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The Brit ish Army in the Jacobite Rising of 1745 : A Guide to its Batt lesand Leaders

著者Author(s) Fremont-Barnes, G.B

掲載誌・巻号・ページCitat ion 近代,86:1*-38*

刊行日Issue date 2000-11

資源タイプResource Type Departmental Bullet in Paper / 紀要論文

版区分Resource Version publisher

権利Rights

DOI

JaLCDOI 10.24546/81001747

URL http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/handle_kernel/81001747

PDF issue: 2021-08-13

●TheBritishArmylnthe

JaeobiteRisingof1745:A GuidetoitsBattlesandLeaders

G.ち.FremonLBarnes

Introduction

Thisguideseekstoprovideconciseinformationonthebattlesand

leadersoftheBritishArmyduringthefinalrebellionoftheJacobitesin

1745-46. Biographicalsketchesareprovidedforthemainfiguresand

accountsofthethreemajoractionsofthecampaign- Prestonpans,

FalkirkandCulloden-arealsoprovided.Therisingof'the45'asit

becameknown,beganundertheinspirationandleadershipofPrince

CharlesEdwardStuart,sonorJamesEdward,whoserevoltthirtyyears

beforehadendedinfailurefortheStuartcauseandexiletoFrancefor

himself.ButwhiletheJacobitecausehadbeendefeatedmilitarilyin

1716,sympathyhadneverbeenentirelyextinguished,andon3August

1745CharleslandedintheHebridestoraisetheflagofrebelliononce

again.Withinamonthhehadgatheredanarmyof2,000Highlanders

underLordGeorgeMurrayandmarchedonandoccupiedEdinburgh,

apartfrom theCastle,whichheldoutunderthecommandofGeneral

JoshuaGuest.ThreedayslatertheJacobitearmyconfrontedtheforces

-1-

underGeneralSirJohnCopeattheBattleorPrestonpans,wherethe

latterwasdisastrouslydefeated.

ThissuccessencouragedotherstoflocktotheJacobitestandard,

andwithhisarmyswelledto5,000menCharlesmovedsouthintoEngland,

hopingforsupportfrom Stuartsympathizersthereaswellasmilitary

assistancefromFrance.Neither,infact,materialized,though therebels

enjoyedinitialsuccessbycapturingCarlisleandManchesterandreaching

asfarsouthasDerbyby4December. Nevertheless,ahighdesertion

rateandtheapproachoftwoBritisharmiesobligedCharlestoretreat

northon6December,pursuedbytheDukeofCumberland,whohadrecently

returnedfrom thecampaignsinFlanders. Charlesmeanwhiledetached

asmallforcetolayslegetOStirling.HavingrecapturedEdinburgh,a

secondBritisharmyunderGeneralHenryHawleysoughttoraisethe

siege,butwasdefeatedatFalkirkon17January1746.Thusblunted,the

BritishoffensivedidnotresumeuntilApril,whenonthe8thCumberland

proceededfromAberdeeninpursuitoftherebels,theninthevicinltyOf

lnverness.On16AprilthetwoarmiesconfrontedoneanotheronCulloden

moor. TheretheJacobitecausewasdecisivelycrushed. A periodor

brutalretributionfollowedinwhichCumberland'stroopsnotonlyrooted

outandexecutedmostortheleadersoftherebellion,butcowedthe

populationoftheHighlandsintosubmission.AfterhidinginScotland

forseveralmonthsCharlesfinallyrュedtoFranceon20September.

B一and,Humphrey(1686?-1763)

BorninIreland,Blandreceivedhiscommissioninthecavalryln

-2-

1704andservedinseveralofMarlborough'scampalgnS,beingwounded

atAlmanarain1710whilewiththeRoyalDragoons.Fiveyearslater

hewasmademajororadragoonreglmentWhichlaterbecamethellth

Hussars.BlandwassentwiththisunittothenorthofEnglandin1715

duringtheJacobiterislngandaccompaniedprisonerstakenatPreston

tocaptivityinLondon.Afterwardshewasmadelieutenant-colonelof

theKing'sRegimentofHorse,whichlaterbecametheKing'sDragoon

Guards.Itwaswhileinthatcapacitythathewrotehis Treatiseon

Discipline',whichwasproducedinnumerouseditionsandformuchof

the18thcenturyestablisheditselfasthetextbookofarmydrilland

discipline.Firstpublishedin1727,Bland'STreatise'includedinformation

onthetacticsemployedinMarlborough'scampaigns,aswellasmethods

ofmaintainlmgdisciplineinthefield.Itcametoreplacetheworkof

theEarlofOrrery,whosetreatisewashadbeenissuedfiftyyears

earlierandwasnowconsiderablyoutordate.Bland'slateredition,the

9th,waspublishedin1762,andincludedacontributionbythefuture

adjutant-general,GeneralSirWilliamFawcett,ontheuseoflightcavalry.

Blandalsowroteashortbookonhiscivilandpoliticaladministration

ofGibraltarasaguideforhissuccessors.

ThroughunswervingloyaltytotheCrownandcompetentmilitary

skillsBlandwaspromotedtocolonelofthe36thin1737,colonelofthe

13thDragoonsin1741andlatercolonelofthe3rdKing'sOwnDragoons,

whichcarriedhisnameas Bland'sDragoons'foraconsiderabletime

thereafter.In1742hewasappolntedquartermateトgeneralatheadquarters,

inwhichpositionheservedinthecampalgnSinFlanders.Hishorsewas

killedunderhim atDettlngenandhedistlnguishedhimselfatFontenoy.

-3-

From1743to1752hewasgovernorofFortWilliam.DuringtheJacobite

Rebellionin1745-46heservedasamajor一generalundertheDukeof

CumberlandandfoughtatCulloden.HeleftforGibraltarin1749as

governororthetownandgarrisonwiththeparticulartaskofsolving

thegrievancesheldbyitsinhabitants.HeandtheMasteroftheRolls

workedtogetheratthistimetodeterminethecostsanddamageswhich

GeneralAnstrutherwasrequiredtopayrespectingtheoccupationof

Minorca.In1752hewasmadecoloneloftheKing'sDragoonGuards

andgiventhegovernorshipofEdinburghCastle,aposthehelduntilhis

death.Hewasmadecommander-in-chiefofthetroopsinScotlandin

1753.1m1755hemarriedtheeldestsisteroftheFifthEarlofStair.

CamPbell,JohnFourth[arlofLoudoun(1705-1782)

BorninScotland,Campbelljoinedthearmyin1727,servedas

governorofStirlingCastlefrom 1741andwasappointedaidedecamp

tothekingin1743.Heassembledanewregimentorloyalhighlanders,

ofwhichheassumedthecolonelcy,attheoutbreakofthesecondJacobite

risingln1745.Hebecameadjutant一generalandservedwithGeneralCope.

Hisreglment,the54th,wasnearlyannihilatedatthebattleorPrestonpanS.

HebroughtvitalsuppliesbyslooptolnvernessinOctoberandinthe

courseofSixweekshadrecruited2,000menwithwhichhesoonthereafter

broketheslegeOfFortAugustus.HecapturedLordLovatandconveyed

himtolnvernesswherehehopedtoeffectanexchangeforthedisarmament

oftheclanFraser. Lovat,however,escapedthesameday. Inearly

1746LoudountriedtocapturePrinceCharles,thenatMoyCastle,by

-4-

surprise,buttheJacobitescapturedlnvernessand,heavilyreinforced,

ObligedLoudountoseekrefugeontheIsleofSkye.Whenthe54thwas

disbandedin1749Loudounbecamecolonelorthe30th,effectiveuntil

1770,andfrom 1755to1757wascolonel-in-Chiefofthe60thregiment.

InFebruary1756hewasmadecaptain-generalandgovernor-in-chiefof

Virginiaandthefollowlngmonthwasappointedcommander-in-chiefof

BritishtroopsinNorthAmerica.OnhisarrivalthereinJulyhefound

theFrenchalreadyinpossessionoffortsOswegoandOntario. Although

heplannedanattackonLouisbourg,forwhichheconcentratedaforce

atHalirax,hesquanderedhistimeinindecisionandwasconsequently

recalledhometobereplacedbyAmherst.Heservedassecond-in-Command

underLordTyrawleyintheexpeditiontoPortugal∩1762. Hewas

colonelofthe3rdGuardsfrom 1770to1782andgovernorofStirling

andEdinburghfrom 1763untilhisdeathatLoudounCastlein1782.

