Knowledge Article 8 - History of India.pdf

7/29/2019 Knowledge Article 8 - History of India.pdf

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The History of India

Indus Valley (25001800 BC)

Included Urban Centres like Harappa and Mohenjo-daro (now in Pakistan). It was centred on the

Indus River (on whose name India got its name).

Vedic Age (1500500 BC)

15001000 BC: Bronze Age, 1000500 BC: Iron Age. Indo-Aryan migration into India.

Maha Janapadas (700300 BC)

16 most powerful kingdoms located across Indo-Gangetic plains. These were reduced to 4 by

500 BC: Vatsa, Avanti, Kosala and Magadha. In 537 BC Siddhartha Gautama attained

enlightenment and became known as Buddha. In 510 BC, Mahavira founded Jainism.

Persian and Greek Invasion (520334 BC)

In 520 BC much of north western Indian Subcontinent (Afghanistan and Pakistan) came underthe rule of Persian Archaemedian Empire. In 334 BC, Alexander the Great , defeated King Puru

in the battle of Hydaspes (now Jhelum), and conquered much of Punjab. However he refused to

go beyond Hyphases (Beas) river.

Magadha Empire (545320 BC)

Amongst the 16 Mahajanapadas, the kingdom of Magadha rose to prominence under the

Haryanka Dynasty. It founded the Magadha Empire in 684 BC whose capital was Rajagriha,later Pataliputra and now Patna.

Maurya Empire (321289 BC)

In 321 BC, Chandragupta Maurya, under direct patronage of the genius Chanakya, foundedMaurya dynasty. He was followed by his son Bindusara, who expanded the kingdom to most of

present day India barring Kalinga. His kingdom was inherited by his son Ashoka the Great.

Initially he sought to expand his kingdom, but after the carnage caused in the invasion of

Kalinga, he renounced bloodshed and pursued a policy of non-violence after converting toBuddhism.

Gupta Empire (320550 AD)

This period is known as Indias golden age. Chandragupta I, Samudragupta and Chandragupta II

were most notable rulers who unified most of northern India. The Purana were written duringthis period, while the famous ancient fresco from Ajanta caves were also made during this

period.

The Islamic Sultanate (10001206 AD)

CPLC / GD-PI Articles / The History of India 1


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In 1000 Mahmud of Ghazni raided the country for her wealth. He wanted to convert Ghazni in

Afghanistan into a region having considerable power in politics of central Asia. In a short span

of 25 years he made 17 raids. His main targets were temples like Somnath, which weredepositories of tremendous wealth. The second attack from North-West was led by Mohammad

Ghori at the end of twelfth century. Some of these kingdoms were Rajput kingdoms. PrithvirajChauhan led Rajputs against Ghori in the first battle of Tarain in 1191 and Rajputs weresuccessful. At the second battle in 1192 however, Prithviraj was defeated and kingdom of Delhi

fell to Ghori. He left his Indian Possession in the care of his former slave Qutb-ud-din Aibak,

who after the death of his master founded the slave dynasty or the mamuks.

The Delhi Sultanate (12061400 AD)

In the 12th and 13th centuries, Arabs, Turks and Afghans invaded parts of northern India andestablished the Delhi Sultanate from former Rajput holdings. After the slave dynasty which

managed to capture most of the northern India, Khilji Empire was able to conquer most of

central India. The Sultanate ushered in a period of Indian cultural renaissance. The resulting"Indo-Muslim" fusion left lasting monuments in architecture, music, literature, and religion.

Mughal Empire (15261707 AD)

In 1526, Babur swept across the Khyber Pass and established the Mughal Empire. It ruled most

of Indian sub continent by 1600, and went into slow decline after 1707, and was finally defeated

in the 1857 war of independence. Babur was followed by Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahanand Aurangzeb in that order. The Mughals, while often employing brutal tactics, had a policy of

integration with Indian culture, which is what made them successful where the short-lived

Sultanates of Delhi had failed. Akbar the Great was particularly famed for this. Akbar declared

"Amari" or non-killing of animals in the holy days of Jainism. He rolled back the Jazia Tax fornon-Muslims. The Mughal Emperors married local royalty, allied themselves with local

Maharajas, and attempted to fuse their Turko-Persian culture with ancient Indian styles. It wasthe erosion of this tradition coupled with increased brutality that played a large part in their

downfall after Aurangzeb, who unlike previous emperors, imposed relatively non-pluralistic

policies on the general population, that often inflamed the majority Hindu population.

