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SMILE – Jesus Loves You!

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ക്�നാ�നാ�യ സമുദാ�യപാ�രമ്പര��

ബൈ���ള് വെ�ളി�വെ�ത്തി�ല്

Presented byJimmi Cherian

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A room for ImprovementA room for Improvement KNOWKNOW OUR ORIGINS, OUR ORIGINS, LOVELOVE OUR COMMUNITY, OUR COMMUNITY, KEEPKEEP UP UP

OUR FAITH,OUR FAITH,ANDAND SERVE ALL PEOPLE SERVE ALL PEOPLE ഞാ��ന്�ആരാ�ണ്��ഞാ��ന്�ആരാ�ണ്��??

നാം��നാംമ്മെ��തമ്മെ��ത�രാ�ച്ചറി�യു�കനാം��നാംമ്മെ��തമ്മെ��ത�രാ�ച്ചറി�യു�ക(7 steps)(7 steps)

• അബ്രാ��ഹത്താ�ല്�അനാം�ബ്രാ�ഹമാ�യു�ജനാംത.• നാം��ദൈ�വത്താ�മ്മെ!�വ�ഗ്ദത്താ�ജനാംത• യു�ക്കോ$���മ്മെ!�സന്തത�, യു'�യു�മ്മെ(�ക്കോ��ബ്രാത.• ��വ)��മ്മെ!�മാ$ള്�, ക്കോയുശു�വ�മ്മെ!�സ,ന്ത.• മാ'���സഹബ്രാസ���ധങ്ങള്�ഉ(മ്പ(�യു�മ്മെ(�കവല്ക�രാ�, നാം�യുമാജ്ഞരാ�"Ḳanna'im" (Zealots).

• മ്മെയുഹ��ദൈബ്രാകസ�തവ�സ�റി�യുന്�പാ�രാമ്പരാ4.• ദൈ�വ�മാഹത,ത്താ�ല്�ആ�4�അവക�ശു�കള്.

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A call for A call for reform reform andand witness witness Jesus ChristJesus Christ in UK in UK (10 steps)(10 steps)

• ക�നാം�നാം�യു�സമാ���യു�അവക്കോ��ധ�സ�വ�ക്കോശുഷ�മ്മെവള്�ച്ചത്താ�ല്.• UKKCA-യു�മ്മെ(�ശുക്തീ)കരാണ്�ആന്തരാ)കഘ(നാം��നാംവ)കരാണ്ത്താ�ലൂ'മ്മെ(.• ദൈ�വസ�ക്കോനാംഹത്താ�ലൂ��പാരാസ�ക്കോനാംഹത്താ�ലൂ��അത�ഷ�ട്ടി�തമാ�യു�ശു�ബ്രാശു'ഷ. (The

work of Mother Theresa)• ക�(���നാംവ)കരാണ്വ��തലൂമാ�റികള്:മ്മെ(�വ�ശു�ദ്ധീ)കരാണ്വ�.• ഉഷ�മാള്മാ�യു�ക�(��-സ�മാ'ഹ�ക��ന്ധങ്ങള്��.• ഉത്താരാവ���ത്താപാ'ര്ണ്മാ�യു�സഘ(നാംശു�ബ്രാശു'ഷയു��വ�ശുകലൂനാംവ�.• വ����ധക്കോസവനാംത്താ�നാം�ള്ള�പാരാ�ശു)ലൂ�സ?കരാ4ങ്ങള്:�ക്കോകബ്രാ@വ� • തത,ശു�സ�ബ്രാതപാരാവ��ദൈ�വശു�സ�ബ്രാതപാരാവ�മാ�യു�സമാ���യു�പാഠനാംവ���ക്കോവഷണ്വ�.

• മ്മെB?ത�കതക്കോയു�മ്മെ(�പ്പം�ആലൂ�മാ)യുമ്മെവള്�ച്ചത്താ�ക്കോലൂയു�$��നാംയു�$���വള്ര്ച്ച.• സ�വ�ക്കോശുഷ�മാ'ലൂ4�ത�ഷ�(�ത�ജ)വ�ത�ര്ശുനാംവ��സ,B�വരാ'പാ�കരാണ്വ�

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Are you a blessing in UK?Are you a blessing in UK?

Luke 19: 8-10For online Biblehttp://www.knanaya.us/id23.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/israel/losttribes.html#historical

1

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KINGCHERAMANPERUMAL’sWELCOMEon7thMarchAD345?.

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MINISTRY OF BISHOPMINISTRY OF BISHOP MAR JOSEPH OF URHA IN MAR JOSEPH OF URHA IN INDIAINDIA

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Tharisappalli Copper Plates in VattezhuttuA Copper plate issued by ancient south Indian king.

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Proto-Canaanite alphabet Proto-Canaanite alphabet (BC700)(BC700)

Time period BC.700 - present• Parent systems -- Proto-Canaanite alphabet • Phoenician alphabet --Aramaic alphabet• Brāhmī -- Tamili

• Vattezhuttu malayalam 6th century AD Vatteluttu in Tharisapalli Copper Plates.