Cope,SirJohn(died1760)

Copejoinedthearmyasacornetinacavalryregimentin1707.

Hesubsequentlytookthecolonelcyorseveralregimentsinsuccession:

the39thfrom 1730-32;the5thfrom 1732-37;the9thDragoonsfrom

1737-41;andfinallythe7thDragoonsfrom 1741untilhisdeathin1760,

HeservedasMPforthreedifferentconstituenciesfrom 1722to1741.

Hebecameabrigadier-generalin1735,amajor-generalin1739and

lieutenant一generalin1743. In1742hecommandedpartofthetroops

dispatchedtoaidtheQueenofHungary. WhentheJacobiterebellion

brokeoutCopewascommander-in-ChiefinScotlandandresponsibility

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forquellingtherisingfelltohim. Heundertookthecampaignwith

insufficientnumbersandfoundthemarchnorthwardsslowandarduous

forhismen.RetreatbecameanecessltyandhehadtoleaveEdinburgh

torebeloccupation.WhilemovlngtOthecity'sreliefCopeconfronted

thehighlanderson20SeptemberatPrestonpans,wherehewasbadly

beaten.AnofficialinquiryintoCope'sconductexoneratedhimandinstead

blamedtherankandrile.OnthearrivaloftheDukeofCumberland,

freshfromhiscampalgnlngOntheContinent,Copetookaminorrolein

thecampalgn.

Culloden,Battleo千′16AprH1746

Thishistoricbattlewasfoughtonamoorabouthalfamilewide,

onwhichstoodawalledenclosure,theCulwhiniacParks,whichran

from therebelrightdowntotheriverNairn. Therebelleftwas

anchoredonthewallsorCullodenParks.Themoorwasquitewet,with

poolsofwaterandsoftearththroughout.Therebelsmusteredaround

3,800infantryarrayedintheirfrontline,withasecond,reservelineof

about700.Theirmountedforcewasperhaps150.Theirartillery,probably

adozenpiecesinall,appeartohavebeendistributedacrossthefront

ratherthanconcentrated.TheBritishadvancedfromNairnanddeployed

oppositetherebelpositioninthreelines,Withthefrontleftanchoredon

Leanachandthewalledenclosuretoitsfront.Mostofthecavalrywas

deployedontheleft,infrontoftheCulwhiniacWalls. Betweenthe

battalions31POundergunsweredeployedandsixmortarswereplaced

betweenthefirstandsecondlines.Somechangestookplacebeforethe

-6-

action;whentherebelsappearedtoshifttotheleft,Cumberlandmoved

forwardsomeorhisreservestoextendhisright,includingaportionof

hiscavalry,whichstoodwelltotherightoftheinfantry.

Theactioncommencedwhen10troopsofCumberland'scavalryand

fourcompaniesofhishighlanders,faclngthewallsofCulwhiniacParks,

andfindingtheycouldnotadvanceacrossthisobstacle,Wereorderedby

GeneralBlandtodemolishitsoastoallowthepassageofthecavalry.

Blandhadearlierrecognizedthattheenclosurewasunoccupied and

thereforetheJacobiterightcouldbeoutflankedbypassingthroughit.

Thehighlandersthuspulleddownpartofthefrontandrearwalls,

whichnotonlyIncreasedthechanceofvictorybutalsothreatenedto

severtherebellineofretreatacrosstheNairn.Thecavalryandhighlanders

dulyrodeintotheemptyenclosure,aneventwitnessedbytherebelright

whichwastoofarawaytodoanythingaboutit;LordGeorgeMurray

hadrefusedtoheedadvicebeforethebattlethatsuchathreatoughtto

beavoidedbypostingsomemenwithintheenclosure.

Onpassingthroughthesouthwall,theBritishhaltedbeforea

ditch,slightlybehindtherebelright. Therebelsthereuponredeployed

unitsfromtheirlinetofacethemwhileotherbattalionsfrom thereserve

movedofftotherighttotheirassistance.Hawleynowmadethemistake

orchosingtoretainthehighlandersinanenclosureratherthandeploy

themwiththedragoons,forreasonswhichhaveneverbeenmadeclear.

HawleyandBlandthenadvancedwiththecavalryacrossastreamwhich

flowedonaparallelcoursewiththerearwallofCulwhiniacParksand

turnednorth,theretofacetherebelinfantrywhichhadaltereditsfront

toprotecttheexposedrebelrear.AsmallforceofJacobitehorsemen

-7-

alsoconfrontedtheBritishcavalry,togetherwithseveralbattalionsof

rebelinfantry.TheseunexpectedreinforcementsmadeaBritishadvance

muchmoredifficult,andtheinitialadvantageofsurprisewaspartially

spoiledbyalackorinfantrysupport. Hawleythereforechosenotto

attack.

Atabout1pmtherebelsbeganfiringtheirartillery,whichhowever

onlyinflictedlightcasualtiesontheBritish.Cumberlandreturnedfire

almostimmediatelyandafteraboutfifteenminutestherebelranksgrew

restless,havinglostover100meninthebombardment.Thehighlanders

thenchargedattherun,manybreakingthecohesionoftheirranksand

castingasidetheirmusketsimfavouroftheirswords. Mostofthe

attackersmadeheadlongfortheextremeBritishleft. Severalunits

becameintermingledandorderwaslost,suchthatseveralhundredor

thesefellundercanisterfire.ThreebattalionsontheBritishleftfired

γolliesat50yardsandagainatpointblankrange. Therebelsinthe

centreandontheleftneverthelessreachedtheBritishline,strikingpart

orMonro'S37thandtheleft-handmostregiment,Barrell'S4th. A

fiercehand-to-handactionensuedinwhichthehighlanderssufferedgreat

losses,provlngthesuperiorltyOrmusketandbayonetoverbroadsword

andshield.Barrell'sfinallybrokewhentherebelswrappedaroundits

flanksandtooktwocannon,uponwhichtheycontinuedintoMonro'S,

whichheldtherebelsbackwiththebayonetandseveralγollies. Both

sidessufferedgreatlossesandtheBritishlinemighthavebeenbroken

hadnotthefierceresistanceofthesetworegimentsgivenHusketimeto

organizeacounter-attackwithfourfresh regiments,oneunderthe

commandofJamesWolfe,thefutureconquerororQuebec.Someofthe

-8-

defendersCOuldbringflankingfireagainsttheattackersandaseriesor

close-rangevolliesfromthesei,200reinforcementsdevastatedtheclosely-

packedrebelsranks,whohadnoeffectivemeansofreply.Thus,despite

punchingaholeintheBritishline,theJacobitescouldnotexploitthis

temporaryadvantageinthefaceorsuchdestructivefirepower.

Therebelleftmeanwhileadvancedatamuchslowerpace,heldup

bymarshygroundandpoolsofwater,somearootdeep. Oncethey

cameintorangeofBritishmusketrytheyhalted,anddespiteencouragement

from theirofficerstheywouldadvancenofurther,choosinginsteadto

dischargetheirpistolsandwavetheirswords.Thosehighlanderswhohad

notfounderedintheboggygroundandmanagedtocontinuetheiradvance

wereshotdownastheyapproachedtheBritishline.Thus,therebelleft

neverreachedCumberland'SlineandBritishcasualtiesinthissectorwere

virtuallynil.Murray,seelngthecrisisathand,nowbroughtforwardtwo

regimentsfrom hissecondline,butbythenthebattlewasobviously

lost.Therebelrightwlngbrokefirst,followedshortlyafterwardsbythe

leftwhenCumberland,Sensingtheimminentrebelcollapse,ordereda

cavalrychargewithtwotroopsofdragoonswhichhittheenemyflank

andcausedageneralrout.ThetokenFrenchforce,findingallwaslost,

Offeredbriefresistancebeforesurrendering,withover100casualties

sufferedatthehandsorthedragoons. OtherFrenchinfantry,onthe

rebelright,foughtbrieflyuntildrivenfrom thewallsofCulchunalg.

TheseandothersfellpreytoseveralsquadronsordragoonsunderBland,

whichHawleyorderedtocharge.Greatdestructionwasmetedoutagainst

thefleelngrebels,mostofwhomwereglVennOquarteraStheyhadoffered

noneoftheirown.About1,500rebelswerekilled,withabout350prisoners

-9-

taken,mostlyFrench.Cumberlandlostaround50killedand250wounded.

CullodenwasthelastbattlefoughtonBritishsoil.