Maratha Empire (16741818 AD)

Founded and consolidated by Shivaji and by 18th century had transformed into Maratha Empireunder the rule of the Peshwas. By 1760 the empire had stretched across practically the entire

subcontinent, before being brought to an end by an Afghan army led by Ahmed Shah Abdali inthe 3rd battle of Panipat (1761). The last Peshwa, Baji Roa II, was defeated by the British in the3rd Anglo-Maratha war.

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Mysore & Hyderabad Kingdoms

Mysore was a kingdom of sourthern India, which was founded around 1400 AD by the Wodeyar

dynasty, who were interrupted by Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan. Under their rule, theyfought a series of war against combined forces of British and Marathas. Hyderabad was founded

by the Qutb Shahi dynasty in 1591. It was ruled by the Nizams from 1724 until 1948.

Colonial Era (14981947 AD)

Vasco da Gamas discovery of a new sea route to India in 1498 paved the way fir European

commerce with India. The Portugese soon set up trading posts in Goa, Daman, Diu and Bombay.The next to arrive were the Dutch, the British and the French, who set up trading-post in the west

coast port of Surat in 1619, mainly for Textiles. Although the continental European powers

began by controlling various regions of southern and western India, they eventually lost most ofthem to the British. The exceptions were, French rule in Pondicherry and Chandernagore, the

Dutch port of Traverncore and the Portuguese colonies of Goa, Daman and Diu.

The British Raj (17571947 AD)

The British East India Company had been given permission by the Mughal emperor Jahangir in1617 to trade in India. Their increasing influence led the Mughal emperor to grant them duty free

trade in Bengal in 1717. The Nawab of Bengal, Siraj Ud Daulah, opposed this. Under the

leadership of Robert Clive, the British hatched a plot and appointed Mir Jaffer as a puppet to

replace the Nawab. This led to the battle of Plassey in 1757, in which the Nawab was defeatedand Clive became the first governor of Bengal. After the battle of Buxar in 1764, the company

acquired the civil rights of administration in Bengal from Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II,

beginning its formal rule in India. By 1850s, the East India company controlled most of the

Indian sub-continent, which include present-day Pakistan and Bangladesh. Their policy wassometimes summed up as Divide and Rule, taking advantage of the enmity fostering between

various princely states and social and religious groups.

The Indian War of Independence

1857 The First War of Independence

The first major movement against British rule resulted in the Indian Rebellion of 1857, alsoknown as the "Indian Mutiny" or "Sepoy Mutiny" or the "First War of Independence". After a

year of turmoil, and reinforcement of the East India Company's troops with British soldiers, theBritish emerged victorious. In the aftermath all power was transferred from the East IndiaCompany to the British Crown, which began to administer most of India directly. It controlled

the rest through local rulers. The last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was exiled to Burma

and his line abolished.

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1885 Birth of Indian National Congress

Subsequent to the Sepoy Mutiny (1857), some Englishmen in India felt that a harmony between

the ruling English and the lndian people has to be built and Sir Allen Octavian Hume foundedthe Indian National Union which gave way to the Indian National Congress (INC).

The birth of INC marked the entry of new educated middle-class into politics and transformedthe Indian political horizon. Viceroy Curzon, divided Bengal into two reducing the size,population and restricting flow. Contrary to his plans, it only brought the Bengalis and rest of

Indians together.

1916 Home Rule League Founded by Dr. Annie Besant

Most Indians and Indian political leaders had been divided in their response to World War I and

the Indian soldiers fighting on behalf of the British Empire against Germany. Between 1916 and1918, when the war was closing, prominent Indians like Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Bal Gangadhar

Tilakand the leader of the Theosophical Society, Dr.Annie Besant decided to organize a national

alliance of leagues across India, specifically to demand Home Rule, or self-government withinthe British Empire for all of India. The All India Home Rule League was a national political

organization founded in 1916 to lead the national demand for self-government, termed Home

Rule, and to obtain the status of a Dominion within the British Empire as enjoyed by Australia,Canada, South Africa,New Zealand andNewfoundland at the time.

1919 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

Minto who succeeded Curzon, encouraged political reforms in India, but he unleashed a series of

violent attacks on Indians and Congressmen. In 1906 in Barisol the police canned INC delegates

and in 1919 General Dyre, opened fire on a peaceful protest rally in Jallianwala Bagh in an act of

savagery that is unparalleled in Indian History. The freedom movement now took a violent turnand the white man's blood was to atone for the cruelty and repression of the Empire. New

extremist and revolutionary leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Subhas Chandra Bose and LalaLajpat Rai emerged.

