Slide 1

Korean Romanization and Word Division Young Ki Lee Senior Cataloging Specialist Korean/Chinese Team RCCD Library of Congress Slide 2 Session Summary: Romanization and Word Division: is designed to provide trainees with basic understanding of the Romanization and Word Division Rules for Korean language and the related rule interpretations. The session provides introduction of McCune- Reischauer system and 1997 edition of ALA-LC Romanization Korean Table. The trainees are prepared through basic study of guidelines and interpretations to create Romanized data on bibliographical records. Learning Objectives: At the end of this session trainees will be able to: Define the structure of Korean Script Consult and use McCune-Reischauer system and ALA-LC Romanization Korean Table Apply the guidelines in the creation of new bibliographic records Recognize situations in Romanization and Word Division in which librarian must exercise judgment in the application of the guidelines. Slide 3 Hangl The Korean alphabet was invented in 1444 and promulgated it in 1446 during the reign of King Sejong, the fourth king of the Chosn Dynasty. The alphabet was originally called Hunmin chngm Korean linguist Chu Si-gyng brought the modern name for the alphabet, Hangl, in use in 19 th century Slide 4 Notable features of Hangl There are 51 letters (jamo) in the Korean alphabet: 14 simple consonants 5 double consonants 11 consonants clusters 10 simple vowels 11 diphthongs Slide 5 14 Simple Consonants Normal: k/g n t/d l/r m p/b s /ng ch/j h Aspirated: k t p ch Slide 6 Double Consonants k t p s tch Slide 7 Simple Vowels and Diphthongs a ya y o yo u yu i i ae yae e ye oe wi i wa w wae we Slide 8 Three Categories of jamo Initial (, ): The consonants before the vowels. All five doubled jamo can be placed here. Position: top, left, or upper-left corner of the syllabic block. Medial (, ): The vowels comprising the syllable nucleus. Position: middle of the syllable block if there's a final, otherwise at the right or bottom. Final (, ): The consonants after the vowels. All basic jamo can occur as finals, and the silent initial is pronounced ng in final position. Position: bottom, right or lower-right corner of the block. Slide 9 Combined Syllables Slide 10 Syllable Stacking Rules A syllable that consists of a consonant and a "vertical vowel" is written with the consonant on the left and the vowel on the right: + = A syllable that consists of a consonant and a "horizontal vowel" is written with the consonant on top and the vowel underneath: + = If a syllable has a consonant, vowel, and consonant, the final consonant, called patch'im (meaning "supporting floor" in Korean) goes to the bottom -- or floor -- of that syllable. + + = + + = Slide 11 Useful sites in Internet McCune-Reischauer System from the National Library of Australia. (http://www.nla.gov.au/librariesaustralia/cjk/download/ras_1961.pdf)McCune-Reischauer System ALA-LC Romanization Tables from Library of Congress (http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/korean.pdf)ALA-LC Romanization Tables Guide to Korean Romanization System and Word Division from UC-Berkeley (http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/EAL/help/koreanromanization.pdf)Guide to Korean Romanization System and Word Division Romanization and Word Division from USC (http://www.usc.edu/libraries/archives/arc/libraries/eastasian/korea/ckm/manual/)Romanization and Word Division Guide for Searching the Korean Collection Korean Romanization Korean Romanization from PITTCat (http://www.library.pitt.edu/libraries/eal/DOCS/Korean_Romanization.pdf) Slide 12 The Basic of McCune-Reischauer system letterinitialmedialfinal K: Kug 1. G: mulgn 2. NG: kungmin 3. K: hapkye K: choguk 1. Not romanized: yja 2.N: nongmin 1. L: yllak 2. N: Hanmun N: kangsan 1. CH: chy ngi 2. T: tast 1. D: mudang 2. T: haptong Not applicable 1. Not romanized: Yksa 2. N: nodong 1. R: maru 2. L: Mullihak 3. N: Chongno L: osolkil Slide 13 McCune-Reischauer system, continued letterinitialmedialfinal M: mongmaM: namuM: pam P: palpyo1. B: kalbi 2. M: smni 3. P: chpsi P: hnpp 1. SH: shwipke 2. S: sangp 1. SH: ashwiun 2. S: nongsanmul 3. NN: yenniyagi 4. T: mothada 5. D: udot