Falkirk,Battleof,13January1746

WithtroopsstationedatEdinburghinJanuary,Lieutenant-General

HenryHawleysoughttoconfronttherebelsinsouthernScotland. The

rebels,underMurray,o∝upiedGlasgowandestablishedthemselvesnear

Falkirk.ThesedevelopmentsinducedthegarrisonofStirlingCastleto

surrenderon8January,enablingtherebelssafelytooccupyLinlithgow

onthe15th. Onreachingflalkirk,Hawleymadecampwithahollow

andmarshygroundtohisfrontandseveralenclosureswithwater-filled

ditchesonhisright.Therebelarmy,deployedonPleanMuir,sixmiles

from Falkirk,decidedtoadvanceagainsthim.Murraydecidedtoseize

theHillofFalkirk,anopenridgesouth-westofthetownwithaview

oftheBritishcamp.Theyemployedadeceptionplanwhichsentacolumn

downaroadintheoppositedirection;althoughHawleyobservedthishe

madenoreconnaisancetoestablishtheenemy'sexactwhereabouts,despite

hisconsiderableadvantageincavalry.

Onlyat1pmdidtheBritishhearwordoftherapidrebeladvance,

whereuponHawleyorderedthearmytoadvanceinaracetoreachthe

summitorthehillbeforetheenemy.Unevengroundconfusedtheranks

andtiredthemen.Therebelsweredeployedinthreelines,thefirsttwo

ofinfantry,thethirdofcavalryandafewFrenchregulars. Alltold,

theJacobitesnumbered5,800infantryand360cavalry.TheBritishwere

alsointhreelines,withtheircavalryinthefront.Hawleycommanded

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about5,500infantryand500cavalry. Behindthedragoons,deployed

aroundhousesandwalls,wereafurther700loyalistvolunteers. More

loyalisttroops,Withafewcompaniesorregulars- about800alltold

-stoodbehindtherearofHawley'sleft.

Fightingbeganat4pm whenHawleylaunchedhisdragoonsina

frontalassaultagalnStOneOfMurray'shighlandbrigades.Rebelγollies

didlittledamagebutthechargehalted- apartfrom afew troopers

whoreachedthelineandweredrivenoff-andsoonthecavalryretreated

towardstheright,movlngbetweenthetwoopposlngforcesandtaking

firefrom theremainderoftheJacobiteline. Oneregimentrodeback

downthehillintoabodyofvolunteers,whofiredatthem inprotest.

Delightedbytheirrepulseofthecavalrytherebelbrigadelaunchedan

unauthorizedcounter-attackdownthehill,Chasingthedragoonsand

plowingintoabodyofloyalistmilitia.Theyweresoonfollowedbythe

remainderoftheJacobitefrontline,which charged through severe

rainfallwhichwasnow blowinginthefaceoftheBritishline. The

majorltyOrHawley'smen,tiredfrom theiradvanceupthehill,became

unnervedandr上edbackdown,thoughregimentsontheright,protected

byaravine,remainedfirm andfiredintotherebels'flank. The4th

thenaltereditsfronttofaceleft,advancedagalnSttherebels,and

stoppedtofireseveralvouies. Therebelsranoff,takingthesecond

line,alsopanicking,withthem.Someoftherebelsralliedandreturned

tothefield,butthispermittedtheBritishtimetolaunchasmall

cavalryattackontherebelswhoremainedonthehill. Atthesame

timesomeortheBritishinfantrywereralliedwithaviewtoacounter

attack,butpoorvisibilityandtheabsenceoraconcentratedrebelforce

-il削-

onthefieldmadethisimpossible, Moreover,whenFrenchinfantry

movedforwardtheBritishdragoonswithdrew,takingthesupporting

infantrywiththem.OntheirreturntocampHawley'stroopsdiscovered

thattheartillerytrainhadbeenabandoned,leavlngtheinfantrytodrag

awayonegunandrecovertwootherslater.

Thestorm hadnowbecomesoseverethatHawleywithdrew from

hispositionandretiredtotheprotectionofLinlithgow.Asaresultof

Hawley'sabandonmentofthefieldandtheFrenchoccupylngFalkirk

withafewtroopstherebelscouldclaim avictory,howeverpaltry,in

splteOfthefactthatmostoftheirownmenhadfledthefield.They

wereunabletochaseHawleytoEdinburghandultimatelyretreated

northratherthanriskanothersuchencounter.Falkirkwasadisorganized

battle,foughtbeforethesecond linesofboth sidesWereproperly

deployed.Thislatercontributedtoutterconfusionforbothsides,who

foundthemselvesfightingamidstthunderousrain,windandgrowlng

darkness. Bothsidesclaimedvictory,butthecreditmustgotothe

Jacobites.Neithersidesufferedmanycasualties:therebelslostabout

50killedand70wounded,whiletheBritishlostaround70killedand

200-300misslng,

Gardiner.｣8meS(1688-1745)

GardinerwasborninScotlandandjoinedaScottishreglmentin

Dutchserviceattheageoffourteen. In1702hejoinedthearmyof

QueenAnneanddistinguishedhimselfinMarlborough'scampaigns.At

theBattleorRamillies,inMay1706,hewassentwithasmallassault

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partyto seize thechurchyard from the French. Hewasseverely

woundedinthemouthandonlysurvivedbytellinghiscaptorsthathe

wasarelationofthegovernorofHuy,aneutralcity. Afterhis

convalescancehewasexchangedandinJanuary1715becamealieutenant

inColonelKerr'sdragoons. Thefollowlng yearhetransferredasa

captaintoStanhope'sdragoons.HefoughttheJacobitesattheBattle

ofPrestonwhereheledanassaultinwhichmostofhismenwerekilled,

yethestillmanagedtoreachtheenemybarricadesandsetthem alight.

HewasmadeamaJorinJanuary1718andaidedecamptotheEarlof

Staironaccountofhissuperbhorsemanship.Hebecamemajorinthe

EarlofStair'sdragoonsin1724andlieutenant-colonelinJanuary1730.

ln1743hebecamecolonelofthelightdragoon regimentformerly

commandedbyGeneralHumphreyBland.

WhenthesecondJacobiterislngbeganGard上nerremainedwithhis

regimentintheLowlandswhileGeneralCopeproceededagainstthemain

enemyforcesintheHighlands.PartofhisreglmentproceededtoPerth,

buttheywereobligedtowithdrawtoStirlingwhensuperiorenemyforces

arrivedtoopposethem.Hewasdeterminedtoresistanattackonthe

cltybutwasrefusedreinforcementsintheform ofColonelHamilton's

dragoons,thenatEdinburgh.When,however,theJacobitescrossedthe

ForthRivernearStirling,Gardinerfoundthatneitherhisnumbersnor

themoraleofhismenwouldpermithim toremaininthecity. He

withdrewtoEdinburgh,butfearsoftheenemy'ssupposedrerocltyStruck

terrorintheheartsofbothGardiner'sandHamilton'smen,andthe

dragoonsfledeastwardingreatconfusion.Byoddcoincidencethefugitives

campedatPrestonpans,thetowninwhichGardinerhadrecentlypurchased

-13-

ahouse.Cope'sarmysoonjoinedthem andon20Septembertherebels

approachedthetown,whereCope'srearpositionrestedonthehigh

wallswhichsurroundedGardiner'shouse.Thatorficer'sregimentwas

situatedonthearmy'sright.

When,attheoutsetortheactionthedragoonsreceivedtheorder

tocharge,onlyelevenmenobeyed;theremainderturnedaroundand

gallopedoff.AsaresultthebattlewasthenclearlylostbutGardiner,

despitehavingfirstbeenwoundedbyamusketballinthechestand

laterbyaroundshottohisrightleg,refusedtoabandontheinfantry

totheadvancingenemy.Onseeingtherankingorriceroftheinfantry

fallheinstantlydismountedandtookcommanduntilhewasincapacitated

bythreewounds- abullettohisshoulder,abroadswordcuttohis

forearm,andlastlyafatalblow tothebackofhisheadfrom a

Lochaberaxe,wieldedbyaHighlanderwhileGardinerwasengagedinslngle

combatwithanenemyofficer.Hewascarriedconsciousfrom thefield

butdiedthefollowlngday.

Guest,Joshua (1660-1747)

ItisthoughtthatGuestjoinedadragoonregimentin1685butthe

firstdocumentedevidenceofhisServicerevealsthatin1704hewasmadea

cornetinColonelGeorgeCarpenter'sdragoons,laterledbyHoneywood

andBland.ThereglmentdistinguisheditselfinKingWilliam'scampalgnS

inIrelandandFlanders,andpartofitservedintheexpeditiontoCadiz

in1702.1talsofoughtinSpainin1707-08andsurreredseverelossesat

Almanza.In1713,whilelieutenant-colonel,Guestwasmadeacolonel

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bybrevet.HefoughtinthefirstJacobiterislngin1715-16,whenhe

chasedanddefeatedtherebelsatPerthwithasmallnumberordragoons.

