Knowledge Farming City Knowledge and the Long Tail of Small Cities Fabio Carrera Santa Fe, February...
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Transcript of Knowledge Farming City Knowledge and the Long Tail of Small Cities Fabio Carrera Santa Fe, February...
Knowledge Knowledge Farming Farming
City Knowledge and the Long Tail City Knowledge and the Long Tail of Small Cities of Small Cities
Fabio CarreraFabio Carrera
Santa Fe, February 20, 2007Santa Fe, February 20, 2007
Born in Venice, Italy Born in Venice, Italy BSEE and MSCS @ WPI BSEE and MSCS @ WPI PhD @ MITPhD @ MIT
Urban Information Systems and Urban Information Systems and Planning Planning
Teaching @ WPI and MITTeaching @ WPI and MIT Director of Venice and Boston Project Director of Venice and Boston Project
CentersCenters Founder and Director of City Lab (WPI)Founder and Director of City Lab (WPI)
LOUIS (Local Online Urban Information LOUIS (Local Online Urban Information System)System)
Planning Board in Spencer, MAPlanning Board in Spencer, MA Consultant to municipalitiesConsultant to municipalities
Forma Urbis sas and City Knowledge LLCForma Urbis sas and City Knowledge LLC
BioBioFabio CarreraFabio Carrera
City KnowledgeCity Knowledge The 6 ToolsThe 6 Tools Birth Certificates Birth Certificates
Data FarmingData Farming The Long Tail of Small Cities The Long Tail of Small Cities
Presentation Presentation OutlineOutline
City KnowledgeCity Knowledge The 6 ToolsThe 6 Tools Birth Certificates Birth Certificates
Data FarmingData Farming The Long Tail of Small Cities The Long Tail of Small Cities
Presentation Presentation OutlineOutline
PromotesPromotes
the transformation of the transformation of
municipalitiesmunicipalities
from from hunter-gatherershunter-gatherers of urban of urban
data data
to to farmersfarmers of municipal information of municipal information
City KnowledgeCity Knowledge
Municipalities are the Municipalities are the locuslocus of change of change Cities = Structures + ActivitiesCities = Structures + Activities Reality = Backlog + Future ChangeReality = Backlog + Future Change Space Is the GlueSpace Is the Glue Middle-out = Top-down + Bottom-upMiddle-out = Top-down + Bottom-up Government only has 6 tools for Government only has 6 tools for
implementation and data collectionimplementation and data collection
The Premises of The Premises of CKCK
Municipalities are the Municipalities are the locuslocus of of changechange
Cities = Structures + ActivitiesCities = Structures + Activities Reality = Backlog + Future ChangeReality = Backlog + Future Change Space Is the GlueSpace Is the Glue Middle-out = Top-down + Bottom-upMiddle-out = Top-down + Bottom-up Government only has 5 (or so) tools for Government only has 5 (or so) tools for
implementationimplementation
The Premises of The Premises of CKCK
Like politics, “all change is local”Like politics, “all change is local” Most change is filtered by municipalitiesMost change is filtered by municipalities with CK:with CK:
City departments implement information strategiesCity departments implement information strategies Urban information is farmed-in at a fine grainUrban information is farmed-in at a fine grain Documentation becomes InformationDocumentation becomes Information Intra- and Inter-departmental sharing is commonplaceIntra- and Inter-departmental sharing is commonplace Regional patterns (SDI) emerge upon municipal Regional patterns (SDI) emerge upon municipal
foundationsfoundations
Municipalities are the Municipalities are the locuslocus of change of change Cities = Structures + ActivitiesCities = Structures + Activities Reality = Backlog + Future ChangeReality = Backlog + Future Change Space Is the GlueSpace Is the Glue Middle-out = Top-down + Bottom-upMiddle-out = Top-down + Bottom-up Government only has 5 (or so) tools for Government only has 5 (or so) tools for
implementationimplementation
The Premises of The Premises of CKCK
“The Fundamental problem is to decide what the form of a human settlement consists of […]
[…] the chosen ground is the spatiotemporal distribution of human actions and the physical things which are the context of those actions […]”.