T: udot Not romanized: lgul1. Not romanized: Togil 2. NG: nongmin NG: sarang Slide 14 McCune-Reischauer system, continued letterinitialmedialfinal CH: chilli1. J: tojang 2. CH: mokchang Not applicable CH: chabylCH: kimchi Not applicable K: kokkiriK: tankanpang Not applicable T: taepungT: kukto Not applicable P: pynjiP: pyngpung Not applicable H: hwanggmH: Hwanghae-do Not applicable Slide 15 McCune-Reischauer system, continued letterinitialmedialfinal KK: kkamagwiKK: kkaekkthan K: Hobakkot Not applicable TT: ttangkongTT: pottari Not applicable PP: ppriPP: yeppda Not applicable SS: ssangdungiSS: chopssal Not applicable TCH: tchaksarangTCH: tongtchok Not applicable Slide 16 McCune-Reischauer system, continued letterinitialmedialfinal Not applicable1. LG: between vowels 2. L: before letters of the K series 3. NG: before,, and 4. LK: before 5. K: before all other consonants K Not applicable1. LB: between vowels 2. L: before letters of the P series 3. M: before,, and 4. LP: before 5. P: before all other consonants P Not applicable1. LM: between vowels 2. L: before 3. M: before other consonants Not applicable Slide 17 ALA-LC Romanization Tables (Korean) 1997 edition 1. The Library of Congress will continue to follow the McCune-Reischauer system to romanize Korean. See: Romanization of the Korean Language: Based upon its Phonetic Structure by G.M. McCune and E.O. Reischauer ([S.l.: s.n., 1939?), reprinted from the Transactions of the Korea Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 2. The Library of Congress will designate certain standard dictionaries as final authorities to resolve question of contemporary pronunciation. A word will be considered to be pronounced as indicated in those dictionaries, and romanized in such a way as to represent its pronunciation most accurately. Dictionaries to be used as authorities in Korean Slide 18 ALA-LC Romanization Tables (Korean), 1997 edition 3. When romanization rules conflict with the pronunciation of a word, prefer to represent the pronunciation. Do not romanize silent syllabic finals. chon yori (or ) namunnip kap pta 4. Sai siot. Follow McCune-Reischauer directions on romanization of medial (sai) siot. With these revisions: Romanized as nn when a syllabic final before i and yotized vowels y enniyagi hnnil Romanized as d when a syllabic final before all other vowels mdpta u dot Slide 19 ALA-LC Romanization Tables (Korean), 1997 edition 5. Represent a reinforced medial consonant as it is pronounced, regardless of written form. (NOTE: Some dictionaries represent a reinforced medial consonant with a double consonant: [- ] However, the romanization would not necessarily show a double consonant: ikwa) Hancha ( ) But hanja (a measure) silssi p yngka munpp 6. Words written with double final consonants are to be romanized as they are pronounced. hk sam tak Maks Marks (X) Slide 20 ALA-LC Romanization Tables (Korean), 1997 edition 7. Initial nin ( ) and lil ( ). Follow McCune-Reischauer rules governing Initial nin and lil, with the following exceptions. The surname is always romanized Yi, no matter how it is written (,, ). nodong (or ) yksa (or ) Yi Sng-man (or ) Exception 1) When medial is followed by medial, they are generally romanized. However, when syllables beginning with, or (i.e.,, ) follow a vowel or medial, the sound of is generally dropped. In such cases, is not romanizaed. mullihak nayl punyl But Kory Slide 21 ALA-LC Romanization Tables (Korean), 1997 edition Exception 2) To accommodate Word Division Rule 1, particles beginning with the letter are to be separated from other words, and are to be romanized beginning with the letter r in all cases. sae yksa rl wihay charip kyngje ro i tojon Kim Mari rann puin ( ) Slide 22 ALA-LC Romanization Tables (Korean), 1997 edition 8. Following hyphens: (a)When sounds would normally change, according to McCune-Reischauer rules, sound change is indicated following a hyphen in the following instances: (1) As second syllable of a forename. Exception: When the second part of a given name follows a vowel sound and begins with a yotized initial, the medial r is omitted (unless there is convincing evidence that the medial r is intended to be pronounced.) Song, Si-yl Yi, Ki-yn