KOSOVO HOUSEHOLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION · PDF fileKosovo Household Energy Consumption Facts and...

KOSOVO HOUSEHOLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION

Brian H. Bowen PhD, James A. Myers PhDArzana Myderrizi, Blendi Hasaj, Blerina Halili

AUK-RIT Center for Energy & Natural Resources

FACTS FIGURES&

Kosovo Household Energy Consumption

Facts and Figures

Brian H. Bowen PhD, James A. Myers PhD, Arzana Myderrizi, Blendi Hasaj, Blerina Halili

AUK-RIT Center for Energy & Natural Resources American University in Kosovo

Rochester Institute of Technology

Funding Agencies: World Bank, Rockefeller Brothers Fund, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research

March 2013

Prishtina 10000 Kosovo

Contents

1. The AUK Surveys and Residential Energy Consumption Variables..........................................1 2. 2012 Aggregated Data From Kosovo’s Six Major Cities...........................................................6 3. Prishtina.................................................................................................................................17 4. Ferizaj.................................................................................................................................... 23 5. Gjakova..................................................................................................................................32 6. Gjilan......................................................................................................................................40 7. Mitrovica................................................................................................................................49 8. Peja........................................................................................................................................57 9. Prizren....................................................................................................................................66

10. Rural Community: Mountain Villages in Dragash and Shtërpce............................................74

Acknowledgements

The Center for Energy and Natural Resources expresses sincere thanks to the three funding agencies, the World Bank, the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, and the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, who made it possible to conduct the Kosovo household surveys.

Special thanks are also due to the several AUK student researchers who diligently visited over 5000 households in summer 2010 and summer 2012. These included: Arzana Myderrizi, Blendi Hasaj, Blerina Halili, Kushtrim Avdiu, Shkelqim Gërxhaliu, Rita Saraqi, Rina Vuqiterna, Gentiana Mahmuti, Agon Nixha, Adnan Hoxha, and Kushtrim Bahtiri.

Facts & Figures | 1

The AUK Surveys and Residential Energy Consumption Variables

1. The AUK Surveys and Residential Energy Consumption Variables From 2010 to 2013 the American University in Kosovo (AUK) conducted household energy consumption survey work. AUK student teams were employed and funding was provided by the World Bank, the Rockefeller Brothers Fund (RBF), and the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA). A substantial dataset has been collected for many urban and some rural homes around Kosovo. In summer 2010 the homes in the capital city Prishtina were surveyed (2,370 homes) and in summer 2012 the homes in the other six major cities (2,966 homes). Data collection also took place in the mountain villages of Kosovo (150 homes). The collection of reliable residential energy consumption data for Europe’s youngest country, Kosovo, is still in its infancy and so the AUK survey work makes a unique contribution to the topic, especially for consumption in the urban areas. In the AUK surveys particular attention was given to wood consumption. From the 5,336 urban homes, 63% of them consumed wood for heating purposes. The average amount of wood consumed per urban home was 9.75 m3 per year (aggregated data in Section 3). The smaller survey in the mountain villages (150 homes) shows that 100% of them use wood for heating. The amount of wood consumed per rural home is 11.47 m3 per year (Section 10). Specific data for Prishtina is reported in Section 2 and for the cities Ferizaj, Gjakova,

Gjilan, Mitrovica, Peja, and Prizren in Sections 4 to 9. According to the 2011 Kosovo National Census it was estimated that 42.6% of the total population is living in the urban areas [1.5 and Table 1.1]. The AUK urban Homes dataset provides the best known household energy consumption picture for these 42.6% of all Kosovo homes.

Table 1.1 Ratio of Urban to Rural Dwellings in Kosovo

[Ref 1.5]

Over recent years, various countries in the European Union (EU) have made reductions in household energy consumption and so improved the household energy efficiency. These improved efficiencies however have generally been offset by the increases in demand for more energy. Most energy consumption in homes across Europe is in space heating. On average this accounts for 68% of household energy consumption in the EU-27 [1.9]. The energy consumption in Kosovo homes for space heating is estimated at over 80% of total home energy consumption [1.10]. From 1997 to 2007 the average energy efficiency improvement rate for the EU-27 countries was 0.8% per year. In

Urban Rural Total

Number of dwellings

175,791 236,728 412,519

Vacant dwellings

42,340 57,468 99,808

Dwelling with more than 1

person

133,451 179,260 312,711

Percentage of total

42.6% 57.3%

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specific countries like Bulgaria and Romania their average energy efficiency improvements, over the ten year period, were of the order of 1.8% and 4.4% respectively. Countries such as Germany, Italy and Croatia had improvement rates of 1.0%, 0.4%, and 0.2% [1.9]. The average heating consumption per dwelling for the 27 countries of the EU has been estimated to be 71GJ. The overall energy efficiency of Kosovo, in terms of energy intensity, compares favorably with many other countries in Europe. Kosovo’s 2010 energy intensity was about 260 kg oil equivalent used per €1000 GDP. Denmark has the best performance with Europe’s lowest energy intensity of 118 kgoe/€1000 GDP. Bulgaria has the highest energy intensity in Europe at 1600 kgoe/€1000. Households across the EU tend to consume about 26% of their total national energy consumption. In 2010 Kosovo’s Ministry of Energy and Mining (MEM) National Energy Efficiency Plan indicated that about 33% of Kosovo’s energy consumption was consumed by the country’s 312,711 households (about 7% higher than the EU average, Table 1.2).

Table 1.2 Energy Consumption by Sector in Kosovo & the European Union, 2012

[Ref 1.2]

The total number of homes that use wood for heating in Kosovo is estimated at 271,161 (Table 1.3). It was discovered that 36% of the Prishtina homes were using wood for heating. This was at a rate of 7.58 m3 per year. 85% of all other urban homes were using wood at a rate of 9.75m3. 100% of village homes were using wood at a rate of 11.47m3 per year. An approximation of 9.6m3 of wood is being consumed by homes around Kosovo each year.

Table 1.3 Estimation of Total Wood Consumption for Heating Homes in Kosovo

Location Total Homes

% Homes Using Wood

Wood Consumed

m3 Prishtina 43,943*1 36% 119,911*2 All other

cities 89,508 85% 741,798*3

Villages 179,260 100 % 2,056,112*4 TOTAL 312,711*1 271,161 2,917,821

[Ref 1.5, pg.131 and Ref 1.3 pg.545]

*1 Number from Ref [1.5] *2 Prishtina homes consume about 7.58 m3 of wood/year. *3 Kosovo major urban homes consume about 9.75m3 of wood/year. *4 Assuming Kosovo rural homes consume about 11.47 m3 of wood/year.

The AUK surveys is show a total wood consumption in Kosovo homes per year to be in the order of 2.4 to 2.9 Million cubic meters (106m3) (Table 1.3). In a 2008 publication by a team from the University of Prishtina [1.1] there was an estimation of 1.5 106 m3 of wood consumption per year. Another study showed that about 37% of Kosovo’s 446,000 Hectares of forest were private forests and 35% of all woodfuel came from illegal harvesting [1.7]. The AUK study demonstrates a need for further investigation into domestic wood consumption and regulation of tree cutting.

Country Sector

Kosovo Energy Consumption

(%)

Average EU Countries

Energy Consumption (%)

Households 33.3 26.3 Services 13.3 12.5 Industry 22.4 27.8

Transport 26.5 30.9 Agriculture 5.1 2.5

Facts & Figures | 3


Emissions from both firewood and coal are concerns to health and the environment. The firewood emissions are low on carbon dioxide emission compared with coal and petroleum (by weight about 1/25 of the amount issued per Lignite ton). Other emissions from wood, including carbon monoxide and methane, are dangerous however to the indoor environment for the very young and elderly (Table 1.4). Methane is considered to be a relatively potent greenhouse gas. It has a high global warming potential 72 times that of carbon dioxide

Table 1.4 Emissions from Woodfuel

Pollutant Emissions Gram/kg Fuelwood

Carbon Monoxide 80-370 Methane 14-25

Volatile Organic Compounds 7-27 Oxygenated Monoaromatics 1-7

Alkyl Benzenes 1-6 Aldehydes 1-54

[Ref 1.6, pg. 136]

Broader health and environmental issues do exist with extensive indoor wood stoves. The efficiency of wood burning stoves can be as high as 70 to 80% but many of the stoves in Kosovo are expected to have efficiencies which are lower than these values. The best designed and more expensive stoves can produce almost no smoke, minimal ash, and require less woodfuel therefore reducing emissions for the same heat production. Old stoves are likely to release 15 to 30 grams of smoke per hour. The U.S.A. EPA-certified wood stoves produce only 2 to 7 grams of smoke per hour (EPA's mandatory smoke emission limit is 7.5 grams/hour for non-catalytic stoves and 4.1 for catalytic stoves) [1.11].

Table 1.5 Institute of Hydrometeorology of Kosovo (IHMK) & EU Limiting Values, 2010

There is currently very little environmental data available for Kosovo. The one Hydrometeorological Station in Prishtina shows particulate matter to be 44% higher than the European Union limits (Table 1.5). With installation of well proven commercial technology, the reduction of particulates from coal is achievable. Kosovo’s high ash lignite coal produces low emissions of sulphur dioxide, which are about 8% of the EU limiting value. The energy consumption data, provided in this AUK publication, should make a valuable contribution towards policy development and household planning. Kosovo’s SO2, NO2, CO and O3 levels do not exceed EU limiting values. The coal consumption (for electricity generation) in Kosovo is vitally important for the economy. Kosovo’s coal reserves are very substantial with Lignite reserves of 10 Billion Tons. Only Germany (42 Billion Tons) and Poland (14 Billion Tons) have greater Lignite reserves in Europe than Kosovo (Table 1.4). A major challenge to Kosovo with both coal and woodfuel is the emissions of particulate matter, methane and other pollutants. In 2010 there was only one monitoring station in Prishtina (Institute of Hydrometeorology of Kosovo, IHMK). This existing station records

µg/m3 SO2+ PM10+ NO2

* CO ** O3**

European Union,

Limiting Value

125.0 50.0 200.0 10,000 120.0

IHMK Prishtina, Average

Concentration

9.5 72.3 26.2 5,382 36.9

[Ref 1.4] Note: + 24 Hour average, * Hour average, ** Maximum 8 hour average/day

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the particulate matter in the environment (72 micrograms per cubic meter) which exceeds the EU acceptable level (50 micrograms per cubic meter, Table 1.5). Homes in Kosovo are paying much higher percentages of their incomes for electricity, even though the electricity tariffs are among some of the lowest in Europe (Figure 1.2). Countries like UK, Italy and Germany are paying around 15 Eurocents per kWh. Countries like Kosovo, Serbia and Macedonia are only charging around 5 Eurocents per kWh [1.8]. Potential increased electricity tariffs in Kosovo will add significant pressure on most households and prompt increased usage of alternative fuels. The AUK studies show that around 60% of Kosovo urban homes are paying between 10% and 30% of their family income on electricity consumption (Section 2). This is a particularly huge burden for Kosovo homes and the major reason why wood fuel is so prevalent.

Figure 1.2 Residential Electricity Tariffs (€ cents)

Ref 1.8 & 1.12

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Residential Electricity Tariffs 2012

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References

1.1 Bajraktari AB, Pira BP , Ebner ME, Petutsching AB (2010). “Estimation of firewood usage in Kosovo Perspectives for Future Development.” University of Prishtina, viewed 10 January 2011, <http://www.fhsforschung.at/fileadmin/documents/holz/Publikationen/Konferenzbeitraege/2010_Bajraktari__Pira_et_al_-_PTF_BPI_2010.pdf

1.2 Berisha, LB (2010). “Applying Energy Efficiency Standards in Kosovo’s Residential Buildings,” RIT Masters’ Dissertation, American University in Kosovo, Prishtine.

1.3 Bowen, H. Brian, James A. Myers, and Agon Nixha (2011). “Kosovo’s Household Energy Efficiency and Fuel Supplies.” Vol. 5, No. 4, p. 545-663. International Journal of Energy Sector Management.

1.4 Hoxha, Visare (2010). “Development of an Air Quality Monitoring Network for Kosovo.” RIT Master’s Dissertation, American University in Kosovo.

1.5 Kosovo Agency of Statistics, “Kosovo Population and Housing Census 2011,” Final Report. 1.6 Larson, R. and Koeing J (1993). “Wood Smoke: Emissions and Noncancer Respiratory

Effects,” EPA-453-R-93-036. Health Department, University of Washington <http://ehs.sph.berkeley.edu/krsmith/CRA/tb/LarsonTimothy%20V_1994.pdf>.

1.7 Ministry of Agriculture, Forest and Rural Development 2010, Policy and Strategy Paper on Forestry Sector Development 2010 – 2020, Prishtina, Kosovo.

1.8 “Average Domestic Electricity Tariffs” (2012). Eurostat. 1.9 “Consumption and the Environment, 2012 Update”, European Environment Agency

<http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/consumption-and-the-environment-2012> 1.10 “Energy for Development – Human Development Report.” 2007. UNDP. 1.11 Environmental Policy Agency (2009). “Choosing the Right Wood Stove,” viewed 25

November 2010, <http://www.epa.gov/burnwise/woodstoves.html> 1.12 “World Key Energy Statistics, 2012.” International Energy

Agency. http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/kwes.pdf

http://www.fhsforschung.at/fileadmin/documents/holz/Publikationen/Konferenzbeitraege/2010_Bajraktari__Pira_et_al_-_PTF_BPI_2010.pdf

http://www.fhsforschung.at/fileadmin/documents/holz/Publikationen/Konferenzbeitraege/2010_Bajraktari__Pira_et_al_-_PTF_BPI_2010.pdf

http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/consumption-and-the-environment-2012

http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/kwes.pdf

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2012 Aggregated Data From Kosovo’s Six Major Cities

In Summer 2012 the six major cities of Kosovo, Ferizaj, Gjakova, Gjilan, Mitrovica, Peja, and Prizren, had AUK student teams visiting them with questionnaires from the AUK Household Energy Efficiency Survey. The number of homes visited in each city are listed in Table 2.1. The survey for the capital city, Prishtina, had been completed earlier in the summer of 2010 (Section 3). The total urban homes visited over the 2010/2013 period amounted to 5,338.