Lynch, Good City Form, p. 48
Structures are more permanentStructures are more permanent Structural change can be capturedStructural change can be captured
Activities are more dynamic and fickleActivities are more dynamic and fickle Activities can be frozen in time and space (snapshots)Activities can be frozen in time and space (snapshots)
with CK:with CK: Information about structures is routinely updatedInformation about structures is routinely updated Activities are “spatialized”Activities are “spatialized” Activities are periodically frozenActivities are periodically frozen
Municipalities are the Municipalities are the locuslocus of change of change Cities = Structures + ActivitiesCities = Structures + Activities Reality = Backlog + Future ChangeReality = Backlog + Future Change Space Is the GlueSpace Is the Glue Middle-out = Top-down + Bottom-upMiddle-out = Top-down + Bottom-up Government only has 5 (or so) tools for Government only has 5 (or so) tools for
implementationimplementation
The Premises of The Premises of CKCK
There is a lot of “reality” already out there…There is a lot of “reality” already out there… But the amount of information is finiteBut the amount of information is finite with CK the backlog can be completely capturedwith CK the backlog can be completely captured
Urban change is rather slow so, with CKUrban change is rather slow so, with CK all Structural change is captured at the sourceall Structural change is captured at the source snapshots of activities are creatively obtained snapshots of activities are creatively obtained
with CK, municipal information is “farmed” with CK, municipal information is “farmed” dailydaily
Municipalities are the Municipalities are the locuslocus of change of change Cities = Structures + ActivitiesCities = Structures + Activities Reality = Backlog + Future ChangeReality = Backlog + Future Change Space Is the GlueSpace Is the Glue Middle-out = Top-down + Bottom-upMiddle-out = Top-down + Bottom-up Government only has 5 (or so) tools for Government only has 5 (or so) tools for
implementationimplementation
The Premises of The Premises of CKCK
within CK:within CK: Space plays a key role in municipal information Space plays a key role in municipal information
farmingfarming Addresses are no longer primary spatial identifiersAddresses are no longer primary spatial identifiers GIS means Geographic GIS means Geographic IndexingIndexing Systems Systems Space indexes our datasetsSpace indexes our datasets
Municipalities are the Municipalities are the locuslocus of change of change Cities = Structures + ActivitiesCities = Structures + Activities Reality = Backlog + Future ChangeReality = Backlog + Future Change Space Is the GlueSpace Is the Glue Middle-out = Top-down + Bottom-upMiddle-out = Top-down + Bottom-up Government only has 5 (or so) tools for Government only has 5 (or so) tools for
implementationimplementation
The Premises of The Premises of CKCK
Top-down is rigorous and structured…Top-down is rigorous and structured…… but is received as an “imposition” and resisted… but is received as an “imposition” and resisted
Bottom-up is passionate and self-interested…Bottom-up is passionate and self-interested…… but unstructured, unscalable and unsustainable… but unstructured, unscalable and unsustainable
with CK:with CK: Pure top-down and bottom-up approaches disappearPure top-down and bottom-up approaches disappear Middle-out combines the positive traits of bothMiddle-out combines the positive traits of both
Municipalities are the Municipalities are the locuslocus of change of change Cities = Structures + ActivitiesCities = Structures + Activities Reality = Backlog + Future ChangeReality = Backlog + Future Change Space Is the GlueSpace Is the Glue Middle-out = Top-down + Bottom-upMiddle-out = Top-down + Bottom-up Government only has 6 tools for Government only has 6 tools for
implementation (and information implementation (and information gathering)gathering)
The Premises of The Premises of CKCK
1.1. Ownership & OperationOwnership & Operation
2.2. RegulationRegulation
3.3. Incentives/DisincentivesIncentives/Disincentives
4.4. Education & InformationEducation & Information
5.5. RightsRights
6.6. Mitigation & CompensationMitigation & Compensation
with CK:with CK: Municipalities consciously & creatively combine the 6 Municipalities consciously & creatively combine the 6
tools fortools for Information Farming Information Farming Policy/Plan ImplementationPolicy/Plan Implementation
City KnowledgeCity Knowledge The 6 ToolsThe 6 Tools Birth Certificates Birth Certificates