• Southern • Language familyDravidian • Tamil-Kannada • Tamil-Kodagu • Tamil-Malayalam • Malayalam

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Thirukkural by ThiruvalluvaneThirukkural by Thiruvalluvane (Route your comments & suggestions to the author (Route your comments & suggestions to the author

through nvkashraf@rediffmail.com)through nvkashraf@rediffmail.com)

Vattezhuttu malayalam 6Vattezhuttu malayalam 6thth century AD century AD Vatteluttu in Tharisapalli Copper Plates.Vatteluttu in Tharisapalli Copper Plates.

Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan (fl. 16th century) ത�ഞ്ചത്താ��രാ�മാ�നാം�ജന്�എഴു�ത്താച്ഛനാം�, called the "Father of the Malayalam language“Poonthanam Namboothiri (fl. 16th century), devotional poetArnos Paathiri, (1681–1732), also known as "Johann Ernst Hanxleden" a German Jesuit priest, missionary in India and a Malayalam/Sanskrit poet, grammarian, lexicographer, and philologist Kunchan Nambiar (1705–1770)Unnayi Warrier Irayimman Thampi (1783–1862), ഇരായു�����തമ്പ��court poet and musician

Thiruvalluvanar BC 200

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Follow the Timeline of Abraham's DescendantsFollow the Timeline of Abraham's Descendants Abraham’sFamily

TreeofNations

2000B.CAbrahamborn

MigrationsOfIsrael

721B.C

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ഉല്പത്താ��12:1-3,17:4-5,17:15

• Let us begin our story from the beginning, with Abraham the Patriarch, or better yet with his grandson Jacob. Jacob was renamed Israel when God appeared to him when he was leaving Padn-Aram and blessed him. Jacob produced twelve sons, each of whom became the father of one of the twelve tribes of Israel. Reuven, Shimon, Levi, Yehuda, Issachar, Zevulun, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Joseph, Benjamin. In the Land of Canaan, each of the twelve Israelite tribes settled a different region on either side of the Jordan River. (Genesis 12:1-3, 17:4-5)

• "In the ninth year of Hoshea, the king of Assyria captured Samaria and he carried them away to Assyria and placed them in Halah, and on the Habor, the river of Gozan, and in the cities of Medes." In the years 722-721 BC, the Ten Tribes who comprised the northern Kingdom of Israel disappeared. Conquered by the Assyrian King Shalmaneser V, they were exiled to upper Mesopotamia and Medes, today modern Syria and Iraq. The Ten Tribes of Israel have never been seen since. Or have they Lost? “The Search for a Lost Tribe of Israel “ By Tudor Parfitt

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12 Tribes of Israel12 Tribes of Israel

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MOSSES (MOSSES (പാ�റിപ്പം�(�പാ�റിപ്പം�(�bc1250-1200bc1250-1200))

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Jesus with Mary & JosephJesus with Mary & Joseph

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Timeline of Timeline of Roman Roman historyhistory

The following table shows a simple timeline of Roman history. We have also created a complete Rome timeline from antiquity through to modern times which includes a large number of links to individual pieces of details of Roman history.

• 24/04/753 BC: Romulus founds Rome. He is the first of the seven kings of Rome• 509 BC: Seventh and last king of Rome, Tarquin the Proud, is deposed by his angry citizens.

Rome becomes a Republic.• 100 BC: A century of turmoil. The Gracchi brothers propose social reform in favour of the

poor and get murdered for it. Julius Caesar makes his mark and ends the Republic (50 BC).• 27BC-14AD: Augustus Caesar inherits Rome from Caesar and proclaims himself Emperor.• 25-75AD:A variety of Caesars follow, some good some less good. Tiberius, Caligula,

Claudius, Nero. Ex soldier Vespasian is the beginning of a new, healthier trend.• 117 AD: Emperor Trajan dies and hands Hadrian the empire at its greatest

size.275ADEmperor Aurelian builds the walls which are still visible today.• 306-337AD: Emperor Constantine legalises Christianity and splits the Empire into East and

West. Rome is capital of the West. Constantinople remains capital of the East until 15th Century.

• 475 AD: Romulus Augustulus, last emperor is deposed.• 1000 AD: Schism of East and Western Christian churches (Eastern is know as Orthodox,

Western is known as Roman Catholic)

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Rome Traditional FlagRome Traditional Flag

• This flag seems to be traditionally used in the region (middle age?). The flag of the anciant republic was red with SPQR in it. Later, in the Christian era the cross was added.

• SPQR is the acronym of 'Senatus PopulusQue Romae', i.e. 'the Senate and People of Roma'. This was a kind of 'motto' of the Ancient Roman Republic, which was applied on state monuments in Roma

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Timeline of Timeline of Jewish Jewish historyhistory• c. 2000 BC: Abraham, father of the Jewish people, is believed to have come to Palestine from

Mesopotamia. • c. 1225 BC: Moses led the Jews out of slavery in Egypt towards the promised land of Palestine. • 11th century BC: Saul established a Jewish kingdom in Palestine; developed by kings David

and Solomon.• 586 BC: Jews defeated by Babylon and deported; many returned to Palestine in 539 BC.• 333 BC: Alexander the Great of Macedonia conquered the entire region. • 3rd century BC: Control of Palestine contested by Ptolemies of Egypt and Seleucids of Syria. • 142 BC: Jewish independence restored after Maccabeus revolt. • 63 BC: Palestine fell to Roman Empire.• 70 AD: Romans crushed Zealot rebellion and destroyed Jerusalem; start of dispersion of Jews