Whenin1719aSpanishinvasionwasfearedGuestcommandedseveral

troopsofdragoonsinStaffordshire,whereJacobitesympathywashigh,

andisbelievedtohavereceivedordersfrom GeorgeItomaintainorder

bywhatevermeanspossible.Intheevent,nodisorderoccurred.In1725

hewasappointedacommissionertoinvestigatetheriotsinGlasgow.

In1735hewaspromotedtobrigadier一generalandfouryearslatermade

amajor-general.HisreglmentServedinFlandersin1742,thoughGuest

wasnotwithit.HesucceededCarpenterincommandofthatofficer's

dragoonregimentfrom 1745,andservedinEnglandandScotland.

OntheoutbreakoftherebellioninScotlandhewaspromotedto

lieutenant一generalandsenttotakecommandofEdinburghCastlefrom

Lieutenant-GeneralPreston,whoremainedthereasdeputy-governor.Some

accountsindicatethatGuestrefusedabribeof£200,000togivethe

castleovertotherebels,whileothersclaim thathewasaJacobite

sympathizerwhoarguedatthecouncilofwar-summonedinthewake

ofthedisastrousBattleofPrestonpans- thatheshouldsurrenderon

accountofinsufficientnumbers.Preston,itisallegedbysome,strongly

opposedthisview,andmaythereforebecreditedwithhavingsavedthe

placefrom Jacobiteoccupation. Inanyevent,thecastleremainedin

loyalhandswhileEdinburghitselfcontinuedtobeheldbytherebels

untiltheydecidedtowithdraw fortheirinvasionorEngland. After

Culloden,Guest,transportedwiththeaidorahorse-litter,returnedto

Londonwherehereceivedanenthusiasticreceptionfrom thekingand

thepublic.Hediedin1747andwasburiedinWestminsterAbbey.

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HaWley.Henry(1679?-1759)

HawleyappearstohaveJoinedColonelErle'sregiment,the19th,

asanensignin1694. From 1706-10hewasacaptaininthePrincess

AnneofDenmark'sDragoons,whichwouldlaterbecomethe4thQueen's

Hussars.Hecommandedatroopinhisreglmentintheexpeditionunder

LordRiverswhichlaterfoughtinSpain.AftertheBattleofAlmanz8

inApril1707Hawleyreturnedhomeandwaspromotedtomajorofhis

regiment,thenstationedatOstend,inJanuary1711. Threemonths

laterhewaspromotedtolieutenant-colonelandtobrevet-colonelinOctober

ofthefollowlngyear.HewaswoundedduringthefirstJacobiterislng

in1715whileleadinghisregimentatDunblane.In1717hetransferred,

aslieutenant-colonelofthe4thDragoons,totakethecolonelcyofthe

33rdFoot.Hetransferredagaln,in1730,tothe13thDragoons. He

reachedtherankorbrigadieトgeneralin1735andmajor一generalfouryears

later.In1740hewasmadecolonelofthelstRoyalDragoons.Hawley

accompaniedLordStairtoHollandin1742andwassecond-in-Command

ofthesecondlineofcavalryatDettingen. Helatercommandedat

Ghent,waspromotedtolieutenant-generalin1744,foughtatFontenoy

inMay1745aSSecond-in-commandofthecavalry,andreplacedSir

JamesCampbellwhenthatofficerwaskilledinaction.

HereturnedtoBritainwhereheservedundertheDukeofCumberland

inthenorthorthecountrybeforebeingappointedcommander-in-Chiefin

ScotlandinDecember1745.Inthecourseoftherebellionhemaintained

orderthroughharshdisciplineandotherseveremeasures,andwasknownas

-16-

thechiefjustice'byhismenforhisregularpracticeofexecution.Hawley

wasdefeatedbytheJacobitesattheBattleoff■alkirkinJanuary1746,but

astheDukeofCumberland-withthesuperiorrankofcaptain-general-

soonreplacedhim,Hawleywasinsteadgivencommandofthecavalry,in

additiontoabodyofmilitiaandvolunteers. HefoughtatCulloden

andlateraccompaniedCumberlandtoFlandersin1747.Whiletherehe

wasmadegovernoroflnvernessandFortAugustus.Hecommandedthe

cavalryuntilaftertheBattleofLarfelt,whenhereturnedtoBritain.

From1748to1752hewasamajor･generalonthestaffinIrelandbefore

beingappointedgovernorofPortsmouth.Hediedin1759Withanotorious

reputationinScotland.

Home,WHiam

EighthEarlofHome(d.1761)

HomeJoinedthearmyasacornetinthe2ndDragoonGuardsin

1735,transferringfiveyearslaterto Churchill'sdragoons. In the

electionof1741,andatanumberofotherelections,hewasselecteda

representativepeerofScotland.In1743hebecameacaptaininthe3rd

DragoonGuards,Withwhichhefoughtonthecontinent. Whenthe

Jacobitesroseinrebellionin1745HomehappenedtobeinScotlandand

volunteeredhimselftoCope,whoassignedhim andtheEarlorLoudoun

withthetaskofchooslngaSuitableplacenearMusselburghforthe

armytoestablishitscamp.Thisprovedimpossiblewhentheydiscovered

theenemyapproaching.HomeandLoudounlatertriedunsuccessfullyto

assistCopeinrallyingthedragoonsatPrestonpans. Afterthebattle

HomewasglVenCOmmandofthereglmentOfGlasgow volunteers,six

- 17 -

hundredstrong,whichformedpartofthegarrisonofStirling,later

besiegedbyCharles.In1749Homebecameamajorinthe3rdGuards,

colonelorthe48ththefollowingyear,andcolonelofthe29thin1752.

InApril1757hewasappointedgovernorofGibraltar,wherehedied

fouryearslater.

Huske.John(1692?-1761)

HuskejoinedCaulrield'sfootreglmentin1708858nensignand

foughtwithitinSpain.In1715hebecameacaptaininthe15thFoot

andlaterthesameyearwasmadealieutenant-coloneloranewcompany

raisedfortheColdstreamGuards,AsanaidedecamptoLordCadogan

HuskeappearstohaveundertakensecretmissionstoParistoexpose

possibleJacobiteconspiracies.WhenthreatsofinvasionbySpainarose

in1719HuskewassenttotheContinentwherehesuccessfullyprocured

theservicesofDutchandSwisstroopsforthedefenceofthesouthof

England.Hewasmadelieutenant-governororHurstCastlein1721and

promotedtosecondmajorintheColdstreamGuardsin1734.Hebecame

firstmajorin1739andinthefollowingyearcolonelofthe32nd. Hewas

grleVOuSlywoundedatDettingenwhereheheldtherankofbrigadier.

AsarewardforhisdistinguishedservicesHuskewaspromotedtomajor

generalandappointedcolonelofthe23rdRoyalWelshFusiliersin1743.

WhentherebellionbrokeoutinScotlandHuskewassenttoNewcastle

toserveunderGeneralWade,andonChristmasDayhereceivedan

independentcommand.Heperformedwellassecond-in-commandunder

HawleyatFalkirk,successfullyextricatlngthedefeatedarmyfrom the

-18-

fieldandseeingthem tothesafetyofLinlithgow.Hecommandedthe

secondlineatCulloden,wherehedistinguishedhimself.In1747hewas

promotedtolieutenant一generalandservedinFlandersuntilthefollowing

year.In1756hecommandedhisregimentduringtheunsuccessfuldefence

ofMinorcaandwaspromotedtofullgeneralattheendofthesame

year.In1760hewasmadegovernorofJersey,havingservedasgovernor

ofSheernessforthepreviousfifteenyears.Hediedthefollowingyear,

havingearnedfrom hismenthenickname DaddyHuske'inrecognltion

fortheparticularcarehetookintheirwelfare.