Table 2.1 Number of Homes Surveyed

Name of City Surveyed in 2012

Number of Homes Surveyed

Ferizaj 466 Gjakova 500

Gjilan 502 Mitrovica 500

Peja 500 Prizren 500

Prishtina (2010) 2,370 TOTAL 5,338

Sections 4 to 9 in this report provide the survey results on an individual city by city basis. This section aggregates all the results from the 6 cities (excluding Prishtina) for each of the questions in the survey. The numbers provided here are therefore most useful when attempting to understand the general picture of household energy consumption in

the urban centers of Kosovo. A total of 2,966 homes, from the 6 cities, provides an impressive and comprehensive data set from which the most reliable data, so far, is documented for Kosovo. The 2011 Kosovo Census reports that 42.6% of the total population of the country are living in the urban centers [2.5]. The aggregated data from the six cities has been analyzed based on the floor sizes of the homes. In these urban centers 92% of all homes visited have a floor area of between 50m2 to 250m2. There are 19% of the homes having 86-100m2 and 21% having 101-150m2 (Table 2.2). In the majority of all homes most of them will be heating only one or two rooms in winter time. In the smallest homes (<50m2) 65% of them are heating only one room. In the largest homes 31% of them are heating only one room (Table 2.2). In most instances the homes are purchasing 6-10m3 of timber each year. In the medium sized homes of 86-100m2 there are 66% of them purchasing 6-10m3 annually and 16% are purchasing 11-15m3 annually (Table 2.2). There are 45% of the largest homes spending over €325 annually for purchasing wood while in the smallest homes 38% are spending €101-175. Nearly half of the homes are paying €31-60 per month on their January electricity bill. Nearly half of the smaller homes have 6-10 electric light bulbs and nearly half of the largest homes have >15 (Table 2.2).

2. 2012 Aggregated Data From Kosovo’s Six Major Cities

Facts & Figures | 7


Table 2.2 Aggregated Data from Ferizaj, Gjakova, Gjilan, Mitrovica, Peja, and Prizren

2.A Household Backgrounds

Figure A.1 shows that over 60% of all homes in the six cities were built in the period 1970-2000. Just over 20% of homes were built after 2000. About 15% were built before 1970. The majority of homes are therefore about 12 to 42 years old with only just under one seventh of the homes being older than 42 years. Most homes should therefore be suitable for investing in energy efficiency improvements. Only about 4% of all homes had less than 50m2 of floor space and another 4% that were having more than 250m2 of space (Figure A.2). Over 90% of all homes have 51-250m2 of floor space.

Over 55% of all urban homes in Kosovo were shown to have between 5 and 8 people living in them. About one third of all urban homes have 4 or less people living in them. Less than 10% of all homes have more than 8 people in them (Figure A.3). Generally across most of Europe the preferred family size continues to have two children. Family sizes in Kosovo are therefore larger than most homes in Europe [2.9]. The OECD average sized family in the early 2000s was with 3.9 people. Ireland had the largest average family size with 4.3 people. Family sizes in the Balkan region tended to be just below four people (Romania, Slovenia and Greece were all about 3.9 and Bulgaria 3.6) [2.7]. In urban areas of Albania 55% of family are four

Facts & Figures | 8


0

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60

80

Old (before1970)

Medium(1970-2000)

New (after2000)

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Figure A.1. Dates of Construction, Aggregate

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Home Area

Figure A.2. Area of Homes (m3), Aggregate

people in size. The average number of birth per woman in Albania is 1.6 [2.6]. Both regionally and Europe wide the sizes of families in Kosovo tend to be larger. In Kosovo about one third of the population is in the age range of 16 to 35 years old. Another third of the population is in the 36 to 65 years of age. 59% of Kosovo’s urban population is below 35 years of age (Figure A.4).

In Kosovo 42% of urban homes have one person working and 27% of them have two people working (Figure A.5). Kosovo's unemployment rate is estimated at 45% (mainly young people, women, and those with only basic education). This is the highest in the Western Balkans. Unemployment rates across Europe continue to rise and on average are just over 10% of the working population. The rate of unemployment in Kosovo however is extremely high compared to most other European states.

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1-4people

5-8people

9-12people

>12people

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Number of People Living in the Residence

Figure A.3. Family Size, Aggregate

0%

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<6years

7-15years

16-19years

20-25years

26-35years

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51-65years

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Figure A.4. Distribution of Ages, Aggregate

Facts & Figures | 9


0%

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10%

15%

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30%

1 3 5 7 9 1113151719212325272931333537

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m3 of wood

Figure B.3. Cubic Meters of Wood Bought in 2011, Aggregate

2.B Heating Systems

A significant result from the surveys shows that on average 85% of urban homes in Kosovo are using wood as their main source of heating (Figure B.1). Only about 9% of urban homes use electricity for heating. Wood is the cheapest fuel source and electricity continues to be a costly commodity for most homes. Kosovo’s rate of domestic wood consumption is anticipated to be higher than is generally accepted [2.2]. The consumption patterns in homes is very selective with 41% of the homes heating only one room and 33% of homes heating two rooms. This is very energy efficient consciousness compared with most homes across Europe and the United States (Figure B.2). 87% of the urban homes are consuming between 5m3 and 15m3 of wood per annum (Figure B.3). Around 28% of homes are consuming about 10m3 of wood per annum. The overall average consumption of wood per home is 9.75 m3 per annum. Most of the homes are spending between €150 to €300 per annum in purchasing wood (Figure B.4). In nearly all cases the homes are using wood simply because it is the cheapest fuel source (Figure B.5). About two thirds of homes are

purchasing Oak and nearly one third Beech (Figure B.6).

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Figure A.5. Employment of Residents, Aggregate

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Figure B.1. Heating Sources, Aggregate

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Number of Rooms Heated

Figure B.2. Number of Rooms Heated, Aggregate

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0%

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Figure B.4. Money Spent on Buying Wood in 2011, Aggregate

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Reasons for Using Wood

Figure B.5. Reasons for Using Wood, Aggregate

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Oak Beech Pine TurkeyOak

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Wood Types

Figure B.6. Wood Types, Aggregate

2.C Electricity Consumption

The survey data shows that 31% of homes are spending 10% to 20% of family income on their electricity bill. About 28% of homes are spending between 20% to 30% of family income on electricity (Figure C.1). The cost of electricity to most Kosovo homes is extremely expensive. This requires families to purchase low cost wood which also promotes air pollution in the cities of Kosovo. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) the average energy consumption in U.S. homes in 2009 was just over 90 GJ/home [2.8]. The amount of energy consumed for heating in the 27 EU countries is just over 71 GJ/home/year [2.3]. There is increased appreciation for the low cost of coal, in the U.S. although concerns continue for the impact on the environment. A very similar case is to be made for Kosovo. Estimates in this AUK survey show that the average urban Kosovo home will use about 78 GJ (assuming 9.75 m3/year x 8 GJ/m3) for heating each year [2.1]. It is even more critical for Kosovo, with its’ very low GDP and weak economy, to have low cost fuel supplies. With the current high electricity costs for Kosovo consumers there will be little likelihood of increasing the use of electricity for heating purposes. In summer months most of Kosovo’s urban homes (62%) will spend €16-30/month on electricity (Figure C.2). In winter months most homes (45%) will pay €31-60/month on electricity (Figure C.3). In summer there are less than 3% of the homes spending €60-100/month on electricity but in winter there are 23% of homes paying this rate.



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Percentage of Income

Figure C.1. Spending on Electricity as a Percentage of Family Income,

Aggregate

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Amount Spent on Electricity

Figure C.2. Amount Spent on Electricity in July, Aggregate, 2011

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Figure C.3. Amount Spent on Electricity in January, Aggregate,

2011

2.D Insulation of Homes

In Kosovo’s urban homes 33% of them are having roof insulation, 46% double glazing,

26% wall insulation and 84% have insulated hot water tanks (Tables D.1, D.2, D.3, D.4). In west European countries these values are higher. In the United Kingdom for example, 66% of the homes have roof insulation and 69% have wall insulation [2.4]. Table D.1.

Roof Insulation Percentage of Homes

No 63.7 Yes 32.9

Don't know 3.4

Table D.2.

Double Glazing Percentage of Homes

No 52.9 Yes 46.4

Don't know .7

Table D.3.

Wall Insulation Percentage of Homes

No 69.5 Yes 26.0

Don't know 4.4

Table D.4.

Water Tank Insulation

Percentage of Homes

No 15.7 Yes 84.3



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Cooking Sources

Figure E.1. Methods for Cooking, Aggregate

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Percentage of Wood Used for Cooking

Figure E.2. Wood Used for Cooking, Aggregate

2.E Cooking

On average, using the aggregated data from the 2012 six cities survey, about 44% of all of Kosovo’s urban homes are using wood for cooking purposes and 31% are using gas bottles. 25% are using electricity for cooking (Figure E.1). Nearly 40% of the homes use 25-50% of their wood supplies for cooking and nearly another 40% of the homes use 50-75% of their wood supplies for cooking (Figure E.2).

Just over 80% of the homes have a wood stove (Table E.1). Nearly 84% of the homes use these stoves for their primary heating source (Table E.2). Nearly 93% of homes own

one wood stove and less than 3% of homes have two wood stoves (Table E.3). The majority of all wood stoves have been manufactured in Serbia (Table E.5). The homes that use natural gas for cooking will purchase the 3 Liter sized gas bottles (Table E.4).

Table E.1.

Woodstoves in the House

Percentage of Homes

No 19.1 Yes 80.9

Table E.2.

Woodstove as a Primary Heat Source

Percentage of Homes

No 16.2 Yes 83.8

Table E.3.

Number of Woodstoves

Percentage of Homes

1 92.7 2 6.7 3 .5

more .1

Size of the

Gas Bottle

(l)

Number of Gas Bottles

Used per Month

Total

<1 1 2 3 >3 4 >4 0.3 118 120 43 10 8 299 3.0 407 475 127 60 20 1089

15.0 201 340 69 9 5 624

Table E.4.



Table E.5.

Woodstove Manufacturing

country

Percentage of Homes

Serbia 87.8 Turkey 3.8

Slovenia 3.6 Other 4.8

2.F Lighting

All homes in Kosovo are using electric lighting and over half of these are using energy efficient light bulbs (Tables F.1, F.2). The number and types of electric light bulbs that are being used are listed in Tables F.3, F.4, and F.5. Table F.1.

Source Used to Light Homes Percentage

Electricity 99.9%

Battery (Inventor) 0.1%

Table F.2.

Type of Electric Light Bulbs Used

Percentage

Energy Eff. - Neon light bulbs 51.90%

Standard - Incandescent 48.10%

Table F.3.

Number of Electric Light Bulbs in Homes

Percentage

1-5 14.29% 6-10 36.18%

11-15 22.97% >15 26.57%

Table F.4.

Number of Efficiency Light Bulbs in Homes

Percentage

<4 35.28% 5-8 31.84%

9-12 17.15% 12-16 7.60% >16 8.12%

Table F.5.

Amount of Watts in Home's Standard Light Bulbs

Percentage

40 21.64% 60 27.08% 75 22.22%

100 28.18% 200 0.88%

2.G Transportation

Almost 36% of Kosovo homes do not own a car. Nearly 56% of homes own one car and 7% own two cars (Table G.1). 56% of cars owned are using diesel fuel (Table G.2) and 42% of diesel car owners will consume 25-50 Liters of fuel/month (Figure G.1). 20% of car owners consume less than 25 Liters/month and another 20% consume 51-75 Liters/month. Similar consumption rates were recorded for gasoline cars (Figure G.2).

Table G.1

Number of Cars Owned

Percentage of Homes

0 35.9 1 55.8 2 7.0 3 1.0

>3 .3



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<25 25-50 51-75 76-100 >100

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Amount of Gasoline per Month (L)

Figure G.2. Amount of Gasoline Used per Month (Liters)

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es

Hours per day

Figure H.1. Hours per day in January the Woodstove is Used, Aggregate

Table G.2.

Type of Fuel Percentage of Homes Diesel 56.0

Gasoline 39.2 Natural Gas 4.8

Table G.3.

2.H Health

There is limited data on the health consequences of using wood stoves in Kosova. The survey shows that over 80% of homes in the urban areas of Kosovo are using wood stoves, in the winter months, from 7 to 16 hours per day (Figure H.1). When asked about respiratory health problems the majority of families said they have had no problems (Table H.1). Table H.1.

Members with respiratory problems

in the family

Percentage

No 91.7 Yes 8.3

Nearly 60% of homes spoken to in the survey are cigarette smokers. Nearly one third of homes have two smokers in them. (Figure H.2). Almost 20% of adults smoke 10 cigarettes at home each day and over 20% smoke 20 cigarettes (Figure H.3). Over 60% of adults smoke 7 to 15 cigarettes per day outside of the home (Figure H.4). About 50% of adults have been smoking for 10 to 20

0

10

20

30

40

50

<25 25-50 51-75 76-100 >100

Perc

enta

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f Hom

es

Amount of Diesel per Month (L)

Figure G.1. Amount of Diesel Used per Month (Liters)

Public Transport Usage

Percentage of Homes

0-25% 80.6 26-50% 14.2 51-75% 3.6

76-100% 1.6



0

5

10

15

20

25

1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 42 47 52 60Perc

enta

ge o

f Adu

lt Re

side

nts

Years of Smoking

Figure H.5. Years of Smoking by Adults, Aggregate

02468

1012

3 11 19 27 35 43 51 61 73 95 110

145

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Number of Cigarettes

Figure H.6. Number of Cigarettes Smoked on Average Inside and

Outside the Residence, Aggregate

years and 10% have been smoking for around 30 years (Figure H.5).

