Knights Hospitaller - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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Knights Hospitaller

Knights Hospitaller

Fraternitas Hospitalaria

Order of Hospitallers

Knights of St John (of Jerusalem)

Knights of Rhodes, Knights of Malta

The Hospitaller grand master Guillaume de Clermont defendin

the walls at the Siege of Acrein 1291, by Dominique-Louis Pap(18151849) at Versailles.

Active c. 1099Present

Allegiance Papacy

Type Western Christianmilitary order

Headquarters J erusalem; later Rhodes,Malta,Rome

Nickname The Religion

Patron Our Lady of Philermos,SaintJ ohn the Baptist

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Knights of Malta" redirects here. For the Rome-based continuation, widely considered a

sovereign subject, see Sovereign Military Order of Malta. For other uses, see Knights of Malta

(disambiguation).

The Knights Hospitaller, also known as

the Hospitallers, Order of Hospitallers,

Knights of St John, Order of St John,

and currently The Sovereign Military

Hospitaller Order of St. John of

Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta,

were among the most famous of the WesternChristianmilitary orders during the Middle

Ages.

The Hospitallers arose as a group of

individuals associated with an Amalfitan

hospital in the Muristan district ofJ erusalem,

which was dedicated to St J ohn the Baptist

and was founded around 1023 by Blessed

Gerard Thom to provide care for poor, sick or

injured pilgrims to the Holy Land. Note that

other sources claim the Amalfitan order andAmalfitan hospital were different from

Gerard's order and its hospital.[1] After the

Western Christian conquest of J erusalem in

1099 during the First Crusade, the

organisation became a religious and military

order under its own charter, and it was

charged with the care and defence of the

Holy Land. Following the conquest of the

Holy Land by Islamic forces, the order

operated from Rhodes, over which it was

sovereign, and later from Malta where itadministered a vassal state under the

Spanish viceroy ofSicily.

The order was weakened by Napoleon's

capture of Malta in 1798 and became

dispersed throughout Europe. It regained

strength during the early 19th century as it

repurposed itself toward humanitarian and

religious causes. In 1834 the order, by this

time known as the Sovereign Military Order of

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Colors Black & White, Red & White

Engagements The CrusadesSiege of Ascalon (1153)Battle of Arsuf(1191)Siege of Acre (1291)Siege of Rhodes (1480)Siege of Rhodes (1522)Battle of Preveza (1538)Siege of Tripoli (1551)

Siege of Malta (1565)Battle of Lepanto (1571)Barbary Pirates (1607)

Other service in European navies.

Commanders

Notable

commanders

J ean Parisot de la Valette, Garniede Nablus

Malta (SMOM), acquired new headquarters in

Rome where it has remained since. As of

2013, the order has about 98,000 members,

and operates in about 120 countries across

the world, including in Muslim nations. Until

recently the order has focused mainly on

developing countries, but following the

introduction ofausterityin the Eurozone and

UK which began in 2010, they haveincreasingly turned their attention to Europe,

establishing shelters and soup kitchensto

help the homeless and those suffering from

hunger.[2]

Five contemporary, state-recognised chivalric

orders which claim modern inheritance of the

Hospitaller tradition all assert that the Roman

Catholic SMOM is the original order, and that four non-Catholic orders stem from the same root:[3

Protestant orders exist in Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden, and a non-denominational Briti

revivalis headquartered in the United Kingdom.

Contents [hide]

1 Foundation and early history

2 Knights of Cyprus and Rhodes

3 Knights of Malta

3.1 The Knights in the 16th and 17th centuries: Reconquista of the Sea

3.2 Life in Malta

3.3 Turmoil in Europe

3.4 The loss of Malta

4 Sovereign Military Order of Malta

5 Protestant continuation in continental Europe

6 Revival in Britain as the Venerable Order of St. J ohn of J erusalem

7 Knights Hospitallers of the Sovereign Order of St. J ohn of J erusalem, Knights of Malta, the Ecumenical

Order

8 Mimic orders

9 See also

10 References

11 Further reading

12 External links

In 600, Pope Gregory Icommissioned the Ravennate Abbot

Probus, who was previously Gregory's emissary at the Lombard

court, to build a hospital inJ erusalem to treat and care for Christian

pilgrims to the Holy Land. In 800, Charlemagne, Emperor of the

Holy Roman Empire, enlarged Probus' hospital and added a library

to it. About 200 years later, in 1005, CaliphAl Hakim destroyed the

hospital and three thousand other buildings in J erusalem. In 1023,

merchants from Amalfi and Salerno in Italy were given permission

by the Caliph Ali az-Zahir ofEgyptto rebuild the hospital inJ erusalem. The hospital, which was built on the site of the

Foundation and early history [edit]

