Konsep Konsep Pembangunan Ramah Lingkungan

8/13/2019 Konsep Konsep Pembangunan Ramah Lingkungan

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Bahan kajian

MK Kajian Lingkungan dan Pembangunan

KONSEP PEMBANGUNAN

BERKELANJUTAN

Disarikan oleh:

Prof Dr Ir Soemarno MS

Malang-Agustus 2011


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Sustainable

development is

development that

meets the needs

of the present

without

compromising the

ability of future

generations to

meet their ownneeds.


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ASPEK EKONOMI

Economic progress is often evaluated in terms ofwelfare (or utility)measured as willingness to

pay for goods and services consumed.

Mmany economic policies typically seek toenhance income, and induce more efficient

production and consumption of goods and

services.

The stability of prices and employment are

among other important objectives.


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Economic Activities and Global Change Issues - A Systemic View


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ASPEK EKONOMI

Economic efficiency helps maximize income. It is

measured against the ideal of Pareto optimality, whichencourages actions that will improve the welfare of at

least one individual without worsening the situation of

anyone else.

The perfectly competitive economy is an important

(Pareto optimal) benchmark, where (efficient) market

prices play a key role in both allocating productive

resources to maximize output, and ensuring optimal

consumption choices which maximize consumer utility.If significant economic distortions are present,

appropriate shadow prices may be used.


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ASPEK EKONOMI

The well-known cost-benefit criterion accepts all projects

whose net benefits are positive (i.e., aggregate benefitsexceed costs).

It is based on the weaker quasi Pareto condition, which

assumes that such net benefits could be redistributedfrom potential gainers to losersleaving no one worse off

than before.

More generally, interpersonal comparisons of welfare are

fraught with difficultyboth within and across nations,

and over time (e.g., the value of human life).


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ECONOMIC ASPECT

Economic sustainability seeks to maximize the flow of

income that could be generated while at least maintainingthe stock of assets (or capital) which yield these

beneficial outputs.

Economic efficiency continues to optimize both

production and consumption.

Problems arise in identifying the kinds of capital to be

maintained (e.g., manufactured, natural, human and social

capital), and their substitutability. Often, it is difficult to

value these assets (especially ecological and socialresources) and the services they provide.


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ASPEK LINGKUNGAN

Development in the environmental sense is a recent

concern relating to the need to manage scarce natural

resources in a prudent mannerbecause human welfare

ultimately depends on ecological services. Ignoring safe

ecological limits could undermine long-run prospects for

development. Recent literature covers links amongenvironment, growth and sustainable development.

Environmental sustainability focuses on overall viability

and normal functioning of natural systems. For ecologicalsystems, sustainability is defined by a comprehensive,

multiscale, dynamic, hierarchical measure of resilience,

vigor and organization.


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ASPEK LINGKUNGAN

Resilience is the ability of ecosystems to persist despite

external shocks, i.e., the amount of disruption that will

cause an ecosystem to switch from one system state to

another.

An ecosystem state is defined by its internal structureand set of mutually re-inforcing processes.

Vigor is associated with the primary productivity or

growth of an ecosystem.

Organization depends on both complexity and structure

of the system.


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ASPEK LINGKUNGAN

Natural resource degradation, pollution and loss of

biodiversity are detrimental because they reduce

resilience, increase vulnerability, and undermine system

health.

The notions of a safe threshold and carrying capacity areimportant, to avoid catastrophic ecosystem collapse.

Sustainability may be also linked to the normal

functioning and longevity of a nested hierarchy of

ecological and socioeconomic systems, orderedaccording to scalee.g., a human community would

consist of many individuals, who are themselves

composed of a large number of discrete cells.


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ASPEK LINGKUNGAN

Gunderson and Holling use the term panarchy to denote such a

hierarchy of systems and their adaptive cycles across scales. Asystem at a given level is able to operate in its stable (sustainable)

mode, because it is protected by slower and more conservative

changes in the super-system above it, while being simultaneously

invigorated and energized by faster changes taking place in sub-

systems below it.