but Kim, Chr-won An, Ung-nyl Slide 23 ALA-LC Romanization Tables (Korean), 1997 edition 8. Following hyphens: (2) For all generic terms used as jurisdictions, except the term pukto Kangwn-do Wando-gun Slide 24 ALA-LC Romanization Tables (Korean), 1997 edition 8. Following hyphens: (b) When sounds would normally change, according to McCune-Reischauer rules, sound change is not indicated following a hyphen in the following instances: (1) In a spelled-out cardinal number: ilch n-kubaek-yuksippal (2) Between a numeral and volume designation: che 3-chip 3 4-kw n 4 (3) Between a year, written in numerals, and a suffix or modifier: 10-chunn 10 1900-yn 1900 (4) Between abbreviated forms combined coordinately: chung-kodng hakkyo (5) For the generic jurisdiction term pukto: Chungchng-pukto (6) When a word of Western origin is modified by a single character modifier, affix, or substantive of Korean or Sino-Korean origin: esei-chip Slide 25 ALA-LC Romanization Tables (Korean), 1997 edition 9. Words of Western origin: (a)The letter that can be used in romanizing words of Western origin are limited to those allowed by the McCune-Reischauer romanization rules. Therefore, while there may be a choice between letters that may be used to represent a consonant, there can be no variation in the representation of vowels. The letters that may be used to represent consonants are: k, g, ng n, l t, ch, j, d l, r, n m p, b s, sh, n, t, d, p, k ng ch, j ch k t, ch p h Slide 26 ALA-LC Romanization Tables (Korean), 1997 edition 9. Words of Western origin: (b) When one or more of the prescribed letters corresponds exactly to its counterpart in the Western word being romanized, that letter will always be used: dijain (from the word design) Lenin (c) When none of the prescribed letters corresponds exactly to its counterpart in the Western word being romanized, apply the romanization system strictly, without approximation of sounds. Pet nam (from the word Vietnam; the romanization system does not permit the use of the letter v) chero (from the word zero; the romanization system does not permit to use of the letter z) (d) When the original Western word cannot be ascertained, apply the romanization system strictly. Slide 27 Romanization Exercise 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. ( ) 25. ( ) Slide 28 Korean McCune-Reischauer Romanization Dictionary The following members are contributing to this project. Seunghi Paek : Harvard University Kyungmi Lee : Stony Brook University (SUNY) Sun-yoon Lee : University of Southern California Younghee Sohn : University of Chicago Young Ki Lee : Library of Congress Hee-Sook Shin : Columbia University Mikyung Kang : Harvard University Hana Kim : University of Toronto Jaeyong Chang : University of California Berkeley Eunseung Oh : Stanford University Miree Ku : Duke University Wooseob Jeong : University of Wisconsin Milwaukee Romanization Dictionary Slide 29 Answers 1.kangmul 2.Sultae 3. usm 4. pyngka 5. Kory 6. Nogn-ni 7.Pyngtaek-kun 8.Pyngtaeg-p 9. chilli 10. Imjinnan 11.Taegwallyng 12. kmnyung 13.pulsang 14. haeppit 15. ykhal 16. ich yjin 17. ttke 18. mani 19. hymnyk 20. malgn 21. anja 22.Yi -ryng 23.Kim Sng-min 24. ( ) sabp 25. ( ) sapp Slide 30 Word Division Basic Principles 1.Each word or lexical unit (including particles) is to be separated from other word Kalla TV rl chungsim ro TV 2.The Library of Congress will designate certain standard dictionaries as final authorities to resolve question of word division. A word found in these sources will be considered to be a lexical unit, and written as a unit. Words or parts of speech not appearing in these authorities will be separated or connected according to these guidelines. Then, when in doubt, prefer to separate. 3.A compound word is considered a combination of binary words. (A binary word is a compound consisting of two Chinese characters (Hancha) or two syllables of Hangul.) 