0 2 , 3 0 3 ;

p o s i t i o n

o f ,

2 8 I ;

s i n g i n g

and

r i t e s

i n ,

2 8 2 ,

2 8 4 , 3 0 2 ;

t a k e n

d o w n , 2 9 0 .

  R a i n - d a n c e , 3 4 2 .

R a t t l e ,

d i f f e r e n c e

between

m e d i -

c i n e - m a n ' s and

t h a t

o f t r i b a l

c e r e m o n i e s ,

4 4 5 ;

o f

m e d i c i n e -

man, 4 2 4 , 4 2 6 ,

4 4 6 - 4 5 0 -

R a t t l e s n a k e - b i t e ,

c u r e

o f ,

t h r o u g h

a g e n c y

o f d r e a m ,

4 2

I ;

m e d i c i n e

f o r ,

4 2 4 , 4 3 7 .

R a w h i d e ,

u s e s

o f ,

2 5 .

R e a l i s m

i n

d e c o r a t i v e

a r t , o f

N o r t h

P a c i f i c

c o a s t ,

1 4 6 ;

o f

n o r t h w e s t e r n

C a l i f o r n i a ,

1 4 7 .

Red

a s

a

s y m b o l

o f

b l o o d ,

2

5

2 ,

2 6 0 - 2 6 6 .

R e d - l i n e

d e c o r a t i o n ,

2 4 2 - 2 4 6 ,

2 7 3 .

R e d - s t a n d ,

r e g a l i a

o f

t h e ,

2 2 0 .

R e g a l i a ,

c a s e f o r , I 9 5 ,

2 2 0 ,

2 2 5 ;

i n d i c a t i v e

o f r a n k ,

2 2

6 ; making

o f , 1 6 0 - I 6 2 , I 8 2 , I 8 9 ,

I 9 6 ,

2I2;

o f f i r s t d a n c e ,

I 8 4 - I 8 8 ;

o f

f o u r t h d a n c e ,

I 9 8 ,

2 0 I - 2 o 6 ;

o f

h i g h

d e g r e e ,

r e v e r e n c e

f o r ,

2

I

9 ;

o f

t h e o w n e r - o f - t h e - t e n t - p o l e s ,

2 I 8 - 2 2 0 ;

o f r a n k and f i l e ,

2 2 3 ;

o f

r e d - s t a n d ,

2 2 0 ;

o f

s e c o n d

d a n c e , I 7 I - I 8 I ;

o f t h e c a l v e s ,

2 2 2 ;

o f t h l i r d

d a n c e , i 8 8 ,

I 8 9 ,

I 9 3 - I 9 6 ;

o f t r i b a l

a g e - c e r e -

m o n i e s

and

modern

c e r e m o n i e s ,

d i f f e r e n c e

i n ,

4 1 0 ;

o f

w h i t e -

f o o l ,

I 8 9 ,

I 9 3 - 1 9 6 ;

o f w h i t e -

s t a n d , 2 2 I ;

o f

w h i t e - w o m a n ,

2 I 6 - 2 I 8 ;

o f women's

d a n c e ,

2 1 2 - 2 2 4 ;

p r e s e n t a t i o n

o f , I 6 4 ,

I 9 8 ;

worn

i n

s e c o n d

d a n c e ,

s y m b o l i s m

o f ,

1 7 3 , 1 7 6 .

R e l a t i o n s h i p

and a f f i n i t y among

t h e

A r a p a h o ,

t e r m s

o f ,

9 .

R e l a t i v e d i v e r s i t y

o f s y m b o l s

and

d e s i g n s , 2 4 9 .

R e s c u e s y m b o l , 2 6 3 ,

2 6 5 , 2 6 7 ,

2 6 9 ,

2 7 3 .

Rhomboid

i n

d e c o r a t i v e a r t ,

s i g n i f i c a t i o n s

o f , 4 1 3 .

R o b e s o f

t h e

D a k o t a ,

2 4 6 .

S a c r e d b a g ,

3 1 0 .

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1 9 0 2 - 0 7 . ]

I n d e x .

S a c r e d

n u m b e r s , 4

I

2 .

S a d d l e

a s

a

s u b s t i t u t e

f o r

s t i r r u p s ,

5 9 .

S a g e , u s e o f f o o d - d i p p e d ,

2 9 6 ,

299.