Nederlands

Norsk bokml

Norsk nynorsk

Plattdtsch

Polski

Portugus

SicilianuSlovenina

Slovenina

/ srpski

Suomi

Svenska

Trke

Ting Vit

Edit links
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusadeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ascalonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arsufhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arsufhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_%281291%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_%281480%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_%281522%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_%281551%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_%281565%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lepantohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_Pirateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Parisot_de_la_Valettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnier_de_Nablushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnier_de_Nablushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Maltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austerityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austerityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soup_kitchenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soup_kitchenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivalric_orderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivalric_orderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_John_%28Bailiwick_of_Brandenburg%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_John_%28Bailiwick_of_Brandenburg%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_John_in_the_Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_John_in_Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venerable_Order_of_Saint_Johnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venerable_Order_of_Saint_Johnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venerable_Order_of_Saint_Johnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagnehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalfihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salernohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_az-Zahirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knights_Hospitaller&action=edit&section=1http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_van_Maltahttp://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E3%83%A8%E3%83%8F%E3%83%8D%E9%A8%8E%E5%A3%AB%E5%9B%A3http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malteserordenenhttp://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltesarordenenhttp://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanniterordenhttp://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szpitalnicyhttp://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordem_de_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3ohttp://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8Bhttp://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavaleri_Uspitalerihttp://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1d_johanitovhttp://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malte%C5%A1ki_vite%C5%A1ki_redhttp://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanniittain_ritarikuntahttp://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malteserordenhttp://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_%C5%9E%C3%B6valyelerihttp://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%94%D1%80%D0%B8http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87p_s%C4%A9_C%E1%BB%A9u_t%E1%BA%BFhttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E9%99%A2%E9%AA%91%E5%A3%AB%E5%9B%A2http://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187549#sitelinkshttp://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187549#sitelinkshttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E9%99%A2%E9%AA%91%E5%A3%AB%E5%9B%A2http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E9%99%A2%E9%AA%91%E5%A3%AB%E5%9B%A2http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87p_s%C4%A9_C%E1%BB%A9u_t%E1%BA%BFhttp://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%94%D1%80%D0%B8http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_%C5%9E%C3%B6valyelerihttp://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malteserordenhttp://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanniittain_ritarikuntahttp://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malte%C5%A1ki_vite%C5%A1ki_redhttp://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1d_johanitovhttp://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavaleri_Uspitalerihttp://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8Bhttp://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordem_de_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3ohttp://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szpitalnicyhttp://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanniterordenhttp://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltesarordenenhttp://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malteserordenenhttp://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E3%83%A8%E3%83%8F%E3%83%8D%E9%A8%8E%E5%A3%AB%E5%9B%A3http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_van_Maltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knights_Hospitaller&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_az-Zahirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salernohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalfihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagnehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venerable_Order_of_Saint_Johnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venerable_Order_of_Saint_Johnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_John_in_Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_John_in_the_Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_John_%28Bailiwick_of_Brandenburg%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivalric_orderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivalric_orderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soup_kitchenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austerityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Maltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnier_de_Nablushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnier_de_Nablushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Parisot_de_la_Valettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_Pirateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lepantohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_%281565%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_%281551%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_%281522%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_%281480%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_%281291%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arsufhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ascalonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades


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monasteryof SaintJ ohn the Baptist, took in Christian pilgrims

travelling to visit the Christian holy sites. It was served by

Benedictine monks.

The monastic hospitaller order was founded following the First

Crusadeby the Blessed Gerard, whose role as founder was

confirmed by a Papal bull ofPope Paschal II in 1113.[4] Gerard acquired territory and revenues fo

his order throughout the Kingdom of J erusalemand beyond. Under his successor, Raymond du P

de Provence, the original hospice was expanded to an infirmary[1] near the Church of the Holy

Sepulchre in J erusalem. Initially the group cared for pilgrims in J erusalem, but the order soon

extended to providing pilgrims with an armed escort, which soon grew into a substantial force. Thuthe Order of St. J ohn imperceptibly became military without losing its eleemosynary character.[1] T

Hospitallers and the Knights Templar became the most formidable military orders in the Holy Land

Frederick Barbarossa, the Holy Roman Emperor, pledged his protection to the Knights of St. J ohn

a charter of privileges granted in 1185.

The statutes of Roger de Moulins (1187) deal only with the service of the sick; the first mention of

military service is in the statutes of the ninth grand master, Alfonso of Portugal (about 1200). In the

latter a marked distinction is made between secular knights, externs to the order, who served only

a time, and the professed knights, attached to the order by a perpetual vow, and who alone enjoye

the same spiritual privileges as the other religious. The order numbered three distinct classes of

membership: the military brothers, the brothers infirmarians, and the brothers chaplains, to whom

was entrusted the divine service.[1]

The order came to distinguish itself in battle with the Muslims, its soldiers wearing a black surcoat

with a white cross. In 1248 Pope Innocent IV (124354), approved a standard military dress for the

Hospitallers to be worn in battle. Instead of a closed cape over their armour (which restricted their

movements) they should wear a red surcoat with a white cross emblazoned on it.[5]

Many of the more substantial Christian fortifications in the Holy Land were built by the Templars a

the Hospitallers. At the height of the Kingdom of J erusalem, the Hospitallers held seven great forts

and 140 other estates in the area. The two largest of these, their bases of power in the Kingdom

in the Principality of Antioch, were the Krak des Chevaliersand Margat in Syria.[4] The property o

the Order was divided into priories, subdivided into bailiwicks, which in turn were divided into

commandries.

