Knowledge Maps An Intellectual Infrastructure for KM Tom Reamy Knowledge Architect Intranet...
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Transcript of Knowledge Maps An Intellectual Infrastructure for KM Tom Reamy Knowledge Architect Intranet...
Knowledge Maps An Intellectual Infrastructure for KM
Tom Reamy
Knowledge Architect
Intranet Consultant
Knowledge Maps
What is a knowledge map? The Foundation: Knowledge
Architecture Strategic Role of a Knowledge Map Creating, Applying, Growing a
Knowledge Map
What is a Knowledge Map?
Multiple & Dynamic Taxonomies– Content Repositories– People– Activities
Living, Breathing, Evolving– The human operators
Intellectual infrastructure
What is a Knowledge Map?
Content Repositories: Intranet Content & External Content Structured and unstructured Best Practices Database, Library of Stories
Key Features: Multiplicity of authors, size and types of documents Multiplicity of formats, uses. Design for dynamic fluxuating content
What is a Knowledge Map?
Personal Contexts Individuals – explicit and implicit
personalization Formal Communities Informal Communities Hidden and temporary Communities
Key Features: Tacit Knowledge, Expertise
What is a Knowledge Map?
Taxonomies of Tasks Information + rules about types of related
content Basic task: Find Information
Key Features: Least Developed Taxonomy Most Dynamic & Most Local Variation
What is a Knowledge Map?
The Human operators K Managers K Analysts K Engineers
What is a Knowledge Map?The Human Operators
Knowledge Managers Project Management+ Capture the knowledge generated in a
project Develop knowledge sharing practices Capture Best Practices Provide training and leadership on projects
What is a Knowledge Map?The Human Operators
Knowledge Analysts Research, catalog, categorize, search Corporate Librarians+ Work with SME’s to create a semantic
network of the enterprise Work with KM support technology,
especially search and categorization
What is a Knowledge Map?The Human Operators
Knowledge Engineers Collect, analyze, organize tacit knowledge Establish connections between individuals
to facilitate knowledge transfer Facilitate explicit knowledge transfer (K
Base) Provide input and feedback to Knowledge
analysts Train people to incorporate KM
What is a Knowledge Map?Format
Format of Knowledge Map It doesn’t matter – Any old thing will do. Database, intranet, shared files Excel Spreadsheets & macros Need Federated search and ability to
categorize all content Content Management
Knowledge Architecture:Foundation for a Knowledge Map
Knowledge Architecture is the foundation for a Knowledge map
Information Architecture is the foundation for Knowledge Architecture
Knowledge is Information + Contexts Intellectual, Personal, Practical Contexts Knowledge Architecture: Integration of
Multiple Contexts
Information Architecture
Organization Navigation Labeling Search
Information Architecture for the World Wide Web- Lou Rosenfield and Peter Morville
Information Architecture
Organization - Taxonomy “Believe it or not, we’re all becoming
librarians.” Support categorization, casual browsing, and
directed searching Typical Schemas: Alphabetical,
chronological, location, hierarchical, hypertext
Controlled Vocabularies
Information Architecture
Navigation - Browse Good Design provides context to enable
users to make smart choices Present the structure of the information
hierarchy Table of contents, Index, site map
Information Architecture
Labeling systems Supports navigation Textual, iconic, index terms, link labels,
Headings Controlled Vocabularies & Thesauri
Information Architecture
Search Not a substitute for poorly designed
browsing system. Support variety of search strategies -
known item, exploration Search and Browse Advanced Search?
Knowledge Architecture
Knowledge is information + contexts Context is what gives meaning and
depth to information Let me tell you a story.
Knowledge Architecture
Intellectual, Personal, Practical Contexts Integration of Contexts Knowledge network mapped to network
of actors mapped to a network of tasks.
Intellectual Context
Dynamic– Model a historical dimension– KA for Stories - temporal and experiential
Multi-dimensional– Information + precedent– Policy - topical + why its important
Rich Structure– Controlled Vocabularies, not just keywords– Hierarchical semantic net
Personal Context
Audience based categorization Smart and Dynamic Personalization
Adapt to user’s activities Tacit Knowledge Connecting People and People
People and Agents
Social Contexts
Personal Newspaper - useless– “To say it simply, newspapers should get out of
the information business and into the knowledge business….information that is embedded in some context, …has a purpose, …leads one to seek.