Keppel,George3rdEarlofAlbermarle(1724-1772)

でheeldestsonofthesecondearl,KeppeljoinedtheColdstream

Guardsasanensignin1738. HetransferredfirsttothelstRoyal

Dragoonsin1741andtwoyearslaterbacktotheColdstream Guards,

wherein1745hereachedtherankoflieutenant-colonel.Atthetimeor

theJacobiteRebellionhewasknownasLordBury,andwastheDukeof

Cumberland'sfavouriteADC,havingservedatFontenoy. AtCulloden

henarrowlyescapeddeathwhenahighlander,throwlngdownhisarms

andfeignlngSurrender,approachedtheking'stroopsbeforethefighting

began,Seizedamusketfromoneofthesoldiersandfireditatpoint-blank

rangeatBurywho,WearlnganOrnateuniform theassailantmistook

BuryforCumberland.Theshotmissedandthehighlanderwasinstantly

killedbyanothersoldierfrom theranks. Burycarriedthedespatches

announcingthevictorytoLondonandreceived £1,000from theking,

whoappointedhim anADCtohimselfandalordofthebedchambert0

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theDukeofCumberland. HewaselectedMPforChichesteruntilhe

succeededhisfatheras3rdEarlin1754andmovedtotheLords. He

wasmadecolonelofthe20thRegimentin1749,0fwhichJamesWolfe

waslieutenant-colonel.

AtlnvernessthesameyearAlbermarlethreatenedthemagistrates

withviolencefrom histroopsinorderthatcelebrationsfortheDukeof

Cumberland'sbirthdaybedeferredforonedaytomarktheanniversary

ofCulloden.In1754hetransferredascoloneltothe3rdDragoons.He

waspromotedtomaJOトgeneralin1756,lieutenant-generalin1759and

appolntedaprivycouncillorandgovernororJerseyin1761.Heserved

onthecourtmartialofLordGeorgeSackville(laterLordGeorgeGermain)

anddemonstratedgreatdislikefortheaccused. InMarch1762heled

thetroopsintheexpeditiontoHavana,conveyedaboardAdmiralPocock's

fleet.AfterseizingMoroCastle,whichwasbelievedtobeunassailable.

thecity･surrenderedinJuly.Albermarle'sshareofthebountyamountedto

thevastsumof£122,000.HisadministrationatHavanawassternand

overbearing.Inonenotableinstancehedemandedexactionsfrommerchants

whichthegovernmentinLondonrepudiatedandthenorderedhim to

returnthemoney.HereturnedtoBritaininFebruaryln1763andwas

knightedthefollowlngyear. Hebecameactiveinpolitics,heldvery

liberalviews,andbecamenotableforopposlngtheRoyalMamageAct

andotherimportantlegislation.

Mordaunt′SirJohn(1697-1780)

Thesonofalieutenant一generalandnephew orthethirdEarlor

-20-

Peterborough,Mordauntjoinedthe3rdFootGuardsin1721andmoved

throughtherankstobecomelieutenant-colonel.lnJanuary1741hewas

appointedcolonelofthe58thRegimentwhichwasformlnginScotland.

Hewaspromotedtobrigadier-generalinJune1745andledabrigadeat

Falkirk.Afterwardshepursuedtherebelsfrom Stirlimgwithdragoons

andloyalhighlanders.HecommandedabrigadeatCulloden,afterwhich

theDukeorCumberlandgavehimPrinceCharles'Scoachwithinstructions

todriveittoLondonforalltosee.AftertherebellionMordauntservedon

thecontinentandledabrigadeatLafreldt.OnhisreturntoBritainhe

wasappointedoneortheinspectlnggenerals.

Duringtheinvasionscareor1756Mordaunt,withtherankof

lieutenant-general,wasglVencommandofthecampestablishedinDorset

tomeetthethreat.Thefollowingyearbewasappolntedcommanderof

thetroopsdespatchedaboardAdmiralHawke'sfleetagalnStRochefort,

thesiteofasubstantialnavalarsenal.AftersomedelaysowlngtOlack

oftransporttheexpeditiondidnotgetunderwayuntilthebeginnlngOf

September. Withrailinghealththetasksetforhim wasbeyondhis

capabilities.Hewastodestroythenavalsuppliesandshipplngandthen

proceedtootherpointsbetweenBordeauxandHavrewhichhethought

assailable.AfterfinallyarrivlnginBasqueRoadstherewerefurtherdelays

owingtodiscussionsonthemethodofattack. TheFrenchmeanwhile

broughtinreinforcementsandimprovedthedefences;Mordauntand

HawkethereforecancelledthelandingsinOctoberandtheexpedition

returnedhome.Pittwasoutragedatt,hefailureofthecommanderstorisk

attackandthegovernment,inNovember1757,convenedacourtofinqulry

whosereportcondemnedMordaunt.InDecemberageneralcourt-martial

-21-

atWhitehallaccusedhim ofdisobeyingorders,butaftersix dayS'

deliberationunanimouslyaquittedhim.Thekingconfirmedtheverdict

aweeklater. MordauntbecamegovernorofBerwickandanMPfor

Cockermouthfrom 1754to1767. Hewasappointedmajor一generalin

1747,colonelofthe12thDragoonsinthesameyear,transferredtothe

4thIrishHorsetwoyearslaterandfinallysettledonthelothDragoons.

Hewaspromotedtolieutenant-generalin1754andtofullgeneralin

1770.

Preston,George(16597-1748)

PrestonbeganhismilitaryserviceasacaptainintheDutchforces

in1688andaccompaniedthePrinceorOrange,whowastobecomeKing

William,onhisJourneytoEngland.ThereafterhefoughtintheEnglish

armyatRamillies,wherehewasbadlywounded. In1706hebecame

colonelofthe26thFootandremainedatthatpostforanotherfourteen

years. WhenthefirstJacobiterislngOCCurredin1715Prestonwas

appointedtocommandthetroopsgarrisoningEdinburghCastleandwas

soonaftermadelieutenant一generalortheplaceandcommander-in-chief

ortheforcesinScotland. Thirtyyearslater,ontheoutbreakofthe

secondrising,GeneralGuestwassenttoreplacePrestonascommander

ofthecastle.Prestonneverthelessremained,anditisthoughtthat,in

thewakeofthedisasteratPrestonpans,PrestonpersuadedGuestnotto

surrenderthecastletothetriumphantrebels.Indeed,hetookparticular

caretoensurethatthesentriesonwatchremainedvigilant.Whenthe

enemythreatenedtoburnPreston'sestate,Valleyfield,unlessthecastle

122-

wasgivenuptothem,Prestoninformedthem thatinretaliationhe

wouldseethatloyalforcesburneddownWemyssCastle,theseatofthe

EarlofWemyss,whosesonwasfightingontheJacobiteside. Inthe

end,EdinburghCastleremainedingovernmenthandswithnoadverse

consequencesforPreston'sestate,

Prestonpans,Battleof,21September1745

0nlearningthattherebelshadrecentlycapturedEdinburgh,Cope

decidedtoawaitthemonopengroundashortdistancenorthorTranent,

Heinitiallyracedwest,withthevillageofPrestonpanstohisfront.It

provedanexcellentdefensiveposition,Offeringprotectiononthreesides:

Tranent,withvariouscoalpits,hedges,ditchesandalarge,seemingly

unfordableswamponthearmy'sleft;thatis,tothesouth. Tothe

westlaytheseaandthevillagesofPrestonpansandPreston,inthe

latterorwhichstoodColonelGardiner'Shousewithitshighwallsand

PrestonHousepark,surroundedbyaten-footwallofitsown.Tothe

northlaytheseaandthevillageofCockenzie.Murraymadethemistake

ofattemptingtooccupythehighgroundwhichcommandedaview of

theBritishpositionfromthesouthwithoutconsultingthoseknowledgeable

oftheterrain.Whenhisforcesreachedthetopofthehilltheyround

thattheterrainwouldnotsuitanattack,foratthebaseofthehilllay

themarshonwhichwasanchoredCope'sleft,knownasTranentmeadows.

Whenhefoundtherebelsnowconfrontinghimfromthesouthinstead

offrom thewest,Coperedeployedtofacesouth,thusholdingabetter

positionthanbefore,withthemarshimmediatelytohisfront.Having

-23-

decidedthatanattackfrom thesouthwasill-advised,therebelsdecided

totraversetheswampandattackCopefromtheeastonflat,Openground.

Theymarchedintheearlyhoursofthe21Stuslnganarrow footpath

identifiedbyalocalman.Themovementwasperceivedbybarkingdogs

inTranentandobservedbyamountedBritishpicketatRiggonhead.

Copeaccordinglyshiftedhisarmyagaln,tOfaceeast,withthemarsh

onhisright.Heorderedbackthepicketstotheline,formedhislines

androdeacrossthefronttoencouragehismen,inallabout2,100.