As early as the late 12th century the order had begun to achieve recognition in the Kingdom of

England and Duchy of Normandy. As a result, buildings such as St J ohn's J erusalemin England

were built on land donated to the order by local nobility. [6]

Further information: Siege of Rhodes (1480) and Siege

of Rhodes (1522)

The rising power ofIslam eventually expelled the Knights

Grand Master and seniorknights Hospitaller in the 14thcentury.

Knights of Cyprus and Rhodes [edit]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusadehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusadehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusadehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blessed_Gerardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_bullhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paschal_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_du_Puy_de_Provencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_du_Puy_de_Provencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_du_Puy_de_Provencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Antiochhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prioryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailiwickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commandry_%28feudalism%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_Jerusalemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_%281480%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_%281522%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_%281522%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Master_%28order%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knights_Hospitaller&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knights_Hospitaller&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knights_Hospitaller&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Master_%28order%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knights_hospitaller.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_%281522%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_%281522%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_%281480%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_Jerusalemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commandry_%28feudalism%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailiwickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prioryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Antiochhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_du_Puy_de_Provencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_du_Puy_de_Provencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paschal_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_bullhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blessed_Gerardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusadehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusadehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery


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from J erusalem. After the fall of the Kingdom of J erusalem

in 1291 (J erusalem itself fell in 1187), the Knights were

confined to the County of Tripoliand, when Acre was

captured in 1291, the order sought refuge in the Kingdom

of Cyprus. Finding themselves becoming enmeshed in

Cypriot politics, their Master, Guillaume de Villaret, created

a plan of acquiring their own temporal domain, selecting

Rhodes to be their new home, part of the Byzantine

empire. His successor, Fulkes de Villaret, executed the

plan, and on 15 August 1309, after over two years of

campaigning, the island ofRhodes surrendered to the

knights. They also gained control of a number of

neighboring islands and the Anatolian port ofBodrum and

Kastelorizo.

Pope Clement V dissolved the Hospitallers' rival order, the

Knights Templar, in 1312 with a series ofpapal bulls,

including theAd providam bull, which turned over much oftheir property to the Hospitallers. The holdings were

organised into eight "tongues" (one each in Crown of

Aragon,Auvergne, Castile, England, France, Germany,

Italy, and Provence). Each was administered by a Prior or,

if there was more than one priory in the tongue, by a

Grand Prior. At Rhodes and later Malta, the resident

knights of each tongue were headed by a Bailli. The

English Grand Prior at the time was Philip De Thame, who

acquired the estates allocated to the English tongue from

1330 to 1358. In 1334, the Knights of Rhodes defeated

Andronicus and his Turkish auxiliaries. In the 14th century,there were several other battles in which they fought.[7]

On Rhodes the Hospitallers,[8] by then also referred to as

the Knights of Rhodes,[9] were forced to become a more

militarised force, fighting especially with the Barbary

pirates. They withstood two invasions in the 15th century,

one by the Sultan of Egypt in 1444 and another by the OttomanSultan Mehmed II in 1480 who, a

capturing Constantinople and defeating the Byzantine Empire in 1453, made the Knights a priority

target.

In 1494 they created a stronghold on the peninsula of Halicarnassus (now Bodrum). They used

pieces of the partially destroyed Mausoleum, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, to

strengthen Bodrum Castle.[10]

In 1522 an entirely new sort of force arrived: 400 ships under the command of Sultan Suleiman th

Magnificent delivered 100,000 men to the island[11] (200,000 in other sources[12]). Against this fo

the Knights, under Grand Master Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, had about 7,000 men-at-arms a

their fortifications. The siege lasted six months, at the end of which the surviving defeated

Hospitallers were allowed to withdraw to Sicily. Despite the defeat, both Christians and Muslims

seem to have regarded the conduct of Grand Master Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam as extremely

valiant, and he was proclaimed a Defender of the Faith by Pope Adrian VI.