1914 The Rise of Gandhi

Mohandas Gandhi returns to India at age of 45 after 21 years of practicing law in South Africa

where he organized a campaign of passive resistance to protest his mistreatment by whites for

his defense of Asian immigrants. He attracts wide attention in India by conducting a fast - thefirst of the 14 that he went on to stage as political demonstrations.

1921 The Non Co-operation Movement

The Rowlatt Act was a law passed by the British Raj in India in March 1919, indefinitely

extending "emergency measures" enacted during the First World Warin order to control publicunrest and root out conspiracy. This act effectively authorized the government to imprison,

without trial, any person suspected of terrorism living in the Raj. In early 1922, due a call by

Mahatma Gandhi, India was amidst a nationwide revolt now recognized as theNon-Cooperation

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Movement, which protested authoritarian laws like the Rowlatt Act of 1919, and lack of humanfreedom and self-government for Indians in their own country. However he had to take the call

back owing to an incident that took place in 1922.

On the day of Feb 4th, 1922, around 2,000 protesters gathered for picketing of the liquor shop at

the local market in Chauri Chaura. Sensing the trouble, armed policemen were sent to the citypolice station to control the situation and three protestors were killed on the spot. The crowddecided to take revenge for their dead comrades and set fire to the building from all the sides.

Twenty-three policemen were burnt alive, including the station sub inspector. Mahatma Gandhi

asked all Indians to end theNon-cooperation movement, and went on a five-day fast to absolve

himself of what he perceived as his role in inciting the attacks.

1927 The Simon Commission, Lala Lajpath Rai and other Revolutionary Movements

The Indian Statutory Commission was a group of seven British Members ofParliament that had

been dispatched to India in 1927 to study constitutional reform in India. It was commonly

referred to as the Simon Commission after its chairman, Sir John Simon. The people of theIndian subcontinent were outraged and insulted, as the Simon Commission, which was to

determine the future of India, did not include a single Indian member. Almost immediately with

its arrival in Mumbai on February 3, 1928, the Simon Commission was confronted by throngs ofprotestors. The Lahore protest was led by Indian nationalist Lala Lajpat Rai on October 30, 1928.

In order to make way for the Commission, the local police force led by their chief Scott began

beating protestors with their sticks. The police were particularly brutal towards Lala Lajpat Rai,

who later that day declared, "The blows which fell on me today are the last nails in the coffin ofBritish imperialism". On November 17, Lajpat Rai died of his injuries.

Bhagat Singh who was an eye witness to the morbid scene vowed to take revenge and with the

help of Chandrashekhar Azad, Rajguru and Sukhadev plotted to kill Scott. Unfortunately hekilled Mr. Sanders, a junior officer, in a case of mistaken identity. He had to flee from Lahore to

escape death punishment. On April 8th 1929 Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw handoutsin Delhi Central Assembly, and bombed in the corridor not to cause injury and courted arrest

after shouting slogans Inquilab Zindabad. Meanwhile the killers of Sanders were identified by

the treachery of Bhagat Singh's friends who became "Approvers", Bhagat Singh thought the

court would be a proper venue to get publicity for the cause of freedom, and did not want todisown the crime. He was hanged on the 23rd of March 1931. He was 24.

1930 The Dandi Salt March, The Round Table Conferences and The Gandhi-Irwin Pact

Gandhi decided to launch a Civil Disobedience Campaign against the British on March 12,1930 through the Salt March. Civil disobedience is the active refusal to obey certain laws,demands and commands of a government, or of an occupying power, without resorting to

physical violence. The Salt Satyagraha, also known as the Salt March to Dandi, was an act of

non-violentprotest against the British salt tax in colonial India. Mahatma Gandhi along with hisfollowers, walked from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, Gujarat to make salt, large numbers of

Indians following him of their own accord. The march lasted from March 12, 1930, to April 6,

1930.

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The three Round Table Conferences of 193032 were organised by the British government

following the Simon Commission report on Indian self-rule. The Round Table Conference was

opened officially by King George V on Thursday,November 13, 1930 and chaired by the BritishPrime Minister, Ramsay MacDonald. The Indian National Congress, along with Indian business

leaders, kept away from the conference. Many of them were in jail for their participation in civildisobedience. The idea of an All-India Federation was moved to the centre of discussion. All thegroups attending the conference supported this concept. The responsibility of the Executive to

Legislature was discussed, and B. R. Ambedkar demanded a separate electorate for the

Untouchables.