Sustainable development is not necessarily synonymous with

maintaining the ecological status quo. A coupled ecological-

socioeconomic system could evolve, while maintaining levels of

biodiversity that guarantee resilience of ecosystems on which futurehuman consumption and production depend.


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PEMBANGUNAN

BERKELANJUTAN


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ASPEK SOSIAL

Social development usually refers to improvements in both individual

well-being and overall social welfare resulting from increases insocial capitaltypically, the accumulation of capacity enabling

individuals and communities to work together.

The quantity and quality of social interactions underlying human

existence (including levels of mutual trust, and shared social norms

and values), determine the stock of social capital. Thus, social capitalgrows with greater use and erodes through disuse, unlike economic

and environmental capital, which are depreciated or depleted by use.

We note that some forms of social capital may be harmful (e.g.,

cooperation within criminal gangs).

There is also an important element of equity and poverty alleviation .Thus, the social dimension of development includes protective

strategies that reduce vulnerability, improve equity and ensure that

basic needs are met.


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ASPEK SOSIAL

Social sustainability parallels environmental sustainability. Reducing

vulnerability and maintaining the ability of socio-cultural systems towithstand shocks, is also important. Enhancing human capital (through

education) and strengthening social values, institutions, and

governance are key aspects. Many harmful changes occur slowly, and

their long-term effects are often overlooked in socio-economic analysis.

Preserving cultural capital and diversity worldwide, strengthening socialcohesion, and reducing destructive conflicts, are integral elements of

this approach.

An important aspect involves empowerment and broader participation

through subsidiarityi.e., decentralization of decision-making to the

lowest (or most local) level at which it is still effective. In summary, forboth ecological and socioeconomic systems, the emphasis is on

improving system health and its dynamic ability to adapt to change

across a range of spatial and temporal scales, rather than the

conservation of some ideal static state.


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LATAR SEJARAH

UN Conference on Environment andDevelopment, or the 1992 Earth summit in Rio deJaneirounanimously adopted Agenda 21, a

blueprint for sustainable development. Millennium Development Goals UN GeneralAssembly resolution 55/2, outlined 8 targetsaimed at reducing poverty and promoting

sustainable development. World Summit on Sustainable Development

reaffirmed the commitment to Agenda 21 andMillennium Development Goals


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MELLENIUM

DEVELOPMENT GOALS


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INDEKS KEBERLANJUTAN

Sustainable

development

indicators (SDI)

have thepotential to turn

the generic

concept of

sustainability

into action.


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The "Daly Rules"

The three operational rules defining the condition of ecological(thermodynamic) sustainability:

1. Renewable resources such as fish, soil, and groundwater must

be used no faster than the rate at which they regenerate.

2. Nonrenewable resources such as minerals and fossil fuels

must be used no faster than renewable substitutes for them

can be put into place.

3. Pollution and wastes must be emitted no faster than natural

systems can absorb them, recycle them, or render them

harmless.


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Energy, Emergy and Sustainability Index (SI)

Emergy = the accounting system of embodied energy.

A quantitative sustainability index (SI) as a ratio of the

emergy (spelled with an "m", i.e. "embodied energy", not

simply "energy") yield ratio (EYR) to the environmental

loading ratio (ELR).

The "Emergy Sustainability Index" (ESI), "an index that

accounts for yield, renewability, and environmental load.

It is the incremental emergy yield compared to theenvironmental load".


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Life Cycle Assessment LCA

Life Cycle Assessment is a "composite measure ofsustainability."

It analyses the environmental performance of

products and services through all phases of theirlife cycle: extracting and processing raw materials;

manufacturing, transportation and distribution; use,

re-use, maintenance; recycling, and final disposal


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Sustainable Livelihoods Approach : SLA

Livelihoods approaches are a way of thinking about theobjectives, scope and priorities for development.