010203040506070

1 2 3 4 >4

Perc

enta

ge o

f Adu

lts

Regular Cigarette Smokers

Figure H.2. Regular Cigarette Smokers, Aggregate

0

5

10

15

20

25

1 5 9 13 18 22 26 33 40 50 61 80 110

Perc

enta

ge o

f Adu

lts

Number of cigarettes smoked inside the residence

Figure H.3. Number of Cigarettes Smoked Inside the Residence By

Adults, Aggregate

01020304050

7 15 25 32 40 47 55 65 80

Perc

enta

ge o

f Adu

lts

Cigarettes Smoked

Figure H.4. Number of Cigarettes Smoked Each Day Outside the

Residence by Adults, Aggregate



References

2.1 Beacon Stoves 2.2 Bowen, H. Brian, James A. Myers, and Agon Nixha (2011). “Kosova’s Household Energy Efficiency and Fuel Supplies.” Vol. 5, No. 4, p. 545-663. International Journal of Energy Sector Management. 2.3 “Energy Efficiency Indicators in Europe.” (2012). Odyssee Database. 2.4 “Estimates of Home Insulation Levels in Great Britain.” (2012, December). Department of Energy and Climate Change, 2.5 Kosovo Statistical Agency (2012). “Kosovo Residential Survey 2011.” 2.6 Nurja, Ines, Lantona Sado, Bukuri Dumani, Alma Spaho, Ledia Thomo and Trevor Croft. (2011, January). “Socio Demographic Changes of the Family and Child Development in Albania.” National Institute of Statistics (INSTAT). 2.7 OECD Family Database, OECD - Social Policy Division - Directorate of Employment, Labour and Social Affairs, Family size and Household Composition. 2.8 Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) (2009). U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2.9 Testa, Maria Rita. (2011). “Family Sizes in Europe: Evidence from the 2011 Eurobarometer Survey.” Wittgenstein Centre, Institute of Demography of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna.


Prishtina

3. Prishtina

In summer 2010 the capital city Prishtina was surveyed and 2,370 homes were visited by the AUK data collection team. The survey area was limited to the Prishtina city center and immediate surrounding neighborhoods (35 sq km) making it about 1/16th of the total area of the Municipality of Prishtina. The completion of each questionnaire took about 20 to 30 minutes and nearly every other home around the city responded positively to completing the questionnaire. Kosovo is divided into 37 municipalities of which Prishtina is the largest. The Kolovica neighborhood was at the north-east corner of the 2010 Prishtina survey area; Vranjevc in the north-west corner neighborhood, Emshir in the south-west corner, and Veternik in the south-easterly corner (Figure 3.1). There was considerable variation in the size of the homes as well as the mix of houses and apartments. In the Prishtina survey 65% of the homes had 50-100m2 of floor space, 20% had 100-200, 8% had less than 50 and 7% had more than 200m2.

The ratio of apartments to houses in Prishtina was 60% to 40% respectively. The Prishtina municipality as a whole is reported to have a 30% to 70% ratio, estimating there to be a greater proportion of houses. The higher density of apartments in the Prishtina city center was to be expected [3.1].

Figure 3.1 The AUK Survey Area of Prishtina


Prishtina

Results from the Prishtina survey show, that for heating purposes, over 36% of the houses in Prishtina are burning woodfuel and 31% of homes are using electricity (Figure 3.2). Central heating systems (district heating, supplied by a central heating authority “Termokos” using crude oil) supply over 19% of all heating needs. The lower cost of purchasing woodfuel encourages greater use of it (2010 costs were €35/m3) for heating. This in turn raises concerns over emissions in the home and into the external environment. Reasonably improved energy efficiency measures in Kosovo should be able to bring down the country’s household energy consumption levels from the 2010 level of 33.3% of total national consumption to the lower EU average of 26.3%.

Kosovo’s energy intensity is very comparable with values in other European states but with fluorescent lighting in Prishtina at 33% of the homes it lags behind the European average of 46% (Table 3.1). The aggregate data of Kosovo’s other major cities (Section 2) shows the use of efficiency lighting to be 51% and therefore attaining similar standards to the EU and better than those in the capital city Prishtina.

Table 3.1 Homes Using Fluorescent Lighting

Region Any Type of Fluorescent EU (Average) 2007 = 46%

USA (EIA) 1993 = 42% Prishtina (Kosovo) 2010 = 33%

Source: [EU Energy Statistics, 2009]

The EU value of 46% comes from a limited 2007 EU survey consisting of 500 homes [3.3]. The European Environment Agency notes that in Europe the introduction of more efficient electrical appliances and heating installations has not made a significant decrease in household electricity consumption. As electricity demand increases the existing efficiency measures are not keeping pace with it. In 2010 the European Parliament demanded a binding target to improve energy efficiency by 20% across the region by 2020.

Figure 3.2 Heating Sources in Prishtina’s Homes


Prishtina

Approximately two thirds of the 2370 homes in the 2010 Prishtina survey had 50 to 100m2 of floor space size. 54% of the houses had insulated roofs and 55% of all homes had some double glazing. About one third of all homes had installed some efficiency light bulbs (Table 3.1). Of those homes which had double glazing nearly 80% of them had all windows double glazed. Energy savings from double glazing can last for twenty years. This is a reasonable life expectancy and with high quality installations they can last for more than 30 years. With double glazing, however, when considering the energy needed to manufacture and install, then the pay-back period is so long that some sources predict it takes longer than the life of the installation [3.4].

In Prishtina, there is more heating by firewood than by electricity owing to the higher proportion of houses which can burn it. Over 36% of homes in the Prishtina area use firewood for heating, this is much less than in the other main urban areas of Kosovo (Figure 3.2). The aggregate data from the other six main cities of Kosovo shows that 85% of homes (Section 2) are using wood for heating purposes. Prishtina uses much less wood than the other urban areas. This will be due to the higher percentage of apartments. The majority of homes in the Prishtina survey (Table 3.2) were using natural gas but the aggregate results for the other six main cities (Section 2) shows that only about 30% of the homes were using natural gas (for cooking).

Percentage of

Prishtina Homes

Quantity of Woodfuel

Purchased per Year

Money Spent on Woodfuel

per Year

Percentage of Family Income

for Electricity

Number of Gas Bottles per Month

Number of Cars in

Each Home

Fuel Consumed

Per Car Home

70% 79.5% 1-5

60% 58.0% 25-75 Liters

50% 56.4% 6-10m3

41% 10-20%

58.0% 1 car

40% 36.6% >€325

30% 20.8% 0-5m3

30.1% €176-325

25% <10%

20.0% <25 L

20% 13.7% 11-15m3

18.1% €101-175

21% 20-30%

12.8% 6-10

14.0% 76-125 L

10% 4.8% >16m3

13.5% €101-175

8%, >40% 5%, 34-40%

4.8%, >15 2.9%, 11-15

8.0%, 2 cars 1.0%, 3 cars

5.0%, > 175 L 3.0%, 126-

175 L

Table 3.2 Prishtina Homes & Fuel Supplies


Prishtina

Table 3.3 Wood, Coal and Electricity in Prishtina’s Different Sized Home

In the Prishtina survey 41% of homes (31% in the aggregate cities) were paying 10-20% of their income on electricity (Figure 3.3). There were 21% of the Prishtina homes (28% of the aggregate cities) paying 20-30% of their income on electricity, 25% were paying less than 10% (15% in the aggregate cities), then 8% (4%) were paying over 40%, and 5% (12%) paying 30-40%. In total 75% of the Prishtina homes (85% in the aggregate cities) were paying 10% or more of their income on their electricity bill. These relative percentages indicate how salaries are higher in Prishtina than in the other main cities of Kosovo.

Energy consumption trends in the Prishtina homes are classified in four categories. These are small 50m2, medium 50-100m2, large 100-200m2, and very large >200m2. Table 3.3 summarizes the findings based on the sizes of homes for the four categories. In the small homes category there is a tendency to heat fewer rooms. In this category 32% of them heat only one room while with the large homes category only 18% of them heat just one room. The small homes also purchase less woodfuel than the larger homes. In the small homes 25% purchase 0-5m3 of woodfuel while in the large homes only 10% of the wood consuming homes purchased 0-5m3. 46% of the large homes paid more than €325 per year.

Home Sizes (% Total) Small <50 m2 (8%)

Medium 50-100 m2 (65%)

Large 100-200 m2 (20%)

Very Large >200 m2 (7%)

Number of heated rooms in dwellings

1 room= 32% 1 room= 16% 1 room= 18% 1 room= 11% 2 rooms= 47% 2 rooms=40% 2 rooms= 24% 2 rooms=18% 3 rooms= 21% 3 rooms=27% 3 rooms= 26% 3 rooms=19%

- 4 rooms=10% 4 rooms=17% 4 rooms=13% - 5 rooms=7% 5 rooms= 15% 5 rooms=39%

Amount of Wood purchased yearly (m3)

0-5=25% 0-5=25% 0-5= 10% 0-5=11% 6-10= 57% 6-10=59% 6-10= 61% 6-10=50% 11-15=18% 11-15=13% 11-15= 18% 11-15=27%

- >16=3% >16= 11% >16=11% Amount of Money Spent on Buying Timber Yearly (€)

25-100=5% 25-100=2% 25-100= 1% 25-100=5% 101-175= 24% 101-175=13% 101-175= 7% 101-175=5% 176-250= 43% 176-250=29% 176-250= 17% 176-250=17% 251-325= 9% 251-325=28% 251-325= 30% 251-325=23% >325= 19% >325=28% >325= 46% >325=50%

Amount of Coal Purchased Yearly

(tons)

<1= 67% <1=5% <1= 5% - 1-3= 33% 1-3=47% 1-3= 25% 1-3=17%

- 4-6=17% 4-6= 20% 4-6=38% - >6=31% >6= 50% >6=45%

Number of Electric Light Bulbs used in

Dwellings

1-7= 64% 1-7=35% 1-7= 13% 1-7=5% 8-15=21% 8-15=38% 8-15= 48% 8-15=25% >15= 15% >15=27% >15= 39% >15=70%

Amount of Money Spent on Electiricty in

a Winter Month (€)

<30= 27% <30=11% <30= 12% <30=16% 31-60= 51% 31-60=43% 31-60= 46% 31-60=28%

61-100= 16% 61-100=28% 61-100= 25% 61-100=33% >100= 6% >100=18% >100= 17% >100=23%


Prishtina

This amount of money for wood was only paid by 19% of the small homes which used wood for heating. Very little coal is used for heating in the small homes. 67% of the coal consuming homes purchased less than 1 Tonne per year. In the large homes 50% purchased more than 6 Tonnes of coal each year. In the larger homes there are 87% (48+39) of them that use more than 8 light bulbs compared to the small homes where only 36% (21+15) use more than 8 light bulbs. Winter electricity bills (€/month) in the larger homes are higher. 25% of the large homes category pay €61-100 and 16% pay this amount in the small homes. 17% of the large homes pay more than €100 and only 6% of the small homes pay this much. The very large homes category (>200m2) comprises 7% of the total homes in Prishtina. 39% of these homes heat more than 5 rooms in winter. 71% of them heat three rooms or more (39% + 13% + 19%, Table 3.3) compared to only 21% in the small homes category who heat three rooms. Not surprisingly in the very large homes category 70% of them have more than 15 light bulbs in use and 23% of them pay more than €100 per month in winter for electricity. In the small homes

category 6% if these homes pay more than €100 per month in winter for electricity. The medium sized homes category (50-100m2) comprised of 65% of all homes in the survey and this category provides the most typical home size for Prishtina. 67% of the medium size home category (40%+27%) normally heat 2 or 3 rooms in the winter months (Figure 3.4). 59% of these homes will purchase an average 8 m3 of wood per year. The weighted average of wood consumption for this large home category is 7.515 m3/year [(2.5 x 0.25)+ (8.0 x 0.59) + (13 x 0.13) + (16.0x0.03)]. In the large and very large home categories there are respectively 46% and 50% of homes in each category which spend more than €325 per year for purchasing wood. In the medium size homes only 28% pay more than €325 on annual wood supplies. 57% of the medium size homes pay between €176-325 on wood each year (29%+28%). This category is also the one which consumes most domestic coal. 47% of medium size homes use 1-3 Tonnes of coal per year. The summer 2010 survey showed that over 36% of the Prishtina houses, that use firewood for heating purposes, are spending more than €325 per year to purchase the firewood. In many cases this is equivalent to one month’s salary per year being spent on firewood.

Figure 3.3 Prishtina’s Spending on Electricity as a Percentage of Family Income


Prishtina

Another indicator of high heating costs for over half of the homes is shown in the Prishtina study by 54% of the total homes heat only one or two rooms being heated in winter. For the medium sized homes 56% of them heat one or two rooms (16% + 40%). About 18% of homes are heating one room and 36% are heating two rooms. Considering all categories of homes 78% of them heat between one to three rooms in winter (18% + 36% + 24%, Figure 3.4). Similar in magnitude is the value of 83% for the medium sized homes which heat one to three rooms

(16% + 40% + 27%). Around 40% of the Prishtina homes could afford to heat three rooms or more. The Prishtina homes dataset provides a valuable insight into major energy sources in Kosovo’s residential sector. In particular, the consumption patterns of the medium size homes (50-100m2) provide similar results to those obtained from the averages of all homes. The Prishtina survey indicated that an average of 7.58 m3 of wood was consumed per home annually. For the medium size home it was 7.515 m3 [3.2]. From the data for all Prishtina homes 78% heat one to three rooms and for the medium size category it was 83%. For all homes in the Prishtina survey 62% spend between 10-30% of family income on electricity. The weighted average of the electricity costs in a medium size home is €63 each winter month. Using this sum of €63 and the 10% to 30% of family income values it indicates the range of income being €208 to €630.

References

[3.1] Berisha, LB. (2010). “Applying Energy Efficiency Standards in Kosovo’s Residential Buildings,” Masters’ Thesis, American University in Kosovo, Prishtine. [3.2] Bowen, H. Brian, James A. Myers, and Agon Nixha (2011). “Kosovo’s Household Energy Efficiency and Fuel Supplies.” Vol. 5, No. 4, p. 545-663. International Journal of Energy Sector Management. [3.3] EU Energy Statistics, viewed 24 May 2010, <http://greenerlights.blogspot.com/2009/05/8-energy-statistics.html> [3.4] Howell, J. (2010). “Home Improvements: Double-glazing Dilemma.” The Telegraph, 05 May, p.1, viewed 20 November 2010, <http://www.telegraph.co.uk>

Figure 3.4 Number of Rooms Heated in Prishtina Homes

http://greenerlights.blogspot.com/2009/05/8-energy-statistics.html

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/


Ferizaj

The 2011 National Census survey of Kosovo reports that the City of Ferizaj had a total population of 108,610. The AUK Household Energy Consumption Project conducted 466 household interviews in the city of Ferizaj, completing detailed questionnaires in each household.

4.A Ferizaji Home Backgrounds Almost 60% of the homes in Ferizaj were constructed between 1970 and 2000. Only 2% of the homes visited were more than 50 years old. It is 39% of all Ferizaj homes, in the AUK survey, that were built after the 1999 Conflict. 9% of all homes, in the AUK survey for Ferizaj, have a floor area of between 51m2 and 85m2. About 21% of the homes have an area of between 50m2 and 100m2 (Figures A.1, A.2). It is 78% of the homes that have an area greater than 100m2.

