NERVE CELL RESTORİNG

Burcu ÖZAY 060090301Begüm ÜZEL 060090313

Candan Ece DURMUŞ 060090327

NERVE CELL : NEURON

NERVE CELL

The basic unit of the nervous system is a highly specialized cell, also known as a neuron. It's main purpose is to transport messages from one part of the body to another in the form of nerve impulses. Because of their highly specialized function, neurons have certain special characteristics.

NERVE CELL

NEURAL NETWORK

SYNAPSE

SYNAPSE

SYNAPSE

COMMUNİCATON

ELECTRİC ZAP

WELCOME SİTE

DİSEASES DUE TO NERVE CELL DAMAGE OR DEATH

•NERVE CELL DAMAGEDEMYELİNATİON- MULTİPLE SCLEROSİS (MS)

Demyelination is the loss of the myelin sheath (The myelin helps the nerve impulses travel smoothly and quickly from one nerve to the next. ) insulating nerve fibers or axons.

myelinated axon electron micrograph

NERVE CELL DAMAGEDEMYELİNATİON- MULTİPLE SCLEROSİS (MS)

When demyelination occurs, the nerve impulses can no longer travel smoothly throughout the nervous system. The destruction of the myelin is shown by scars or lesions along the axons. It has been found that sometimes even the axons can become damaged or destroyed as well.

NERVE CELL DAMAGEDEMYELİNATİON- MULTİPLE SCLEROSİS (MS)

What causes demyelination: If the oligodendrocytes (produce the Myelin sheath) are damaged only partial remyelination may occur. Little is known about the mechanisms involved in this process. The immune system may play a role in demyelination associated with such diseases, including inflammation causing demyelination by overproduction of cytokines are secreted by the glial cells) . There are glial cells called astrocytes. These are responsible for the scar tissue which forms in place of the myelin. The scars or lesions along the axon cannot perform the way the myelin does.

cytokin

•NERVE CELL DEATH- ALZHEİMER'S DİSEASE

Alzheimer’s results in disappearance of neurons within the memory centers of brain (generally the temporal and parietal lobes), thereby causing memory loss. This loss of neurons is coupled with increasing presence of beta-amyloid plaques and tangles within the Alzheimer’s patient’s brain.

TREATMANTS

Inducing nerve cells to grow new connections with other cells, thus improving communication between remaining healthy cells. a protein called “WAVE-1″ regulates the growth of structures called spines that ultimately connect nerve cells. This technique is especially good for Alzheimer’s disease

TREATMANTS

Prolactin hormone, which increases in the body during pregnancy, is directly responsible for the formation of new myelin in the brains and spinal cords of pregnant mice. Further, when non-pregnant mice with MS-like lesions were injected with prolactin, their myelin was also repaired. This solution is good especially for MS disease.

Prolactin secreting cells

TREATMANTS

Scientists believe that damage can be reversed by replacing lost cells with new ones derived from cells that can mature into nerve cells, called neural stem cells. Researchers can then transplant cultured stem cells into the brain of an animal model and allow the brain's own signals to differentiate the stem cells into neurons or glia. Alternatively, the stem cells can be induced to differentiate into neurons and glia while in the culture dish, before being transplanted into the brain.

OUR SOLUTION

OUR SOLUTION

Our future application is about nogo gene.This gene belongs to the family of reticulon-encoding genes. Reticulons are associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, and are involved in neuroendocrine secretion or in membrane trafficking in neuroendocrine cells.There are three isoforms: Nogo A, B and C. Nogo-A has two known inhibitory domains including amino-Nogo, at the N-terminus and Nogo-66, which makes up the molecules extracellular loop. Both amino-Nogo and Nogo-66 are involved in inhibitory responses, where amino-Nogo is a strong inhibitor of neurite outgrowth, and Nogo-66 is involved in growth cone destruction.No-go Decay

OUR SOLUTION

A major field of research in the "RNA field" is the quality control of mRNA production.

Remember from the central dogma:DNA=>RNA=>Protein

When "genes are activated", what is really going on is that a DNA segment (i.e. the gene) is copied into RNA, that is then processed to form messenger RNA (mRNA) in the nucleus. But what happens if the mRNA is misprocessed? Or what happens if a gene acquires a mutation resulting in aberrant mRNAs?

The eukaryotic cell has various mechanisms to deal with any bad mRNA.

OUR SOLUTION As we see this nogo gene.We should

stop this gene.So our future application is about blocking this gene.We created a experiment, we are going to take out the damaged gene then we need to find out the trigger nogo for to put down.Whenever we get those genes we will put these to petri cub for to enhance them.After we restore these damaged cells we have to put them back as soon as possible for application.

Some of points that we have mantioned in our presentation (Nerve cell restoring) with our handmade nerve cell model.

STRUCTURE OF NERVE CELL

nucleus

axon

myelin sheat

demyelinated area

cytokinNOGO gene

dendrites

NERVE CELL DİSEASES-DEMYELİNATİONEFFECT OF CYTOKİN

Our immunity system traets the demyelinated area like a scarf and overproduces cytokin .

Cytokin sticks to the demyelinated area but it doesn’t work in the way myelin does. It interrupts the electrycity flow.

OUR SOLUTİONBLOCKİNG NOGO GENE

Blocking NOGO gene allows the nerve cell to generate. So if we could block this gene there will be no damaged nerve tissues anymore.

LİNKS THAT WE USED

http://schools-wikipedia.org/wp/c/Chemical_synapse.htm http://www.bem.fi/book/02/02.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_regeneration http://www.tutorvista.com/science/nerve-cell-structure-and-function http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/Print_Version http://pages.towson.edu/bdevan/Brain%20transplant%20follow-up%20art

icles/Langston%20et%20al,%201999%20-%20evidence%20of%20active%20cell%20degeneration%20in%20human%20MPTP%20exposure.pdf

http://eyedocnews.com/003408-can-stem-cells-be-used-to-treat-optic-nerve-damage/

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/02/070221071152.htm http://esciencenews.com/dictionary/nerve.cell.damage http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090403173542AACbJgh http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron http://www.alzinfo.org/08/alzheimers/reversing-nerve-cell-damage http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Adult_neurogenesis http://www.ucalgary.ca/news/feb2007/ms-hormone/ http://www.biotech-weblog.com/50226711/nerve_and_brain_cell_damage

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