Data FarmingData Farming The Long Tail of Small Cities The Long Tail of Small Cities
Presentation Presentation OutlineOutline
1.1. Ownership and OperationOwnership and Operation
2.2. RegulationRegulation
3.3. Incentives/DisincentivesIncentives/Disincentives
4.4. Education and InformationEducation and Information
5.5. Right swappingRight swapping
6.6. Mitigation and CompensationMitigation and Compensation
6 Tools of Gov.’t6 Tools of Gov.’tapplied to Data Farmingapplied to Data Farming
1.1. Ownership and OperationOwnership and Operation
2.2. RegulationRegulation
3.3. Incentives/DisincentivesIncentives/Disincentives
4.4. Education and InformationEducation and Information
5.5. Right swappingRight swapping
6.6. Mitigation and CompensationMitigation and Compensation
whereby municipalities…whereby municipalities… Adopt internal mechanisms to farm THEIR OWN dataAdopt internal mechanisms to farm THEIR OWN data Emphasize Information in Standard Operating Emphasize Information in Standard Operating
ProceduresProcedures Extract Informational Returns from all internal Extract Informational Returns from all internal
processesprocesses Change “job descriptions” for personnel to include Change “job descriptions” for personnel to include
informationinformation Catch up with their own “backlog”Catch up with their own “backlog” Intercept all future internal change as it happensIntercept all future internal change as it happens
applied to Data Farmingapplied to Data Farming6 Tools of Gov.’t6 Tools of Gov.’t
1.1. Ownership and OperationOwnership and Operation
2.2. RegulationRegulation
3.3. Incentives/DisincentivesIncentives/Disincentives
4.4. Education and InformationEducation and Information
5.5. Right swappingRight swapping
6.6. Mitigation and CompensationMitigation and Compensation
applied to Data Farmingapplied to Data Farming
whereby municipalities…whereby municipalities… Make informational Returns part of their regulationsMake informational Returns part of their regulations Force outside entities to provide information (for free)Force outside entities to provide information (for free) Change submission requirements (permits, plans…)Change submission requirements (permits, plans…) Modify maintenance and management contractsModify maintenance and management contracts Institute yearly renewals for data updatesInstitute yearly renewals for data updates Apply regulations to capture backlog as wellApply regulations to capture backlog as well Invent creative ways to acquire datasetsInvent creative ways to acquire datasets Become “validators” instead of “collectors”Become “validators” instead of “collectors”
6 Tools of Gov.’t6 Tools of Gov.’t
1.1. Ownership and OperationOwnership and Operation
2.2. RegulationRegulation
3.3. Incentives/DisincentivesIncentives/Disincentives
4.4. Education and InformationEducation and Information
5.5. Right swappingRight swapping
6.6. Mitigation and CompensationMitigation and Compensation
applied to Data Farmingapplied to Data Farming
whereby municipalities…whereby municipalities… Routinely entice outside entities into providing Routinely entice outside entities into providing
informationinformation Change submission fee structures (permits, plans…)Change submission fee structures (permits, plans…) Make “old ways” costly (disincentives)Make “old ways” costly (disincentives) Make it cheaper to do the right thing (incentives)Make it cheaper to do the right thing (incentives) Provide benefits for data updatesProvide benefits for data updates Invent bonuses for data backlogInvent bonuses for data backlog Reward and enforce collaborationReward and enforce collaboration Validate incoming dataValidate incoming data
6 Tools of Gov.’t6 Tools of Gov.’t
1.1. Ownership and OperationOwnership and Operation
2.2. RegulationRegulation
3.3. Incentives/DisincentivesIncentives/Disincentives
4.4. Education and InformationEducation and Information
5.5. Right swappingRight swapping
6.6. Mitigation and CompensationMitigation and Compensation
applied to Data Farmingapplied to Data Farming
whereby municipalities…whereby municipalities… Constantly educate citizens about the use of dataConstantly educate citizens about the use of data Are always transparent about motives for data Are always transparent about motives for data
collectioncollection Explore potential for volunteer citizen inputExplore potential for volunteer citizen input Incite “peer-production”Incite “peer-production” Make educational institutions partners in the processMake educational institutions partners in the process Acknowledge and Reward collaborationAcknowledge and Reward collaboration Include this aspect in ALL their initiativesInclude this aspect in ALL their initiatives