Nearly 62% of Ferizaj homes have 5 to 8 family members living in them. There are 27% of the homes having 1 to 4 people living in them and just over 10% of the homes have more than 8 people living in them. There is a wide spread of ages in the Ferizaj homes. Around 63% of the inhabitants are below 35 years of age and nearly 37% are over 35. There are about 5% of people who are aged 65 or more (Figures A.3, A.4). In 46% of the homes there is one person who is fully employed. In 24% of Ferizaj homes there are two people fully employed and in 13% of homes there are three people or more who are fully employed (Figure A.5).

4. Ferizaj

0

20

40

60

80

Old (before1970)

Medium(1970-2000)

New (after2000)

Perc

enta

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f Hom

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Residential Classification

Figure A.1. Dates of Construction, Ferizaj


Ferizaj

4.B Heating Systems in Ferizaj

Almost 95% of all the homes, surveyed in the City of Ferizaj, are using wood for heating purposes. Just under 4% of them are using electricity for heating purposes. In 43% of the homes only one room gets heated and only 12% of the homes heat more than two rooms (Figures B.1, B.2). There are 66% of the Ferizaj homes that heat either one or two rooms. Many Ferizaj homes tend to purchase 10m3 or 15m3 of wood each year (see Figure B.3). There appears to be a large number of homes purchasing 15m3 of wood per year but this high number could result from respondents who are uncertain of the total purchases made each year. The average amount of wood purchased each year is 12.1m3. The amount spent per home each year for purchasing wood tends to be around €250. Wood is by far the cheapest means of heating a home (Figures B.4, B.5). The two main types of wood that is used for heating is Oak and Beech.

010203040

Perc

enta

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f Hom

es

Home Area

Figure A.2. Area of Homes (m2), Ferizaj

010203040506070

1-4people

5-8people

9-12people

>12people

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure A.3. Family Size, Ferizaj

0%5%

10%15%20%

Perc

enta

ge o

f Peo

ple

Age Range

Figure A.4. Distribution of Ages, Ferizaj

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure A.5. Employment of Residents, Ferizaj


Ferizaj

020406080

100120

Wood GasBottles

Electricity Oil

Perc

enta

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f Hom

es

Heating Sources

Figure B.1. Heating Sources in Ferizaj's Homes

01020304050

1 Room 2Rooms

3Rooms

4Rooms

More

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Number of rooms heated

Figure B.2. Number of Rooms Heated in Ferizaj's homes

0

10

20

30

40

50

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34

Perc

enta

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f Ho

mes

m3 of wood

Figure B.3. Cubic Meters of Wood Bought in 2011, Ferizaj

0

10

20

30

40

100

190

280

370

460

550

640

730

820

910

1000

1090

1180

Perc

enta

ge o

f Ho

mes

Euros Spent on Wood

Figure B.4. Money Spent on Buying Wood, Ferizaj 2011

020406080

100120

Cheap Traditional

Perc

enta

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f Hom

es


Figure B.5. Reasons for Using Wood, Ferizaj

010203040506070


Perc

enta

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f Hom

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Wood Types

Figure B.6. Wood Types, Ferizaj

The average amount of wood consumed by wood consuming homes in Ferizaj (440 out of 466 visited) is 12.12 m3. Total wood consumed in the 440 wood burning homes is 5331 m3.


Ferizaj

4.C Electricity Consumption in Ferizaj

The levels of income in the City of Ferizaj are severely stretched in regards to paying for electricity. In about one third of the homes the respondents reported that less than 10% of the family income is spent on electricity. Around 30% of the homes spend 10% to 20% of their income on electricity (Figure C.1). During a typical summer month a home will spend about €16 to €30/month on their electricity bill. In the winter months it will be about €31 to €60/month (Figures C.2, C.3).

4.D Insulation of Home in Ferizaj

The most cost effective means of home insulation is to ensure there is an insulated roof. In 41% of the Ferizaj homes there is roof insulation. The next most important form on home insulation is with double glazing and in 70% of the Ferizaj homes there is double glazing. Hot water tank insulation is in 98% of the Ferizaj homes and 28% have wall insulation (Tables D.1, D.2, D.3, D.4).

Table D.1.

Roof Insulation

Percentage of Homes

Yes 41.3 No 51.2

Don't know 7.5

Table D.2.

Double Glazing

Percentage of Homes

Yes 70.2 No 29.2

Don't know .6

0

10

20

30

40

< 10% 10%-20% 20%-30% 30%-40%

Perc

enta

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f Hom

es


Figure C.1. Ferizaj's Spending on Electricity as a Percentage of Family

Income

0102030405060

< €15 €16-30 €31-60 €60-100 > €100

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure C.2. Amount Spent on Electricity in July, Ferizaj, 2011

01020304050

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure C.3. Amount Spent on Electricity in January, Ferizaj, 2011


Ferizaj

Table D.3.

Wall Insulation

Percentage of Homes

Yes 27.8 No 67.8

Don't know 4.3

Table D.4.


Percentage of Homes

Yes 97.9 No 2.1

4.E Cooking in Ferizaj

Over 87% of the Ferizaj surveyed homes are using electricity for cooking purposes. More than 60% of the homes are using 50% to 75% of their wood supplies for cooking purposes (Figures E.1, E.2). Tables E.1 to E.4 supply information on the woodstoves being used. Over 95% of homes have wood stoves and nearly 95% of homes only employ one woodstove. There are 93% of the woodstoves which have been manufactured in Serbia and 7% manufactured in other countries. The majority of homes are using 2 bottle of gas per month and the most used size is 3 Liters.

Table E.1.

Woodstoves in the house

Percentage

No 4.5 Yes 95.5

Table E.2.

Woodstove as a Primary Heat

Source

Percentage

No 5.0 Yes 95

0

20

40

60

80

100


Perc

enta

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f Hom

es

Cooking Sources

Figure E.1. Methods for Cooking, Ferizaj

0

20

40

60

80

0-25% 25-50% 50-75% 75-100%

Perc

enta

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f Hom

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Figure E.2. Wood Used for Cooking, Ferizaj


Ferizaj

Table E.3.


Percentage

1 94.2 2 5.2 3 .4

more .2 Table E.4.

Woodstove Manufacturing

Country

Percentage

Serbia 93 Other 7

4.F Lighting in Ferizaj All homes are using electricity for lighting purposes and more than half of the Ferizaj homes are using some energy efficiency bulbs. About 29% of homes have 6 to 10 light bulbs and 42% have more than 15 light bulbs. Nearly 57% of homes have between 1 and 8 energy efficient light bulbs. Nearly 95% of homes are using either 75Watt or 100Watt light bulbs (Tables F.1 to F.5).

Table F.1.

Table F.2.

Table F.3.


Percentage

1-5 3.7 6-10 29.0

11-15 25.4 >15 41.9

Table F.4.


Percentage

<4 28.3 5-8 28.3

9-12 16.2 12-16 7.7 >16 19.5

Table F.5.

Size of the Gas Bottle

(l)

Number of Gas Bottles Used per Month

Total

<1 1 2 3 >3 4 >4 0.3 1 3 5 1 1 11 3.0 74 118 48 34 14 288

15.0 42 95 23 5 1 166


Percentage

60 5.3 75 65.3

100 29.4

First Source Used to Light Homes Percentage

Electricity 100

Type of Electric Light Bulbs Used Percentage

Energy Eff. - Neon light bulbs 64.1

Standard - Incandescent 35.8

Table E.5.


Ferizaj

4.G Transportation in Ferizaj From the Ferizaj homes that were surveyed nearly 64% of them own a car. Over 23% of homes owned no car. Over 12% of the homes owned more than one car. 48% of the car owners are using Diesel fuel (Tables G.1, G.2). For the owners of diesel cars most of the owners are consuming 25 and 50 liters of fuel per month. 43% owners of gasoline driven cars tend to consume between 25 and 50 liters per month (Figures G.1, G.2). 82% of the homes use public transport up to 25% of the time and about 15% of them using it between 26% and 50% of the time (Table G.3).

Table G.1.


Percentage of Homes

0 23.6 1 63.9 2 10.9 3 1.1

>3 .4

Table G.2. Type of Fuel Percentage of

Homes Diesel 47.5


Table G.3.


Percentage of Homes

0-25% 82.0 26-50% 14.8 51-75% 2.3

76-100% .9

4.H Health in Ferizaj

For all those interviewed there were questions related to emissions from wood and cigarette smoking. Nearly three-fourths of the homes using wood will have the stove burning for 12 to 16 hours per day. 20% of the homes with stoves are using them

0

10

20

30

40

<25 25-50 51-75 76-100 >100

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Amount of Diesel per month (Liters)

Figure G.1. Amount of Diesel Used per month (Liters)

01020304050

<25 25-50 51-75 76-100 >100

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Amount of Gasoline per month (Liters)

Figure G.2. Amount of Gasoline Used per month (Liters)


Ferizaj

between 7 and 11 hours per day. When questioned about respiratory problems there were only 2% that said they had this problem (Table H.1). In more than half of homes there was a cigarette smoker. Over 25% of these smokers smoke about 10 cigarettes per day in the home, almost 19% smoke 20 cigarettes per day and about 8% smoke around 40 cigarettes per day. Outside of the home slightly larger amounts are smoked. In many instances the smokers have been smoking for 10 to 20 years. The total cigarettes smoked each day by Ferizaj citizens tend to be mainly in the range of 15 to 35. Considering the total number of homes in Ferizaj and the average price of cigarettes, there could be about €12 Million spent each year on smoking (Figures H.1 to H.6). Table H.1.

Members with respiratory problems in the family

Percentage

No 98.1 Yes 1.9

0

20

40

60

80

<6 7-11 12-16 17-21 21-24

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Hours per day

Figure H.1. Hours per day in January the Woodstove is Used

0102030405060

1 2 3 4 >4Perc

enta

ge o

f Adu

lts


Figure H.2. Regular Cigarette Smokers -Ferizaj

0

10

20

30

1 3 5 8 10 15 24 30 47 60 160Perc

enta

ge o

f Adu

lts

Nr of cigarettes smoked inside the residence

Figure H.3. Number of Cigarretes Smoked on Avarage Inside the Residence each day by Adults

0

10

20

30

40

7 15 25 32 40 47 55 65 80

Perc

enta

ge o

f Adu

lts

Cigarettes Smoked


Residence by Adults


Ferizaj

0

5

10

15

20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 28 30 33 35 48

Perc

enta

ge o

f Adu

lts

Number of Years

Figure H.5. Years Smoking by Adults

0

5

10

15

7 12 17 19 21 25 29 31 35 38 41 45 47 50 54 60 64 67 72 80 90 95 120

235

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure H.6. Number of Cigarettes Smoked on Average Inside and Outside the Residence


Gjakova

0

20

40

60

80

Old (before1970)

Medium(1970-2000)

New (after2000)

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Residental Classification

Figure A.1. Dates of Construction, Gjakova

5. Gjakova

The 2011 National Census survey of Kosovo reports that the City of Gjakova had a total population of 94,556. The AUK Household Energy Consumption Project conducted 500 household interviews in the city of Gjakova, completing detailed questionnaires in each household.

5.A Gjakova Home

Backgrounds

More than 60% of the homes in Gjakova were constructed between 1970 and 2000. Only 15% of the homes visited were more than 50 years old. It is just over 20% of all Gjakova homes, in the AUK survey, that were built after the 1999 Conflict. 25% of all homes, in the AUK survey for Gjakova, have a floor area of between 51m2 and 85m2. About 50% of the homes have an area of between 50m2 and 100m2 (Figures A.1, A.2). It is around 48% of the homes that have an area greater than 100m2.

Nearly 50% of Gjakova homes have 5 to 8 family members living in them. There are 45% of the homes having 1 to 4 people living in them and 5% of the homes have more than 8 people living in them. There is a wide spread of ages in the Gjakova homes. Around 55% of the inhabitants are below 35 years of age and nearly 45% are over 35. There are about 8% of people who are aged 65 or more (Figures A.3, A.4). In almost 30% of the homes there is one person who is fully employed. In 40% of Gjakova homes there are two people fully employed and in 19% of homes there are three people or more who are fully employed (Figure A.5).


Gjakova

5.B Heating Systems in Gjakova

Almost 70% of all the homes, surveyed in the City of Gjakova, are using wood for heating purposes. Just under 10% of them are using electricity for heating purposes. In about 27% of the homes only one room gets heated and 34% of the homes heat more than two rooms (Figures B.1, B.2). There are almost 55% of the Gjakova homes that heat either one or two rooms. Many Gjakova homes tend to purchase 7m3 or 8m3 of wood each year (see Figure B.3). There appears to be a large number of homes purchasing 10m3 of wood per year but this high number could result from respondents who are uncertain of the total purchases made each year. The average amount of wood purchased each year is 9.4 m3. The amount spent per home each year for purchasing wood tends to be around €250. Wood is by far the cheapest means of heating a home (Figures B.4, B.5). The two main types of wood that is used for heating is Oak and Beech.

05

1015202530

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Home Area

Figure A.2. Area of Homes (m2), Gjakova

0102030405060

1-4people

5-8people

9-12people

>12people

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure A.3. Family Size, Gjakova

0%5%

10%15%20%

Perc

enta

ge o

f Peo

ple

Age Range

Figure A.4. Distribution of Ages, Gjakova

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure A.5. Employment of Residents, Gjakova


Gjakova

0

20

40

60

80

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Heating Sources

Figure B.1. Heating Sources in Gjakova's Homes

05

1015202530

1Room

2Rooms

3Rooms

4Rooms

6Rooms

More

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Numer of Rooms Heated

Figure B.2. Number of Rooms Heated in Gjakova's homes

05

10152025

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31

Perc

enta

ge o

f Ho

mes

m3 of wood

Figure B.3. Cubic Meters of Wood Bought in 2011, Gjakova

0

5

10

15

20

100

170

240

310

380

450

520

590

660

730

800

870

Perc

enta

ge o

f Ho

mes

Euros Spend on Wood

Figure B.4. Money Spent on Buying Wood, Gjakova 2011

20

40

60

80

100

Cheap for central heating

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure B.5. Reasons for Using Wood, Gjakova

0

20

40

60

80

100

Oak Beech Turkey Oak

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Wood Types

Figure B.6. Wood Types, Gjakova

The average amount of wood consumed by wood consuming homes in Gjakova (346 out of 500 visited) is 9.45 m3. Total wood consumed in the 346 wood burning homes is 3270 m3.