Street of Knights in Rhodes

The Knights' castle at Rhodes

Rhodes and other possessions of theKnights Hospitallers of St. J ohn.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Tripolihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Tripolihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre,_Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Master_%28order%29&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_de_Villarethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_de_Villarethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulkes_de_Villarethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastelorizohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastelorizohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_bullshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_providamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongue_%28Knights_Hospitaller%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auvergne_%28province%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Castilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baillihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baillihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_priors_of_St_John_of_Jerusalem_in_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_priors_of_St_John_of_Jerusalem_in_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_pirateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_pirateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Halicarnassushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodrum_Castlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Villiers_de_L%27Isle-Adamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Villiers_de_L%27Isle-Adamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_%281522%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eastern_Mediterranean_1450_.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Castle_at_Rhodes.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Street_of_Knights_%28Rhodes%29_01.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_%281522%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Villiers_de_L%27Isle-Adamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodrum_Castlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Halicarnassushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_pirateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_pirateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_priors_of_St_John_of_Jerusalem_in_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baillihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Castilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auvergne_%28province%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongue_%28Knights_Hospitaller%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_providamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_bullshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastelorizohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulkes_de_Villarethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_de_Villarethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Master_%28order%29&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre,_Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Tripoli


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Malta

15301798

Flag

Location of Malta in Europe.

Capital Vittoriosa (1530-1571)Valletta(1571-1798)

Languages Italian, Maltese

Government AbsoluteGrandmaster

- 1530-1534 Philippe Villiers de L'IsAdam(first)- 1797-1798 Ferdinand von

Hompesch zu Bolheim(last)

History

- Established 26 October 1530- Capitulation to the

French11 J une 1798

Currency Maltese scudo

Further information: Siege of Malta (1565)

After seven years of moving from place to place

in Europe the Knights became established in

1530 when Charles V of Spain, as King of Sicily,

gave them Malta,[13]Gozo and the North African

port ofTripoli in perpetual fiefdom in exchange for

an annual fee of a single Maltese falcon (Tributeof the Maltese Falcon), which they were to send

on All Souls Day to the King's representative, the

Viceroy of Sicily,[14](this historical fact was used

as the plot hookin Dashiell Hammett's famous

book The Maltese Falcon).

The Hospitallers continued their actions against

the Muslims and especially the Barbary pirates.

Although they had only a few ships they quickly

drew the ire of the Ottomans, who were unhappy

to see the order resettled. In 1565 Suleiman sent

an invasion force of about 40,000 men to besiege

the 700 knights and 8,000 soldiers and expel

them from Malta and gain a new base from which

to possibly launch another assault on Europe.[13]

At first the battle went as badly for the

Hospitallers as Rhodes had: most of the cities

were destroyed and about half the knights killed.

On 18 August the position of the besieged was

becoming desperate: dwindling daily in numbers,

they were becoming too feeble to hold the long

line of fortifications. But when his councilsuggested the abandonment ofVittoriosa and

Senglea and withdrawal to Fort St. Angelo, Grand

MasterJ ean Parisot de la Valette refused.

The Viceroy of Sicily had not sent help; possibly

the Viceroy's orders from Philip II of Spain were

so obscurely worded as to put on his own

shoulders the burden of the decision whether to

help the Knights at the expense of his own

defences.[citation needed] A wrong decision could mean defeat and

exposing Sicily and Naples to the Ottomans. He had left his ownson with La Valette, so he could hardly be indifferent to the fate of

the fortress. Whatever may have been the cause of his delay, the

Viceroy hesitated until the battle had almost been decided by the

unaided efforts of the Knights, before being forced to move by the

indignation of his own officers.

On 23 August came yet another grand assault, the last serious

effort, as it proved, of the besiegers. It was thrown back with the

greatest difficulty, even the wounded taking part in the defence.

The plight of the Turkish forces, however, was now desperate. With

Knights of Malta [edit]
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the exception ofFort St. Elmo, the fortifications were still intact.[15]

Working night and day the garrison had repaired the breaches, and

the capture of Malta seemed more and more impossible. Many of

the Ottoman troops in crowded quarters had fallen ill over the

terrible summer months. Ammunition and food were beginning to

run short, and the Ottoman troops were becoming increasingly

dispirited at the failure of their attacks and their losses. The death

on 23 J une of skilled commander Dragut, a corsair and admiral ofthe Ottoman fleet, was a serious blow. The Turkish commanders,

Piyale Pasha and Mustafa Pasha, were careless. They had a huge

fleet which they used with effect on only one occasion. They

neglected their communications with the African coast and made no

attempt to watch and intercept Sicilian reinforcements.

On 1 September

they made their

last effort, but

the morale of the

Ottoman troops

had deterioratedseriously and the

attack was

feeble, to the

great

encouragement

of the besieged,

who now began

to see hopes of deliverance. The perplexed and indecisive

Ottomans heard of the arrival of Sicilian reinforcements in

Melliea Bay. Unaware that the force was very small, they

broke off the siege and left on 8 September. The Great

Siege of Maltamay have been the last action in which a force of knights won a decisive victory.[1

When the Ottomans departed the Hospitallers had 600

men able to bear arms. The most reliable estimate puts

the number of the Ottoman army at its height at some

40,000 men, of whom 15,000 eventually returned to

Constantinople. The siege is portrayed vividly in the

frescoes ofMatteo Perez d'Aleccioin the Hall of St.

