Kodutöö 3
Transcript of Kodutöö 3
- 1.Naples
Miina Rngas
2. Naples (Italian: Napoli, pronounced[na()poli], Neapolitan:
Napule) in Italy, is the capital of the region of Campania and of
the province of Naples. The city is known for its rich history,
art, culture, architecture, music and gastronomy, playing an
important role throughout much of its existence; it is over 2,800
years old. Naples is located halfway between two volcanic areas,
the volcano Mount Vesuvius and the Phlegraean Fields, sitting on
the coast by the Gulf of Naples.
3. Location
4. History
The history of the city can be traced back to the 8th century BC
when inhabitants of the nearby Greek colony Cumae founded a city
called Parthenope; Cumae itself had been founded by people from
Euboea, Greece.[11] The exact reasons for doing so are not known
for certain, but the Cumaeans built Neapolis (meaning New City)
next to the old Parthenope. Around this time they had held off
invasion attempts from the Etruscans.[12]
The new city grew thanks to the influence of powerful Greek
city-state Siracusa and at some point the new and old cities on the
Gulf of Naples merged together to become one.[11] The city became
an ally of the Roman Republic against Carthage; the strong walls
surrounding Neapolis stopped invader Hannibal from entering.[13]
During the Samnite Wars, the city, now a bustling centre of trade,
was captured by the Samnites; however, the Romans soon took it from
them and made Neapolis a Roman colony.[13]
The city was greatly respected by the Romans as a place of
Hellenistic culture: the people maintained their Greek language and
customs; elegant villas, aqueducts, public baths, an odeon, a
theatre and the Temple of Dioscures were built, and many powerful
emperors chose to holiday in the city including Claudius and
Tiberius.[13]
It was during this period that Christianity came to Naples;
apostles St. Peter and St. Paul are said to have preached in the
city. Also, St. Januarius, who would become Naples' patron saint,
was martyred there.[14] Last emperor of Western Roman Empire,
Romulus Augustulus, was sent in exile in Naples by king
Odoacer.
5. Architecture, features and city layouts
Naples has one of the greatest density of cultural resources and
monuments that include 2800 years of history (castles, fountains,
churches, ancient architecture, etc.): the most prominent forms of
architecture in Naples are from the Medieval, Renaissance and
Baroque periods.[47] The historic centre of Naples is typically the
most fruitful for architecture and is in fact listed by UNESCO as a
World Heritage Site .A striking feature of Naples is the fact that
it has 448 historical churches, making it one of the most Catholic
cities in the world.
6. Main piazza, palaces and castles
The central and main open city square or piazza of the city is the
Piazza del Plebiscito. It was started by Bonapartist king Joachim
Murat and finished by Bourbon king Ferdinand IV. It is bounded on
the east by the Royal Palace and on the west by the church of San
Francesco di Paola with the colonnades extending to both sides.
Nearby is the Teatrodi San Carlo, which is the oldest and largest
opera house on the Italian peninsula.[50] Directly across from San
Carlo is Galleria Umberto, a shopping centre and active centre of
Neapolitan social life in general.
Naples is well-known for its historic castles: the ancient Castel
Nuovo is one of the most notable architectural representatives on
the city, also known as MaschioAngioino; it was built during the
time of Charles I, the first ever king of Naples. Castel Nuovo has
hosted some historical religious events: for example, in 1294, Pope
Celestine V resigned as pope in a hall of the castle, and following
this Pope Boniface VIII was elected pope here by the cardinal
collegium, and immediately moved to Rome.
The castle which Nuovo replaced in importance was the Norman
founded Castel dell'Ovo. Its name means Egg Castle and it is built
on the tiny islet Megarides, where the Cumaean colonists founded
the city. The third castle of note is Sant'Elmo which was completed
in 1329 and is built in the shape of a star. During the uprising of
Masaniello, the Spanish took refuge in Sant'Elmo to escape the
revolutionaries.