S c a l p s h i r t ,

2 5 9 , 2 6 0 .

S c a r f s , s y m b o l i s m

o f

f e a t h e r e d ,

338.

S e c o n d d a n c e ,

a c c o u n t

o f ,

I 5 8 -

i 8 i ; a r m l e t worn

i n , 175, I 7 8 ;

c l u b

u s e d

i n ,

159,

I 7 0 ;

d a n c e r

o f

h i g h e s t d e g r e e i n , I 6 9 ;

d a n c i n g

i n ,

I 6 5 - I 6 8 ;

d e g r e e s

i n , I 5 9 , 175,

1 7 8 - I 8 0 ; drums

u s e d i n ,

I 6 5 ;

h e a d - d r e s s e s

worn

i n , I 7 4 , 1 7 8 , 179;

h o l d e r s

o f

d e g r e e s

i n , I 5 9 ;

i n c e n t i v e

f o r ,

I 5 8 ;

l a n c e

c a r r i e d i n ,

I 7 5 - I 8 I ;

l e g - b a n d s

worn

i n ,

I 7 5 ,

I 7 8 ;

l i c e n s e i n ,

i 6 6 ;

making

o f

r e g a l i a

f o r ,

I 6 0 - I 6 2 ;

o b t a i n -

i n g s i n g i n g - l e a d e r s f o r , i 6 5 ;

p a i n t i n g i n , I 6 9 ;

p o s i t i o n ,

i n

. g r a n d f a t h e r ' s t e n t ,

o f

p a r t i c i -

p a n t s i n , i 6 i ;

p o s i t i o n

o f

p e r-

f o r m e r s

a t ,

I 6 I ;

p r e s e n t a t i o n

o f

r e g a l i a a t , i 6 4 ; r e g a l i a o f ,

I 7 I - I 8 I ; s y m b o l i c

r e f e r e n c e

t o

t h u n d e r

i n ,

i 6 8 ; s y m b o l i s m

o f

r e g a l i a

worn

i n ,

173,

I 7 6 .

S e c o n d

l o d g e ,

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

p a i n t -

d e s i g n o f , I 6 9 .

S e v e n ,

a c e r e m o n i a l

n u m b e r ,

I 5 5 ,

20 2 ,

203;

v a l u e

o f , a s a

num-

b e r ,

4 2 8 .

S e w i n g ,

t o o l s

f o r ,

2 8 .

S e x ,

s y m b o l i z a t i o n o f ,

5 8 .

S h a m a n i s m ,

means

f o r

r e c e p t i o n

o f ,

4 5 3 ;

not a

p r o f e s s i o n ,

419.

S h i e l d - c o v e r ,

I

3

5 .

S i o u x , t h e ,

and

B l a c k f e e t ,

com-

p a r i s o n

o f a r t o f ,

2 7 6 ; c o l o r s

p r e f e r r e d

b y , 270;

dance

b r o u g h t by

t h e

Omaha t o , 3 6 8 ;

d e c o r a t i v e

a r t o f ,

23I; i n t r o - .

d u c t i o n o f

Omaha

d a n c e

b y ,

2 3;

4 6 3

p e r p e t u a t i o n

o f e v e n t s o f

war

b y ,

2 7 I .

S i t t i n g - B u l l ,

h e a d - d r e s s e s made

b y , 3 2 6 , 4 3 I .

S i x t h d a n c e ,

2 0 7 - 2 0 9 .

S k i n , d r e s s i n g

o f ,

2 6 ;

t o o l s

f o r

d r e s s i n g ,

2 6 .

S k i n - s c r a p e r , 2 7 ;

u s e d

f o r

k e e p -

i n g

r e c o r d , 2 6 .

S k y ,

s e x

o f

t h e ,

3 I 3 .

S l e e p i n g d u r i n g

s t o r y - t e l l i n g , p e n -

a l t y

f o r ,

3 I 8 .

Smoke

f r o m

f i r e

i n

t e n t an

i n d e x

o f

d i s p o s i t i o n

o f

o c c u p a n t s ,

I 2 5 .

S n o w - s h o e s

f o r

h u n t i n g

b u f f a l o ,

23.

S o u t h e r n - b e r r y

w a t e r ,

e f f e c t s

o f ,

4 2 4 .

