Krashen’s Hypotheses aboutSecond language Acquisition

YL-TESOL

Krashen’s 5 Hypotheses

Acquisition-Learning HypothesisThe Affective Filter Hypothesis

The Natural Order Hypothesis

Monitor Hypothesis Input Hypothesis

KRASHEN’S INPUT HYPOTHESIS

Krashen’s InputHypothesis Language is best acquired when language input

(listening or reading) is one level beyond his or her current level of competence. (i +1)

Languagelearner

i + 1i + 1

booksbooks

the teacher

the teacher

other students

other students

moviesmovies

the student’scurrent

languagelevel

+ 1

the student’scurrent

languagelevel

What studentsalready know

What teachersshould provide

The Input Hypothesis

The Input Hypothesis

Week 1 Week 2 Week 3

The Input Hypothesis (Bad examples)

i+ 5

Not building on previous experiences

Too much new content(learner overload)

known

known

input + 1

input + 1

overload

overload

KRASHEN’S NATURAL ORDER HYPOTHESIS

The Natural Order Hypothesis

PROGRESSIVE (+ing)PLURAL (n.+ s)IRREGULAR PAST

PROGRESSIVE (+ing)PLURAL (n.+ s)IRREGULAR PAST

POSSESSIVE (+‘s)COPULA (be + n./adj.)POSSESSIVE (+‘s)COPULA (be + n./adj.)

ARTICLE (a, the)REGULAR PASTARTICLE (a, the)REGULAR PAST

3RD PERSON SINGULAR (v.+ s)AUXILIARY (be + verbs)3RD PERSON SINGULAR (v.+ s)AUXILIARY (be + verbs)

KRASHEN’S AFFECTIVE FILTER HYPOTHESIS

Krashen’s Affective Filter Hypothesis

Krashen’s Affective Filter Hypothesis

Language is acquired best in an environment where anxiety and defensiveness are low.

Affective Filter

Languagelearner

I + 1

BooksBooks

The teacher

The teacher

Other students

Other students

moviesmovies

(Affective Filter)

an

ge

r

fea

rnerv

ou

snes

s

bore

do

m

KRASHEN’S ACQUISITION-LEARNING HYPOTHESIS

Sub-conscious learningLearning from experiences:books, movies, games, toys, conversations, and so on.

Language AcquisitionKnowing through languagePicking up wordsTrying to ask for thingsTalking about experiences

Knowing about language

Know grammar rulesMemorized word lists

Can describe language

Conscious learningLearning rules

Grammar instructionError correction

Language Learning

Sub-conscious learningLearning from experiences:books, movies, games, toys, conversations, and so on.

Language Acquisition

Knowing through languagePicking up wordsTrying to ask for thingsTalking about experiences

L1

Language Learning

Knowing about language

Know grammar rulesMemorized word lists

Can describe language

Conscious learningLearning rules

Grammar instructionError correction

L2

KRASHEN’S MONITOR HYPOTHESIS

Krashen’s Monitor Hypothesis Language learners monitor their communication

and correct minor errors based on what they know about the language.

Languagelearner

inputinput

learned rules and grammar outputoutput

1 2

TheEnd