6 Tools of Gov.’t6 Tools of Gov.’t
1.1. Ownership and OperationOwnership and Operation
2.2. RegulationRegulation
3.3. Incentives/DisincentivesIncentives/Disincentives
4.4. Education and InformationEducation and Information
5.5. Right swappingRight swapping
6.6. Mitigation and CompensationMitigation and Compensation
applied to Data Farmingapplied to Data Farming
Requires “real” creativity but is very powerfulRequires “real” creativity but is very powerful More useful for implementation, toMore useful for implementation, to
Trade-up “as-of” rights in exchange for desired Trade-up “as-of” rights in exchange for desired outcomesoutcomes
in the end municipalities can…in the end municipalities can… include informational returns any time rights are include informational returns any time rights are
renegotiatedrenegotiated increase “as-of” rights in exchange for dataincrease “as-of” rights in exchange for data
6 Tools of Gov.’t6 Tools of Gov.’t
1.1. Ownership and OperationOwnership and Operation
2.2. RegulationRegulation
3.3. Incentives/DisincentivesIncentives/Disincentives
4.4. Education and InformationEducation and Information
5.5. Right swappingRight swapping
6.6. Mitigation and CompensationMitigation and Compensation
applied to Data Farmingapplied to Data Farming
More useful for implementation, to…More useful for implementation, to… Mitigate negative consequences of initiativesMitigate negative consequences of initiatives Remove final obstacles to implementationRemove final obstacles to implementation
with this tool municipalities could…with this tool municipalities could… accumulate complaints and suggestions from affected accumulate complaints and suggestions from affected
partiesparties provide online tools for quantifying and logging provide online tools for quantifying and logging
problemsproblems
6 Tools of Gov.’t6 Tools of Gov.’t
City KnowledgeCity Knowledge The 6 ToolsThe 6 Tools Birth CertificatesBirth Certificates
Data FarmingData Farming The Long Tail of Small Cities The Long Tail of Small Cities
Presentation Presentation OutlineOutline
Birth CertificatesBirth Certificates
Municipalities treat their assets as newborn Municipalities treat their assets as newborn babiesbabies
Municipalities identify “parent” dept’sMunicipalities identify “parent” dept’s Dept’s produce a “birth certificate” for each Dept’s produce a “birth certificate” for each
asset asset Parent dept. assigns “name” (and code)Parent dept. assigns “name” (and code) Death and Adoption certificates are treated Death and Adoption certificates are treated
similarlysimilarly
Other dept’s refer to assets by their given Other dept’s refer to assets by their given namename
A municipal spatial data infrastructure A municipal spatial data infrastructure emergesemerges
the conceptthe concept
City KnowledgeCity Knowledge The 6 ToolsThe 6 Tools Birth Certificates Birth Certificates
Data FarmingData Farming The Long Tail of Small Cities The Long Tail of Small Cities
Presentation Presentation OutlineOutline
Municipal Spatial Data Infrastructures Municipal Spatial Data Infrastructures emergeemerge
Towns have “plan-ready” informationTowns have “plan-ready” information Municipalities stop hunting-and-gatheringMunicipalities stop hunting-and-gathering Information is instead farmedInformation is instead farmed Change is captured at the source (for Change is captured at the source (for
free)free) Open-source web-GIS dominateOpen-source web-GIS dominate New business models emergeNew business models emerge Web services are the currencyWeb services are the currency Profits come from “changers” and “users”Profits come from “changers” and “users” Private sector contributes fine-grained Private sector contributes fine-grained
datadata
Data FarmingData Farmingthe future of Municipal Information the future of Municipal Information
SystemsSystems
Web-servicesWeb-services Open-source web-GIS are the platformOpen-source web-GIS are the platform
Light clients or AJAX apps replace standalone appsLight clients or AJAX apps replace standalone apps Systems are upgraded regularly on serverSystems are upgraded regularly on server
Municipalities get data and applications for Municipalities get data and applications for freefree
Web services are the toolsWeb services are the tools Dept’s mash-up web-services to suit needsDept’s mash-up web-services to suit needs
Metadata is reliably availableMetadata is reliably available Web 2.0 techniques are commonplaceWeb 2.0 techniques are commonplace
FolksonomiesFolksonomies Reputation Management, etc.Reputation Management, etc.