The Second Round Table Conference, held in 1931, had congress participation. The Gandhi-

Irwin Pact claimed that the Congress alone represented political India; that the Untouchables

were Hindus and should not be treated as a minority; and that there should be no separateelectorates or special safeguards for Muslims or other minorities. These claims were rejected by

the other Indian participants.

From September 1931 until March 1933, under the supervision of Samuel Hoare, the proposed

reforms took the form reflected in the Government of India Act 1935. In this conference,

Chaudhary Rahmat Ali, a college student, coined the name PAKISTAN. It means the land ofpure. He took the P from Punjab, the A from the Afghan, the KI from Kashmir, the S from Sindh

and the TAN from Balochistan. In this Conference M.A.Jinnah was not present.

1932 Harijan Movement

In 1932, through the campaigning of the Dalit leader B. R. Ambedkar, the government granted

untouchables separate electorates under the new constitution. In protest, Gandhi embarked on a

six-day fast in September 1932, successfully forcing the government to adopt a more equitablearrangement. This was the start of a new campaign by Gandhi to improve the lives of the

untouchables, whom he named Harijans, the children of God. On May 8,1933 Gandhi began a21 day fast of self-purification to help the Harijan movement.

1937 Provincial Autonomy Begins

The Government of India Act, 1935 gave Indian provinces autonomy, and proposed to introduce

direct elections for the first time. Sind is separated from Bombay. Orissa is separated from Bihar.

Burma is separated from India. Provincial assemblies were to include more elected Indianrepresentatives, who in turn could lead majorities and form governments. In 1937 the first set of

elections under this act were held, and Congress won power in many states.

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1942 World War II, The Cripps Mission, Quit India Movement, Rise of Subhash

Chandra Bose

In 1937, Clouds of World War II were gathering fast and Subhash Chandra Bose warned theIndian people and the British against dragging India into the war and the material losses she

could incur. He was elected president of the Indian National Congress twice in 1937 and in 1939,the second time defeating Gandhiji's nominee. He brought a resolution to give the British sixmonths to hand India over to the Indians, failing which there would be a revolt. There was much

opposition to his rigid stand, and he resigned from the post of president and formed a progressive

group known as the Forward Block.

By 1942, Indians were divided over World War II, as the British had unilaterally and without

consultation entered India into the war. Some wanted to support the British during the Battle of

Britain, hoping for eventual independence through this support. Others were enraged by theBritish disregard for Indian intelligence and civil rights, and were unsympathetic to the travails

of the British people, which they saw as rightful revenge for the enslavement of Indians.

At the outbreak of war, the Congress Party, in September 1939, had passed a resolution

conditionally supporting British in the fight against fascism, but were rebuffed when they asked

for independence in return. However, after the onset of the war, Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose,organized the Indian National Army with the help of the Japanese, and, soliciting help from the

Axis Powers. The INA fought hard in the forests ofAssam, Bengal and Burma, but ultimately

failed owing to disrupted logistics, poor arms and supplies from the Japanese, and lack of

support and training. Bose's audacious actions and radical initiative energized a new generationof Indians. The Quit India Movement tapped into this energy, channelling it into a united,

cohesive action.

In March 1942, faced with an increasingly dissatisfied sub-continent only reluctantlyparticipating in the war, the British government sent a delegation to India underStafford Cripps,

in what came to be known as the Cripps' Mission. The purpose of the mission was to negotiatewith the Indian National Congress a deal to obtain total co-operation during the war, in return of

progressive devolution and distribution of power from the crown and the Viceroy to elected

Indian legislature. However, the talks failed, having failed to address the key demand of a

timeframe towards self-government.

On July 14, 1942, the Indian National Congress passed a resolution demanding complete

independence from Britain. The draft proposed that if the British did not accede to the demands,massive civil disobedience would be launched. However, the Congress had lesser success in

rallying other political forces under a single flag and mast. Smaller parties like the CommunistParty of India and the Hindu Mahasabha opposed the call. Mohammed Ali Jinnah's opposition tothe call led to large numbers of Muslims cooperating with the British, and the Muslim League

obtaining power in the Imperial provincial governments. On August 8, 1942 the Quit India

Resolution was passed at the Bombay session of the All India Congress Committee (AICC). AtGowalia Tank, Bombay, Gandhi urged Indians to follow non-violent civil disobedience. He told

the masses to act as an independent nation and not to follow the orders of the British. His call

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found support among a large number of Indians. It also found support among Indianrevolutionaries who were not necessarily party to Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence.