They place people and their priorities at the centre of

development.

They focus poverty reduction interventions on

empowering the poor to build on their own

opportunities, supporting their access to assets, anddeveloping an enabling policy and institutional

environment.


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Core to livelihoods approaches are a set of principlesthat underpin best practice in any development

intervention:

1. People-centred2. Responsive and participatory

3. Multi-level

4. Conducted in partnership

5. Sustainable6. Dynamic


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Livelihoods approaches are based on a conceptual framework to

aid analysis of the factors affecting peoples livelihoods,including:

1. the priorities that people define as their desired livelihood

outcomes2. their access to social, human, physical, financial and natural

capital or assets, and their ability to put these to productive

use

3. the different strategies they adopt (and how they use their

assets) in pursuit of their priorities

4. the policies, institutions and processes that shape their access

to assets and opportunities

5. the context in which they live, and factors affecting

vulnerability to shocks and stresses.


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Public Health Outcomes Support Sustainable Development


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EMPAT TIPE KEBERLANJUTAN FAO2. Keberlanjutan ekonomi dan finansial

Can the results of technical cooperation continue to

yield an economic benefit after the technical

cooperation is withdrawn?

For example, the benefits from the introduction of new

crops may not be sustained if the constraints to

marketing the crops are not resolved.

Similarly, economic, as distinct from financial,sustainability may be at risk if the end users

continue to depend on heavily subsidized activities

and inputs.


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EMPAT TIPE KEBERLANJUTAN FAO3. Keberlanjutan

Ekologi

Are the benefits to be generated by the technical

cooperation likely to lead to a deterioration in the

physical environment, thus indirectly contributingto a fall in production, or well-being of the groups

targeted and their society?


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EMPAT TIPE KEBERLANJUTAN FAO4. Keberlanjutan

Energi

This type of sustainability is often concerned

with the production of energy and mineral

resources.

Some researchers have pointed to trends which

document the limits of production.


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sustainomics and

sustainable development

Sustainable development

trianglekey elements

and links (corners, sides,

center).


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Sepuluh kunci keberlanjutan pembangunan

1. Participation and ownership.

Get the stakeholders (men and women) to genuinelyparticipate in design and implementation. Build on their

initiatives and demands. Get them to monitor the project

and periodically evaluate it for results.

2. Capacity building and training.

Training stakeholders to take over should begin from the

start of any project and continue throughout. The right

approach should both motivate and transfer skills to

people.

3. Government policies.

Development projects should be aligned with local

government policies.


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Sepuluh kunci keberlanjutan pembangunan:


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7. Technology.

All outside equipment must be selected with careful consideration given

to the local finance available for maintenance and replacement.Cultural acceptability and the local capacity to maintain equipment

and buy spare parts are vital.

8. Environment.

Poor rural communities that depend on natural resources should beinvolved in identifying and managing environmental risks. Urban

communities should identify and manage waste disposal and

pollution risks.


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9. External political and economic factors.

In a weak economy, projects should not be toocomplicated, ambitious or expensive.

10. Realistic duration.

A short project may be inadequate for solving entrenchedproblems in a sustainable way, particularly when

behavioural and institutional changes are intended. A

long project, may on the other hand, promote

dependence.