S o u t h w e s t ,

e x a c t

r e p r o d u c t i o n s

i n

p o t t e r y

o f

t h e ,

r a r e ,

1 4 8 .

S p e e c h , by

a

ma n

a t

m a r r i a g e

o f

h i s

d a u g h t e r , 3 1 5 ; b y f a t h e r

o f

a

young

ma n a b o u t t o

marry

a

C h e y e n n e

woman,

3 I 5 .

S p i d e r - w e b d e s i g n ,

2 4 8 .

S p i r i t ,

f o r m

o f

t h e

a p p e a r i n g

a n d

d e p a r t i n g

g u a r d i a n ,

4 I 9 ;

r e p r e -

s e n t a t i o n ,

on

p i c t o g r a p h ,

o f a ,

323.

S p i r i t s , d i s p o s i t i o n o f ,

t h e

r e v e r s e

o f

t h a t

i n

l i f e ,

3

I

7 ; p r e v e n t i o . n

o f

r e t u r n

o f , 3 I 7 .

S p o o n s ,

m a t e r i a l

f o r ,

2

5 .

S p r i n g ,

c a u s e f o r

d r y i n g

up

o f ,

3

I 7 .

S t a r s ,

r e s u l t

o f

c o u n t i n g

t h e , 3 1 7 .

S t i c k ,

f e a t h e r e d ,

s i g n a l

f o r

s t a r t -

i n g d a n c e ,

3

5 7 ; f o r k e d , f o r

t a k i n g

meat

f r o m

k e t t l e , 3 5 8 .

S t o m a c h - a c h e ,

m e d i c i n e

f o r ,

4 2 0 .

S u n , d e c e p t i o n p r a c t i s e d b y t h e ,

30I.

S u n - d a n c e , t h e , 2 7 9 - 3 0 8 ;

A r a p a -

h o

name

f o r , 1 5 2 , 2 8 0 ; b r e a k -

i n g camp f o r , 3 0 0 ;

b u f f a l o -

h u n t

a t ,

2 8 3 ; c o m p a r i s o n

o f

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4 6 4

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n Museum o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

[ V o l .

X V I I I ,

t h e

n o r t h e r n

and

s o u t h e r n

A r a p a h o , 3 0 I - 3 o 8 ; d e s c r i p t i o n

o f

l o d g e

f o r , 1 5 2 ;

d i f f e r e n c e s

b e t w e e n

t h e n o r t h e r n and

s o u t h e r n

A r a p a h o ,

3 0 5 - 3 0 8 ;

d i s t i n c t i v e

c o l o r - c o m b i n a t i o n

o f , 4 I 6 ;

d u r a t i o n

o f ,

3 0 2 ;

f i r s t

day

o f

d a n c e

o f ,

2 9 0 - 2 9 2 ,

3 0 2 ;

f i r s t p r e l i m i n a r y day

o f ,

2 8 2 ,

3 0 1 ;

i n d i v i d u a l i t y

o f

p a i n t i n g

i n , 307;

o f

I 9 0 0 , 2 7 9 - 3 0 I ;

o p e n i n g d a y o f ,

2 8 0 ,

3 0 I ;

s e c o n d day

o f

d a n c e

o f , 2 9 2 -

2 9 7 , 3 0 2 ; s e c o n d p r e l i m i n a r y

d a y

o f , 2 8 3 - 2 8 5 , 3 0 I ;

s e l f -

t o r t u r e

i n ,

3 0 2 ;

s u p p l e m e n t a r y

day o f ,

3 0 0 ,

3 0 2 ;

t h i r d

d a y

o f

d a n c e

o f , 2 9 7 - 3 0 0 , 3 0 2 ;

t h i r d

p r e l i m i n a r y

day

o f ,

2 8 5 - 2 9 0 ,

3 0 1 ;

unmounted

me n

i n ,

i n d i -

c a t i o n f o r ,

2 8 0 .

S u n - d a n c e

and

a g e - c o m p a n y

c e r e m o n i e s ,

c o r r e s p o n d e n c e s

b e t w e e n ,

3 0 3 .

S u n - d a n c e

a n d

a g e - f r a t e r n i t i e s ,

d i f f e r e n c e

i n c e r e m o n i e s

o f , I 5

2 .

S u n - s h a d e

o f

r a w h i d e ,

I 3 6 .