(diaspora). 614 Persians took Jerusalem from Byzantine Empire. 637 Muslim Arabs conquered Palestine. 1099 First Crusade captured Jerusalem; Christian kingdom lasted a century before falling to sultans of Egypt. 1517 Palestine conquered by the Ottoman Turks. 1897 Theodor Herzl organized the First Zionist Congress at Basel to publicize Jewish claims to Palestine. 1917 The Balfour Declaration: Britain expressed support for the creation of a Jewish National Home in Palestine. 1918 British forces expelled the Turks from Palestine, which became a British League of Nations mandate in 1920. 1929 Severe violence around Jerusalem caused by Arab alarm at doubling of Jewish population in ten years. 1933 Jewish riots in protest at British attempts to restrict Jewish immigration. 1937 The Peel Report, recommending partition, accepted by most Jews but rejected by Arabs; open warfare ensued between 1937 and 1938. 1939 Britain postponed independence plans on account of World War II, and increased military presence. 1946 Resumption of terrorist violence; Jewish extremists blew up British headquarters in Jerusalem.

• 1947 United Nations (UN) voted for partition of Palestine. 1948 Britain withdrew; Independent State of Israel proclaimed with David Ben-Gurion as prime minister;

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Israel’s National AnthemIsrael’s National Anthem • As long as in the heart, within, 

A Jewish soul still yearns,And onward, towards the ends of the east,An eye still gazes toward Zion;

Our hope will not be lost,The hope of two thousand years,To be a free people in our land,The land of Zion and Jerusalem

• Israel's National Flag & Emblem

FlagPhilosophy Emblem

04/13/2304/13/23 2020

• Socrates (469-399) • Plato (427-347) • Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC) • Epicurus (342-271)• Philo Judaeus of Alexandria(20 BCE – 50 CE)

harmonize Greek philosophy and Judaism • Tertullian AD200 Christan writer

Greek philosophy involvements

04/13/2304/13/23 2121Alexander III of Macedon (356–323 BC)

in336BC

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CheraChera Kingdom Kingdom in south of in south of Mauryan DynastyMauryan Dynasty

• Kerala -These were the Ezhimalas to the north, the Cheras in Central Kerala and the Ays in the south.

• Poems like Akananuru, Manimekhalai ,Purananuru and Silappathikaram were composed in this age

• Chera Kingdom - The kingdoms of the Cheras were located to the south of the great Mauryan Dynasty and Keralaputra and Cheraputra were first mentioned in the inscriptions of Ashoka the Great and later from the poems of the Sangam literature we come to know many details. The Chera dynasty was one of the ancient Tamil dynasties who reigned over south India from early times until the fifteenth century.

great Tamil epic- Silappadigaram.

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AshokatheGreat from269BCto232

BC

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Edicts–243/242BC

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The The SangamSangam Age Age - The Sangam - The Sangam Age (1-500 AD) in Age (1-500 AD) in KeralaKerala

• From BC 400 Aryan Brahmins started migrating to Kerala from north India .

• By AD 500 Aryan Brahmanism spread throughout Kerala . • Buddhism and Jainism came to Kerala by BC 300.• Between AD 400 and 600 Buddhism and Jainism exercised

major influence in Kerala. • By AD 700 Hinduism became major religion of Kerala with the

merging of Aryan Brahmanism and native Dravidian civilization.

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Bible gives us the story from Bible gives us the story from creation to Re-creationcreation to Re-creation

2

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നാം��ദൈ�വത്താ�മ്മെ!�നാം��ദൈ�വത്താ�മ്മെ!�വ�ഗ്ദത്താ�ജനാംതവ�ഗ്ദത്താ�ജനാംത..

• “ നാ�ങ്ങളി�വെ� സഹോ��ദാരര�യ ഇസ്രസഹോയല് ജനാഹോത്തി�� യദ്ധം� വെ$യ്യരത്�’’

‘‘Thus says the LORD: "You shall not go up nor fight against your brethren the children of

Israel.” I King 12:24

•“എവെ( ദാ�സനാ�യ ദാ��)ദാ�വെനായ� ഞാ� ന് ത്�രഞ്ഞ

�ത്തി പാട്ടണം� ആയ വെജരസവെ0മു�നായ� ഓര്ത്തി നാ�വെ( പാസ്രത്നാ� ഒര ഹോ4�സ്രത്� നാല്ക്�.’’

I king 11:13

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ഉ(മ്പ(�യു�മ്മെ(ഉ(മ്പ(�യു�മ്മെ(��ക�വല്ക�ര്ക�വല്ക�ര്��വചനാം�വചനാം�പാ�ലൂകര്പാ�ലൂകര്

ഇന്ന്� ഞാ� ന് നാ�നാക്ക്� നാല്ക്ന്ന് ക്ല്പ്പനാ നാ�വെ( ശക്തി�ക്ക്� അത്)ത്ഹോമു� അസ്രപാ�പാ�മു�� ��ധം� ��ദാ<രസ�ത്ഹോമു� അല്ല. �$നാ� നാ�നാക്ക്� സമു)പാസ�ത്മു�ണം�, അത്� നാ�വെ( അധംരത്തി�0� �>ദായത്തി�0� ഉണ്ട്�.