Gjakova

5.C Electricity Consumption in Gjakova

The levels of income in the City of Gjakova are severely stretched in regards to paying for electricity. In more than 35% of the homes the respondents reported that between 20% to 30% of the family income is spent on electricity. About one third of the homes spend 10% to 20% of their income on electricity (Figure C.1). During a typical summer month a home will spend about €16 to €30/month on their electricity bill. In the winter months it will be about €31 to €60/month (Figures C.2, C.3).

5.D Insulation of Homes in

Gjakova

The most cost effective means of home insulation is to ensure there is an insulated roof. In 36% of the Gjakova homes there is roof insulation. The next most important form of home insulation is with double glazing and in nearly 47% of the Gjakova homes there is double glazing. Hot water tank insulation is in almost all of the Gjakova homes and 29% have wall insulation (Tables D.1, D.2, D.3, D.4).

Table D.1.


No 64.1 Yes 35.9

Table D.2.


No 53.5 Yes 46.5

0

10

20

30

40

< 10% Between10%-20%

Between20%-30%

Between30%-40%

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure C.1. Gjakova's Spending on Electricity as a Percentage of Family

Income

0

20

40

60

80

100

< €15 €16-30 €31-60 €61-100

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure C.2. Amount Spent on Electricity in July, Gjakova, 2011

0102030405060

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure C.3. Amount Spent on Electricity in January, Gjakova, 2011


Gjakova

Table D.3.


No 71.3 Yes 28.7

Table D.4.


Percentage of Homes

No 0.7 Yes 99.3

5.E Cooking in Gjakova

Over 70% of the Gjakova surveyed homes are using gas bottles for cooking purposes. Over 40% of the homes are using up to to 25% of their wood supplies for cooking purposes (Figures E.1, E.2). Tables E.1 to E.4 supply information on the woodstoves being used. Nearly 65% of homes have wood stoves and nearly all homes only employ one woodstove. The majority of homes are using two bottle of gas per month and the most used size is 3 Liters.

Table E.1.


Percentage of Homes

No 35.5 Yes 64.5

Table E.2.

Woodstove as a Primary Source

of Energy

Percentage of Homes

No .3 Yes 99.7

Table E.3.


Percentage of Homes

1 95.1 2 3.9 3 1.0

0

20

40

60

80

100


Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Methods for Cooking

Figure E.1. Methods for Cooking, Gjakova

0

10

20

30

40

50

0-25% 25-50% 50-75% 75-100%

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Percentage of Wood used for Cooking

Figure E.2. Wood Used for Cooking, Gjakova


(l)


Total

<1 1 2 3 >3 4 >4 0.3 33 28 3 64 3.0 81 158 24 9 2 274

15.0 28 94 16 1 139

Table E.4.


Gjakova

5.F Lighting in Gjakova

All homes are using electricity for lighting purposes and more than half of the Gjakova homes are using some energy efficiency bulbs. About 5% of the homes have 6 to 10 light bulbs and about 17% have 11-15. Nearly 90% of homes have between 1 and 8 energy efficient light bulbs. Nearly 83% of homes are using either 40Watt or 60Watt light bulbs (Tables F.1 to F.5).

Table F.1.

Source used to light Home Percentage

Electricity 100%

Table F.2.


Percentage

Energy Eff. - Neon light bulbs 69.2% Standard - Incandescent 30.8%

Table F.3.


Percentage

1-5 0.5% 6-10 5.0%

11-15 16.7% >15 77.8%

Table F.4.

Table F.5.

Amount of Watts in Homes’ Standard Light Bulbs

Percentage

40 46.6% 60 36.9% 75 1.5%

100 15.0%

5.G Transportation in Gjakova

From the Gjakova homes that were surveyed nearly 59% of them own a car. Over 30% of homes owned no car. Less than 8% of the Table G.1.


Percentage of Homes

0 33.3 1 58.8 2 7.2 3 .6

Table G.2.




Percentage

<4 45.5% 5-8 44.2%

9-12 7.6% 12-16 2.3% >16 0.3%

homes owned two cars. 57% of the car owners are using Diesel fuel (Tables G.1, G.2). For the owners of diesel cars 60% of the owners are consuming 25-50 liters of fuel per month. Close to 55% of owners however of gasoline driven cars tend to consume less than 25 liters per month (Figures G.1, G.2). Almost all of the homes use public transport up to 25% of the time (Table G.3).


Gjakova

Table G.3.

5.H Health in Gjakova

For all those interviewed there were questions related to emissions from wood and cigarette smoking. Almost all of the homes using wood will have the stove burning for 7 to 11 hours per day. When questioned about respiratory problems there

were less than 1% that said that they had this problem (Table H.1). In about one third of homes there was a cigarette smoker. Less than 5% of these smokers smoke about 10 cigarettes per day in the home, over 35% smoke 20 cigarettes per day and about 35% smoke around 40 cigarettes per day. Outside of the home slightly larger amounts are smoked. In many instances the smokers have been smoking for 20 to 30 years. The total cigarettes smoked each day by Gjakova citizens tend to be mainly in the range of 20 to 40. Considering the total number of homes in Gjakova and the average price of cigarettes, there could be more than €15 Million spent each year on smoking (Figures H.1 to H.6). Table H.1.

0

20

40

60

80

<25 25-50 51-75

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure G.1. Amount of Diesel used per month (Liters)

0102030405060

<25 25-50 51-75

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es



020406080

100120

7-11 12-16

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Hours per day



Percentage of Homes

0-25% 99.4 26-50% .6

Members with Respiratory Problems in the Family

Percentage

No 99.4 Yes 0.6


Gjakova

0

5

10

15

20

1 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 20 24 30Perc

enta

ge o

f Adu

lts R

esid

ents

Years of Smoking


0

5

10

15

20

7 15 27 37 45 55 64 70 80 90 97 102

110

120

150

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es



Outside the Residence

0

10

20

30

40

1 2 3 4 >4

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure H.2. Regular Cigarette Smokers, Gjakova

010203040

7 14 15 22 25 30 32 35 40 60 75Perc

enta

ge o

f Adu

lts

Cigarettes Smoked


Residence by Adults

0

10

20

30

40

5 15 27 33 50 80 90 110

Perc

enta

ge o

f Adu

lts

Cigarettes Smoked



Gjilan

6. Gjilan

The 2011 National Census survey of Kosovo reports that the City of Gjilan had a total population of 90,178. The AUK Household Energy Consumption Project conducted 502 household interviews in the city of Gjilan, completing detailed questionnaires in each household.

6.A Gjilani Home Backgrounds

About 70% of the homes in Gjilan were constructed between 1970 and 2000. Only 13% of the homes visited were more than 50 years old. It is 17% of all Gjilan homes, in the AUK survey, that were built after the 1999 Conflict. 38% of all homes, in the AUK survey for Gjilan, have a floor area of between 51m2 and 85m2. About 65% of the homes have an area of between 50m2 and 100m2 (Figures A.1, A.2). It is 30% of the homes that have an area greater than 100m2. Nearly 60% of Gjilan homes have 5 to 8 family members living in them. There are 33% of

the homes having 1 to 4 people living in them and 7% of the homes have more than 8 people living in them. There is a wide spread of ages in the Gjilan homes. Around 60% of the inhabitants are below 35 years of age and nearly 40% are over 35. There are about 6% of people who are aged 65 or more (Figures A.3, A.4). In almost half of the homes there is one person who is fully employed. In 30% of Gjilan homes there are two people fully employed and in 8% of homes there are three people or more who are fully employed (Figure A.5).

0

20

40

60

80

Old (before1970)

Medium(1970-2000)

New (after2000)

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Residental Classification

Figure A.1. Dates of Construction, Gjilan


Gjilan

6.B Heating Systems in Gjilan

Almost 77% of all the homes, surveyed in the City of Gjilan, are using wood for heating purposes. Just under 20% of them are using electricity for heating purposes. In 38% of the homes only one room gets heated and 21% of the homes heat more than two rooms (Figures B.1, B.2). There are 77% of the Gjilan homes that heat either one or two rooms. Many Gjilan homes tend to purchase 9m3 to 10m3 of wood each year (see Figure B.3). There appears to be a large number of homes purchasing 10m3 of wood per year but this high number could result from respondents who are uncertain of the total purchases made each year. The average amount of wood purchased each year is 10.56m3. The amount spent per home each year for purchasing wood tends to be around €300. Wood is by far the cheapest means of heating a home (Figures B.4, B.5). The two main types of wood that is used for heating is Oak and Beech.

05

1015202530

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Home Area

Figure A.2. Area of Homes (m2), Gjilan

010203040506070

1-4 people 5-8 people 9-12 people

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure A.3. Family Size, Gjilan

0%5%

10%15%20%25%

Perc

enta

ge o

f Peo

ple

Age Range

Figure A.4. Distribution of Ages, Gjilan

0102030405060

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure A.5. Employment of Residents, Gjilan


Gjilan

0

20

40

60

80

100

Wood GasBottles

DistrictHeating

Electricity

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Heating Sources

Figure B.1. Heating Sources in Gjilan's Homes

01020304050

1 Room 2Rooms

3Rooms

4Rooms

MorePerc

enta

gte

of H

omes


Figure B.2. Number of Rooms Heated in Gjilan's Homes

0

10

20

30

40

1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49

Perc

enta

ge o

f Ho

mes

m3 of wood

Figure B.3. Cubic Meters of Wood Bought in 2011, Gjilan

05

1015202530

100

190

280

370

460

550

640

730

820

910

1000

1090

1180

Perc

enta

ge o

f Ho

mes

Euros Spent on Wood

Figure B.4. Money Spent on Buying Wood, Gjilan 2011

0

20

40

60

80

Cheap Traditional Both Heat& Cook

for centralheating

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure B.5. Reasons for Using Wood, Gjilan

010203040506070


Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Wood Types

Figure B.6. Wood Types, Gjilan

The average amount of wood consumed by wood consuming homes in Gjilan (392 out of 502 visited) is 10.56 m3. Total wood consumed in the 392 wood burning homes is 4140 m3.


Gjilan

6.C Electricity Consumption in Gjilan

The levels of income in the City of Gjilan are severely stretched in regards to paying for electricity. In 45% of the homes the respondents reported that between 20% to 30% of the family income is spent on electricity. About 14% of the homes spend 30% to 40% of their income on electricity (Figure C.1). During a typical summer month a home will spend about €16 to €30/month on their electricity bill. In the winter months it will be about €31 to €60/month (Figures C.2, C.3).

6.D Insulation of Homes in Gjilan

The most cost effective means of home insulation is to ensure there is an insulated roof. In 18 % of the Gjilan homes there is roof insulation. The next most important form of home insulation is with double glazing and in 30% of the Gjilan homes there is double glazing. Hot water tank insulation is in 65% of the Gjilan homes and 16% have wall insulation (Tables D.1, D.2, D.3, D.4).

Table D.1.


Yes 17.6 No 80.2

Don't know 2.2

Table D.2.


Yes 29.7 No 68.9

Don't know 1.4

01020304050

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure C.1. Gjilan's Spending on Electricity as a Percentage of Family

Income

0102030405060

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure C.2. Amount Spent on Electricity in July, Gjilan, 2011

01020304050

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure C.3. Amount Spent on Electricity in January, Gjilan, 2011


Gjilan

Table D.3.


Yes 15.7 No 77.4

Don't know 6.9

Table D.4.


Percentage of Homes

Yes 64.8 No 35.2

6.E Cooking in Gjilan

Over 70% of the Gjilan surveyed homes are using electricity for cooking purposes. More than 60% of the homes are using 25% to 50% of their wood supplies for cooking purposes (Figures E.1, E.2). Tables E.1 to E.4 supply information on the woodstoves being used. Over 72% of homes have wood stoves and nearly all homes only employ one woodstove. There are almost 90% of the woodstoves which have been manufactured in Serbia and 11% manufactured in other countries. Only a few homes in Gjilan use gas bottles and the mostly used size of gas bottles is 3.0 liters (Table E.5).

Table E.1.


Percentage

No 27.3 Yes 72.7

Table E.2.


Percentage

No 23.7 Yes 76.3

0

20

40

60

80


Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Cooking Sources

Figure E.1. Methods for Cooking, Gjilan

010203040506070

0-25% 25-50% 50-75% 75-100%

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure E.2. Wood Used for Cooking, Gjilan


Gjilan

Table E.3.

Table E.4.

Woodstove Manufacturing Country

Percentage

Serbia 89 Other 11

Table E.5.

6.F Lighting in Gjilan

All homes are using electricity for lighting purposes and 35% of the Gjilan homes are using some energy efficiency bulbs. 40% of homes have 6 to 10 light bulbs and 39% have 11 to 15. Nearly 43% of homes have between 1 and 8 energy efficient light bulbs. Nearly 75% of homes are using either 60Watt or 100Watt light bulbs (Tables F.1 to F.5).

Table F.1.

Table F.2.


Percentage

Energy Eff. - Neon light bulbs 35.2

Standard-Incandescent 64.8

Table F.3.


Percentage

1-5 4.1 6-10 40.7

11-15 38.8 >15 16.5

Table F.4.


Percentage

<4 13.1 5-8 29.5

9-12 24.4 12-16 18.8 >16 14.2

Table F.5.


Percentage

40 7.4 60 35.5 75 17.6

100 39.2 200 .3

First Source Used to Light Homes

Percentage

Electricity 100


(l)

Number of Gas Bottles

Used per month

Total

<1 1 2 3 >3 4 >4

3.0 5 9 3 1 18 15.0 1 5 2 1 9

Number of Woodstoves Percentage

1 96.3

2 3.7


Gjilan

6.G Transportation in Gjilan From the Gjilan homes that were surveyed nearly 54% of them own a car. Over 35% of homes owned no car. Over 10% of the homes owned more than one car. 62% of the car owners are using Diesel fuel (Tables G.1, G.2). For the owners of diesel cars most of the owners are consuming between 25 and 50 liters of fuel per month. Nearly 40% of owners of gasoline driven cars tend to consume between 51 and 75 liters per month (Figures G.1, G.2). The gasoline driven cars are providing less km/liter and therefore consuming more fuel. 97% of the homes use public transport up to 25% of the time and just under 3% of them use it between 26% and 50% of the time (Table G.3). Table G.1.

Table G.2.