7. Castel dell'OvoPiazza del Plebiscito
8. Museums
Naples hosts a wealth of historical museums and some of the most
important in the country. The Naples National Archaeological Museum
is one of the main museums, considered one of the most important
for artifacts of the Roman Empire in the world.[51] It also hosts
many of the antiques unearthed at Pompeii and Herculaneum, as well
as some artifacts from the Greek and Renaissance periods.[51]
Previously a Bourbon palace, now a museum and art gallery, the
MuseodiCapodimonte is probably the most important in Naples. The
art gallery features paintings from the 13th to the 18th century
including major works by Simone Martini, Raphael, Titian,
Caravaggio, El Greco and many others, including Neapolitan School
painters Jusepe de Ribera and Luca Giordano. The royal apartments
are furnished with antique 18th century furniture and a collection
of porcelain and majolica from the various royal residences: the
famous Capodimonte Porcelain Factory was just adjacent to the
palace.
The Certosadi San Martino was formerly a monastery complex but is
now a museum and remains one of the most visible landmarks of
Naples. Displayed within the museum are Spanish and Bourbon-era
artifacts, as well as displays of the nativity scene, considered to
be among the finest in the world. Pietrarsa railway museum is
located in the city: Naples has a proud railway history and the
museum features, amongst many other things, the Bayard, the first
locomotive in the Italian peninsula.[39] Other museums include the
Villa Pignatelli and Palazzo Como, and one of Italy's national
libraries (the BibliotecaNazionaleVittorioEmanuele III) is also
located in the city.
9. Palazzo Capodimonte
10. Churches, religious buildings and structures
Hosting the Archdiocese of Naples, the Catholic faith is highly
important to the people of Naples and there are hundreds of
churches in the city. The Cathedral of Naples is the most important
place of worship in the city, each year on September 19 it hosts
the Miracle of Saint Januarius, the city's patron saint.[52] In the
miracle which thousands of Neapolitans flock to witness, the dried
blood of Januarius is said to turn to liquid when brought close to
relics said to be of his body: this is one of the most important
traditions for Neapolitans.[52] Below is a selective list of some
of the best-known churches, chapels, monastery complexes and
religious structures in Naples.
11. Saint Januarius
12. The church of Santa Caterina a Formiello in Naples
13. Geography
In the area surrounding Naples are the islands of Procida, Capri
and Ischia, which are reached by hydrofoils and ferries. Sorrento
and the Amalfi Coast are situated south of Naples. The Roman ruins
of Pompeii, Herculaneum and Stabiae, which were destroyed in the
eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD, are also nearby. Naples is also near
the volcanic area known as the CampiFlegrei and the port towns of
Pozzuoli and Baia, which were part of the vast Roman naval
facility, Portus Julius.
Quarters:
Pianura, Bagnoli,Posillipo,Fuorigrotta, Soccavo,Chiaiano,Arenella,
Vomero,Chiaia, San Ferdinando, Montecalvario, San
Giuseppe,Avvocata, Porto,Pendino,San
Lorenzo,Mercato,Vicaria,Stella,San Carlo all'Arena,
Piscinola-Marianella, Scampa, Miano,Secondigliano,S.Pietro a
Patierno,Poggioreale,Zona Industriale,San Giovanni a
Teduccio,Barra,Ponticelli
14. Climate
Naples enjoys a typical Mediterranean climate with mild, wet
winters and warm to hot, dry summers. The mildclimate and the
geographical richness of the bay of Naples made it famous during
Roman times, when emperors chose the city as a favourite holiday
location.
15. Demographics
The population of the centre area (municipality - comunedi Napoli)
is around one million people. Its greater metropolitan area,
sometimes known as Greater Naples has an additional population of
4.4 million and include all the province and over; the towns which
are usually included within this area are Arzano, Casandrino,
Casavatore, Casoria, Cercola, Maranodi Napoli, Melitodi Napoli,
Mugnanodi Napoli, Portici, Pozzuoli, Quarto, San Giorgio a Cremano,
San Sebastiano al Vesuvio, Volla.The demographic profile for the
Neapolitan province in general is quite young: 19% are under age
14, while 13% are over 65, compared to the national average of 14%
and 19%, respectively.[59] There is a higher percentage of females
(52.4%) than males (47.6%).Naples currently has a higher birth rate
than other parts of Italy with 10.46 births per 1,000 inhabitants
compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births.