S u p e r n a t u r a l h e l p e r , r e p r e s e n t a -

t i o n

o f , 4 2 9 .

S u p e r n a t u r a l

p o w e r ,

a c q u i s i t i o n

and

t r a n s f e r

o f , 4 I 8 , 4 2 0 , 4 2 I ,

4 2 7 ,

4 2 8 ,

4 3 5 ,

4 3 6 ,

4 5 0 , 4 5 I ;

b e l i e f

a s

t o

s o u r c e

o f ,

4 5 4 ;

f u n d a m e n t a l c o n c e p t i o n o f ,

4 5 1 ;

r e s t r i c t i o n s

w i t h

g i v i n g

o f ,

4 3 5 ;

r o o t s

and p l a n t s em-

p l o y e d

b y , 4 5 1 .

S w e a t - h o us e , p u tt i n g

up

o f ,

2 8 4 .

S w i t c h

u s e d

i n

s w e a t - h o u s e ,

3 I 6 .

Sword o f d a n c e r

i n

f i r s t

d a n c e ,

1 8 4 ,

I 8 5 .

S y m b o l ,

v a r i o u s

s i g n i f i c a t i o n s f o r

e a c h ,

1 4 4 .

S y m b o l i c

r o b e s

o f

t h e

D a k o t a ,

2 4 6 .

S y m b o l i s m , by a n i m a l s ,

r e s t r i c t e d

t o

t h e

s m a l l e r , 5 4 , I 4 8 ;

c o n -

n e c t i o n o f

I n d i a n r e l i g i o u s

l i f e

a n d ,

I 5 0 ; c o n v e n t i o n a l s y s t e m

o f d e c o r a t i v e , I 4 6 , I 4 7 ;

d e -

n o t a t i o n

o f

a g e

and s e x i n ,

5 8 ;

e q u i v a l e n t

o f

a

c i r c l e

i n ,

5 9 ,

i i

6 ;

i n

d e s i g n s o n p o u c h e s , 9 3 ;

i n

f i r s t

d a n c e ,

i 8 8 ;

i n

r e d - l i n e

d e c o r a t i o n , 2 4 4 - 2 4 6 ,

2 7 3 ;

i n d i -

v i d u a l

i n t e r e s t

i n ,

1 4 5 ;

i n d i -

v i d u a l i t y

i n

i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f ,

1 4 3 , 147; m i l i t a r y , 259-27I;

n o f u n d a m e n t a l

c o n n e c t i o n

b e -

tween

s h a m a n i s m

a n d ,

4 5 3 ;

o f

a r r o w - h e a d ,

4 4 I ;

o f

b e l t

i n

s e c -

ond d a n c e ,

I 7 3 ;

o f

c a n e ,

3 5 8

o f

c a r v i n g

on

p i p e - s t i c k s , 3 6 0 -

3 6 2 ; o f

c o l o r s ,

I 4 9 , 24 9, 4I7,

4 I 8 ;

o f

c o u n t e r s

f o r

g u e s s i n g -

g a m e ,

3 7 3 ;

o f

d e c o r a t i o n

o n

hand

m i r r o r ,

3 5 7 ;

o f

d e s i g n s

on

p o u c h e s ,

9 3 ;

o f d i c e

ornamen-

t a t i o n ,

3 8 8 , 3 8 9 ;

o f

d r e s s

d e s i g n s ,

3 4 6 - 3 4 8 ;

o f drum and

* d r u m - s t i c k

d e s i g n s , 3 5 0 ;

o f

f e a t h e r e d

s t i c k ,

3 5 7 ;

o f

h e a d -

d r e s s

f o r

g u e s s i n g - g a m e , 3 7 2 ,

3 8 0 ;

o f h e a d - d r e s s

i n

f o u r t h

d a n c e ,

2 0 2 ;

o f

l a n c e i n

s e c o n d

d a n c e , 1 7 6 ;

o f

o r n a m e n t a t i o n

on

f a n ,

3 5 6 ;

o f

o r n a m e n t a t i o n

on

h o o p

s e t ,

3 8 2 - 3 8 5 ;

o f

o r n a -

m e n t a t i o n

on

q u i r t , 3 5 5 ; o f

r e g a l i a

i n

s e c o n d

d a n c e , I 7 3 ,

1 7 6 ;

o f

s c a r f , 3 3 8 ;

o f

w h i s t l e

d e s i g n s , 3 5 2 ;

p o s i t i v e

and

n e g a t i v e

a c t i o n

o f , 4 5 3 ;

r e l a -

t i v e

p r o p o r t i o n

o f

r e a l i s t i c

and

o r n a m e n t a l ,

5 8 ;

r e l i g i o u s ,

2 7 3 ; r e l i g i o u s t h o u g h t c o n -

n e c t e d w i t h a l l

I n d i a n , I 1 5 0 ;

s c o p e

o f ,

I 4 8 .