The44thoccupiedtheright,the46ththeleft,andeightcompanies

ofthe47thandtwofrom the6thstoodinthecentre.Allhisartillery

-fourmortarsandsixly2pOunders,werepositionedontheright,but

thissmallcomplementwasrendereduselessbythedesertionofits

civiliandriversandthenavalgunnerslentbyHMSFox. Onlytwo

officersandfourmenwereavailablefortenpleCeS.Copehadatotal

or650dragoons.Ontherightstoodtwosquadronsorthe13th,andon

thelefttwosquadronsofthe14th.Onesquadronfrom eachreglment

washeldinreserve.Therebelshadonlythirty-sixcavalryandabout

1,500infantry,dividedintotwoparts,plusareserve.Theconsiderable

gapbetweenthetwobodiesoftherebelarmygaveCope,viewingthem

throughthemist,themistakenimpressionthattheforcesoppositewere

greaterthantheywere,andthathisleftmightbethreatened･ He

consequentlyorderedtwocannontobeshiftedfrom therighttothe

left,buttheciviliandriversandgunnershadsinceabandonedtheirposts･

with950menoftheleftwingMurraylaunchedanattackthrough

themistacrossanewly-harvestedcornfield. Thesechargedobliquely

towardstheBritishrightacrossthe200yardswhichseparatedtherival

-24-

forces.Astheyadvancedthesunbrokethroughandthetwosidescould

seeoneanotherclearly.Someaccountsclaimthehandfulofmenattached

totheartilleryfiredtheirpiecesandran;others,thatthegunshad

alreadybeenabandonedandthatColonelWhitefoordandanotherofficer

firedfiveofthecannonandallthemortars.Whateverthetruth,theeffect

onthecharglngHighlanderswasmomentaryandineffective. Moreover,

theBritishrightwascrowdedbythereturnortheoutposts,suchthat

the13thDragoonshadlittlespaceformanoeuvre.Thefrontsquadron

underColonelWhitney,aswellasthatplacedbehindforwantofspace

underColonelGardiner,refusedtocharge,andafteraslnglevolleyfrom

therebelsthehorsemenfled.

Ontheleftwasequaldisaster. AstheHighlanderschargedno

orderwasgiventhe14thDragoonstochargeandwhentheircommander

wasshotthemenfled,takingthereservewiththem.Havingfiredtheir

customaryvolley,theHighlanderscastasidetheirmusketsandclosedin

withtheirbroadswords.Theinfantryfoundtheirrightflankaswellas

theirfrontunderattackandbrokeupinamatterofminutes. A

detachmentoftwentymenorthe44thstoodtheirgroundinaditch

untilsurroundedandforcedtosurrender.Alltheinfantryrapidlymelted

awayandalthough450ofthecavalrywereralliedbyCope,LordsLoudoun,

Homeandothers,theseresolutelyrefusedtoengagetheenemy. Nor

wouldthefleeinginfantry stand,despitethreatsmadeby officers

wieldingpistols.Totalroutensuedandsoonthehandfulofofficersand

infantrywhostillheldtheirgroundwereobligedtojointhefugltives.

ThechaosenabledtheclansmentoinflictseverelossesonCope,who

retreatedfirsttoColdstream andontoBerwickthefollowingday.

- 25 -

Thus,inanactionlastinglessthantenminutesCope'Sarmywasputto

flightandlostmorethanhalfitseffectivestrengthinprisoners. The

rebelslostabout35killedand75wounded.TheBritishlostabouも150

killedandatleast1,000madeprisoner,plusalltheirbaggage.Prestonpans

wasagreat,though temporary,blow totheHanoveriancauseand

converselyraisedthemoraleoftheJacobites,

W8de′George(1673-1748)

Wade'sfirstservicewasasanenslgnintheEarlofBath'sreglment

(lothFoot),whichhejoinedinDecember1690.Hisregimentwenttothe

ChannelIslandsthefollowingyearandinAugust1692Wadefoughtatthe

BattleorSteinkirk.HewasmadealieutenantinFebruary1693,captain-

1ieutenantinApril1694andcaptainorthegrenadiercompanyinJune

1695.WhenEnglandjoinedintheWaroftheSpanishSuccessionin1702

Wade'sregiment,nowunderSirBevilGranville,wasstationedinFlanders.

IttookpartinthesiegesofKaiserswerth,VenloandRoermondeandin

theengagementnearNimeguen. AtthesiegeorLiegeWadeandhis

grenadiersfoughtwithgreatdistinctionwhentheysuccessfullyassaulted

thecitadel.HebecameamajorinMarch1703andwaspresentatthe

slegeandfallorHuy.Hewaspromotedtolieutenant-colonelinOctober

1703andthefollowlngyearOfferedhimselfasavolunteertoservein

theEarlofGalway'sexpeditiontoPortugal.InAugust1704Galway's

influencesecuredforhimanappointmentonthestaffasadjutant一general,

withtherankofbrevetcolonel.Inearly1705,afterGalway'ssuccessful

stormingorValenciad'AIcantara,Wadewasgiventhecolonelcyofthe

-26-

reglment,laterdesignatedthe33rd,whosecolonel,RobertDuncanson,

waskilledintheattack. AlthoughhewaswoundedattheslegeOf

AIcantarainApril1706WaderemainedonthestaffandenteredMadrid

withthearmyinJune. DuringGalwaysretreattoValenciaWade,I

withonlytwobattalions,repulsedanattackby22squadronsorenemy

cavalryatVillaNova,thusensurlngthesafearrivalofthearmyatits

destination.

Hedistlnguishedhimselfonceagalnatthebloodybattlefoughtat

AlmanzainApril1707,whereheheldtherankofbrigadier一generalin

theSpanisharmyandcommandedthethirdbrigadeofBritishinfantry.

Thisformationwasengagedinextremelybitterfightinganditslosses

boretestimonytothesavageryoftheday.Wadewasextremelyfortunate

nottofallcaptivetotheenemyandwaslatersentwithdispatchesto

London.Hewaspromotedtotherankofbrigadier一generalintheBritish

armyinJanuary1708andarrivedbackinSpainthatspring,Assecond-in-

commandinGeneral(laterEarl)Stanhope'SexpeditiontoMinorcain

September1708WadecommandedthestormlngpartyagalnStPortPhilip,

theouterdefencesofPortMahon,andpersuadedthegarrisontosurrender.

This,lnturn,exposedPortMahon,andtheentireislandcapitulatedto

Britishforces,andwassubsequentlyretainedasadependentterritory.

WadewasthankedbyCharlesIIIofSpain and given therank of

major-generalintheSpanish(Carlist)army.HereturnedtoBritainin

NovemberwithinformationannounclngthefallofMinorca.

In1710WadereturnedtoSpainviaPortugalandcontinuedtoserve

underStanhope,incommandofaninfantrybrigade.InAugusthefought

atthegreatvictoryatSaragossa,wherethealliestookalmost4,000

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prisoners,22cannon,alltheenemyscolours,aswellasKingPhilip'BI

treasureandpersonaleffects. Stanhopesenthim hometo request

reinforcements,though WadehimselfneverreturnedtoSpain. Hewas

promotedtomajor一generalinOctober1714andinthefollowingmonth

madema】or一generalofthetroopsinIreland. HewaselectedMPfor

Hindon,Wiltshire,inJanuary1715.DuringtheJacobiterebellionin1715

WadewasdispatchedwithtworegimentsordragoonstoBath,where

Jacobitesympathywasstrong,andinthecourseofhissearcheshe

discoveredalargecacheofweapons.In1717hetookaprominentpart

inrevealingaconspiracyagalnStthegovernmentledbytheSwedistl

ambassador,CountGyllenberg,whowastakenintocustody. Theking

madehimcolonelofadragoonreglmentlaterknownasthe3rdDragoon

GuardsandintheexpeditionagainstVigoin1719Wadeservedassecond-in-

commandtoViscountCobham.Vigowascaptured,andWadetookPont-

a-Vedra,togetherwithitsvaluablearsenal.

In1722hewaselectedMPforBathandremaineditsrepresentative

untilhisdeath.TwoyearslaterhebeganimportantworkinScotland

intendedbothtomoderniseandpacifytheHighlands. Hestudiedthe

strengthortheclansandonthebasisofhisfindingsthegovernment

appointedhimCommander-in-ChiefinScotland.Beginningin1726,under

hisdirection,Wadeemployed500Soldiersintheconstructionofroadsand

fortystonebridgeswhichweretoopenupthenorthandwestofthecountry

andtherebybringeasieraccesstoapreviouslyalmostimpenetrablereglOn.