അത്� സ്രപാ��ര്ത്തി�ക്മു�ക്ക്��ന് നാ�നാക്ക്� ക്ഴി�യ�. ഇന്ന്� നാ�വെ( മുമ്പ�ല് ജ)�നാ� മുരണം�� നാന്മയ� ത്�ന്മയ� ���ര�ക്ക്ന്ന്. നാ�വെ( ബൈദാ�മു�യ ക്ര്ത്തി���വെനാ സ�ഹോനാ��ക്ക്ക്യ� അ���വെത്തി മു�ര്ഗ്ഗത്തി�ല് $ര�ക്ക്ക്യ� അ��വെ�വെത്തി ക്ല്പനാക്ളി�� $ട്ടങ്ങളി�� പാ�0�ക്ക്ക്യ�വെ$യ�ത്�ല് നാ) ജ)��ക്ക്�, നാ) ബൈക്�ശമു�ക്ക്�ന് ഹോപാ�ക്ന്ന് ഹോദാശത്തി� നാ�വെ( ബൈദാ�മു�യ ക്ര്ത്തി�� നാ�വെന്ന് അനാസ്ര4���� �ര്ദ്ധം�പ്പ�ക്ക്�.

നാം�യുമാ�വര്ത്താനാം31:11-16

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3

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യു�ക്കോ$���മ്മെ!�സന്തത�യു�ക്കോ$���മ്മെ!�സന്തത�, , യു'�യു�മ്മെ(�ക്കോ��ബ്രാതയു'�യു�മ്മെ(�ക്കോ��ബ്രാത

An unveiled tabernacle of a new Kna Jewish 'palli' or Temple with 12 candlesticks in the background for the 12 tribes of ancient Israel.

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യു�ക്കോ$���മ്മെ!�സന്തത�യു�ക്കോ$���മ്മെ!�സന്തത�, , യു'�യു�മ്മെ(�ക്കോ��ബ്രാതയു'�യു�മ്മെ(�ക്കോ��ബ്രാത

• Saul was the first king of Israel, then David, then Solomon. Each of the first 3 kings reigned for 40 years and finally King Solomon died.

• After Solomon the fame and fortunes of Israel went downhill. The nation rebelled against God and his laws. God might have destroyed Israel, had He not promised to Abraham a redeemer and He still planned to use the house of David for salvation.

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Israel undivided South & NorthIsrael undivided South & North

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മ്മെത$�B��$�ര്മ്മെത$�B��$�ര്

Ten tribes in the north formed the northern kingdom of "Israel"

The northern kingdom of Israel lasted just over 200 years and was conquered by Assyria around 722 B.C.

• Two tribes (Judah and Benjamin) formed the southern kingdom of "Judah.’’

• The southern kingdom of Judah lasted just over 300 years and was conquered by Babylon around 586 B.C. 

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• The Southern Kingdom consisted of 2 tribes (Judah and Benjamin). The kingdom extended in the north as far as Bethel, while in the south it ended in the dry area known as the Negev. Its eastern and western boundaries were the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea. Jerusalem was its capital and it lasted from about 922-586 B.C.

 • Judah was left suddenly independent when Rehoboam flatly

refused to lighten the heavy load of forced labor and high taxation imposed on the Israelites by his father Solomon (1 Kin. 12:1-24). Upon Rehoboam's refusal, the ten tribes living north of Bethel promptly declared their independence.

മ്മെത$�B��$�ര്

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Babylonia EmpireBabylonia Empire

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നാം�നാം���അ���ഇ����മ്മെത$�B��$�ര്അ���ഇ����മ്മെത$�B��$�ര്

In the caste-ridden social system of India, those Jewish Christian immigrants from Southern Mesopotamia and their descendants comfortably remained an endogamous community.

Residing on the southern portion of Cranganore

(വെക്��ങ്ങല്ലEര� ) they came to be known as the Southists (മ്മെത$�B��$�ര്) in distinction from Northists, who were descendants of the native Indians converted by Apostle St Thoma’3 and were living in the northern portion of the town.

The Southists remained an autonomous unit also ecclesiastically with their own churches and priests distinct from those of the Northists.

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4

Mathew1:1-17

Luke3:23-38

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��വ)��മ്മെ!�മാ$ള്���വ)��മ്മെ!�മാ$ള്�,, ക്കോയുശു�വ�മ്മെ!�സ,ന്തക്കോയുശു�വ�മ്മെ!�സ,ന്ത..

The same Jewish blood• സ്രപാ��$ക്നാ� പാഹോര���ത്നാ� നാ�യമുനാ�ജ്ജ്�നാ� ആയ എസ്രസ�

നാ�യമു സ്ര4ന്ഥം� ��യ��� ��ശ)യ പാ�രമ്പര�� നാ�0നാ�ര്ത്തി�നാ� മുത്നാ�)ക്രണംത്തി�നാ� ത്�ക്ക്� ക്റി���.

• Knanaya (Heb:קנאים, Malayalam: ക�നാം�നാം�യു, Ar:قينان), literally meaning "Knai people", are an endogamous Jewish people

The term known as Kanai or Q'nai, (קנאי singular form of Kanahim/קנאים) means "Jealous ones for God". (Zealots).