Michael and St. George, also known as the Throne Room,

Grand culverin of the KnightsHospitallers, 1500-1510, RhodFrench work, caliber: 165 mm,

length: 540 cm, weight: 3,343 kammunition: 15kg iron ball. Armof Grand Master Emeryd'Amboise. Given by Abdlazizto Napoleon IIIin 1862.

Arms of the Knights Hospitallers,quartered with those ofPierre d'Aubussoon a bombard ordered by the latter. Thetop inscription further reads: "F. PETRUSDAUBUSSON M HOSPITALIS IHER".

Re-enactment of 16th-century militarydrills conducted by the Knights. Fort SaintElmo, Valletta, Malta, 8 May 2005.
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in the Grand Master's Palace in Valletta. Four of the

original modellos, painted in oils by Perez d'Aleccio

between 1576 and 1581, can be found in the Cube Room

of the Queen's House atGreenwich, London. After the

siege a new city had to be built the present city named Valletta in memory of the Grand Master

who had withstood the siege.

In 1607 the Grand Master of the Hospitallers was granted the status ofReichsfrst(Prince of the

Holy Roman Empire, even though the Order's territory was always south of the Holy Roman Empi

In 1630 the Grand Master was awarded ecclesiastic equality with cardinals, and the unique hybridstyle His Most Eminent Highness, reflecting both qualities qualifying him as a true Prince of the

Church.

Following the Knights' re-establishment on Malta they had found themselves devoid of their initial

reason for existence; their initial raison d'etre of assisting and joining the crusades in the Holy Lan

was now an impossible mission for reasons of military and financial strength along with geographic

position. With dwindling revenues from European sponsors no longer willing to support a costly an

meaningless organization, the Knights turned to policing the Mediterranean from the increased thre

of piracy, most notably from the threat of the Ottoman endorsed Barbary Corsairs operating from tNorth African coastline. Boosted towards the end of the 16th century by an air of invincibility follow

the successful defence of their island in 1565 and compounded by the Christian victory over the

Ottoman fleet in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, the Knights set about protecting Christian merchan

shipping to and from the Levant and freeing the captured Christian slaves that formed the basis of

the Barbary Corsair's piratical trading and navies. This became known as the 'corso'. [17]

Yet the Order soon struggled on a now reduced income. By policing the Mediterranean they

augmented the assumed responsibility of the traditional protectors of the Mediterranean, the naval

city states ofVenice, Genoa, and Pisa. Further compounding their financial woes; over the course

this period the exchange rate of the local currencies against the 'scudo' that were established in th

late 16th century gradually became outdated, meaning the knights were gradually receiving less amerchant factories.[18] Economically hindered by the barren island they now inhabited, many Knigh

went beyond their call of duty by raiding Muslim ships.[19] More and more ships were plundered,

from the profits of which many Knights lived idly and luxuriously, taking local women to be their wiv

and enrolling in the navies of France and Spain in search of adventure, experience, and yet more

money.[20]

The knights changing attitudes were coupled with the effects of the Reformation and Counter-

Reformation and the lack of stability from the Roman Catholic Church. This affected the Knights

strongly as the 16th and 17th centuries saw a gradual decline in the religious attitudes of many of

the Christian peoples of Europe (and, concomitantly, the importance of a religious army), and thus

the Knights regular tributes from European nations.

[21]

That the Knights, a Roman Catholic militarorder, pursued the readmittance of England as one of its member states the Order there had be

suppressed, along with monasteries, under King Henry VIII upon the succession of the Protesta

Queen Elizabeth Iaptly demonstrates the new religious tolerance within the Order.[22] The Order

even possessed a German tongue which was part Protestant and part Roman

Catholic.[citation needed]

The perceived moral decline that the Knights underwent over the course of this period is best

highlighted by the decision of many Knights to serve in foreign navies and become "the mercenary

sea-dogs of the 14th to 17th centuries", with the French Navy proving the most popular

destination.[23] This decision went against the Knights' cardinal reason for existence, in that by

View from Valletta showing Fort SaintAngelo.

The Knights in the 16th and 17th centuries: Reconquista of thSea [edit]
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serving a European power directly they faced the very real possibility that they would be fighting

against another Catholic force, as in the few Franco-Spanish naval skirmishes that occurred in this

period.[24] The biggest paradox is the fact that for many years the French remained on amicable

terms with the Ottoman Empire, the Knights' greatest and bitterest foe and purported sole purpose

existence. Paris signed many trade agreements with the Ottomans and agreed to an informal (and

ultimately ineffective) cease-fire between the two states during this period.[25] That the Knights

associated themselves with the allies of their sworn enemies shows their moral ambivalence and t

new commercial-minded nature of the Mediterranean in the 17th century. Serving in a foreign navy

in particular that of the French, gave the Knights the chance to serve the Church and for many, thKing, to increase their chances of promotion in either their adopted navy or in Malta, to receive far

better pay, to stave off their boredom with frequent cruises, to embark on the highly preferable sho

cruises of the French Navy over the long caravans favoured by the Maltese, and if the Knight

desired, to indulge in some of the pleasures of a traditional debauched seaport.[26] In return, the