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Pilar-pilar Pembangunan Ramah

Lingkungan

Economic Developmentpoverty eradication

Social Developmentactive participation of

women; education; good governance Environmental Protectionprevent environmental

degradation and patterns of unsustainabledevelopment

At the local, national, regional, and global levels


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PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI

Poverty eradication/ Pengentasan Kemiskinan

Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the worlds

people with income less than $1/day

Basic health services for all, reduce health threats

Increase food availability

Combat desertification, mitigate effects of drought

and floods Provision of clean drinking water

Enhance industrial productivity


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Changing Unsustainable Patterns of

Consumption and Production

Teknologi Produksi Bersih

Developing cleaner, more efficient energy

technologies

Maintain urban air quality and health, and

reduce greenhouse gas emissions

Sound management of chemicals

throughout their life cycle, and of hazardous

wastes


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Protecting the Natural Resource Base of

Economic & Social Development

Prevent water pollution to reduce

health hazards and protect

ecosystems

Watershed and groundwatermanagement

Support desalination of seawater,

water recycling

Ensure the sustainabledevelopment of oceans, marine

environmental protection


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KRISIS AIR

Water crisis is a term used to refer to the worlds water

resources relative to human demand.

The term has been applied to the worldwide water situation by

the United Nations and other world organizations.

Others, for example the Food and Agriculture Organization,said in 2003 that there is no water crisis but steps must be taken

to avoid one in the future.

The major aspects of the water crisis are allegedly overall

scarcity of usable water and water pollution.


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Beberapa prinsip manifestasi krisis air.

1. Inadequate access to safe drinking water for about884 million people.

2. Inadequate access to water for sanitation and waste

disposal for 2.5 billion people

3. Groundwater overdrafting (excessive use) leading todiminished agricultural yields

4. Overuse and pollution of water resources harming

biodiversity

5. Regional conflicts over scarce water resources

sometimes resulting in warfare

SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT


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SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

(SWRM)Pengelolaan sumberdaya air berkelanjutan

1. Pengelolaan dan Perencanaan Air

2. Pengolahan dan daur-ulang air limbah

3. Kualitas Air

4. Pengendalian Pencemaran5. Pengelolaan dan Ekonomi

6. Sistem Penunjang Keputusan

7. Sistem Hydraulic

8. Risiko banjir9. Pemodelan Hydraulic

10.Problematik Irrigation

11.Governance dan Monitoring


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Integrated Water Resources Management

(IWRM)is what most people aim to achieve in both, research and

practice, to enable a sustainable way of handling water

resources.

An often quoted definition of IWRM is given by the GlobalWater Partnership:

IWRM is a process which promotes the co-ordinated development

and management of water, land and related resources, in order to

maximize the resul tant economic and social welfare in an

equitable manner without compromising the sustainabil i ty of vital

ecosystems. (GWP 2000: 22)


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Action AgendaFocus on Five Key

Thematic Areas (WEHAB)

Priority areas for action, identified by UNSecretary-General Kofi Annan:

Water and sanitation

Energy

Health

Agriculture

Biodiversity protection and ecosystemmanagement


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AIR dan SANITASI

Water is not only the mostbasic of needs but is also

at the center of sustainable

development.

Around 1.2 billion people

still have no access to

clean drinking water

Around 2.4 billion peopledo not have adequate

sanitation.

SUPLAI AIR RAMAH LINGKUNGAN


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PANEN AIR HUJAN



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Kolam Panen Air Hujan


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AIR dan SANITASI

Beberapa isu-isu kunci:

Prevent water pollution to reduce health hazards

Protect ecosystems

Introduce technologies for affordable sanitation,industrial and domestic wastewater treatment

River basin, watershed and groundwater management

Support desalination of seawater, water recycling

Marine environmental protection - oceans, seas, islands

and coastal areas are essential components of the

Earths ecosystem


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Kontribusi Teknologi Nuklir untuk Mengelola

Sumberdaya Air

IAEA-supported projects worldwide using nucleartechniques:

Isotope techniques for water resourcesdevelopment and management

Automatic tracer flow gauging stations inephemeral rivers

Investigating dam and reservoir leakages andsafety

Electron beam purification of wastewater


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Sumberdaya Air

Nuclear power plants are used for saltwaterdesalination


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Sumberdaya Air

RCA Projects:

Isotope Techniques for Groundwater

Contamination Studies in the Urbanized andIndustrial Areas

Investigating Environmental and Water

Resources in Geothermal Areas

Use of Isotopes in Dam Safety and Dam

Sustainability


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ENERGI RAMAH LINGKUNGAN


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ENERGI RAMAH LINGKUNGAN

is the provision of energy such that it meets the

needs of the present without compromising the ability

of future generations to meet their needs.