• “ യദാഹോ4�സ്രത്ത്തി�ല് നാ�ന്ന്� മു�റി� യ യ�<ദാര് �)ണ്ട്� ത്ങ്ങളി�വെ� ബൈദാ��മു�യള്ള ഉ�മ്പ�� ��ശശദ്ധം�യ�ല് നാ��ക്ര��� വെക്�ണ്ട്�-അനാ�ഭാ�ര�മു�വെരയ� ക്ട്ട�ക്വെളിയ� ഉഹോപാഷി��� - പാ�പാ പാര���ര�0� അര്പ്പ���’’.

എസ്രസ� 9 :10 -15 • ����ഹോ0�ണ് സ്രപാ��സത്തി�നാ ഹോശഷി� (BC 538-515) വെജറിസഹോ0�

ബൈദാ��0യ� പാനാസ്ഥാ�പാ���.

4

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EndogamousEndogamousസ,വശുവ�വ�ഹ�നാം�ഷ�ട്ടിസ,വശുവ�വ�ഹ�നാം�ഷ�ട്ടിEzra/Nehamiya prophetsEzra/Nehamiya prophets

Ezra/Nehamiya Reformation on community•

"Numerous Israelites heroes and kings married foreign women: for example, Judah married a Canaanite, Joseph an Egyptian, Moses a Midianite and an Ethiopian, David a Philistine, and Solomon women of every description. By her marriage with an Israelite man a foreign women joined the clan, people, and religion of her husband. It never occurred to anyone

in pre-exilic times to argue that such marriages were null and void, that foreign women must convert" to Judaism, or that the off-spring of the marriage were not Israelite if the women did not convert’’.

Prof. Shaye Cohen of Brown University•

“Do not intermarry with them. Do not give your daughters to their sons or take their daughters for your sons, for they will turn your sons away from following me to serve other gods, and the Lord's anger will burn against you and will quickly destroy you’’.

(Deut. 7:3-4)

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EndogamousEndogamous ii iiKnanaya community is an endogamous community following Judeo-

Christian traditions. Endogamy is the practice of marrying within a social group. Knananites practice endogamy very strictly as an inherent part of their moral values, traditions and religious beliefs. They are faithful to their original spirit.

Their folk songs, dance, endogamy, various customs at occasions

constitute Knanaya culture. Knanaya culture and traditions have been preserved and practiced up from generation to generation. They strictly adherence to Ten Commandments, seven sacraments, endogamy, harmony

and devote life.  By definition, endogamy is the practice of marriage

within a particular group, caste, class, or tribe in accordance with set custom or law".

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സ,വശുവ�വ�ഹ�നാം�ഷ�ട്ടിസ,വശുവ�വ�ഹ�നാം�ഷ�ട്ടിപാ�ത�$ന്മാ�ര്�സസ�രാ�$���പാ�ത�$ന്മാ�ര്�സസ�രാ�$���

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-ആര്ച്ച����ഷപാ��ക�രാ4�ക്കോ$�സ��ക്കോമാ�ര്�ക്കോസക്കോവറി�ക്കോയു�സ�.

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പാ�ത�$ന്മാ�ര്�സസ�രാ�$���പാ�ത�$ന്മാ�ര്�സസ�രാ�$���

“Knanaya Samudayam Lokathile Ettamathe Atbhutham.”

ക്�നാ�നാ�യ സമുദാ�യ� ഹോ0�ക്ത്തി�വെ0 എട്ട�മുവെത്തി അത്ഭുത്�

cardinalMarVarkey Vithayathil

“ക്�നാ�ഹോത്�മ്മ ത്)ര്�യ�യ� വെമുസ്രത്�നാ�യ�രന്ന്. ഹോറി�മുന് മു�ര�ട്ട�ഹോര�0ജയ�ല് മുധം�സ്ഥാ സ്രപാ�ര്ത്ഥനായള്ള ��ശദാനാ�’’

ArchBP.MichelLSalalaski

“ക്�നാ�ഹോത്�മ്മ ക്�നാ�നാ�യ സമുദാ�യത്തി�വെ( ആസ്ര�ത്�ക്ക്ള്ള�ല് ഒത്�ക്ക്�നാ�ര്ഹോത്തിണ്ട് ആളില്ല. ഹോക്രളി സ്രക്യ�സ�ത്� സഭായവെ� വെപാ�ത് ബൈപാത്>ക്മു�ണം�. അഹോദാ�മു�ല്ലയ�രന്ന്�ല്ലങ്കി�ല് ഹോക്രളിത്തി�വെ0 സ്രക്�യ�സ�ത്�സഭായവെ� $ര�സ്രത്� മുവെR�ന്ന്� ആക്മു�യ�രന്ന്’’

ArchBp.Dr.JosephKelanthara

“നാR�ണ്ട്ക്ള് എല്ല� ��ശദ്ധം ക്ര്�നാക്�ളി�0� ഡീ)ക്ക്ന് ഹോപാര� പാറിഞ്ഞ മു�ധം�സ്ഥാ� അഹോപാഷി���രന്ന് ��ശദ്ധംന് -AD 1604 �വെര''�

BishopFrancisRoseSJ

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• Genealogical DNA testing can trace your Pater-nal ancestors (father's father's father's ... father) by testing the Y chromosome and your matrilineal ancestors (mother's mother's mother's ... mother) by testing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The Y chromosome is passed from father to son, so only men can be tested for it. mtDNA is passed from a mother to all her children, so both men and women can be tested for it. However, men do not pass their mtDNA down to their children, so the only continuous path for mtDNA is through the direct maternal line.