French gained and quickly assembled an experienced navy to stave off the threat of the Spanish a

their Habsburg masters. The shift in attitudes of the Knights over this period is ably outlined by Pa

Lacroix who states:

"Inflated with wealth, laden with privileges which gave them almost sovereign powers ...

the order at last became so demoralised by luxury and idleness that it forgot the aim for

which it was founded, and gave itself up for the love of gain and thirst for pleasure. Its

covetousness and pride soon became boundless. The Knights pretended that they were

above the reach of crowned heads: they seized and pillaged without concern of the

property of both infidels and Christians".[27]

With the Knights' exploits growing in fame and wealth, the European states became more

complacent about the Order, and more unwilling to grant money to an institution that was perceive

to be earning a healthy sum on the high seas. Thus a vicious cycle occurred, increasing the raids

and reducing the grants received from the nation-states of Christendom to such an extent that the

balance of payments on the island had become dependent on conquest.[20] The European power

lost interest in the Knights as they focused their intentions largely on one another during theThirty

Years War. In February 1641 a letter was sent from an unknown dignitary in the Maltese capital of

Valletta to the Knights' most trustworthy ally and benefactor, Louis XIVof France, stating the Orde

troubles:

"Italy provides us with nothing much; Bohemia and Germany hardly anything, and

England and the Netherlands for a long time now nothing at all. We only have

something to keep us going, Sire, in your own Kingdom and in Spain."[28]

It is important to note that the Maltese authorities would neglect to mention the fact that they were

making a substantial profit policing the seas and seizing "infidel" ships and cargoes. The authoritie

on Malta immediately recognised the importance of corsairing to their economy and set about

encouraging it, as despite their vows of poverty, the Knights were granted the ability to keep a

portion of the 'spoglio', which was the prize money and cargo gained from a captured ship, alongwith the ability to fit out their own galleys with their new wealth. [29]

The great controversy that surrounded the Knights' 'corso' was their insistence on their policy of

'vista'. This enabled the Order to stop and board all shipping suspected of carrying Turkish goods

and confiscate the cargo to be re-sold at Valletta, along with the ship's crew, who were by far the

most valuable commodity on the ship. Naturally many nations claimed to be victims of the Knights'

over-eagerness to stop and confiscate any goods remotely connected to the Turks. [19] In an effort

regulate the growing problem, the authorities in Malta established a judicial court, the Consiglio de

Mer, where captains who felt wronged could plead their case, often successfully. The practice of

issuing privateering licenses and thus state-endorsement, which had been in existence for a numb
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of years, was tightly regulated as the island's government attempted to haul in the unscrupulous

Knights and appease the European powers and limited benefactors. Yet these efforts were not all

successful as the Consiglio del Mer contains numerous accounts from around the year 1700 of

complaints of Maltese piracy in the region. Ultimately, the rampant over-indulgence in privateering

the Mediterranean was to be the Knights' downfall in this particular period of their existence as the

transformed from serving as the military outpost of a united Christendom to becoming another nati

state in a commercially oriented continent soon to be overtaken by the trading nations of the North

Sea, themselves adept at piracy.[30]

This section does not cite any references or sources.

Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable

sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.

(February 2011)

Having chosen Malta, the Knights stayed for 268 years, transforming what they called "merely a ro

of soft sandstone" into a flourishing island with mighty defences and a capital city ( Valletta) known

Superbissima, "Most Proud", amongst the great powers of Europe.

In 1301, the Order was organized in seven Langues, by order of precedence: Provence, Auvergne

France, Spain, Italy, England, and Germany. In 1462, the Langue of Spain was divided into CastilePortugal and Aragon-Navarre. The English Langue went into abeyance after the order's properties

were taken over by Henry VIII in 1540. In 1782, it was revived as the Anglo-Bavarian Langue,

containing Bavarian and Polish priories. The structure of langues was replaced in the late 19th

century by a system of national associations.

Not surprisingly, hospitals were among the first projects to be undertaken on Malta, where French

soon supplanted Italian as the official language (though the native inhabitants continued to speak

Malteseamong themselves). The knights also constructed fortresses, watch towers, and naturally,

churches. Its acquisition of Malta signalled the beginning of the Order's renewed naval activity.

The building and fortification of Valletta, named for Grand Master la Valette, was begun in 1566,

soon becoming the home port of one of the Mediterranean's most powerful navies. Valletta wasdesigned by Francesco Laparelli, a military engineer, and his work was then taken up by lormu

Cassar. The city was completed in 1571. The island's hospitals were expanded as well. The main

Hospital could accommodate 500 patients and was famous as one of the finest in the world. At the

vanguard of medicine, the Hospital of Malta included Schools of Anatomy, Surgery and Pharmacy.

Valletta itself was renowned as a centre of art and culture. The Church of St. J ohn the Baptist,

completed in 1577, contains works by Caravaggio and others.