Wadealsosuperintendedthedisarmamentoftheclans,butmanagedtodo

sowithsuchdiscretionthatthetaskwascompletedwithouthostility

andwithhispopularityinScotlandintact.InMarch1727hewaspromoted

-28-

tolieutenant一generalandinJunemadecoloneloroneorthreenew

dragoonreglmentSraisedforserviceinScotland.Inaddition,theking

appointedhim governororthenewly-builtFortsWilliam,Augustusand

George.HebecamegeneralofhorseinJuly1739andthreeyearslaterwas

madeaprivycouncillorandlieutenant-generaloftheordnance.

InDecember1743hewaspromotedtofieldmarshalandcommander-

in-ChiefofBritishtroopsinFlanders,whichweretooperateincon)unction

withAustrianandDutchforces.Thealliessufferedfrom disadvantages

innllmbersandexperience,notleastofthemWade,whowasseventy,in

poorhealthandwithnoexperiencecommandinganarmyofhisown.

TheAustrianandDutchcommandersdislikedallorWade'ssuggestions

foraplanofcampalgn,aSaresultofwhichtheFrenchmadesuccessive

galれsagalnStFlemishtownsinthecampalgnOf1744. Whenfinally

urgedtotaketheoffensivebythekingandLordCarteret,Wadeandhis

colleaguescrossedtheScheldtinJuly,butdifferencesofoplnion,the

strongdefensivepositionoftheFrench and problemsarislng from

divisionsincommandledtoalliedindecisionandafailuretoconfront

theenemy.ThealliedcommandersweremockedintheFrenchpressand

whenWadefellseriouslyillinOctoberhewasgrantedleavetoreturn

home,wherehereslgnedhispostinMarch1745. 1m splteOfhis

lacklustrerecordonthecontinentWadedidnotlosetheconfidenceor

theking,whomadehim commander-in-chiefoftheforcesinEngland.

WhentherebellioninScotlandbeganWadeassembledaslargea

forceashecouldmusterandproceededtoDoncaster.HereachedNewcastle

with10,000meninlateSeptember,inthewakeortheBattleorPrestonpans,

butwasdeceivedintobelievingtherebelswereenrouteforWoolerwhen

- 29-

infacttheyhadmarchedonKelso.Theyagainchangeddirectionsand

movedwestwardtotakeCarlislebysurprise.Poorintelligenceoffered

onlycontradictoryinformationonthelocationanddestinationofthe

rebelforces,leavingWadetoproceedtoHexhaminhopesofconfronting

them. TherehelearnedofthecaptureofCarlisle,butseverewinter

conditionsnowrenderedtheroadsunusable.Hefollowedtherebelssouth

whileCumberland,withasecondarmy,movedthroughStaffordshire.

LordGeorgeMurraymanagedtoslippastCumberlandandreachDerby

on4December,beforeretreatingbacktoScotlandtwodayslater.This

heaccomplishedwithremarkableskill,passingbetweenthetwoBritish

armiesandreachingtheHighlandsunharmed. WhenCumberlandwas

madecommander-in-chiefofthewholearmyWaderetired. Hediedin

1748andwasburiedinWestminsterAbbey.

Whitefoord.Char一es(d.1753)

WhitefoordjoinedtheRoyalNavyin1718beforesettlinglnadragoon

reglmentinthearmy.In1738hebecameacaptainintheRoyalIrish

Regiment,thenstationedonMinorca.Twoyearslater,asADCtohis

uncle,LordCathcart,heaccompaniedtheexpeditionsenttoCartagena.

In1741hewasmadelieutenant-colonelofthe5thMarines. Therebellion

brokeoutwhileWhitefoordhappenedtobeinScotland,andhequickly

volunteeredtoserveintheking'sforces.Inmarkedcontrasttomostof

hisfellow officershedistinguishedhimselfatPrestonpans,wherehe

refusedtojointhethrongsormenfleeingbeforethehighlandcharge

andonlysurrenderedhimselfwhenhisswordbecamelodgedintheshield

-30-

ofanopponentnamedAlexanderStewart.Stewartimmediatelythereafter

savedWhitefoordfrom theaxeblow ofanotherhighlander,protected

him from furtherharm andultimatelysecuredhisreleaseonparole.

WhenStewartwashimselflatercapturedatCullodenWhitefoord,in

turn,appealedunsuccessfullytoalltherelevantlegalauthoritiesfor

Stewarttobepardoned.HispersonalappealtotheDukeofCumberland

wasalsorefused,aswasprotectionforStewart'swire,childrenand

property. When,indisgustatthedenialofanyform orclemency

Whitefoordthreatenedtoresignhiscommission,Cumberlandgrantedthe

protectionrequestedforStewart'sfamily.In1751Whitefoordwasmade

lieutenant-colonelofthe5thFoot,theninIreland,andthefollowlngyear

hereachedtherankofcoloneL

WiHiam AugustusDukeofCumberland (1721-1765)

Bom thethirdsonofGeorgell,whilethefuturekingwasstill

PrinceorWales,hewascreatedDukeorCumberlandattheageoffive.

Hisparentshadhimtrainedforthenavy,andin1740Cumberlandwent

aboardSirJohnNorris'sflagshipforashorttime.Hepreferredacareer

inthearmyandinAprilorthesameyearbecamecolonelofthe

Coldstream Guards,transferrlnginFebruary 1741to theGrenadier

Guards.Attheageor21hebecameentitledtositintheHouseof

LordsandinMay1742wasswornoftheprivycouncil.InDecemberhe

waspromotedtomajor一general.InApril1743heaccompaniedtheking

oncampalgninGermanyand showed greatcoolnessunderfireat

Dettlngen,Wherehewaswoundedbyamusketballinhiscalfand

-31-

directedthatthesurgeon attend a moreseriously wounded French

officerbeforetreatlnghisowninjury.InJunehereachedtherankof

lieutenant-general. Hisrequestforanycommandinthecampaignor

1744wasinitiallyrefused,asthekinghopedtoappointtheEarlof

Stairascommander-in-chiefofBritishforcesinreplacementorWade.

When,however,Stairrefused to serveundertheAustrianMarshal

Konigsegg,thekingarrangedtohavehissonappointed.

InMarch1745Cumberlandwasgiventhetitleofcaptain一general

ofBritishforcesonlandbothinBritainand overseas,a position

dormantsinceMarlborough'stime.HetookupcommandatBrusselson

10AprilandamonthlaterconfrontedtheFrenchatFontenoywherehe

personallyledaninfantryattackontheenemycentre.Cumberlandwas,

however,heavilyoutnumberedanddefeated,andtheFrenchwerethus

abletocompletetheconquestofFlandersbyOctober.Whiletheenemy

wereinwinterquartersCumberlandreturnedtoBritaintoconfrontthe

Jacobitethreat.BytheendofNovemberhewasatLichfieldandhad

replacedWadeascommander-in-chiefofBritishforcesathome. The

rebelsmanagedtoevadehispursuitandinDecemberwithdrewtoScotland

fromtheirbriefinvasionofEngland.InresponsetoathreatenedFrench

invasionCumberlandreturnedtoLondon,butafterHawley'sdefeatat

FalkirkinJanuary1746Cumberlandwassentnorthfinallytocrushthe

rebellion.

AfteralongmarchanddelaysowlngtOthecollectionofsupplies

andpoorweather,thearmyfinallyarrivedinthevicinityOfInverness,

neartherebelencampment.On16AprilCumberlandwonthedecisive

battlefoughtonDrumossieMoor,knownasCulloden,wherehecompletely

-32-

routedtheJacobitearmy.Thenowwell-knownruthlesspursuitofrebels

inthedaysrollowlngtheactionwasinspiredbyCumberland,underwhose

authoritynumerousatrocitieswerecommitted.Woundedrebelswerein

manycasessummarilyexecuted,ifnotdirectlyunderCumberland'sorders,

thenwithhisknowledgeandtacitapproval.Effortswerenotconfined

merelytothecaptureandexecutionofrebelsoldiersandleaders,but

involvedthesystematicdestructionoftheclansystemitself.Cumberland

senttroopsthroughouttheHighlandstoplunderandburnrebel- 0r

suspectedrebel-housesandfarmsandtoseizetheircattle.Insodoing

thetroopslaidwastetolargeareasandperpetratedgreatsuffering

amongsttheinhabitants.Suchbrutalityearnedhimanotoriousreputation

inScotlandwhereheearnedforsuchdeedsthenicknameof-TheButcher'.