Sustainable energy sources are most often regardedas including all renewable sources, such as plant

matter, solar power, wind power, wave power,

geothermal power and tidal power.

It usually also includes technologies that improveenergy efficiency.


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TEKNOLOGI ENERGI RENEW BLEare essential contributors to sustainable energy as they

generally contribute to world energy security, reducingdependence on fossil fuel resources, and providing

opportunities for mitigating greenhouse gases.

First-generation technologies: hydropower, biomass

combustion, and geothermal power and heat.

Second-generation technologies include solar heating

and cooling, wind power, modern forms of bioenergy, and

solar photovoltaics.

Third-generation technologies are still under developmentand include advanced biomass gasification, biorefinery

technologies, concentrating solar thermal power, hot dry

rock geothermal energy, and ocean energy.


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Energy

Some key issues:

Focus on access to energy in rural areas

Energy conservation and energy efficiency

building design & management, better mass

transportation, advanced and innovative cleaner

technologies

Promotion of renewable energy Action on climate changeratification by

countries of the Kyoto Protocol

E & C t ib ti f N l


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Energy & Contributions of Nuclear

Technology

Nuclear Powerreduces emission of

greenhouse gases

Some IAEA-supported projects worldwide: Comparative studies on natural gas and nuclear

power

Uranium resources development

Operational and safety issues of nuclear power

plants

Nuclear power plants for saltwater desalination

ib i f l


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Electron beam purification of flue gases

Isotopic techniques to study climate change and

predict future global changes resulting fromgreenhouse gases

Rational exploitation of geothermal sources

Isotope hydrology and geochemistry in geothermal

fields

Quality control and inspection of pipelines by NDT


Technology

E & C t ib ti f N l


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RCA Projects:

Process Diagnostics and Optimization inPetrochemical Industry

Role of Nuclear Power and other Energy

Options in Competitive Electricity Market


Technology


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Health

Good health is vital for eradicating poverty andachieving sustainable development.

Some key issues:

Reduce mortality rates in 2015: by 66.7% for children &

infants under 5; by 75% for maternal mortality rates Control & eradicate communicable diseases, reduce HIV

prevalence, combat malaria, tuberculosis

Ensure that chemicals are not used and produced in ways

that harm human health Reduce air pollution

Improve developing countries access to environmentallysound alternatives to ozone depleting chemicals

Health & Contrib tions of N clear


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Some IAEA-supported projects worldwide:

Use of radioisotopes in the diagnosis, treatment and

prevention of diseases

Upgrading of radiotherapy services

Production of Tc-99m Gel Generators for Nuclear

Medicine

Early diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer Screening of newborns for neonatal hypothyroidism

Nuclear medical techniques in preventive nephrology

Health & Contributions of Nuclear

Techniques



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Isotopes for control of human communicable

diseases (SIT for Tsetse eradication & control of

malaria)

Molecular biology techniques using radionuclidemethods (e.g. Polymerase chain reaction or PCR)

for diagnosis of infectious diseases such as

hepatitis B & C, tuberculosis

Rapid diagnosis of dengue fever infection

Early detection of congenital diseases in children


Techniques



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Applications of radiation technology

Radiation sterilization of health care products

Cyclotron for short lived medical radioisotopesRadiation sterilization of human tissue grafts for

transplantation (bone, skin & other tissues)

Nutrition

Nuclear techniques to address problems ofmalnutrition such as micro-nutrient deficiencies,energy expenditure, nutrient absorption &utilization


Techniques

l h & l h i


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RCA Projects: Strengthening Medical Physics in Asia and the Pacific

region

Brachytherapy in Treating Cervical Cancer

Distance-assisted Training (DAT) in Radiation Oncology Distance-assisted Training (DAT) for Nuclear MedicineTechnicians

Management of Liver Cancer using TransarterialRadioconjugate Therapy

Treatment with Unsealed Radioactive Source:Radiosynovectomy

Osteoporosis and Serum Turn Over by RIA and DEXA

Improved Information of Urban Air Quality Mgt.