• Pater-nal line (Y-DNA) Maternal line (mtDNA)Men only. Father's father's father's ... father Have 12, 25, 37 or 67 markers tested on your Y chromosome, as well as learn about your ancient origins. Both men and women.

•Mother's mother's mother's ... mother Have 1 or 2 regions of your mtDNA tested, or have your entire mtDNA tested, as well as learn about your ancient origins.

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Y-Chromosome DNAY-Chromosome DNAThe Y chromosome is transmitted from father to son. Testing the Y The Y chromosome is transmitted from father to son. Testing the Y

chromosome provides information about the direct male line, meaning chromosome provides information about the direct male line, meaning the father to his father and so onthe father to his father and so on

• DNA is the carrier of our genetic information, and is passed down from generation to generation. All of the cells in our bodies, except red blood cells, contain a copy of our DNA.

• At conception, a person receives DNA from both the father and mother. We each have 23 pairs of chromosomes. Of each pair, one was received from the father and one was received from the mother. These 23 pairs of chromosomes are known as nuclear DNA because, with the exception of red blood cells, they reside in the nucleus of every cell in our body.

• The 23rd chromosome is known as the sex chromosome. As with the other chromosomes, one is inherited from the father, and one from the mother. The 23rd chromosome from the mother is always an X. From the father, a person either inherits an X chromosome or a Y chromosome. The chromosome inherited from the father determines their gender. An X from the father would result in an XX combination, which is a female. A Y from the father would result in an XY combination, which is a male.

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Pater n lineal Ancestors (Y DNA)(23)

Father's+23unknown

Father's+23,,Father‘s+23,,………….

Father+23,,

David--------------------Heli+(known)Joseph+Mary

Jesus

MatrilinealAncestors(MtDNA23)

Mother’s+23unknown

Mother’s+23,,

Mother’s+23,,

…………..

Mother+23,,

David

------------------------

ann+joachim

Mary+joseph

Jesus

EndogamiesAncestors(46DNA)

David

………..Father+Mother

Father+Mother

……………………..

(zealots)/Ezra

Knanaya

Father+Mother

Joseph+Mary

Jesus

……………

KnanayaChristian

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We also inherit our mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA, from our mother, and We also inherit our mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA, from our mother, and none from our father. Mitochondrial DNA is located outside the nucleus of none from our father. Mitochondrial DNA is located outside the nucleus of

the cell.the cell.

• DNA sequence.

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5

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Saint Simon the Zealot Saint Simon the Zealot Saint Simon the Zealot Saint Simon the Zealot

SimontheZealot

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Knanaya Knanaya ക്�നാ�നാ�യക്�നാ�നാ�യ മാ'���മാ'���സഹബ്രാസ���ധങ്ങള്�ഉ(മ്പ(�യു�മ്മെ(�സഹബ്രാസ���ധങ്ങള്�ഉ(മ്പ(�യു�മ്മെ(�ക�വല്$�രാ�ക�വല്$�രാ�,, നാം�യുമാജ്ഞര്�നാം�യുമാജ്ഞര്�

"Ḳanna'im" (Zealots)"Ḳanna'im" (Zealots)

Knanaya (Heb:קנאים, Malayalam: ക�നാം�നാം�യു, Ar:قينان), literally meaning "Knai people", are an endogamous Jewish people

• The term known as Kanai or Q'nai, (קנאי singular form of Kanahim/קנאים) means "Jealous ones for God". (Zealots).

“ അ0�മു���ല് ദാര�സ്രദാര് ഭാ�4���ന്മ�ര് ബൈദാ�ര�ജ�� അ�രവെ�ത്�ണം�”

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Seen by many terrorists

Not like Jesus because he was peaceful and forgiving sinners

They hated and wanted to fight with the Romans

Waiting for Messiah to kill the Romans

Zealots

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• SimeonOne of the twelve apostles, called the Canaanite (Matt. 10:4; Mark 3:18). This word "Canaanite"

does not mean a native of Canaan, but is derived from the Syriac word Kanean or Kaneniah, which was the name of a Jewish sect. The Revised Version has "Cananaean;" marg., "or Zealot" He is also called "Zelotes" (Luke 6:15; Acts 1:13; R.V., "the Zealot"), because previous to his call to the apostleship he had been a member of the fanatical sect of the Zealots

• CanaaniteA name given to the apostle Simon (Matt. 10:4; Mark 3:18). The word here does not, however,

mean a descendant of Canaan, but is a translation, or rather almost a transliteration, of the Syriac word Kanenyeh (R.V. rendered "Cananaen"), which designates the Jewish sect of the Zealots. Hence he is called elsewhere (Luke 6:15) "Simon Zelotes;" i.e., Simon of the sect of the Zealots. (See SIMON T0003439.)�

• Zealots A sect of Jews which originated with Judas the Gaulonite (Acts 5:37). They refused to pay tribute to

the Romans, on the ground that this was a violation of the principle that God was the only king of Israel. They rebelled against the Romans, but were soon scattered, and became a lawless band of mere brigands. They were afterwards called Sicarii, from their use of the sica, i.e., the Roman dagger.