Unlike many northern Italian cities there are far fewer immigrants
in Naples. 98.5% of the people are Italians. In 2006, there were a
total of 19,188 foreigners in the actual city of Naples; the
majority of foreigners are Eastern European, coming particularly
from Ukraine, Poland and the Balkans.Non-Europeans in general are
very low in number, however there are some small Sri Lankan and
East Asian immigrant communities. Statistics show that the vast
majority of immigrants are female; this is because male workers
tend to head North.
16. Politics
Each of the 8,101 comune in Italy is today represented locally by
an elected mayor and a city council, known as a sindaco and
informally called the first citizen. This system or one very
similar to it, has been in place since 1808 with the invasion of
the Napoleonic forces. When the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was
restored, the system was kept in place with members of the nobility
such as Dukes and Marquesses filling the role. By the end of the
19th century as part of Italy, party politics had begun to emerge;
during the fascist era each commune was represented by a podest.
During the post-war period, the political landscape of Naples has
been neither strongly right nor left both Christian democracts and
democratic socialists have filled the position at different times
with roughly equal frequency. Currently the mayor of Naples is Rosa
Russo Iervolino of The Olive Tree, she has held the position since
2001.
17. Administrative subdivisions
18. Economy
Naples is Italy's fourth most important city for economic strength,
coming after Rome, Milan and Turin. It is the world's 91st richest
city by purchasing power, with a GDP of $43 billion[6]. Were Naples
a country, it would have the world's 68th biggest economy, near the
size of that of Qatar. The economy of Naples and its closest
surrounding area is based largely in tourism, commerce, industry
and agriculture; Naples also acts as a busy cargo terminal, and the
port of Naples is one of the Mediterranean's biggest and most
important. The city has had a remarkable economic growth since the
war, and unemployment in the region has gone down dramatically
since 1999[7]. Naples used to be a busy industrial city, though
many of the factories are no longer there, and Naples is still
characterized by high levels of corruption and organized
crime.
19. Centro Direzionale, Napoli business centre.
20. Cuisine
The city has a long history of producing a variety of famous dishes
and wines; it draws its influence from different civilisations
which have ruled the city at various times such as the Greeks,
Spanish and French.Neapolitan cuisine emerged completely as its own
distinct form in the 18th century.[The ingredients are typically
rich in taste while remaining affordable to the general
populace.[
Perhaps the best-known aspect of Neapolitan cooking is its rich
savoury dishes. Naples is traditionally held as the home of
pizza.[86] This originated as a meal of the poor, but under
Ferdinand IV it became better known: famously, the Margherita was
named after Queen Margherita after a visit to the city.Cooked
traditionally in a wood-burning oven, ingredients are strictly
regulated by a law dating from 2004, and must be composed of wheat
flour type "00" with the addition of flour type "0" yeast, natural
water, peeled tomatoes or fresh cherry tomatoes, marine salt, and
extra virgin olive oil.Spaghetti is associated with the city and is
commonly eaten with the sauce rag: a Neapolitan symbol is folklore
figure Pulcinella eating a plate of spaghetti . Others include
parmigianadimelanzane, mozzarella, spaghetti allevongole and
casatiello.
Naples also has some famous sweet dishes, including colourful
gelato, similar though more fruit-based than ice cream.Some of the
pastry dishes include: zeppole, bab, sfogliatelle and pastiera, the
latter of which is prepared especially for Easter.[90] Another
seasonal sweet is struffoli, a sweet tasting honey dough decorated
and eaten around Christmas.[91] Naples is also worldwide famous for
its neapolitan coffee, made with historical neapolitan coffee pot
called "cuccuma" or cuccumella, which then lead the invention of
Espresso coffee machine and inspired Moka Express coffee pot. Many
little industries for roasting and grounding coffee beans mixed
from the best coffee qualities produced worldwide are present in
the territory of Naples. There are some beverages from Naples also:
it produces wines from the Vesuvius area such as Lacryma Christi
("tear of Christ") and Terzigno. Also from Naples is limoncello the
highly popular lemon liqueur.[
21. "Pizza Margherita" Traditional Neapolitan pizza
22. References:
http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoli
http://www.pickatrail.com/jupiter/location/europe/italy/map/naples.gif