Table G.3.


Percentage of Homes

0-25% 96.8 26-50% 2.5 51-75% .6

6.H Health in Gjilan For all those interviewed there were questions related to emissions from wood and cigarette smoking. Over 45% of the homes using wood will have the stove burning for 7 to 11 hours per day. 44% of the homes with stoves are using them between 12 and 16 hours per day. When questioned about respiratory problems there were only 7% that said they had this problem (Table H.1). In more than half of the homes there was a cigarette smoker. Over 9% of these smokers smoke about 5 cigarettes per day in the home, over 30% smoke 10 cigarettes per day and about 21% smoke around 20 cigarettes per day. Outside of the home

01020304050

<25 25-50 51-75 76-100 >100

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es



0

20

40

60

<25 25-50 51-75 76-100 >100

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es




Percentage of Homes

0 35.8 1 53.8 2 9.2 3 .8

>3 .4


Gjilan

0

20

40

60

7 14 15 22 25 30 32 35 40 50

Perc

enta

ge o

f Adu

lts

Cigarettes Smoked


Residence by Adults

0

10

20

30

40

50

<6 7-11 12-16 17-21 21-24

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Hours per day


0

10

20

30

40

1 3 5 10 13 15 25 27 32 40 45 55 80

Perc

enta

ge o

f Adu

lts

Cigarettes Smoked


slightly larger amounts are smoked. In many instances the smokers have been smoking for 10 to 20 years. The total cigarettes smoked each day by Gjilani citizens tend to be mainly in the range of 10 to 30. Considering the total number of homes in Gjilan and the price of cigarettes there could be just more than €9 Million spent each year on smoking (Figures H.1 to H.6).

Table H.1.


Percentage

No 93.1 Yes 6.9

0102030405060

1 2 3 4

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Cigarette Smokers

Figure H.2. Regular Cigarette Smokers, Gjilan


Gjilan

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 23 24 25 27 28 30 40 70Perc

enta

ge o

f Adu

lt Re

side

nts

Number of Years


0

5

10

15

20

7 10 12 16 18 20 24 26 28 30 33 35 37 41 44 47 52 55 62 65 69 72 75 95 140

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es




Mitrovica

7. Mitrovica

The 2011 National Census survey of Kosovo reports that the City of Mitrovica had a total population of 71,909. The AUK Household Energy Consumption Project conducted 500 household interviews in the city of Mitrovica, completing detailed questionnaires in each household.

7.A Mitrovica Home

Backgrounds

More than 50% of the homes in Mitrovica were constructed between 1970 and 2000. Only 20% of the homes visited were more than 50 years old. It is around 26% of all Mitrovica homes, in the AUK survey, that were built after the 1999 Conflict. Just more than 40% of all homes, in the AUK survey for Mitrovica, have a floor area of between 51m2 and 85m2. About 65% of the homes have an area of between 50m2 and 100m2 (Figures A.1, A.2). It is about 30% of the homes that have an area greater than 100m2.

Nearly 60% of Mitrovica homes have 5 to 8 family members living in them. There are 25% of the homes having 1 to 4 people living in them and just over 10% of the homes have more than 8 people living in them. There is a wide spread of ages in the Mitrovica homes. Around 65% of the inhabitants are below 35 years of age and nearly 35% are over 35. There are about 7% of people who are aged 65 or more (Figures A.3, A.4). In 44% of the homes there is one person who is fully employed. In 19% of Mitrovica homes there are two people fully employed and in 4% of homes there are three people or more who are fully employed (Figure A.5).

0102030405060

Old (before1970)

Medium(1970-2000)

New (after2000)

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Residental Classificattion

Figure A.1. Dates of Construction, Mitrovica


Mitrovica

7.B Heating Systems in Mitrovica

More than 95% of all the homes, surveyed in the City of Mitrovica, are using wood for heating purposes. Fewer than 5% of them are using electricity for heating purposes. In about 43% of the homes only one room gets heated and only 18% of the homes heat more than two rooms (Figures B.1, B.2). There are about 77% of the Mitrovica homes that heat either one or two rooms. Many Mitrovica homes tend to purchase 8m3 or 10m3 of wood each year (see Figure B.3). There appears to be a large number of homes purchasing 10m3 of wood per year but this high number could result from respondents who are uncertain of the total purchases made each year. The average amount of wood purchased each year is 8.66 m3. The amount spent per home each year for purchasing wood tends to be around €300. Wood is by far the cheapest means of heating a home (Figures B.4, B.5). The two main types of wood that are used for heating are Oak and Beech, with very little Turkey Oak.

05

1015202530

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Home Area

Figure A.2. Area of Homes (m2), Mitrovica

010203040506070

1-4people

5-8people

9-12people

>12people

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure A.3. Family Size, Mitrovica

0%5%

10%15%20%25%

Perc

enta

ge o

f Peo

ple

Age Range

Figure A.4. Distribution of Ages, Mitrovica

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 >6

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure A.5. Employment of Residents, Mitrovica


Mitrovica

020406080

100120

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Heating Source

Figure B.1. Heating Sources in Mitrovica's Homes

01020304050

1 Room 2Rooms

3Rooms

4Rooms

More

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure B.2. Number of Rooms Heated in Mitrovica Homes

05

1015202530

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34

Perc

enta

ge o

f Ho

mes

m3 of wood

Figure B.3. Cubic Meters of Wood Bought in 2011, Mitrovica

05

10152025

100

190

280

370

460

550

640

730

820

910

1000

1090

1180

Perc

enta

ge o

f Ho

mes

Euros Spent on Wood

Figure B.4. Money Spent on Buying Wood, Mitrovica 2011

20406080

100


for centralheating

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure B.5. Reasons for Using Wood, Mitrovica

102030405060708090


Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Wood Type

Figure B.6. Wood Type, Mitrovica

The average amount of wood consumed by wood consuming homes in Mitrovica (478 out of 500 visited) is 8.66 m3. Total wood consumed in the 478 wood burning homes is 4138 m3.


Mitrovica

7.C Electricity Consumption in Mitrovica

The levels of income in the City of Mitrovica are severely stretched in regards to paying for electricity. In 32% of the homes the respondents reported that between 10% to 20% of the family income is spent on electricity. 10% of the homes spend less than 10% of their income on electricity (Figure C.1). During a typical summer month more than half of the homes will spend about €16 to €31/month on their electricity bill. In the winter months around 33% of the homes will spend about €31 to €60/month (Figures C.2, C.3).

7.D Insulation of Homes in Mitrovica

The most cost effective means of home insulation is to ensure there is an insulated roof. In 18% of the Mitrovica homes there is roof insulation. The next most important form of home insulation is with double glazing and in 59% of the Mitrovica homes there is double glazing. Hot water tank insulation is in 83% of the Mitrovica homes and 37% have wall insulation (Tables D.1, D.2, D.3, D.4).

Table D.1.


Yes 18.0

No 78.6 Don't know 3.4

Table D.2.

Double Glazing Percentage of Homes No 40.6 Yes 59.2

Don't know .2

010203040

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure C.1. Mitrovica's Spending on Electricity as a Percentage of Family

Income

0

20

40

60

80

< €15 €16-30 €31-60 €61-100 > €100

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure C.2. Amount Spent on Electricity in July, Mitrovica, 2011

0

10

20

30

40

50

< €15 €16-30 €31-60 €61-100 > €100

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure C.3. Amount Spent on Electricity in January, Mitrovica,

2011


Mitrovica

Table D.3.

Insulated Wall Percentage of Homes No 61.6 Yes 37.4

Don't know 1.0

Table D.4.


Percentage of Homes

No 16.7 Yes 83.3

7.E Cooking in Mitrovica

Over 80% of the Mitrovica surveyed homes are using wood for cooking purposes. Over 40% of the homes are using 50% to 75% of their wood supplies for cooking purposes (Figures E.1, E.2). Tables E.1 to E.4 supply information on the woodstoves being used. Over 96% of homes have wood stoves and nearly all homes only employ one woodstove. There are 81% of the woodstoves which have been manufactured in Serbia and 19% in other countries. The majority of homes are using one bottle of gas per month and the most used size is 3.0 Liters.

Table E.1.

Woodstoves in the house

Percentage

No 4 Yes 96

Table E.2.

Woodstove as a primary heat source

Percentage

No 3.3 Yes 96.7

Table E.3.

Number of woodstoves Percentage

1 83.9 2 15.0 3 1.0

Table E.4.

Woodstove manufacturing country

Percentage

Serbia 81 Slovenia 6

Other 13

20

40

60

80

100


Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Methods for Cooking

Figure E.1. Methods for Cooking, Mitrovica

10

20

30

40

50

0-25% 25-50% 50-75% 75-100%

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Wood used for Cooking

Figure E.2. Wood Used for Cooking, Mitrovica


Mitrovica

Table E.5.

7.F Lighting in Mitrovica

All homes are using electricity for lighting purposes and half of the Mitrovica homes are using some energy efficiency bulbs. 17% of homes have 1 to 5 light bulbs and 56% have 6 to 10. Just more than 73% of homes have between 1 and 8 energy efficient light bulbs. Nearly 45% of homes are using either 40Watt or 60Watt light bulbs (Tables F.1 to F.5). Table F.1.

Sources Used to Light Homes Percentage

Electricity 99.60%

Battery (Inventor) 0.40%

Table F.2.

Type of Electric Light Bulbs Used Percentage

Energy Eff. - Neon light bulbs 47.3%

Standard - Incandescent 52.7%

Table F.3. Number of Electric Light Bulbs in

Homes Percentage

1-5 17.4% 6-10 56.1%

11-15 14.6% >15 11.9%

Table F.4.

Table F.5.

7.G Transportation in

Mitrovica

From the Mitrovica homes that were surveyed nearly 48% of them own a car. Over 46% of homes owned no car. 5% of the homes owned two cars. Just over 69% of the car owners are using Diesel fuel (Tables G.1, G.2). For the owners of diesel cars, 40% of the owners are consuming 25-50 liters of fuel per month. Quite similarly, more than 40% of owners of gasoline driven cars tend to consume between 25 and 50 liters per month

Size of

the Gas

Bottle (l)

Number of Gas Bottles Used per

Month

Total

<1 1 2 3 >3 4 >4 0.3 39 27 14 3 7 90 3.0 136 114 27 9 3 289

15.0 23 34 17 2 3 79 Number of Efficiency Light

Bulbs in Home Percentage

<4 33.2% 5-8 32.8%

9-12 20.1% 12-16 7.4% >16 6.6%

Amount of Watts in Homes’ Standard Light

Bulbs

Percentage

40 9.4% 60 35.3% 75 14.2%

100 38.3% 200 2.8%


Mitrovica

(Figures G.1, G.2). 52% of the homes use public transport up to 25% of the time and about 28% of them using it between 26% and 50% of the time (Table G.3). Table G.1.

Number of Cars Owned Percentage of Homes

0 46.8 1 47.6 2 5 3 0.4

>3 0.2

Table G.2.

Type of Fuel Percentage of Homes

Diesel 69.3 Gasoline 29.9

Natural Gas .8

Table G.3.

7.H Health in Mitrovica

For all those interviewed there were questions related to emissions from wood and cigarette smoking. 50% of the homes using wood will have the stove burning for 12 to 16 hours per day. 22% of the homes with stoves are using them between 17 and 21 hours per day. When questioned about respiratory problems there were only 18% that said they had this problem (Table H.1). In more than 60% of the homes there was a cigarette smoker. Over 5% of these smokers smoke about 5 cigarettes per day in the home, over 16% smoke 10 cigarettes per day and about 20% smoke around 20 cigarettes per day. Outside of the home slightly larger amounts are smoked. In many instances the smokers have been smoking for 20 to 30 years. The total cigarettes smoked each day by Mitrovica citizens tend to be mainly in the range of 10 to 20. Considering the total number of homes in Mitrovica and the average price of cigarettes, there could be about € 7 Million spent each year on smoking (Figures H.1 to H.6)

0

10

20

30

40

50

<25 25-50 51-75 76-100 >100

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es



0

10

20

30

40

50

<25 25-50 51-75 76-100 >100

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es



Public Transport Usage Percentage of Homes 0-25% 53.7

26-50% 27.9 51-75% 12.1

76-100% 6.3


Mitrovica

0

5

10

15

20

25

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 18 20 22 25 30 35 40 60

Perc

enta

ge o

f Adu

lts

Cigarettes Smoked

Figure H.3. Number of Cigarettes Smoked Inside the Residence by

Adults

0102030405060

<6 7-11 12-16 17-21 21-24

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Hours per Day

Figure H.1. Hours per day in January the Woodstove is Used, Mitrovica

Table H.1.

Members with Respiratory Problems in

the Family

Percentage of Homes

No 81.8 Yes 18.2

0

20

40

60

80

7 15 22 25 30 35 45 50

Perc

enta

ge o

f Adu

lts

Cigarettes Smoked


Residence by Adults

0

5

10

15

20

1 4 7 10 13 16 20 23 28 32 36 39 43 50 58Perc

enta

ge o

f Adu

lt Re

side

nts

Number of Years

Figure H.5. Years of Smoking by Adults

0

5

10

15

20

5 111519222528374045535761667590

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es



Outside the Residence 0

10203040506070

1 2 3 4 >4

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Cigarette Smokers

Figure H.2. Regular Cigarette Smokers


Peja

0

20

40

60

80

Old (before1970)

Medium(1970-2000)

New (after2000)

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Residential Classification

Figure A.1. Dates of Construction, Peja

The 2011 National Census survey of Kosovo reports that the City of Peja had a total population of 96,450. The AUK Household Energy Consumption Project conducted 500 household interviews in the city of Peja, completing detailed questionnaires in each household.

8.A Home Backgrounds in Peja

About 70% of the homes in Peja were constructed between 1970 and 2000. Only 10% of the homes visited were more than 50 years old. It is 20% of all Peja homes, in the AUK survey, that were built after the 1999 Conflict. About 23% of homes, in the AUK survey for Peja, have a floor area of between 51m2 and 70m2. There are 42% of the homes having an area of between 100m2 and 250m2 (Figures A.1, A.2). It is only 3% of the homes that have an area less than 50m2.