The British, already alarmed by the advance of the Japanese army to the India/Burma border,responded the next day by imprisoning Gandhi at the Aga Khan Palace in Pune. All the members

of the Congress Party's Working Committee (national leadership) were arrested and imprisonedat the Ahmednagar Fort. Gandhi went on a 21 day fast and maintained a superhuman resolve tocontinuous resistance. Although the British released Gandhi on account of his failing health in

1944, Gandhi kept up the resistance, demanding the complete release of the Congress leadership.

By early 1944, India was mostly peaceful again, while the entire Congress leadership was

incarcerated. A sense that the movement had failed depressed many nationalists, while Jinnahand the Muslim League, as well as Congress opponents like the Communists and Hindu

extremists, sought to gain political mileage, criticizing Gandhi and the Congress Party.

1947 Independence and Partition

At a Muslim League conference in Lahore in 1940, it formally recommitted itself to creating anindependent Muslim state called Pakistan, including Sindh, Punjab, the North West Frontier

Province and Bengal, that would be "wholly autonomous and sovereign." The Lahore Resolution

was adopted on March 23, 1940, and its principles formed the foundation for Pakistan's firstconstitution. Talks between Jinnah and Gandhi in 1944 in Bombay failed to achieve agreement.

This was the last attempt to reach a single-state solution.

By 1946 the British had neither the will, nor the financial or military power, to hold India anylonger, and Jinnah knew that independence was imminent. Political deadlock ensued in the

Constituent Assembly, and Britain's Prime Minister, Clement Attlee, sent a special mission to

India to mediate the situation. When the talks broke down, Attlee sent Earl Mountbatten, India's

last Viceroy, to negotiate the partition of India and immediate British withdrawal. Mountbattentold Gandhi and Nehru that if they did not accept partition there would be civil war. Civil war

did in fact break out in Punjab and other areas of mixed population.

On 3 June1947, Lord Louis Mountbatten, the last British Governor-General of India, announced

thepartitioning of the British Indian Empire into India and Pakistan, under the provisions of the

Indian Independence Act 1947. At stroke of midnight, on 15 August 1947, India became anindependent nation.

Prime Minister Nehru and Deputy Prime Minister Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel invited LordMountbatten to continue as Governor General of India. He was replaced in June 1948 by

Chakravarti Rajagopalachari. Patel took on the responsibility of unifying 565 princely states,steering efforts by his iron fist in a velvet glove policies, exemplified by the use of militaryforce to integrate Junagadh, Jammu and Kashmirand Hyderabad state into India. J & K became

a part of India when Pakistan attacked it and the then king decided to join India to save J&K

from Pakistan. After this India sent its military and the first war between India and Pakistanstarted. Later Prime Minister Nehru went to UN and a cease fire was declared. Pakistan has not

withdrawn its military forces from the occupied Kashmir and the territory termed as Pakistan

Occupied Kashmir has ever since been a cause of contention between India and Pakistan.

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Modern States (1947 Onwards)

British India, which included most of present-day India as well as Pakistan and Bangladesh wasdivided into two types of territories Provinces, which were governed directly by British

officials, responsible to the Governor-General of India, and Princely states, under the rule oflocal hereditary rulers who recognized British sovereignty in return for local autonomy, asestablished by treaty.

On August 15 1947, British India was granted independence as the separate dominions of India

and Pakistan. The British dissolved their treaty relations with the over 600 princely states, whowere encouraged to accede to either India or Pakistan. Most of the states acceded to India, and a

few to Pakistan. Bhutan and Hyderabad opted for independence, although the armed intervention

of India brought Hyderabad into the Indian Union.

During the 1947-1950 period, the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into

the Indian Union. Most were merged into the existing provinces; others were organized into newprovinces, like Rajputana,Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Bharat, and Vindhya Pradesh made up of

multiple princely states; a few, including Mysore, Hyderabad, Bhopal, and Bilaspur, became

their own provinces.

The Constitution of India, which went into effect on January 26, 1950 made India a sovereign,

democratic republic, and a union of states (replacing provinces) and territories. The states would

have extensive autonomy and complete democracy in the Union, while the Union territorieswould be administered by the Government of India. The constitution of 1950 distinguished

between three types of states.

Part A states: These were the former governors' provinces of British India, were ruled by anelected governor and state legislature. The nine Part A states were Assam, West Bengal, Bihar,

Bombay, Madhya Pradesh (formerly Central Provinces and Berar), Madras, Orissa, Punjab, andUttar Pradesh (formerly United Provinces).