In Europe, most of the Order's hospitals and chapels survived the Reformation, but not in Protesta

countries. In Malta, meanwhile, the Public Library was established in 1761. The University was

founded seven years later, followed, in 1786, by a School of Mathematics and Nautical Sciences.

Despite these developments, some of the Maltese grew to resent the Order, which they viewed asprivileged class. This even included some of the local nobility, who were not admitted to the Order

In Rhodes, the knights had been housed in Auberges (Inns) segregated by Langues. This structur

was maintained in Birgu (15301571) and then Valletta (from 1571). The auberges in Birgu remain

mostly undistinguished 16th-century buildings. Valletta still has the auberges of Castile-Len (1574

renovated 1741 by GM de Vilhena, now the Prime Minister's offices), Italy (renovated 1683 by GM

Caraffa, now the post-office), Aragon (1571, now Ministry of Economic Services), Bavaria (former

palazzo Carnerio, purchased in 1784 for the newly formed Langue) and Provence (now National

Museum of Archaeology). The auberge of Auvergne was damaged in World War II and replaced w

Law Courts. The auberge of France was also destroyed in World War II.

Life in Malta [edit]
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In 1604, each Langue was given a chapel in the conventual

church of St. J ohn and the arms of the Langue appear in the

decoration on the walls and ceiling:

Provence: St Michael,Jerusalem

Auvergne: St Sebastian,Azure a dolphin or

France: conversion ofSt Paul, France

Castile and Len: St J ames the Lesser, Quarterly Castile and

Leon

Aragon: St George [the church of the Langue is consecratedto Our Lady of the PillarPer pale Aragon and Navarre]

Italy: St Catherine,Azure the word ITALIA in bend or

England: Flagellation of Christ, [no arms visible; in Rhodes the

Langue used the arms of England, quarterly France and

England]

Germany: Epiphany,Austria born by a double-headed eagle displayed sable

The Order lost many of its European holdings following the rise ofProtestantismbut survived on

Malta. The property of the English branch was confiscated in 1540.[31] The German Bailiwick of

Brandenburg became Lutheran in 1577 but continued to pay its financial contribution to the Orderuntil 1812, when the Protector of the Order in Prussia, King Frederick William III, turned it into an

order of merit;[31] in 1852, his son and successor as Protector, King Frederick William IV, restored

the Johanniterorden to its continuing place as the chief Protestant branch of the Knights Hospitalle

The Knights of Malta had a strong presence within the Imperial Russian Navy and the

pre-revolutionaryFrench Navy. When De Poincy was appointed governor of the French colony on

Kittsin 1639, he was a prominent Knight of St. J ohn and dressed his retinue with the emblems of

Order. In 1651, the Knights bought from the Compagnie des les de l'Amriquethe islands ofSain

Christophe, Saint Martin, and Saint Barthlemy.[32] The Order's presence in the Caribbean was

eclipsed with De Poincy's death in 1660. He had also bought the island ofSaint Croix as his perso

estate and deeded it to the Knights of St. J ohn. In 1665, the order sold their Caribbean possessionto the French West India Company, ending the Order's presence in that region.

The decree of the French National Assembly abolishing the Feudal System (1789) abolished the

Order in France:

V. Tithes of every description, as well as the dues which have been substituted for them, under

whatever denomination they are known or collected (even when compounded for), possessed by

secular or regular congregations, by holders of benefices, members of corporations (including the

Order of Malta and other religious and military orders), as well as those devoted to the maintenanc

of churches, those impropriated to lay persons and those substituted for the portion congrue, are

abolished (...)[33]

The French Revolutionary Government seized the assets and properties of the Order in France in1792.

Their Mediterranean stronghold ofMalta was captured by

Napoleon in 1798 during his expedition to Egypt.[15] Napoleon

demanded from Grand MasterFerdinand von Hompesch zu

Bolheim that his ships be allowed to enter the port and to take on

water and supplies. The Grand Master, Baron Ferdinand von

Hompesch, replied that only two foreign ships could be allowed to

A 1742Tarcoin of the KnightsHospitaller, depicting the headoJ ohn the Baptiston a platter.

Turmoil in Europe [edit]

The loss of Malta [edit]
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edia.org/wiki/St_Georgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_the_Justhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Sebastianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Michaelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_Co-Cathedralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_Co-Cathedral


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enter the port at a time. Bonaparte, aware that such a procedure

would take a very long time and would leave his forces vulnerable

to Admiral Nelson, immediately ordered a cannon fusillade against

Malta.[34] The French soldiers disembarked in Malta at sevenpoints on the morning of 11 J une and attacked. After several

hours of fierce fighting, the Maltese in the west were forced to

surrender.[35]

Napoleon opened negotiations with the fortress capital ofValletta.

Faced with vastly superior French forces and the loss of western

Malta, the Grand Master Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim

negotiated a surrender to the invasion.[36] Hompesch left Malta for Trieste on 18 J une.[37] He

resigned as Grand Master on July 6, 1799.