Contrastly,inAugustCumberlandwasreceivedwithgreatrejoicingin

London,giventhethanksofParliamentandasettlementofE25,000a

yearforhimselfandhisheirs. Thekingappointedhim rangerof

WindsorGreatParkandcolonelofthe15thDragoons.

InDecember1746hewasgivencommandintheLowCountriesand

returnedtotheContinentthefollowingFebruary.Dutchpoliticalturmoil

andthedifficultiesofsupplybadlyaffectedCumberland'sdefensive

measuresagainsttheFrench,whoinJuly1747defeatedtheallies(Dutch,

AustriansandAnglo-Hanoverianforces)atLafrelt,whereCumberland's

Anglo-Hanoveriancontingentborethebruntofthefighting.Thecampaign

endedwithfurtherFrenchsuccessesattheendoftheyearand1748proved

equallydisappointing.PeacewasconcludedinOctoberandonhisreturn

toBritainCumberlandlivedmostlyatWindsor.Hecontinuedascaptain一

generalandinstitutedvariousreforms,includingtheestablishmentofa

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hospitalforinvalidsoldiersandmeasuresforimprovlngdisciplineand

efficiency.SomeofthesechangesprovedunpopularbothwithParliament

andwithhisjealousbrother,thePrinceofWales.ThePrince'sdeathin

1751Openedthequestionofapossibleregency-intheeventthatthe

kingdiedbeforehisgrandsoncameofage.Cumber18mdwasnotchosen

owingtohisunpopularity. Hestronglysupportedtheideaorraising

newreglmentSintheHighlandsforserviceintheFrenchandIndianWar

(1755-63)andhiscontributiontothisschemethereforewasnotPitt's

alone,asissometimesassumed.Onotherissues,however,Cumberland

andtheprimeministerwereatodds.Whilethekingwishedtosendhis

sontothecontinentinordertodefendthefamilypatrimonyofHanover,

Pittwasnotinclinedtocommitsubstantialnumbersoftroopsforan

enterprlSelowinhisstrateglCprlOrities.Notroopswerethereforeinitially

sentforHanover'sdefense,thoughsomesubsidieswerepaid.

lnApril1757CumberlandleftforGermany. Undertheinfluence

oftheHanoverianministersheplannedtodefendtheElectorate,which

couldnotbesupportedbythePrussiansunderFredericktheGreat,who

neededhistroopselsewhere.Cumberlandfoughthisfirstmainactionat

Hastenbackwherehewasdefeatedon26Julyandforcedtoretreat,

though theFrenchdidnotpursue.Cumberland'Slosseswereminorand

thoughhewishedtoJOlnthePrussiansthekinghadinstructedhim to

movenorthtoSta°e.Newsofthedefeatconvincedthekingtowithdraw

fromt,hewar,leavingPrussiatoherfate.As such,Cumberlandreceived

fullpowerstOnegotiateaseparatepeacewiththeFrenchandwastold

thattheking,inhiscapacltyaSElectorofHanover,Wouldratifyand

honouranytreatyhissonmightconclude.When,however,thePrussians

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begantomovevlgOrOuSlyagalnSttheFrenchtheBritishgovernment

changeditsmindandsoughttoconvincethekingthataseparatepeace

wasinadviseableaswellasdishonourable. Thekingmaintainedhis

positionuntilhediscoveredinmid-SeptemberthatAustria,France'sally,

wouldnotagreetopeacewithBritain. Hethereforepledgedhisfull

supportforPrussiaandadvisedCumberlandtocontinuehisoperations

accordingly.

Theseinstructionscametoolate,foron8SeptemberCumberland

hadsignedtheConventionofKloster-Zeven.Lackingcommunicationvia

theElbe,racedwithanenemythreetimessuperiorinnumberstohisown,

herealizedhemustconcludeterms.Theconventionstipulatedthatfighting

wastoceaseandthatCumberland'sarmywastobe,ineffect,disbanded.

TheBritishandHanoveriantroopsweretocrosstheElbeandtheGerman

alliesweretoreturntotheirowncountries,albeitinpossessionoftheir

weapons. Underthecircumstancestheseweregeneroustermsforthe

defeatedbuttheywereneverthelessaseveresetbackforbeleaguered

Prussia.TheconventionwasvociferouslycondemnedinBritain,especially

bytheking,whounfairlylaidtheentireresponsibilityforthedisasteron

hisson.Hetoldthecabinetthatitwasconcludedindirectcontradiction

tohisinstructionsandthatthetermswerecarriedoutwithoutawaitlng

ratification.Cumberland,infact,didwhathehadbeentold,thoughhe

erredinnotawaitlngWOrdoftheking'sratificationbeforeexecuting

theterms.Pitt,whorecognizedthatCumberlandwasindeedauthorized

totreatwithFranceonthetermsultimatelysettled,neverthelesswishedto

repudiatetheagreementandresumehostilities.InearlyOctober,therefore,

ordersweresenttoHanovertodosounderwhateverpretextcouldbe

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produced,unlesscircumstancesrenderedfurtheroperationsimpossible.

InthemeantimeCumberlandhadalreadydepartedforhome. In

poorhealthandseverelyoverweight,hehadnotshownthevigourthathad

beenrequiredinthepreviouscampalgn,thoughitmustberememberedthat

theenemyhadoutnumberedhimanddidnotsufferfromthedifficultiesof

managingamulti-nationalarmy.InCumberland'sviewhehadcarried

outhisordersfaithfully,butwhenhereachedLondononl1Octoberthe

kingdeclaredthathehadruinedthecountry,thearmyandhi50Wn

reputation. Further,bedismissedhisson'swrittendeclarationwhich

soughttojustifyhisactions. ThesameeveningCumberlandaskedto

reslgnhiscommissionandmilitaryoffices,includingthecolonelcyofhis

reglment.From 15October,therefore,heheldnofurtherandwithina

fortnightEarlLigonierwasappointedtoreplacehim ascommander-in-

chiefandcoloneloftheGrenadierGuards.

CumberlandwentintoquietretirementatWindsor,makingnoeffort,

publicorprivate,todefendhisrecentconductandsayingnothingin

criticism oftheking. lnAugusthesufferedastrokewhichlefthim

partiallyparalyzed.Threemonthslaterheattendedhisfather'sfuneral

andgavetohistwosistersthatpartofthelegacylefttohim inthe

king'swill.HeresidedinLondonfromthebeginningof1761andenjoyed

thegoodopinionofhisnephew,thenewly-crownedGeorgeIII.Laterthe

sameyearhegaveawaythebrideattheking'Sweddingandwasmade

agodfathertotheinfantPrinceofWales,thefutureGeorgeIV,whowas

bornin1762.Cumberland,likePitt,disapprovedoftheButeministry's

signatureOftheTreatyofParis,andhefelloutwithFox.Heplayed

aprominentpartinthefallofBute'sgovernmentinApril1763,enJOyed

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arevivalinhispopularityandregrettedthat戸ittdidnotreturntopower

afterGrenville'sfall.

BythistimeCumberland'shealthhadmarkedlydeclined.Hewas

greatlyobese,asthmatlC,blindinoneeyeandvirtuallysointheother.

HehadtwofitswhilevisitingtheracesatNewmarketinOctoberand

hisoldlegwound,whichdevelopedabscesses,continuedtoplaguehim.

WhenincisionsweremadetorelievetheconditionCumberlandmadeno

displayofdistressorpainandevenheldthecandletoassistthesurgeon.

HecameclosetodeathinMarch1765butreboundedtotheextentthatthe

kingthefollowingmonthsoughthisadviceonforminganewgovernment.

ThoughhisnegotiationswithPittdidnotresultinthelatter'sresumlng

officetheformationoftheRockinghamministryinJulywassatisfactory

totheking.InMay,asaresultofriotlnginLondon,thekingappointed

Cumberlandcaptain一generalagalnStthedesireorministerswhopreferred

theEarlofGranby.Hedied,neverhavingmarried,inOctober1765and

wasburiedwithmilitaryhonoursinWestminsterAbbey.

Abstract

TheBritishArmyintheJaeobiteRisingof1745:

A GuidetoitsBattleandLeaders

G.B.Fremont-Barnes

Thisguideseekstoprovideconciseinformationonthebattlesand

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leadersoftheBritishArmyduringthefinalrebellionortheJacobitesin

1745-46. Biographicalsketchesareprovidedforthemainfiguresand

accountsofthethreema】oractionsofthecampalgn- PreStOnpanS,

FalkirkandCulloden-arealsoprovided.

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