Over 50% of Peja homes have 5 to 8 family members living in them. There are 42% of the homes having 1 to 4 people living in them and just over 2% of the homes have more than 8 people living in them. There is a wide spread of ages in the Peja homes. Around 58% of the inhabitants are below 35 years of age and nearly 42% are over 35. There are about 7% of people who are aged 65 or more (Figures A.3, A.4). The 36 to 50 year old group is the largest grouping being nearly 18% of the total Peja population. In 66% of the Peja homes there is either one or two people who are fully employed. In 13% of homes there are three or more people fully employed (Figure A.5).

8. Peja


Peja

8.B Heating Systems in Peja

Almost 85% of all the homes, surveyed in the City of Peja, are using wood for heating purposes. Just over 10% of them are using electricity for heating purposes. In 47% of the homes only one room gets heated and only 17% of the homes heat more than two rooms (Figures B.1, B.2). There are 79% of the Peja homes that heat either one or two rooms. Just under 50% of the homes tend to purchase 10m3 of timber each year for heating (Figure B.3). The average amount of wood purchased each year is 10 m3. The amount spent per year each year for purchasing wood tends to be around €300. Wood is by far the cheapest means of heating a home (Figures B.4, B.5). The two main types of wood that is used for heating is Oak and Beech, with very little pine.

05

10152025

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Home Area

Figure A.2. Area of Homes (m2), Peja

0102030405060

1-4 people 5-8 people 9-12people

>12 people

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure A.3. Family Size, Peja

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

Perc

enta

ge o

f Peo

ple

Age Range

Figure A.4. Distribution of Ages, Peja

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 >6

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure A.5. Employed Residents, Peja


Peja

8.C Electricity Consumption in Peja

The levels of income in the City of Peja are severely stretched in regards to paying for electricity. In 45% of the homes the

0

20

40

60

80

100

Wood GasBottles

DistrictHeating

Electricity Oil

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Heating Sources

Figure B.1. Heating Sources in Peja's Homes

01020304050

1Room

2Rooms

3Rooms

4Rooms

6Rooms

More

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure B.2. Number of Rooms Heated in Peja Homes

0

10

20

30

40

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34

Perc

enta

ge o

f Ho

mes

m3 of wood

Figure B.3. Cubic Meters of Wood Bought in 2011, Peja

05

1015202530

100

190

280

370

460

550

640

730

820

910

1000

1090

1180

Perc

enta

ge o

f Ho

mes

Euros Spent on Wood

Figure B.4. Money Spent on Buying Wood, Peja 2011

0

20

40

60

80


for centralheating

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure B.5. Reasons for Using Wood, Peja

0

10

20

30

40


Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Wood Types

Figure B.6. Wood Types

The average amount of wood consumed by wood consuming homes in Peja (413 out of 500 visited) is 10.77 m3. Total wood consumed in the 413 wood burning homes is 4448 m3.


Peja

respondents reported that between 10% to 20% of the family income is spent on electricity. One third of the homes spend less than 10% of their income on electricity (Figure C.1). During a typical summer month about half of the homes will spend €16 to €31/month on their electricity bill. In the winter months half of the homes spend €31 to €60/month, double the amount paid in the summer (Figures C.2, C.3).

8.D Insulation of Homes in Peja

The most cost effective means of home insulation is to ensure there is an insulated roof. In 42% of the Peja homes there is roof insulation. The next most important form of home insulation is with double glazing and in 48% of the Peja homes there is double glazing. Hot water tank insulation is in 65% of the Peja homes and 32% have wall insulation (Tables D.1, D.2, D.3, D.4).

Table D.1.

Roof Insulation Percentage

No 53.2 Yes 42.2

Don't know 4.7

Table D.2.

Double Glazing Percentage

No 50.1

Yes 48.3

Don't know 1.6

01020304050

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure C.1. Peja's Spending on Electricity as a Percentage of Family

Income

010203040506070

< €15 €16-30 €31-60 €61-100 > €100

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure C.2. Amount Spent on Electricity in July, Peja, 2011

0102030405060

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure C.3. Amount Spent on Electricity in January, Peja, 2011


Peja

Table D.3.

Wall Insulation Percentage No 62.4 Yes 32.1

Don't know 5.5

Table D.4.

Water tank Insulation Percentage

No 34.8 Yes 65.2

8.E Cooking in Peja Over 40% of the Peja homes surveyed are using electricity for cooking purposes. Over 35% of the homes are using wood for cooking purposes. Nearly 60% of the homes use up to 25% of their wood supply for cooking and over 20% of the homes use 25-50% of it (Figures E.1, E.2). Tables E.1 to E.4 supply information on the woodstoves being used. 65% of homes have wood stoves and 95% of have the stove as their primary heat source. 90% of the Peja homes have only one woodstove. Nearly 9% of the homes have 2 woodstoves. 90% of the woodstoves have been manufactured in Serbia. The homes using gas bottles normally have 0.3 or 3.0 liter sizes of gas bottles (Table E.5).

Table E.1.

Woodstoves in the house Percentage of Homes

Yes 65% No 35%

Table E.2.

Table E.3.

0

10

20

30

40

50


Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Cooking Sources

Figure E.1. Methods for Cooking, Peja

0

20

40

60

80

0-25% 25-50% 50-75% 75-100%

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure E.2. Wood Used for Cooking, Peja


Percentage of Homes

Serbia 90% Other 10%

Woodstove as a primary heat source

Percentage of Homes

Yes 95.2% No 4.8%


Peja

Table E.4.

Number of Woodstoves Percentage of Homes

1 90.1% 2 8.9% 3 0.3%

More 0.7%

8.F Lighting in Peja All homes in Peja use electricity for lighting purposes and nearly half of them are using some energy efficiency bulbs (Table F.1, F.2). About 45% of homes have 6 to 10 light bulbs and 15% have 1 to 5. Nearly 57% of homes have between 1 and 8 energy efficient light bulbs. Nearly 80% of homes are using either 75Watt or 100Watt light bulbs (Tables F.3 to F.5). Table F.1.

First Source Used to Light Homes

Percentage

Electricity 100

Table F.2.


Percentage

Energy efficient-Neon light bulbs

46.6

Standard-Incandescent 53.4

Table F.3.


Percentage

1-5 15.5 6-10 44.6

11-15 27.5 >15 12.4

Table F.4.

Number of Efficiency Light Bulbs in Home

Percentage

<4 29.0 5-8 27.5

9-12 23.0 12-16 12.3 >16 8.2

Table F.5.


Percentage

40 6.4 60 12.0 75 34.1

100 45.2 200 2.3

8.G Transportation in Peja In the Peja homes 49% of them own one car and nearly 40% don’t own any car. Just over 7% of the homes owned two cars. 63% of the car owners are using Diesel fuel (Tables G.1,


(l)


Total

<1 1 2 3 4

0.3 0 18 41 11 5 75

3.0 0 24 29 19 7 79

15.0 1 19 8 0 0 28

Table E.5.


Peja

G.2). For the owners of diesel cars over 70% of them are consuming 25 to 75 liters of fuel per month. Similarly for owners of gasoline driven cars they tend to consume between 25 and 75 liters per month (Figures G.1, G.2). 92% of the homes use public transport up to 25% of the time and about 8% of them use it more than 25% of the time (Table G.3). Table G.1.


Percentage of Homes

0 39.5 1 49.0 2 7.4 3 3.3

>3 .8

Table G.2.



Table G.3.

8.H Health in Peja For all those interviewed there were questions related to emissions from wood and cigarette smoking. In January over 50% of the Peja homes using wood will have the stove burning for 12 to 16 hours per day. 27% of the homes with stoves are using them between 7 and 11 hours per day (Figure H.1). When questioned about respiratory problems there were only 11% that said they had this problem (Table H.1). About 55% of the Peja homes have one or more cigarette smokers. Over 10% of these smokers smoke about 10 cigarettes per day in the home, nearly another 10% smoke 20 cigarettes per day and

0

10

20

30

40

50

<25 25-50 51-75 76-100 >100

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Amount of Diesel per Month (Liters)


0

10

20

30

40

50

<25 25-50 51-75 76-100 >100

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Amount of Gasoline (Liters)



Percentage of Homes

0-25% 92.4 26-50% 5.9 51-75% 1.7


Peja

010203040506070

1 2 3 4

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Cigarette Smokers

Figure H.2. Regular Cigarette Smokers in the Residence

0102030405060

<6 7-11 12-16 17-21 21-24

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Hours per day

Figure H.1. Woodstove Usage in January

nearly 8% smoke around 30 cigarettes per day. Outside of the home similar amounts are smoked. In 25% of the homes smokers have been smoking for 20 to 30 years. Over 205 of smokers have smoked for about 10 years. The total cigarettes smoked each day by Peja citizens tend to be mainly in the range of 10 to 20. Considering the total number of homes in Peja and the average price of cigarettes, there could be about €9 Million spent each year on smoking (Figures H.1 to H.6). Table H.1

Members with Respiratory Problems in the Family

Percentage

No 88.6 Yes 11.4

0

10

20

30

40

50

7 14 15 22 25 30 35 40 42 50

Perc

enta

ge o

f Adu

lts

Cigarettes Smoked

Figure H.4. Number of Cigarettes Smoked Outside the Residence

each day by Adults

0

5

10

15

20

251 4 7 10 14 18 21 24 27 40 55 61 78

Perc

enta

ge o

f Adu

lts

Cigarettes Smoked

Figure H.3. Number of Cigarettes Smoked on Avarage Inside the Residence Each Day by Adults


Peja

0

5

10

15

20

25

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 28 30 31 35 37 40 42 55 60 70Perc

enta

ge o

f Adu

lt Re

side

nts

Number of Years


0

5

10

15

4 7 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 27 30 34 37 39 41 44 47 49 53 60 64 69 73 80 90 100

105

135

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es




Prizren

The 2011 National Census survey of Kosovo reports that the City of Prizren had a total population of 177,781. The AUK Household Energy Consumption Project conducted 500 household interviews in the city of Prizren, completing detailed questionnaires in each household. More than 60% of the homes in Prizren were constructed between 1970 and 2000. Only 25% of the homes visited were more than 50 years old. It is 10% of all Prizren homes, in the AUK survey, that were built after the 1999 Conflict. Half of all homes, in the AUK survey for Prizren, have a floor area of between 51m2 and 85m2. About 70% of the homes have an area of between 50m2 and 100m2 (Figures A.1, A.2). It is 20% of the homes that have an area greater than 100m2. Nearly 60% of Prizren homes have 5 to 8 family members living in them. There are 30% of the homes having 1 to 4 people living

in them and just over 10% of the homes have more than 8 people living in them. There is a wide spread of ages in the Prizren homes. Around 55% of the inhabitants are below 35 years of age and nearly 45% are over 35. There are about 9% of people who are aged 65 or more (Figures A.3, A.4). In 45% of the homes there is one person who is fully employed. In 24% of Prizren homes there are two people fully employed, and in 13% of homes there are three people or more who are fully employed (Figure A.5).

010203040506070

Old (before1970)

Medium(1970-2000)

New (after2000)

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Dates of Construction

Figure A.1. Dates of Construction, Prizren

9. Prizren

9.A Prizren Home Backgrounds


Prizren

9.B Heating Systems in Prizren

Almost 90% of all the homes, surveyed in the City of Prizren, are using wood for heating purposes. Just under 9% of them are using electricity for heating purposes. In 47% of the homes only one room gets heated and only 12% of the homes heat more than two rooms (Figures B.1, B.2). There are 88% of the Prizren homes that heat either one or two rooms. Many Prizren homes tend to purchase 5m3 or 6m3 of wood each year (see Figure B.3). There appears to be a large number of homes purchasing 10m3 of wood per year but this high number could result from respondents who are uncertain of the total purchases made each year. The average amount of wood purchased each year is 7 m3. The amount spent per home each year for purchasing wood tends to be around €140. Wood is by far the cheapest means of heating a home (Figures B.4, B.5). The two main types of wood that are used for heating are Oak and Beech, with very little Pine.

05

101520253035

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Home Area

Figure A.2. Area of Homes (m2), Prizren

0%5%

10%15%20%

Perc

enta

ge o

f Peo

ple

Age Range

Figure A.4. Distribution of Ages, Prizren

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 >6

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure A.5. Employment of Residents, Prizren

010203040506070

1-4 people 5-8 people 9-12people

>12 people

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure A.3. Family Size, Prizren


Prizren

020406080

100

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Heating Sources

Figure B.1. Heating Sources in Prizren's Homes

0

10

20

30

40

50

1 Room 2 Rooms 3 Rooms 4 Rooms More

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure B.2. Number of Rooms Heated in Prizren Homes

0

5

10

15

20

25

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21

Perc

enta

ge o

f Ho

mes

m3 of wood

Figure B.3. Cubic Meters of Wood Bought in 2011, Prizren

0

5

10

15

20

90 170

250

330

410

490

570

650

730

810

890

970

1050

1130

Perc

enta

ge o

f Ho

mes

Euros Spent on Wood

Figure B.4. Money Spent on Buying Wood in 2011, Prizren

0102030405060708090


For CentralHeating

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure B.5. Reasons for Using Wood

10203040506070


Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Wood Type

Figure B.6. Wood Types, Prizren

The average amount of wood consumed by wood consuming homes in Prizren (448 out of 500 visited) is 7.11 m3. Total wood consumed in the 448 wood burning homes is 3187 m3.


Prizren

9.C Electricity Consumption in Prizren

The levels of income in the City of Prizren are severely stretched in regards to paying for electricity. In almost half of the homes the respondents reported that between 20% to 30% of the family income is spent on electricity. About one third of the homes spend 30% to 40% of their income on electricity (Figure C.1). During a typical summer month a home will spend about €16 to €30/month on their electricity bill. In the winter months it will be about €31 to €60/month (Figures C.2, C.3).

9.D Insulation of Homes

in Prizren

In Tables D.1 – D.4 there is a summary of the status of home insulation in the surveyed homes of Prizren. Only 18% of the homes have roof insulation. As this is the most cost effective means of saving energy in homes there is need for promoting roof insulation. About 25% of homes have double glazing and 14% have wall insulation. Almost all homes have their hot water tanks insulated.

Table D.1.


Yes 18.0 No 78.6

Don't know 3.4

Table D.2.

0102030405060

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure C.1. Prizren's Spending on Electricity as a Percentage of Family

Income

0

20

40

60

80

< €15 €16-30 €31-60 €61-100 > €100

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure C.2. Amount Spent on Electricity in July, Prizren, 2011


Yes 25.7 No 73.5

Don't Know 0.8

01020304050

< €15 €16-30 €31-60 €61-100 > €100

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure C.3. Amount Spent on Electricity in January, Prizren, 2011


Prizren

Table D.3.