Urban Information Systems exploit the Long Urban Information Systems exploit the Long TailTail
and City Knowledgeand City Knowledge
City KnowledgeCity Knowledge The 6 ToolsThe 6 Tools Birth Certificates Birth Certificates
Data FarmingData Farming The Long Tail of Small CitiesThe Long Tail of Small Cities
Presentation Presentation OutlineOutline
The Long TailThe Long Tail
163,547 towns (local gov.t) in the world163,239 < 1 Million pop.159,349 < 100,000 pop.130,206 < 10,000 pop. 64,307 < 1,000 pop.
The Long TailThe Long Tailand City Knowledgeand City Knowledge
Size of CitiesSize of Cities
Large Large CitiesCities
Small Small CitiesCities
The total population that lives in small and medium cities greater than the population in megacities. Small towns (“tail”) represent a huge market opportunity.
ANY TOWNANY TOWN
The Long TailThe Long TailChange managed by various Change managed by various
DepartmentsDepartments
Planning, Buildings, Planning, Buildings, DPWDPW
Other Other DepartmentsDepartments
The Long Tail is Fractal.
within a Municipalitywithin a Municipality
Target main Target main departmentsdepartmentsANY DEPARTMENTANY DEPARTMENT
The Long Tail is Fractal. Starting with the “head” makes sense, but all departments ought to eventually adopt the CK approach.
The Long TailThe Long Tail
The Long TailThe Long TailAmount of Change by different Amount of Change by different
“agents”“agents”
specific developers, specific developers, contractors, staffcontractors, staff
Other agentsOther agents
Again, the “head” will yield instant benefits, although the change generated by agents in the tail may be quantitatively just as large. Target all agents eventually
major agentsmajor agents
within a Departmentwithin a Department
ANY AGENTANY AGENT
The Long TailThe Long TailChange produced via various Change produced via various
processesprocesses
subdivision subdivision approvals, approvals,
construction construction permits, contractspermits, contracts
Other ProcessesOther Processes
Processes in the head are major vehicles of change. Minor processes in the tail still add up to major change. Eventually all processes will be addressed by CK.
within an administrative processwithin an administrative process
Low-hanging Low-hanging fruitsfruits
ANY PROCESSANY PROCESS
The Long TailThe Long TailChange produced over time Change produced over time
BACKLOGBACKLOG
Future Future ChangeChange
The backlog may be huge but it is finite and worth catching up with. Focusing on the long tail of future piecemeal change will close the loop forever.
past and futurepast and future
Municipal Spatial Data Infrastructures Municipal Spatial Data Infrastructures flourishflourish
Departments farm their “data plots”Departments farm their “data plots” The 6 tools make data farming The 6 tools make data farming
perpetual/freeperpetual/free Fine-grain is achieved routinelyFine-grain is achieved routinely Backlog is completely captured Backlog is completely captured Change is intercepted as it happensChange is intercepted as it happens Technologies automate/facilitate data Technologies automate/facilitate data
collectioncollection Web-services enable intra-/inter-dept. Web-services enable intra-/inter-dept.
sharingsharing Information is treated like an infrastructureInformation is treated like an infrastructure
In SummaryIn Summary
More about CKMore about CK
[email protected]@wpi.eduhttp://www.wpi.edu/~carrera/Publications/http://www.wpi.edu/~carrera/Publications/
Publications.htmlPublications.htmlhttp://www.wpi.edu/~carrera/MIT/dissertation.htmlhttp://www.wpi.edu/~carrera/MIT/dissertation.html