“അത്മാ�വ�ല്�ദാര�സ്രദാര് ഭാ�4���ന്മ�ര് ബൈദാ�ര�ജ�� അ�രവെ�ത്�ണം�”

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The Sadducees

Claimed to be descended from Zadok (2 Sam, 15:24) a famous priest.

They disagreed with Jesus when he cleansed the temple and spoke about resurrection as they did not believe in life after death. They believed in the Jewish law and disliked anyone who broke the laws.

The Pharisees

Kept the laws of Moses but also changed them to suit their own ideas. They did not have a personal relationship with God and as long as they kept the laws they were happy. They would not have liked Jesus because he mixed with tax collectors and healed people on the Sabbath and he forgive people their sins which the Pharisees thought as blasphemy. Jesus thought they were hypocrites

Scribes

Theses were also Pharisees ands used to interrupt the law, so Jesus would call them hypocrites as they often accused him so so being.

Zealots

These people wanted the son of God (messiah) to kill the Romans and to become the king of the Jews. They did not like Jesus because he spoke about peace and forgiveness.

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Diaspora (outside Israel) Diaspora (outside Israel) Jewish Jewish diasporadiaspora

• The Jewish diaspora <di-ASP-ora> is the English term used to describe the Galut or 'exile' that encompassed several forced expulsions of Israelites from what is ,גלותnow the states of Israel, Jordan and parts of Lebanon. The modern Hebrew term of Tefutzot תפוצות, "scattered", was introduced by the American academic Simon Rawidowicz in the 1930s[1] who to some degree argued for the acceptance of the Jewish presence outside of the Land of Israel as a modern reality and an inevitability.

• The diaspora is commonly accepted to have begun with the 8th–6th century BC conquests of the ancient kingdoms of Israel and Judah, destruction of the First Temple (c.586 BC), and expulsion of the population, and is also associated with the destruction of the Second Temple and aftermath of the Bar Kokhba revolt during the Roman occupation of Judea in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE.

• A number of Middle Eastern Jewish communities were established then as a result of tolerant policies and remained notable centres of Torah life and Judaism for centuries to come. The defeat of the Great Jewish Revolt in the year 70 AD and of Bar Kokhba's revolt against the Roman Empire in 135 AD notably contributed to the diaspora as many Jews were scattered after losing control over Judea or were sold into slavery throughout the empire.

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DIASPORADIASPORA• ORIGINAL MEANING OF DIASPORA

All Jewish communities outside Israel. Diaspora (Greek: "dispersion") also carries historical and religious connotations, since Jews have a special relationship to Israel. Most Orthodox Jews hope for the return of Jews to Israel. Reform Judaism holds that dispersal of the Jews was intended by God to foster monotheism; however, support for a national Jewish state was notably greater after the Holocaust. The first Diaspora was the Babylonian Exile of 586 BC. The largest Diaspora flourished in Alexandria, where, in the 1st cent. BC, Jews represented 40% of the population. Diaspora Jews far outnumbered Jews in Palestine even before Jerusalem was destroyed in AD 70. Today, of the estimated 14 million Jews worldwide, some 4 million live in Israel, 4.5 million in the U.S., and 2.2 million in Russia and other republics of the former Soviet Union.

The Britannica concise

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BabyloniaBabylonia

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6

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• First Jewish-Roman War (66–73) — also called the First Jewish Revolt or the Great Jewish Revolt.

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FirstJewish-RomanWar(66–73)–Nero’speriod

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"Ḳanna'im" (Zealots)Starts from BC186 and reached in AD 345.

72 elders for keeping law = 72 families 7 Sacraments = 7Priestly Persons =7 tribes3 flagged Ships = Israel Flag,( King David’s) Roman Flag, Edessa flag.“ I have been very zealous for the LORD God Almighty. The Israelites have

rejected your covenant, broken down your altars, and put your prophets to death with the sword. I am the only one left, and now they are trying to kill me too’’ -(prophet Elijah)

1king 19:10

Simrey and Midian women are killed by Aaron grandson Phinahas (zealots to keep pure blood with faith like Phinahas)

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*10 ക്ല്പ്പനാക്ളി��, *7 ക്<ദാ�ശക്ളി�� , *��ശശദ്ധം�യ� ക്�ത്തി�സ<ക്ഷി��� ക്�നാ�നാ�യക്ക്�ര് ക്കോലൂ�കമ്മെമാമ്പ�(�

സ്രക്�സ�ത്��നാ സ�ക്ഷി�ക്ള് ആക്ന്ന് *

“പാര�ശദ്ധം�ത്മാ��� നാ�ങ്ങളി�വെ�ഹോമുല് �ന്ന്ക്ഴി�യഹോമ്പ�ള് നാ�ങ്ങള് ശക്തി� സ്രപാ�പാ�ക്ക്�. വെജറിസഹോ0മു�0� യ<ദാ�യ മുഴി�നാ�0� സമുര�യ�യ�0� ഭാ<മു�യവെ� അത്�ര്ത്തി�ക്ള് �വെരയ� നാ�ങ്ങള് എനാ�ക്ക്� സ�ക്ഷി�ക്ള് ആയ�ര�ക്ക്ക്യ� വെ$യ്യ��”. (Act 1:8)

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Before the synod of Udayamperoor in 1599, the Knanites had five churches of their own:

Udayamperoor, Kaduthuruthy, Kottayam, Chunkom and Kallissery.