4.A compound word is divided into binary components according to euphony. Slide 31 Word Division Specific Rules 1.Write a particle ( ) as a word separate from the word stem, except as noted in (a) through (d) below. na n n nae kil e noin kwa pada chown i kkum l kdae ege sae ya sae ya parang sae ya 1A. Add a particle as a suffix to a verb stem, adverb, or a simple inflection of the verb stem or adverb. sarang pannn anae chago mktni kanan l iginn pp Slide 32 Word Division Specific Rules 1B. Write coordinated or multisyllabic particles together as a word. However, always separate the particle (i) from other particles. na mando anida Hanguk kojn e i chodae iltng egenn so rl sang ro hangmun ros i sahak ( ) 1C. Write independent contracted particles (such as, ) separately from the preceding word. yejn en mich mollassyo kohyang el kanda 1D. When particles are contracted to nouns or pronouns, connect them to those words. chigm n nugunga was nan molla kgn na to molla Slide 33 Word Division Specific Rules 2. Write a simple inflected verb, adjective, or adverb as a separate word or as a suffix joined to a word, according to the dictionary that served as authority or the sense of the element(s) involved. mndong i tl ttae pam e ssn insaengnon choguk l chikin yongsa nugu rl wihay chong n ullina simni to mot kas palpyng nanda irbrin kal mongmarn hujo Slide 34 Word Division Specific Rules 2A. Separate an auxiliary verb, adjective, or adverb and its inflection from the word stem. kago sipn nae kohyang ttna on k chari e nae chan i nmchi naida ( ) Slide 35 Word Division Specific Rules 2B. Separate the auxiliary (hada), the copula (ida), and inflections of the same from the word stem when they consist of two or more syllables. Sin n changjoja ida sarang irann pyng 2C. Separate a gerund form from the word stem. purn pyl n sara isstta Slide 36 Word Division 3. Write an imperfect noun as a separate word, except as noted in A-B below. morankkot pil muryp ssirm n Tano ppun anirao 3A. Write a single syllable, imperfect noun as a word joined to an attributive adjective or to a simple inflected verb. halsu mnn saramdl sinsa sungny yrbun nugu rl wihan ksinga i choguk diro kalkt inga 3B. Connect a prefix ( ), such as the native Korean prefixes (kat), (hol), (hat), and (put) to the words that follow them. kass mul ttchgori pussarang Slide 37 Word Division 3C. Write a single syllable attributive adjective or prefix as joined to a personal pronoun or imperfect noun. kbun i snsaeng ida igt i chinsang ida 4. Write a derived word formed by the addition of a single character modifier, affix, or substantive as a single word, whether the word be of pure Korean or Chinese origin. Hanguk kwa Hangugin pudongsan pyngka taedosi i inym kwa Hanguk Hanbando i pynghwa wa anbo kyngje chodaeguk i hyngsng hwangmuji ka changmikkot kachi Slide 38 Word Division 4A. In a Sino-Korean phrase, write a simple inflection of the auxiliary (hada) and (toeda), and the copula (ida) joined to the word stem. kodokhal ttae sayn l yngwnhan saengmyng haengbokhan Miguk saenghwal chomynghae pon uri choguk Slide 39 Word Division 4B. Connect a single character modifier, affix, or substantive of Western origin with a hyphen to a word of Korean or Sino-Korean origin. Connect a single character modifier of Korean or Sino-Korean origin with a hyphen to a word of Western origin. Pak Mog-wl taepyo esei-chip kukche maaketing-non 4C. Write an attributive adjective or a pre-formative character separately from the word it modifies. sin hnpp ch hanl edo slpm i Hanguk sinhak nonmun chong saegin kndaesa ui chae chomyng kwanhan il yngu Slide 40 Word Division 4D. Write two coordinated characters, affixes, or substantives together as an integral part of the word. suchurip chlcha kungnaeoe saj ng Hanguk s hwaga inbo ch ngsony n ege trinn Han l Slide 41 Word Division 4E. Write a single character suffix together with the word stem. kongsanchk i chujang armdaun tongmuldl 4F. Add the binary (chu i; used chiefly as a formative element) to its modifier as a suffix. minjujui Marks-chui wa Kidokkyo 5. Write any binary component of a compound as a single word, when possible. toji kaeryang chohap Slide 42 Word Division 5A. Write a single character substantive as part of the preceding binary element of a compound. Write a single character substantive or an additional modifier together as part of the binary element. kukse kibonpp chijng tonggye chosapyo Hanguk chntong mokcho knmulto kyeryang kyngjehakchk yngu 5B. If two single character substantives