S y m b o l s ,

c o m p a r i s o n

o f em-

b r o i d e r e d

and

p a i n t e d ,

1 4 3 ;

l i s t

o f ,

w i t h r e f e r e n c e

t o

p l a t e s ,

I 3 8 - 1 4 3 .

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1902-07

]

I n d e x .

T a b o o s ,

I 5 ,

i

6 .

T a l l y f o r p a i n t i n g ,

k e p t by

k n o t s ,

I99,

201.

T a r a n t u l a ,

c u r e

f o r

b i t e

o f ,

4 3 8 .

T c e d k ' q a - ,

s i g n

o f f r i e n d s h i p , 2 3 .

T c A o g o g i h i i t ,

3

i

8 .

T c e t c a a t c e i - r o o t ,

h y p n o t i c

i n f l u -

e nce o f ,

I 9 0 ,

I 9 I .

T e n t ,

c o n v e n t i o n a l

o r n a m e n t s

o f ,

5 9 - 6 4 ;

f o r

k e e p e r

o f

s a c r e d

p i p e ,

2 8 I , 3 0 9 ; o r n a m e n t a t i o n

o f ,

i n

a c c o r d a n c e

w i t h

d r e a m ,

3 4 8 ; p o s i t i o n

o f

e n t r a n c e

t o

A r a p a h o , I 2 ;

t e m p e r

o f

o c c u -

p a n t s o f ,

i n d i c a t e d

by

smoke

f r o m , I 2 5 .

T e n t

d e s i g n ,

234,

2 3 8 ,

2 5 I , 253,

257,

2 5 8 , 2 6 2 , 2 6 3 , 2 6 5 ,

2 6 7 .

T e n t - o r n a m e n t ,

c e r e m o n i e s

f o r

a t t a c h m e n t

o f ,

7 0 - 7 7 .

T e r r i t o r y

o f

t h e A r a p a h o , 3 .

T h a n k s ,

manner

o f

e x p r e s s i n g ,

3 6 5 .

  T h a n k s ,

word f o r ,

3 1 8 .

T h i r d

d a n c e ,

a c c o u n t o f , I 8 8 - I 9 6 ;

b u i l d i n g

f i r e

f o r ,

I 9 o ; d a n c i n g

i n , I 9 o ;

l i c e n s e

i n , I 9 o ;

r e g a l i a

o f ,

i 8 8 , I 8 9 , 1 9 3 - 1 9 6 ;

wea pons

o f ,

I 8 9 ;

w h i t e - f o o l

o f ,

I 8 9 ,

1 9 3 .

T h u n d e r ,

v i s i b l e

a s p e c t

o f ,

2 4 8 .

Thunder

and l i g h t n i n g ,

i d e a s

r e g a r d i n g ,

3 I

7 .

T h u n d e r s t o r m ,

power

o f

w a t e r

c a u g h t

i n ,

2 I .

T o a d ,

r e g a r d

f o r

h o r n e d ,

5 6 .

T o b a c c o ,

o r i g i n

o f ,

2 2 .

T o i l e t - p o u c h e s ,

d e s c r i p t i o n

o f ,

9 4 -

9 8 .

T o o l s , f o r d r e s s i n g s k i n s , 2 6 ; f o r

s e w i n g ,

2 8 .

T o p ,

name

f o r

game w i t h ,

3 9 7 .

T r i b a l

myth

o f t h e A r a p a h o ,

3 0 9 .

T r i b a l r e l i g i o u s c u s t o m s ,

3 o 8 -

3 I9 .

T u r t l e , t h e , p r o t e c t i o n p r o m i s e d

b y ,

4 2 8 ;

s u p p o s e d

p o w e r o f ,

4 6 5

2 4 2 ; s y m b o l i c

b a s i s

f o r

r e p r e -

s e n t a t i o n

o f ,

2 4 I ;

u s e

o f

h e a r t .