Part B states: These were the former princely states or groups of princely states, governed by a

Rajpramukh, who was often a former prince, along with an elected legislature. The Rajpramukhwas appointed by the President of India. The Eight Part B states were Hyderabad, Saurashtra,

Mysore, Travancore-Cochin, Madhya Bharat, Vindhya Pradesh, Patiala and East Punjab States

Union (PEPSU), and Rajasthan.

Part C states: These included both the former chief commissioners' provinces and princelystates, and were governed by a Chief Commissioner. The chief commissioner was appointed bythe President of India. The Ten Part C states included Delhi, Kutch, Himachal Pradesh, Bilaspur,

Coorg, Bhopal, Manipur, Ajmer, Merwara, and Tripura.

Jammu and Kashmir had special status until 1957. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands was

established as a union territory, ruled by a lieutenant governor appointed by the central Indian

government.

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In December 1953, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru appointed the States Reorganization

Commission to prepare for the creation of states on linguistic lines. This was headed by Justice

Fazal Ali and the commission itself was also known as the Fazal Ali Commission. Thecommission created a report in 1955 recommending the reorganization of India's states, which

was overseen by Govind Ballabh Pant, the then Home Minister..

1. Andhra Pradesh: Andhra was renamed Andhra Pradesh, and enlarged by the addition of the

Telangana region of erstwhile Hyderabad State.

2. Assam

3. Bihar

4. Bombay State: The state was enlarged by the addition of Saurashtra and Kutch, the Marathi-

speaking districts ofNagpur Division of Madhya Pradesh, and the Marathwada region of

Hyderabad. The southernmost districts of Bombay were transferred to Mysore State.

5. Jammu and Kashmir

6. Kerala: formed by the merger of Travancore-Cochin state with the Malabar District of Madras

State.

7. Madhya Pradesh: Madhya Bharat, Vindhya Pradesh, and Bhopal were merged into MadhyaPradesh, and the Marathi-speaking districts ofNagpur Division were transferred to Bombay

state.

8. Madras State: the state was reduced to its present boundaries by the transfer of MalabarDistrict to the new state of Kerala.

9. Mysore State: Enlarged by the addition of Coorg state and the Kannada speaking districts from

southern Bombay state and western Hyderabad state.

10. Orissa

11. Punjab: The Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU) was merged into Punjab.

12. Rajasthan: Rajputana was renamed Rajasthan, and enlarged by the addition of Ajmer-

Merwara state.

13. Uttar Pradesh

14. West Bengal

Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Lakshadweep, Pondicherry, Tripura

and Manipurwere recognized as Union Terrirories by this Act.

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In 1962 the former French and Portuguese colonies in India were also incorporated into Indian

Republic as Union Territories of Daman, Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli.

The States Reorganisation Act, 1950

This Act, which went into effect on November 1 1950, eliminated the distinction between part A,B and C states. It also reorganized the state boundaries and created or dissolved states and union

territories.

On November 1, 1956, the States Reorganization Act was passed, which led to the formation ofall seven new states, including the four Southern states.

The Andhra State merged with the Telangana region of Hyderabad State to form the state ofAndhra Pradesh.

Also, the state of Mysore was created due to this, which in 1973 was renamed as Karnataka.

The state of Madras was formed in similar manner, which in 1969 was renamed as Tamil Nadu.

Kerala was also elevated to statehood by this act.

The other three states formed due to the States Reorganization Act were Madhya Pradesh,

Punjab, and Rajasthan.

In 1962 the former French and Portuguese colonies in India were incorporated into Indian

Republic as Union Territories of Pondicherry, Dadra, Nagar Haveli, Goa, Daman and Diu.

On May, 1 1960, Bombay State was split into Gujarat and Maharashtra by the BombayReorganization Act. West Bengal was also given the statehood on the same day.

In 1963, Nagaland was made a state.

In 1966, Punjab State was divided into Punjab and Haryana, which also transferred some of the

northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh.

In 1971, Meghalaya and Himachal Pradesh were made states, while in 1972, Tripura and

Manipur were made states.

In 1975, the kingdom of Sikkim was annexed to India as a state.

In 1986, Mizoram was made a state, while in 1987 Goa and Arunachal Pradesh were madestates.

In 2000, three new states were created. Jharkhand was created out of southern districts of Bihar,Chhattisgarh was created out of Eastern Madhya Pradesh and Uttarakhand was created from

north western Uttar Pradesh.