appear in succession, write the second one as a separate word. kukse kibonpp non tonggye chosapyo chip hyndae chakka samsipsamin chip Chungguk kojn Hansiin sn kwijokche sl kwa kwallyoje non Slide 43 Word Division 5C. Write a single character noun as a separate word. hyn haengjng ha e che kisul Moktangang haeng yIcha Hanguk Chunggong kan i kyoyk 5D. Borrowed (Western) words or terms: When it can be determined that a word or words in Korean consisted of more than one word in the original language, apply the following guidelines. If they appear separately, write them separately. syeip p teibl maen If they appear without spaces, write them as a single word. (It is useful to also provide an access point in which the word or words are separated in the same manner as in the original language.) syeipp (originally shape up) (and another access point from syeip' p ) teiblmaen (originally table manners) (and another access point from t'eibl maen ) Slide 44 Word Division If they appear without spaces, write them as a single word. (It is useful to also provide an access point in which the word or words are separated in the same manner as in the original language.) syeipp (originally shape up) (and another access point from syeip p) teiblmaen (originally table manners) (and another access point from t eibl maen) If they appear with a center dot (. ), write them separately. syeip p teibl maen Slide 45 Word Division 6. Personal Names 6A. Write a family name consisting of two characters as a single word. Hyphenate a given name in two characters or a courtesy name (in place of a given name), and capitalize only the first letter of the first syllable. Choe Chi-wn Yi Kwang-su Kim So-wl Namgung Kak Snu Chong-wn 6B. Write a pseudonym or other assumed name as one word. Kim Sakkat Chungmugong Slide 46 Word Division 6C. Write a Buddhist priestly or posthumous name as one word. Iryn Sk Myngjng 6D. Write a reign title, temple name, or title of nobility as one word without a hyphen. Taejo Yi Sejong Kwanggaeto Wang Hyegynggung Hong Ssi Chang Hibin Hynu Haengja Slide 47 Word Division 7. Corporate Names, Geographical Names, Names in Publication Titles, etc. 7A. Treat a corporate name also as a binary compound when possible. Write separately as binary elements general terms such as (Hakhoe), (Hakkwa), (Kyohoe), etc. Hanguksa Hakhoe Hanguk Sahakhoe Nasng Hanin Changno Kyohoe Kug Kungmun Hakkwa Nodong Kijun Chosaguk Hanguk Hyumnist-hoe 7B. Write a proper name, term of address, or publication title separately from its modifier and also separately from the word it modifies. Wllam Yi Sang-jae Ong Nanjung ilgi cho Hngsn Kun Kwibong chip Wnye Hakkwa chi Taegu Maeil Sinmunsa sa Slide 48 Word Division 7C. Hyphenate a generic term used as part of the name of a jurisdiction, and indicate phonetic changes, except in the case of the term (pukto). Kangwn-do Kyngsang-pukto Taegu-si Kahoe-dong 7D. Write a generic term for a type of topographic feature, architectural construction, or a corporate entity used as a part of a proper name, together with its name. Hallasan Naktonggang Tongnimmun Tonga Ilbosa Yurisng Slide 49 Word Division 7E. Treat a generic term for a topographical feature or a jurisdiction also as a binary element when combined with another word. Taebaek sanmaek Anju Kunminhoe Wnju kunji Sjangdae Manwl Sanjng 8. Abbreviated Forms: 8A. Write contractions which include proper names as a single word. Yngamsaji ( + ) Sul Tkpylsirip Namsan Tosgwan 8B. Write an abbreviated or contracted proper name, Korean or foreign, as a single word. onl i Pukhan Chngyngnyn Chunggongkwn i changnae Slide 50 Word Division Specific Rules 8C. Hyphenate abbreviated forms combined coordinately. Do not indicate phonetical changes. Write a single character substantive as part of the final element in that combination. choesin Pul-Han sajn Sul Chung-Kodng Hakkyo sinyk Sin-Kuyak chns chung-tanpyn sosl Paekhwabon Tang-Song sanmunsn Myng-Chng pilgi kosa snyk Slide 51 Word Division 9. Numerals: 9A. In romanizing numbers and adjacent words, create binaries whenever possible. Write the preformative element (che) joined to the following number to form a binary. che-1 1 cheil che-3 segye 3 chesam segye However, prefer to join a