The knights were dispersed, though the order continued to exist in a diminished form and negotiat

with European governments for a return to power. The Russian Emperor, Paul I, gave the largestnumber of knights shelter in St. Petersburg, an action which gave rise to the Russian tradition of t

Knights Hospitallers and the Order's recognition among the Russian Imperial Orders.[38] The refug

knights in St Petersburg proceeded to elect Tsar Paul as their Grand Master a rival to Grand

Master von Hompesch until the latter's abdication left Paul as the sole Grand Master. As Grand

Master Paul I created, in addition to the Roman Catholic Grand Priory, a "Russian Grand Priory" o

no less than 118 Commanderies, dwarfing the rest of the Order and open to all Christians. Paul's

election as Grand Master was, however, never ratified under Roman Catholic canon law, and he w

the de facto rather than de jure Grand Master of the Order.

By the early 19th century, the order had been severely weakened by the loss of its priories

throughout Europe. Only 10% of the order's income came from traditional sources in Europe, with remaining 90% being generated by the Russian Grand Prioryuntil 1810. This was partly reflected

the government of the Order being under Lieutenants, rather than Grand Masters, in the period 18

to 1879, when Pope Leo XIIIrestored a Grand Master to the order. This signalled the renewal of t

order's fortunes as a humanitarianand religious organization.

Main article: Sovereign Military Order of Malta

In 1834, the Pope established a resurrected Catholic Order with a new headquarters in Rome.[39]

Hospital work, the original work of the order, became once again its main concern. The Order's

hospital and welfare activities, undertaken on a considerable scale in World War I, were greatlyintensified and expanded in World War II under the Grand Master Fra' Ludovico Chigi Albani della

Rovere(Grand Master 1931-1951).

The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint J ohn of

J erusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta, better known as the

Sovereign Military Order of Malta(SMOM), is a Roman

Catholicreligious order and the world's oldest surviving

order of chivalry.[40] Its sovereign status is recognised by

membership in numerous international bodies and observer

status at the United Nations and others.[41]

Emperor Paulwearing theCrown of the Grand Master of theOrder of Malta(1799).

Sovereign Military Order of Malta [edit]
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However, its claim to sovereign status is disputed by some

scholars.[42] The Order maintains diplomatic relations with

104 countries, with numerous ambassadors. It issues its

own passports, currency, stamps and even vehicle

registration plates. The Sovereign Military Order of Malta has a permanent presence in 120

countries, with 12 Grand Priories and Sub-Priories and 47 national Associations, as well as

numerous hospitals, medical centres, day care centres, first aid corps, and specialist foundations,

which operate in 120 countries. Its 13,000 members and 80,000 volunteers and over 20,000 medic

personnel doctors, nurses and paramedics are dedicated to the care of the poor, the sick, the

elderly, the disabled, the homeless, terminal patients, lepers, and all those who suffer. The Order

especially involved in helping victims of armed conflicts and natural disasters by providing medical

assistance, caring for refugees, and distributing medicines and basic equipment for survival.

The Sovereign Military Order of Malta recently established a mission in Malta, after signing anagreement with the Maltese Government which granted the Order the exclusive use ofFort St.

Angelo for a term of 99 years. Today, after restoration, the Fort hosts historical and cultural activiti

related to the Order of Malta.[43]

Main article: Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg)

Following the Protestant Reformation, the German commanderies of the Order in the Margraviate

Brandenburg declared their continued adherence to the Order while accepting Protestant theology

As the Balley Brandenburg des Ritterlichen Ordens Sankt Johannis vom Spital zu Jerusalem

(Brandenburg Bailiwick of the Chivalric Order of Saint J ohn of the Hospital at J erusalem), the Ordecontinues in Germany today, virtually independent of the Roman Catholic order.

From Germany, this Protestant branch spread into other countries in Europe (Hungary, the

Netherlands, Sweden, Finland, Switzerland, France,Austria, the United Kingdom, and Italy among

them), the Americas (including the United States, Canada,Mexico,Colombia, and Venezuela), Afr

(most notably in Namibia and South Africa), and to Australia.[citation needed]

The Dutch and Swedish commanderies after World War II became independent orders under the

protection of their respective monarchs. In the Johanniter Orde in Nederland, the Dutch monarch i

an honorary commander. In the Johanniterorden i Sverige, the Swedish monarch is its High

Protector.

All three branches (German, Dutch, Swedish) are in formalised co-operation with the British order

The Alliance of the Orders of St. J ohn of Jerusalem, just as there is extensive collaboration betwee

these four Alliance orders and the Order of Malta.

Main article: Venerable Order of Saint John

The property of the Order in England was confiscated by Henry VIII as part of his programme to

dissolve monasteries. Although not formally suppressed, this caused the activities of the English

Flag of the Order of Malta

Protestant continuation in continental Europe [edit]

Revival in Britain as the Venerable Order of St. J ohn of J erusalem[edit]
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Knights Hospitaller - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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