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States and Union Territories of India

India is a federal republic consisting of 28 states and 7 union territories.

Northern States

State Name Capital Chief Minister Land Area Population

Jammu and Kashmir

Srinagar

(Summer),

Jammu (Winter)

Ghulam Nabi

Azad222,000 sq. km. 10 million

Himachal Pradesh Shimla Virbhadra Singh 56,000 sq. km. 6 million

Haryana ChandigarhBhupinder Singh

Hooda44,000 sq. km. 21 million

Punjab Chandigarh

Parkash Singh

Badal 50,000 sq. km. 24 million

Uttarakhand Dehradun B. C. Khanduri 54,000 sq. km. 8 million

Rajasthan Jaipur Vasundhara Raje

Scindia342,000 sq. km. 56 milliom

Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Mayawati 238,000 sq. km. 166 million

Southern States


Tamil Nadu Chennai M. Karunanidhi 130,000 sq. km. 62 million

Kerala ThiruvananthapuramV.S.

Achuthanandan39,000 sq. km. 32 million

Karnataka Bengaluru Governor's Rule 192,000 sq. km. 53 million

Andhra Pradesh HyderabadY.S.Rajasekhara

Reddy275,000 sq. km. 76 million

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Eastern States


Nagaland Kohima Neiphiu Rio 17,000 sq. km. 2 million

Manipur Imphal Okram IbobiSingh

22,000 sq. km. 2 million

Mizoram Aizawl Pu Zoramthanga 21,000 sq. km. 1 million

Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Dorjee Khandu 84,000 sq. km. 1 million

Assam GuwahatiTarun Kumar

Gogoi78,000 sq. km. 27 million

Meghalaya Shillong D.D. Lapang 22,000 sq. km. 2 million

West Bengal KolkataBuddhadeb

Bhattacharya89,000 sq. km. 80 million

Sikkim Gangtok Pawan KumarChamling

7,000 sq. km. 0.5 million

Orissa Bhubaneshwar Naveen Patnaik 156,000 sq. km. 37 million

Tripura Agartala Manik Sarkar 10,000 sq. km. 3 million

Western States


Gujarat Gandhinagar Narendra Modi 196,000 sq. km. 51 million

Maharashtra Mumbai VilasraoDeshmukh

308,000 sq. km. 97 million

Goa Panaji Digambar Kamat 4,000 sq. km. 1 million

Central States


Madhya Pradesh BhopalShivraj Singh

Chauhan308,000 sq. km. 60 million

Bihar Patna Nitish Kumar 94,000 sq. km. 83 million

Jharkhand Ranchi Madhu Koda 80,000 sq. km. 27 million

Chhattisgarh Raipur Raman Singh 135,000 sq. km. 21 million

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Union Territories

State Name Chief Minister Land Area Population

Andaman and Nicobar Islands 8,000 sq. km. 0.4 million

Chandigarh 100 sq. km. 1 million

Dadra and Nagar Haveli 500 sq. km. 0.2 million

Daman and Diu 100 sq. km. 0.1 million

Lakshwadeep 50 sq. km. 0.07 million

National Territory Capital of Delhi Sheila Dikshit 1,000 sq. km. 14 million

Puducherry N Rangaswamy 500 sq. km. 1 million

Presently, Congress is in power in 10 of these 28 states (Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh,

Assam, Goa, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Maharashtra, Manipur,

Meghalaya) and also Delhi and Puducherry.

BJP is in power in 5 of the states (Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan,

Uttarakhand)

Tripura, Kerala and West Bengal have CPI-M in power, while Tamil Nadu had DMK, Bihar has

Janta Dal, Punjab has Shiromani Akali Dal, Uttar Pradesh has BSP, Sikkim has SikkimDemocratic Front, Orissa has Biju Janta Dal, Mizoram has Mizo National Front and Nagaland

has Nagaland People's Front in power. Jharkhand has an Independent candidate in power.

The State Legislature

Governors

The Governors and Lieutenant-Governors of the states and territories of India have similar

powers and functions at the state level as that of the President of India at Union level. Governors

exist in the states while Lieutenant-Governors exist in union territories and in the NationalCapital Territory ofDelhi. He or she acts as the nominal head whereas the real power lies in the

hand of the Chief Ministers of the states and the Chief Minister's Council of Ministers.