number to a suffix or generic term that follows it with a hyphen (for example; (ch'a ), (hoe), (pon), (yon )). Do not indicate phonetical changes after the hyphen. In such cases, when (che) precedes the number, separate it from the number. che 1-cha 1 che ilcha che 3-chip 3 In more complex situations, still attempt to create binaries when possible. cheil, i Konghwaguk che-1, 2 Konghwaguk 1 2 Slide 52 Word Division 9B. Write a spelled-out cardinal number as one word. In a number over one hundred, separate by hyphens, without phonetic changes, each unit of ten ( sip), hundred ( paek), thousand ( chon), etc. ilchn-kubaek-yuksippallyon 9C. Treat a contracted form of a cardinal number or calendar year as one word. yuksibinyn sap kyehoek 62-yn sap kyehoek 62 tosi chilsibil tosi 71 71 9D. In case of certain contracted numerals that have been firmly established through common usage, prefer that form. sa-ilgu haksaeng ig o-illyuk kunsa hyngmyng samil undong Slide 53 Word Division 9E. In writing native Korean numbers, also attempt to create binaries when possible. se pntchae chaek nekwn som hangn so yl mari Slide 54 Word Division Capitalization: 1. Each separately written word of a corporate name (except particles), or an abbreviation thereof, is capitalized. Hanguk Ilbosa Taehan Sanggong Hoeiso 2. Each separate word of a personal name is capitalized. Yi Kwang-su Chng Yn-hi 3. Titles and terms of address are capitalized. Pak Taetongnyng Cho Yong-gi Moksa 4. Each separately written word of a geographic name is capitalized. An abbreviated geographical name is capitalized. An abbreviated geographical name is capitalized in coordinate compounds and at the beginning of other compound words. Sul Tkpylsi Kyngbuk Supil Tonginhoe Slide 55 Word Division Capitalization: 5. The first word of the title of a book, periodical, or series is capitalized. Hyndae kukchepp Silchon munhak i sijip 6. Names of dynasties are capitalized. Yijo obaengnyn Myng-Chng sidae 7. A word derived from a proper name is capitalized only if the name retains its full, original meaning. Yangmynghak yngu Hyndae wa Krischyan i sinang 8. Abbreviated forms combined coordinately are capitalized if called for by these guidelines. Sin-Kuyak Sngs Siryong Pul-Han sajn 9. In all other cases, follow the directions found in the officially designated style manual. Slide 56 Word Division Punctuation 1.A centered point (. ) indicating coordinate words is generally transcribed as a comma, except where the rules require a hyphen. Chung-Kodng Hakkyo Nam-Pukhan kyngje hymnyk In other instances, it may be transcribed or not transcribed, depending on the context. Sa-ilgu i minjungsa Chang Tae-uk ch Iryp, Itang sihwajip 2. Brackets used in the manner of quotation marks ( "... " ) are transcribed as the latter. "Munhak kwa chisng" siinsn [ ] "Si wa haebang" tongin sijip [ ] Slide 57 Word Division Dictionaries to be Used as Authorities in Korean To determine standard contemporary pronunciation in South Korea and North Korea: Nam, Kwang-u. Han gug p yojun parm sajn. (Kynggi-do Sngnam-si: Han guk Chngsin Munhwa Yn guwon, 1984). Hyndae Chosnmal sajn. Che 2-p'an. ([P yngyang]: Kwahak, Paekkwa, Sajn Ch ulp ansa, 1981) As the basis for word division decisions for contemporary publications from South Korea and North Korea: Sinp yn kug taesajn. (Sul T kpylsi: Taeyng Ch ulp ansa, 1976) Hyndae Chosnmal sajn. (1981) Slide 58 Word Division Dictionaries to be Used as Authorities in Korean Supplementary source for word division decisions for classical Korean publications: Ko ppchn yongjip. ([Seoul]: Ppchech, 1979) To determine reading and pronunciation of Chinese characters: Chang, Sam-sik. Tae Han-Han sajn. (Sul Tkpylsi: Sngmunsa, 1964). Sin chajn. ([Seoul]: Sinmungwan, 1915; Reprint: [Seoul]: Cho Yng-sung, 1973) Slide 59 Word Division SPECIAL CHARACTERS AND CHARACTER MODIFIERS IN ROMANlZATION Special CharactersNameUSMARC hexadecimal code alif AE ayn B0 Character ModifiersNameUSMARC hexadecimal code breveE6 Slide 60 Word Division Exercise 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Slide 61 Word Division Exercise answer 1. : Kug munjang i hyngsng wlli 2. : Taehan Minguk i munhwa yujk 3. : Murim Sagwan Hakkyo 4. : Kny i unnn mosp