O f , 242.

T u r t l e d e s i g n , 2 40 - 2 4 2 ,

253, 257,

2 5 8 , 2

72.

T w i n s , m y t h i c a l ,

2 2 .

U t e s ,

b r a v e r y

and

s t r e n g t h

o f

t h e ,

8 .

V i s i o n

on t h i r d

d a y o f

f a s t i n g ,

4 2 0 ,

4 2

I .

W a i s t c o a t , b e a d e d ,

5 9 , 2 6 6 ; r e - -

f l e c t i n g

d e e d s

o f

a

f a m i l y , 2 6 7 .

Wand,

a t t a c h m e n t s

t o , 3 5 3 ; o r -

n a m e n t a t i o n o n ,

3 5 3 .

W a r ,

s o c i a l

r e c o g n i t i o n

on

a c - -

c o u n t

o f d e e d s

i n ,

2 6 o ; t r ut h -

f u l n e s s

i n

r e c o u n t i n g d e e d s

o f ,

2 3.

W a r - a m u l e t , 4 2 3 , 4 2 6 ,

4 4 0 .

W a r - p a r t y ,

r i d e

p r e p a r a t o r y

t o -

t h e s t a r t i n g - o u t

o f a , 2 8 2 .

W h e e l , k e e p e r

o f s a c r e d , 3 1 0 ;

s a c r e d ,

3 0 9 .

W h e e l

g a m e , 3 8 6 , 3 8 7 .

W h i r l w i n d ,

c a u s e

o f ,

2 3 6 .

W h i r l w i n d - W o m a n ,

6 i , 3 6 I ;

d e -

s i g n s

f i r s t

made b y ,

I 0 9 ,

I I 0 ,

12 I .

W h i s t l e ,

o r n a m e n t a t i o n

o f ,

3 5 2 .

W h i t e ,

e m b l e m a t i c

o f

s n o w ,

2 6 4 , .

274.

W h i t e - f o o l ,

r e g a l i a

o f , I 8 9 ,

1 9 3 -

I 9 6 .

W h i t e - s t a n d ,

r e g a l i a o f ,

2

I .

W h i t e - w o m a n ,

2

I I - 2 1 3 ; r e g a l i a

o f ,

2

I

6 - 2

I

8 ; s i m i l a r i t y

b e t w e e n

w h i t e - f o o l a n d , 2 2

5 .

W i n d - s t o r m , c a u s e

o f

a

v i o l e n t ,

30I

.

  W o l v e s ,

s e n d i n g

o u t o f ,

2 8 2 .

Woman,

a s

a

f a c t o r i n

t h e d e v e l -

opment

o f d e s i g n ,

2 7 0 ; w h o a

dreamed o f b e a r s ,

4 3 4 ,

4 5 I .

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4 66

B u l l e t i n

A m e r i c a n

Museum o f

N a t u r a l

H i s t o r y .

W o m a n

b e a d - w o r k e r ,

c h i e f con-

cern

o f ,

2 4 0 .

W om e n

d u r i n g

m e n s t r u a t i o n ,

customs

o f , I 5 .

Women's

d a n c e , t h e ,

account

o f ,

2I0-225;

d a n c i n g i n ,

2 I 2 ; d e -

g r e e s i n ,

2 I I ;

o r d e r o f

proces-

s i o n

i n ,

2I3;

p o i n t s

o f resem-

b l a n c e

t o

o t h e r

d a n c e s

i n , 2 2 5 ;

r e g a l i a

o f ,

2I2-224;

s i m u l a t i o n

o f

b u f f a l o i n ,

2 I 3 .

W o r k - b a g s , a s

r e c e p t a c l e s

f o r

t o o l s ,

2 8 ;

w o m e n ' s ,

I 0 0 .

Wyoming

b r a n c h

o f

A r a p a h o ,

v i s i t

t o ,

i n

I 9 0 0 , I.

Y a n a h u t ,

an

A r a p a h o

term

f o r

p l e d g e r

o f

t h e s u n - d a n c e ,

2 8 0 .

Y e l l o w i n

peyote

w o r s h i p ,

405.

  Y e s ,

word f o r ,

3 1 8 .

[ V o l .

X V I I I .

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