The Legislative Assembly

The Legislative Assembly also known as Vidhan Sabha is the lower house of state legislature in

India. Members of the Vidhan Sabha are direct representatives of the people of the particularstate as they are directly elected by an electorate consisting of all adult citizens of that state. Its

maximum size as outlined in the Constitution of India is not more than 500 members and not less

than 60. However, it can be less than 60 by an Act ofParliament like in the states ofGoa,Sikkim

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and Mizoram. The Governorcan appoint 1 member to represent the Anglo-Indian community ifhe or she finds that community to not be adequately represented in the House.

Each Vidhan Sabha is formed for a five year term after which all seats are up for election.During a State of Emergency, its term may be extended past five years or it may be dissolved. It

can also be dissolved if a motion of no confidence is passed within it against the majority partyor coalition.

To become a member of the Vidhan Sabha, a person must be a citizen ofIndia, not less than 25

years of age.

The Vidhan Sabha holds equal legislative power with the Vidhan Parishad, except in the area of

money bills in which case the Vidhan Sabha has the ultimate authority. If conflicting legislation

is enacted by the two Houses, a joint sitting is held to resolve the differences. In such a session,the members of the Vidhan Sabha would generally prevail, since it includes more than twice as

many members in the other House.

The Legislative Council

The Legislative Council also known as Vidhan Parishad is a part of the state legislatures ofIndia.

In 5 of India's 28 states (Uttar Pradesh,Bihar, Karnataka,Maharashtra and Jammu and Kashmir),

the Legislative Council serves as the upper house of a bicameral legislature. It is a house

indirectly elected by the people. It is also a permanent house because it cannot be dissolved.Also, only one-third of its members run for election every 2 years. Every MLC (Member of

Legislative Council) serves for a term of 6 years.

To become an MLC, a person must be a citizen ofIndia, not under 30 years of age.

The size of the Vidhan Parishad cannot be more than one-third the membership of the VidhanSabha of that state. But its size cannot be less than 40 except in Jammu and Kashmirwhere there

are 32 by an Act ofParliament. One-sixth of its membership is nominated by the Governor from

among persons who have excelled in science, arts, social service and other activities. Another

one-third is elected by the local government bodies and one-twelfth by teachers of secondaryschools, colleges and universities.

The High Courts

The High Courts are the principal civil courts oforiginal jurisdiction in the state, and can try alloffences including those punishable with death. However, the bulk of the work of most HighCourts consists of Appeals from lowers courts.

The precise jurisdiction of each High Court varies. Each state is divided into judicial districtspresided over by a 'District and Sessions Judge'. He is known as a District Judge when he

presides over a civil case, and a Sessions Judge when he presides over a criminal case. He is the

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highest judicial authority below a High Court judge. Below him, there are courts of civiljurisdiction, known by different names in different states.

Questions to research at home

1. Which two people played an important role in integration of princely states India?

2. Who headed the first commission appointed by the Government in 1948 to examine the casefor the reorganization of states on linguistic basis?

3. Why was the famous JVP Committee consisting of Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel and

Pattabi Sitaramayya, appointed in 1948?

4. Which state enjoys the distinction of being the first linguistic state of India?

5. Which of the states were initially given the status of autonomous state and were subsequently

made full-fledged states?

6. How are the administrators of Union Territories designated as?

7. Which is the 28th state of the Union of India?

8. Which of the following has been wrongly listed as a union Territory?

9. Who is the executive head of a state?

10. Can a person act as a governor of more than one state?

11. Who operates the Contingency Fund of the state?

12. The governor of which state has been vested with special powers regarding the Scheduled

Tribes?

13. Which lady served as Chief Ministers in different states of India?

14. Who enjoys the distinction of being the first woman Dalit Chief Minister of a state?

15. Who enjoys the distinction of serving as the Chief Minister of a state in India for the longest

period?

16. In which state/s was the Legislative council abolished on the recommendations of the stateLegislative assembly?

17. Which states/union territories has a Legislative assembly consisting of only 30 members?

18. Which of the states/union territories have a common High Court?

19. The country is divided into how many zonal councils?

20. In which state is it constitutionally obligatory for the state to have a minister for Tribal

Welfare?

21. Which state has the highest proportion of Scheduled Castes in its total population?

22. In what terms has the state of Jammu and Kashmir been accorded the special status? In whicharticle of constitution has this been done?



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23. If a new state is to be created, which one of the following schedules of Constitution will haveto be amended?

24. How many states in India have Legislative Councils?


Knowledge Article 8 - History of India.pdf

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Transcript of Knowledge Article 8 - History of India.pdf