Health & Nuclear Techniques


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Agriculture

Agriculture is central to sustainable development.

About 70% of the poor in developing countries

live in rural areas and depend in one way or

another on agriculture for their survival.Some key issues:

Address serious soil fertility problems

Diversification of crops

Increase water-use productivity Apply R&D to increase productivity in crops and

livestock

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE


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SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

Sustainable agriculture uses ecological principles to

farm .It has been defined as "an integrated system of plant

and animal production practices having a site-

specific application that will, over the long term:

1. Satisfy human food and fiber needs2. Make the most efficient use of nonrenewable resources

and on-farm resources and integrate, where

appropriate, natural biological cycles and controls

3. Sustainanable4. Sustain the economic viability of farm operations

5. Enhance the quality of life for farmers and society as a

whole

Farmers' Empowerment to Sustainable Agro- Ecosystem


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Management


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Organic farming

is the form of agriculture that relies ontechniques such as crop rotation, green manure,

compost, and biological pest control, to maintain

soil productivity and control pests on a farm.

Organic farming excludes or strictly limits the

use of synthetic fertilizers and synthetic

pesticides, plant growth regulators, livestock

antibiotics, food additives, and genetically

modified organisms


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Industrial agriculture

is a form of modern farming that refers to theindustrialized production of livestock, poultry, fish, and

crops.

The methods of industrial agriculture are technoscientific,

economic, and political.

They include innovation in agricultural machinery and

farming methods, genetic technology, techniques for

achieving economies of scale in production, the creation

of new markets for consumption, the application of patent

protection to genetic information, and global trade.

Most of the meat, dairy, eggs, fruits, and vegetables

available in supermarkets are produced using these

methods of industrial agriculture.


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Nuclear Techniques in Agriculture

Mutation breeding to produce new varieties in

different crops and ornamental plants


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Crop productivity

Control of insect pests by Sterile Insect

Technique (SIT)Biofertilizers to increase crop production

Optimization of water and fertilizer use for crops

Saline groundwater and wastelands for cropproduction

Nuclear Techniques in Agriculture


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A i l & N l T h i


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Agriculture & Nuclear Techniques

RCA Projects:

Restoration of Soil Fertility and Sustenance ofAgriculture Productivity

Production of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)

Antigen and Antibody ELISA Reagent Kit Enhancement of Genetic Diversity in Food, Pulses and

Oil Crops & Establishment of Mutant GermplasmNetwork

Better Management of Feeding and Reproduction ofCattle

Application of Food Irradiation for Food Security,Safety and Trade

Biodiversitas & Pengelolaan


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Ekosistem

Biodiversity and the ecosystems they

support are the living basis of sustainable

development.


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Ekosistem

Beberapa isu kunci:

Significantly reduce the rate of biodiversity

loss by 2010

Reverse the trend in natural resource

degradation

Restore fisheries to their maximum

sustainable yields

Protection of the marine environment from

land based sources of pollution


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Bi di it & K t ib i T k ik N kli


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Biodiversitas & Kontribusi Teknik Nuklir

Nuclear techniques are used:

To trace the fate of pollutants, and studysedimentation rates in pollution studies

To identify pathways of pesticides &agrochemicals in the environment

RCA Projects:

Enhancing the Marine Coastal Environment

Applications of nuclear and modeling techniques tosustainable development in the coastal zone

Investigating Environmental and Water Resourcesin Geothermal Areas

P l l H t L t i


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Pengelolaan Hutan LestariSustainable Forest Management (SFM)

is the management of forests according to the principles

of sustainable development.