– Buidling a Bridge to the Eighteenth Century
Community Newspapers - Yes!
Communities
Variety of Activity Types– Communication and Collaboration
Variety of Interest Types– Stock Market, Java Programming, Scuba
Variety of Channels– Project / document collaboration– Discussion Groups, Real Time Video Conf.– Chat, Water Cooler Mtg’s, Email
Social Context
KA must support all those social activities
Model and support the communities Model, capture, and retrieve the tacit
and explicit knowledge expressed inside.
Model and match personal profiles
Practical Contexts
Find Information on Product X– What information is important depends on why
you want the information.
Contact a person who knows Y– Know when to contact them
Understand my educational options– Personal and historical filter of information
Integration of Contexts
Consistent Categorization Collaboration, Expertise Locators, Search
Rules for mapping categories Thesaurus
Rules for applying categories Relative weighting of filters
Strategic Role of Knowledge MapHistory of KM
Phase I – KM as technology - CIO “We are a technology company in the X
services industry.” Phase II – “It’s the culture, Stupid!” -
CKO. Phase III – “It’s the Knowledge, Stupid!”
– CKO + CKA
Strategic Role of Knowledge Map
3 Essential Infrastructures: Technology: $Millions and 1,000’s of
people Organizational: Recognized Value,
fundamental to enterprise Intellectual: a couple of librarians, no
budget, and first to be laid off.
Strategic Role of Knowledge Map
Establish legitimacy, value of the third infrastructure
Create the proper context for projects– Expertise locators, search, etc.– Overcome the Tyranny of the technologists
Align KM approach with business goals Codification and Personalization
Creating a Knowledge Map
Key Features Its an evergreen project Based on multiple Taxonomies Active field work with SME’s Soft Methods (Day in the Life) Hard Methods (Auto-categorization) Self-Referential Project
Creating a Knowledge Map
Content Repositories– Meta Data – Dublin Core +– Extensions: XML, RDF– Controlled Vocabularies
Browse Taxonomy– Early Application (Pay the Rent)– Build it to destroy itself– Categorization - Cyborg
Creating a Knowledge Map
Categorization of People, Communities Knowledge Engineers
– Knowledge Interviews Personal Contexts: Expertise, interests Communities: formal and informal Activities
Map to Content Repositories Expertise Locators
Creating a Knowledge Map
Historical Dimension Feedback into all aspects of the map Track how people are using the
applications built on the map– Search, Browse, Content Creation
Collaborative Filtering– Ranking the importance of elements of the
system
Applying a Knowledge Map
Infrastructure Application Consistent categorization across all KM
initiatives. Integration of birth/death cycle
– Content Creation: Innovation– Collaboration– Knowledge Retrieval– Distributed Content Management
Taxonomic Publishing, not Web site
Applying a Knowledge Map
Smart Technical Support E-Learning and Best Practices Expertise Locators Support formal and informal
communities Knowledge Retrieval
Applying a Knowledge Map
Information Retrieval: ProductName– List of Documents, ranked by frequency of
keyword– You will only look at the first three.– You will probably not find what you want.– Or it will take you a long time to find it.
Applying a Knowledge Map
Knowledge Retrieval: ProductName– List of Documents – about product– Categorized list:
Features of Product Comparisons of Products Legal / Policy documents Activities associated with product
– List of Experts and types of questions – Background Resources
Glossaries Communities
Applying a Knowledge Map
Knowledge Retrieval: ProductName Filters:
– Admin in retail tech support– Belong to a discussion group - resource– The last time you looked up ProductName, you
selected documents x, y, z– You don’t want legal information emphasized– You are not an expert on product – general
abastracts
Applying a Knowledge Map
Knowledge Retrieval: ProductName Filters:
– You have read documents a-c– You are having money problems– You are open to a bribe– You’re not doing anything Saturday night– You like red wine– It knows just the place!