Yes 14.3 No 77.3

Don't Know 8.4

Table D.4.

Insulated Hot-Water Tank

Percentage of Homes

Yes 97.9

No 2

9.E Cooking in Prizren

Over 60% of the Prizren surveyed homes are using gas bottles for cooking purposes. Over 50% of the homes are using 25% to 50% of their wood supplies for cooking purposes (Figures E.1, E.2). Tables E.1 to E.4 supply information on the woodstoves being used. Over 90% of homes have wood stoves and nearly all homes only employ one woodstove. There are 82% of the woodstoves which have been manufactured in Serbia and 14% manufactured in Turkey. The majority of homes are using one bottle of gas per month and the most used size is 15 Liters.

Table E.1.

Woodstoves in the House Percentage of Homes

Yes 91.2% No 8.8%

Table E.2.


Percentage of Homes

Yes 46% No 54%

Table E.3.

Number of Woodstoves Percentage of Homes

1 97.7% 2 2.3%

Table E.4.


Percentage of Homes

Serbia 82% Slovenia 4% Turkey 14%

0

10203040506070


Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Cooking Source

Figure E.1. Methods for Cooking, Prizren

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0-25% 25-50% 50-75% 75-100%

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es


Figure E.2. Wood Used for Cooking, Prizren


Prizren

Table E.5.

9.F Lighting in Prizren

All homes are using electricity for lighting purposes and half of the Prizren homes are using some energy efficiency bulbs. About 43% of homes have 1 to 5 light bulbs and 39% have 6 to 10. Nearly 82% of homes have between 1 and 8 energy efficient light bulbs. Nearly 89% of homes are using either 40Watt or 60Watt light bulbs (Tables F.1 to F.5). Table F.1.

Source Used to Light Homes Percentage

Electricity 99.60% Liquid fuel 0.40%

Table F.2.


Percentage

Energy Eff. - Neon light bulbs 51.7% Standard - Incandescent 48.3%

Table F.3.


Percentage

1-5 43.4%

6-10 38.8% 11-15 16.1% >15 1.7%

Table F.4.


Percentage

<4 55.4% 5-8 26.3%

9-12 15.9% 12-16 12.0% >16 1.2%

Table F.5.


Percentage

40 55.7% 60 33.0% 75 6.6%

100 4.7%

9.G Transportation in Prizren

From the Prizren homes that were surveyed nearly 62% of them own a car. Over 35% of homes owned no car. Just under 3% of the homes owned two cars. 40% of the car owners are using Diesel fuel (Tables G.1, G.2). For the owners of diesel cars most of the owners are consuming less than 25 liters of fuel per month. Most owners however of gasoline driven cars tend to consume between 25 and 50 liters per month (Figures G.1, G.2). Over half of the total homes surveyed do use public transport with 71% of them using it up to 25% of the time and about 28% of them using it between 26% and 50% of the time (Table G.3).


(l)


Total

<1 1 2 3 4

0.3 27 20 9 1 57 3.0 87 47 6 0 140

15.0 106 93 3 1 203


Prizren

Table G.1.


Percentage of Homes

0 35.5 1 61.9 2 2.6

Table G.2.

Type of Fuel Percentage of Homes

Diesel 40.5 Gasoline 58.9

Natural Gas .6 Table G.3.

9.H Health in Prizren

For all those interviewed there were questions related to emissions from wood and cigarette smoking. Nearly 60% of the homes using wood will have the stove burning for 7 to 11 hours per day. 30% of the homes with stoves are using them between 12 and 16 hours per day. When questioned about respiratory problems there were only 10% that said they had this problem (Table H.1). In about one third of homes there was a cigarette smoker. Over 20% of these smokers smoke about 5 cigarettes per day in the home, over 10% smoke 10 cigarettes per day and about 5% smoke around 20 cigarettes per day. Outside of the home slightly larger amounts are smoked. In many instances the smokers have been smoking for 20 to 30 years. The total cigarettes smoked each day in Prizren citizens tend to be mainly in the range of 10 to 20. Considering the total number of homes in Prizren and the average price of cigarettes, there could be about €10 Million spent each year on smoking (Figures H.1 to H.6).

0

20

40

60

80

<25 25-50 51-75

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Amount of Diesel per Moth (L)


0

20

40

60

80

<25 25-50 51-75

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Amount of Gasolineper Moth (L)


Public Transport Usage Percentage of Homes

0-25% 71.2 26-50% 28.8


Prizren

0

10

20

30

40

3 8 11 14 18 22 27 32 37 47 60 67

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es



Outside the Residence

Table H.1.


Percentage of Homes

No 89.5 Yes 10.5

05

1015202530

2 4 6 10 12 15 20 30 35 45 50Perc

enta

ge o

f Adu

lt Re

side

nts

Years of Smoking


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<6 7-11 12-16 17-21

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Hours per Day

Figure H.1. Hours per day in January the Woodstove is Used, Prizren

010203040506070

1 2 3 4 >4

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Cigarette Smokers

Figure H.2. Regular Cigarette Smokers, Prizren

0

10

20

30

40

50

1 3 5 7 10 20 30 45 60

Perc

enta

ge o

f Adu

lts

Cigarettes smoked

Figure H.3. Number of Cigarettes Smoked Inside the Residence By

Adults

0

20

40

60

80

7 14 15 22 25 30 35 45

Perc

enta

ge o

f Adu

lts

Cigarettes Smoked

Figure H.4. Number of Cigarettes Smoked each day Outside the

Residence by Adults


Rural Community: Mountain Villages in Dragash and Shtërpce

The 2011 National Census survey of Kosovo reported that the Dragash municipality had a total population of 33,997, while the Shtërpce municipality had a total population of 6,949. AUK in cooperation with the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) conducted 150 detailed questionnaires in 11 mountain villages corresponding to the municipalities of Dragash and Shtërpce. These villages include: Pllajnik, Shajnë, Plavë, Brod (Shtërpce), Brod (Dragash), Kuki, Brezna, Gorna Sellë, Mushnikovë, Zaplluxhë, and Dikancë (See Figure 1.1).

10.A Dragash and Shtërpce Mountain Villages Background Information

The education level of people residing in the mountain villages of Dragash and Shtërpce belongs to different educational backgrounds. A total of 43% have finished their primary school, and 44% of the respondents have finished their secondary

school. However, there are fewer people who have finished university with only 13% of respondents having this educational background. Accordingly, the income for the families living in these households varies, but a vast amount of homes, or 37%, receive €151 to €300 on monthly basis. Around 30% of families receive €301 to €500 per month, while around 12% receive €501 to €1000 per

Section 10, Rural Community: Mountain Villages in Dragash and Shtërpce

Figure 1.1. Villages Interviewed indicated by orange dots



05

10152025303540

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hou

seho

lds

Level of Monthly Income per Household

Figure E.2. Income Category, Mountain Villages

0

10

20

30

40

50

Primary School SecondarySchool

University

Perc

enta

ge o

f Peo

ple

Education Level Classification

Figure E.1. Education Level, Mountain Villages

month. 16% of homes live with a small income consisting of only €50 to €150 per month; while on the other hand, only 5% live with an income exceeding €1000 per month (Figure E.1, Figure E.2).

Considering the distribution of income which ranges mostly from €150 to €500/month (makes up 67% of households), there is a number of mountain villages which rely on diaspora support to make a living. As such, a total of 47 out of 150 households responded that they receive some level of support from diaspora. Almost half of them, or 49%, receive €100 to €1001 on a yearly basis. Around 7% of households receive less than €100/year, while 21% of them receive €1001 to €2000/year. While 11% of households

receive greater amount ranging from €2001 to €5000 in a year, 13% of the households receive more than €5000/year from diaspora (Figure E.3).

The family size of the households in the mountain villages of Dragash and Shtërpce varies considerably. There are 43% of households that have 4 to 6 people living in them, while around 9% of households have less than 3 members. Around 25% of households have 7 to 10 people and 23% of households have more than 10 people residing in them (Figure A.3). The ages of the corresponding respondents vary accordingly as well. Nearly 25% belong to the age group of 18 to 25 years old. A larger group of about 32% of respondents belongs to the range of 26 to 40 years old. On the other hand, 21% belong to the age group of 41 to 55, and similarly percentage wise, 22% are older than 55 (Figure A.4).

0102030405060

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Level of Diaspora Contribution in a Year

Figure E.3. Level of Support from Diaspora per Year, Mountain

Villages



0

10

20

30

40

50

<3 people 4-6people

7-10people

>10people

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hom

es

Number of People Living in the Household

Figure A.3. Family Size, Mountain Villages

0102030405060

Yes, I am Yes,someone in

thehousehold is

Yes, I andsomeone in

thehousehold is

NoPerc

enta

ge o

f Hou

seho

ld

Relation of Household Members to Forestry Industry

Figure E.4. Household Relation to Forestry Industry, Mountain Villages

010203040506070

Private land Public land Both, privateand public

land

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hou

seho

lds

Land Type Classification

E.5. Timber Cut: Private vs Public Land, Mountain Villages

0

10

20

30

40

18-25years

26-40years

41-55years

>55 years

Perc

enta

ge o

f Peo

ple

Age Range

Figure A.4. Distribution of Ages, Mountain Villages

10.B Heating Systems in Dragash and Shtërpce Mountain Villages

Almost 48% of all the households, surveyed in the mountain villages of Dragash and Shtërpce, are related to the forestry industry. However, in 52% of the households, there is no family member that is related to the forestry industry. From the 48% that cut wood, 14% of the respondents cut the wood hemselves, then around 31% have someone in their family who cuts wood, while a total of 3% are themselves together with someone in their family related to the forestry industry (See Figure E.4).

From the 72 households related to the forestry industry, 61% cut the timber in their private lands, while 12% cut timber in the public land. Around 28% of the households cut timber in both, private and public lands (See Figure E.5).

Moreover, the perception of the villagers to the extent to which people obtain licenses in order to cut timber differs. Around 31% stated that they believe only 0 to 10% of people cutting timber in their village have a license. 24% of respondents believe that 11 to 30% of people cutting timber have obtained a license, while 19% believe that the percentage is higher, mainly 31 to 70%. Nearly 7% of respondents believe that there are more than 70% of people cutting timber



05

101520253035

0% - 10 % 11% - 30 % 31% - 70% 71% - 100 %

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hou

seho

lds

Timber Cut with License in the Village

Figure E.6. Timber Cut with License, Mountain Villages

in their village without a license (See Figure E.6).

As such, problems encountered with timber cutting in the village have been experienced by 20% of the households, while the remaining ones or 32% have not experienced any type of problems. Almost 52% do not engage in timber cutting therefore they do not have any issues related to forestry industry (See the table below). While on the other hand, households that are not engaged in wood cutting purchase a considerable amount of wood. A typical household in a mountain village buys on average 11.47 m3 of wood (Figure B.3).

Table B.1.

Problems Cutting Timber in the Village

Percentage of Households

Yes 20

No 32

Others don’t cut timber 52

0

10

20

30

40

50

1 Room 2Rooms

3Rooms

4Rooms

MorePerc

enta

ge o

f Hou

seho

lds


Figure B.2. Number of Rooms Heated, Mountain Villages

0

10

20

30

40

50

2 4 6 8 10 15 20 25 40

Num

ber o

f Hou

seho

lds

m3 of wood

Figure B.3. Cubic Meters of Wood Bought in 2011, Mountain Villages

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

20 32 34 37 39 42 44 48 60

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hou

seho

lds

Euros Spent per Cubic Meter of Wood

Figure B.4. Money Spent on Cubic Meter of Wood Bought in 2011,

Mountain Villages

The average of the 93 homes that bought wood last year is 11.47 m3.



0

10

20

30

40Pe

rcen

tage

of H

ouse

hold

s


Figure C.3. Amount Spent on Electricity in January, Mountain

Villages, 2011

0

10

20

30

40

50

5% - 10% 11% - 20% 21% - 30% 31% - 50%

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hou

seho

lds


Figure C.1. Spending on Electricity as a Percentage of Family Income,

Mountain Villages

10.C Electricity Consumption in Dragash and Shtërpce Mountain Villages

The levels of income in the mountain villages of Dragash and Shtërpce are severely stretched in regards to paying for electricity. In 41% of the households the respondents reported that between 11% to 20% of their family income is spent on electricity. Nearly 28% of the households spend 21% to 30% of their income on electricity. A large amount of income, or about 31 to 50%, goes to pay for electricity for 15% of the households (Figure C.1). During a typical summer month, a household will spend about €10 to €30 per month on their electricity bill. For the winter month, electricity payment will account for a payment of €31 to €50 per month (Figure C.2, Figure C.3)

Table C.1.

Sufficient Electricity Supply

Percentage of Households

Yes 93.3 No 6.7

0

20

40

60

80

Perc

enta

ge o

f Hou

seho

lds


Figure C.2. Amount Spent on Electricity in July, Mountain

Villages, 2011

Kosovo Household Energy Consumption; Facts and FiguresFrom 2010 to 2013 the American University in Kosovo (AUK) conducted household energy consumption survey work. AUK student teams were employed and funding was provided by the World Bank, the Rockefeller Brothers Fund (RBF), and the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA). A substantial dataset has been collected for many urban and some rural homes around Kosovo. In summer 2010 the homes in the capital city Prishtina were surveyed (2,370 homes) and in summer 2012 homes in the other six major cities (2,966 homes). Data collection also took place in the mountain villages of Kosovo (150 homes).

About CENRThe AUK-RIT Center for Energy and Natural Resources (CENR) is a partnership between the American University in Kosovo, Rochester Institute of Technology, and multiple Ministries of the Kosovo Government, and international organizations focusing on the development of Kosovo’s energy and natural resources. CENR focuses on workforce development, consulting, research, and the dissemination of information and data associated with the development of Kosovo’s energy and natural resource markets. The Center provides multi-faceted training opportunities and activities to both the public and private sectors of Kosovo with the goal of building self-su�ciency in energy and natural resource economics and policy studies, and energy and power systems engineering.

American University in KosovoDr. Shpetim Rrobaj, Prishtine 10000, Kosovohttp://www.rit.edu/research/cenr

Design: Fisnik DeshishkuLayout: Henor DeshishkuPrinted by: Grafoprint

Kosovo 2013

THEWORLDBANK

RockefellerBrothers Fund

Norwegian Institute for Nature ResearchNINA

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