Sustainable forest management uses very broad social,

economic and environmental goals.

A range of forestry institutions now practice various

forms of sustainable forest management and a broad

range of methods and tools are available that have beentested over time.

Pengelolaan Hutan Lestari Menurut FAO :


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Pengelolaan Hutan Lestari Menurut FAO :

The stewardship and use of forests and forestlands in a way, and at a rate, that maintains their

biodiversity, productivity, regeneration capacity,

vitality and their potential to fulfill, now and in the

future, relevant ecological, economic and socialfunctions, at local, national, and global levels, and

that does not cause damage to other ecosystems.

Tujuh bidang kajian Pengelolaan Hutan


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Tujuh bidang kajian Pengelolaan Hutan

Lestari:

1. Extent of forest resources

2. Biological diversity

3. Forest health and vitality

4. Productive functions and forest resources

5. Protective functions of forest resources

6. Socio-economic functions

7. Legal, policy and institutional framework

PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN


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PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN

Sustainable Development is the process by which

we move towards sustainability

development that meets the needs of the presentwithout compromising the ability of future

generations to meet their own needs(World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987)

This was endorsed in 1992 at the Earth Summit inRio

Model

K t l


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Konseptual

Pengelolaan

Hutan Lestari

LANDSKAPING RAMAH LINGKUNGAN


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LANDSKAPING RAMAH LINGKUNGAN

Encompasses a variety of practices that have developed in response

to environmental issues.These practices are used in every phase of landscaping, including

design, construction, implementation and management of residential

and commercial landscapes.

Sustainability Issues for Landscaping include:Carbon Sequestration by Plants; Global Climate Change; Air

Pollution; Water Pollution; Pesticide Toxicity; Non-Renewable

Resources; Energy Usage.

Non-sustainable practices encompass: Contamination of soil, air and

water; persistence of toxic compounds in the environment; non-

sustainable consumption of natural resources; Greenhouse gas

emissions.

Effects of non sustainable practices


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Effects of non-sustainable practices

Some of the effects of non-sustainable practices are:

1. Threats to health, well-being and even survival of

humans and other life forms and their habitats;

2. Sedimentation of surface waters caused by

stormwater runoff;

3. Chemical pollutants in drinking water caused by

pesticide runoff;

4. Health problems caused by toxic fertilizers, toxic

pesticides, improper use, handling, storage anddisposal of pesticides;

5. Air and noise pollution caused by landscape

equipment;

6. Over-use of limited natural resources.

MENUJU LANDSKAPING RAMAH LINGKUNGAN


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MENUJU LANDSKAPING RAMAH LINGKUNGAN

1. Reduction of stormwater run-off through the use of bio-swales, rain gardens and

green roofs and walls.2. Reduction of water use in landscapes through design of water-wise garden

techniques (sometimes known as xeriscaping

3. Bio-filtering of wastes through constructed wetlands

4. Landscape irrigation using water from showers and sinks, known as gray water

5. Integrated Pest Management techniques for pest control

6. Creating and enhancing wildlife habitat in urban environments

7. Energy-efficient landscape design in the form of proper placement and selectionof shade trees and creation of wind breaks

8. Permeable paving materials to reduce stormwater run-off and allow rain water to

infiltrate into the ground and replenish groundwater rather than run into surface

water

9. Use of sustainably harvested wood, composite wood products for decking and

other landscape projects, as well as use of plastic lumber

10. Recycling of products, such as glass, rubber from tires and other materials to

create landscape products such as paving stones, mulch and other materials

11. Soil management techniques, including composting kitchen and yard wastes, to

maintain and enhance healthy soil that supports a diversity of soil life

Integration and adoption of renewable energy including solar-powered landscape

Konsep Konsep Pembangunan Ramah Lingkungan

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