i armdapta 5. : I ttang es hangmun hagi 6. : Na rl chajas ttnan kri 7. : Ai i kasm enn pumo ka sanda 8. : Mam i chim l naery noko 9. : Sewl i ppalli kam l 10. : Ahnahop tong i haengbok chatki 11. : Paek kaji pangbp 12. : Sambaek-yuksiboil i haengbok 13. : Tagukchk kip kyngyngnon 14. : Chamsarang i imi rl kkaedatta 15. : Nam-Pukhan Chngsang Hoedam 16. : Yi Yosep 17. : Cha Pae Ok-tk 18. : Yi Yulgok 19. : Katollik Minju Chngnyn Kongdongche 20. : iam Snsaeng hangjaenggi Slide 62 Brief Description of Revision Revision Goals Base the guidelines upon the standard Korean practice (such as the Revised Korean Spelling System (1988)), which is commonly recognized by Korean people and Korean studies scholars. Simplify the principles and rules, so the users are able to use and able to easily remember them. Apply the same philosophy and principles throughout the whole guidelines. Minimize the number of exceptions. Simplify the terminology that is used in the guidelines. Insofar as possible, have the guidelines facilitate machine searching in large databases. Add more examples. Slide 63 Revision Examples of Romanization Medial after When medial appears as a syllabic initial after, romanize as lt or ld to represent its pronunciation accurately. yultong iltang butSuldae (not Sultae) Wldkp (not Wltkp) Slide 64 Revision Examples of Romanization,, (a) When syllabic final, and are combined with a syllabic initial, always romanize as kh, ph and th. Pukhan kukhak hakhoe hyphoe ykhal pukhaek (b) When syllabic final and are combined with a syllabic initial, romanize as ch. tachida kkochida ichyjin mach yng Slide 65 Revision Examples of Romanization Words of Western Origin tijain Petnam chero linnen not ninnen radionotnadio resllingnotneslling Slide 66 Revision Examples of Romanization Romanization of Archaic Korean ( ) Insofar as possible, strictly apply McCune-Reischauer rules and tables for the romanization of vowels and consonants to the written forms of the words when romanizing archaic Korean. Do not attempt to romanize archaic Korean following what may be the current pronunciation. Tynjyu (not Chnju ) Chosyn (not Chosn ) symni (not smni ) yaktyo (not yakcho ) Slide 67 Revision Examples of Word Division Each part of speech is to be separated from other parts of speech. The guidelines recognize 9 categories of parts of speech: Particle Noun Pronoun Numeral Verb Adjective Adnominal adjective Adverb Exclamation Note: Affixes ( ) are not considered to be a separate part of speech. Slide 68 Revision Examples of Word Division Basic Principles 1. Nouns ( ), Pronouns ( ), Imperfect Nouns ( ) 2. Adjectives ( ) 3. Adnominal adjectives ( ) 4. Verbs ( ) 5. Adverbs ( ) 6. Particles ( ) 7. Exclamations ( ) 8. Numerals ( ) 9. Affixes ( ) 10. Abbreviated Forms (,, ) 11. Scientific terms, nomenclature, etc. (, ) 12. Terms of Western Origin ( ) 13. Personal Names ( ) 14. Corporate names, Geographical names, Publication titles, etc. (,, ) Capitalization Punctuation Special Characters and Character Modifiers in Romanization ( ) Appendix 1: Suggested Dictionaries Appendix 2: List of Auxiliary verbs Appendix 3: List of numeral quantifiers Appendix 4: List of Prefixes Appendix 5: List of Suffixes Appendix 6: List of Imperfect Nouns Slide 69 Revision Examples of Word Division Structure of Chapter Chapter 1. Nouns ( ), Pronouns ( ), Imperfect Nouns ( ) Guidelines (a) Separate a noun, pronoun, or imperfect noun from other parts of speech. Morankkot pil muryp Kug munjang i hyngsng wlli (b) Separate a compound noun into binary elements without doing harm to the original meaning. Taejung kayo wa taejung munhak Taehan Minguk i munhwa yujk. Exception 1: Write a derived word formed by the addition of a single character modifier, affix or substantive as a single word. Hanguk kwa Hangugin Pudongsan pyngka Slide 70 Revision Examples of Word Division Appendix 1: Suggested Dictionaries Appendix 2: List of Auxiliary verbs Appendix 3: List of numeral quantifiers Appendix 4: List of Prefixes Appendix 5: List of Suffixes Appendix 6: List of Imperfect Nouns Slide 71 Thanks Young Ki Lee Senior Cataloging Specialist Korean/Chinese Team RCCD Library of Congress Tel: 202-707-4251 Fax: 202-707-2824 Email: ylee@loc.gov