In some other churches they had one half the share along with other Syrians (Northists). So Knanites were called Ancharapallikkar (owners of five and half churches).

മ്മെത$�B��$�ര്മ്മെത$�B��$�ര്AncharapallikkarAncharapallikkar

അഞ്ചരപ്പള്ള�ക്ക്�ര്അഞ്ചരപ്പള്ള�ക്ക്�ര്!!

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He then makes it clear that the Jews who will receive the blessings are a great remnant that will be saved in the end times (Romans9:27).

7

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ക്�നാ�നാ�യക്�നാ�നാ�യ populationpopulation• They descend from 72 priestly families descended from the same

desposyni that Thomas Jude belonged to. The number 72 has a significance for the 72 nations of the world and each of the 72 families have their own unique family rule.

• Knanaya Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Christians (31-08-1910) : 100,000

• Knanaya Syrian Malabar Catholic Christians: 140,000

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Knanaya MalankaraKnanaya Malankara

• The Knanaya Malankara community is an example of their power of adaptability. They are endogamous Knanites following the Catholic faith but practicing (as1/2 church) the Anthiochian rite, who were joined in the Kottayam Diocese in 1924 from the Jacobite counterpart.

• It is a midway between the Catholics and the Jacobites.

Thus Knanites are Indianized and Christianized Jewish people.

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ഉണംരക് ! ഉണംര്ത്തിക് !!!

നാ�� അ��മുക്ളില്ല- ഉ�മുക്വെളിന്ന്� ത്�ര��റി�യക്!

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Any Questions?

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പാ�രാമ്പരാ4�അനാം�സരാ�ച്ച�വള്ര്ച്ച�പാ�രാമ്പരാ4�അനാം�സരാ�ച്ച�വള്ര്ച്ച�ക�നാം�നാം�യു�സമാ���യു�ക�നാം�നാം�യു�സമാ���യു�ദൈകവരാ�ക്കോച്ച��ദൈകവരാ�ക്കോച്ച��??

• �$നാ�ധം�ഷി���ത് ജ)��ത്� ഉഹോപാക്ഷി���.

• വെജരസ0� യ�സ്രത് – ഈഹോശ� ക്വെ�യ�ണ്ട്� (1day) = ഈഹോശ� ക്വെ�ഇല്ല ( 2 day) ( Missing Jesus in the way from Jerusalem to Nazareth)

• ഈഹോശ�യവെ� ക്<വെ� പാ0�യനാ� വെ$യ�ത്�ല് യ�സ്രത് എളി�പ്പ�.(Bethlehem to Egypt with Mary, Joseph and Jesus. (may be 40 days?) പാറിപ്പ�� യ�സ്രത് 40 �ര�ഷി� - 250 miles ( 400km) – with Moses but disobedient (Slavery in Egypt 430 years)•

�>സYക്�0 പാ�രമ്പര��മുള്ള സമു<�ങ്ങള് ആ0�മു�യത്യ�0� വെഭാZത്�ക്ത്യ�0� ��ശദാ�ത്�യ�0� �ളിര്ന്ന്�ര�ക്ക്ന്ന്.

(മു�ര�മുണ് convention, Obama)

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ക�(���Bബ്രാ�തയു�ല്ക�(���Bബ്രാ�തയു�ല്??

• “ നാ�വെ( പാസ്രത്ന്മ�വെര അ��ക്ക്ത്തി�ല് �ളിര്ത്തിക്.

• വെ$റിപ്പ� മുത്ഹോ0 അനാസരണം� ശ)0�പ്പ�ക്ക്ക്.

• നാ�വെ( പാസ്രത്�മു�ര് $�ര�സ്രത്�ത്�ക്ള് ആയ�ര�ക്ക്��ന് വെസ്രശദ്ധം പാത്�ക്ക്ക്.

• അത്�0�ളിനാമുരത്� ” (Sirach 7:27)Henry8(1509-1547)-wifeNapoleon(1769-1821)-wifeJosephine

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Why kananaite are not Leaders Why kananaite are not Leaders or genius or Princes ?!!!or genius or Princes ?!!!

JEWISH NOBEL PRIZE WINNERSJEWISH NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS

NOBEL PRIZE for the Jewish (world and US) are (38%) and (50%)

• Other Nobels: The Kyoto Prize (25%)The Wolf Foundation Prize (34%)The US National Medal of Science (38%)

(Jews 0.25% of the world's population and 2% of the US population)

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Is Social Drinking Is Social Drinking Acceptable?Acceptable?

• Directly not harm to any one!?...• Indirectly promote to habitual drinkers!?...• Spoil the new generation!?...• How it become a mortal sin!?...• “Drunkard never enter the kingdom of God.”• “Those who influence the weaker to do sin, go

and die himself by sink in water.”

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Everything in spirit?!!Everything in spirit?!!Father, mother, spirit = spiritual Father heavenly =God

Brother, sister, spirit = spiritual sister in world = nurse

Man, woman, spirit = spirit of present (Money & sex) = I am (employee )=

Jesus പാത്�)ഞ്ഞ = Holy Spirit ഉണംരക് !!! നാ�� അ��മുക്ളില്ല ഉ�മുക്വെളിന്ന്� ത്�ര��റി�യക് മു��പാ�ള്ള (മു�പ്പ�ളി), ര�ജമു�ക്ക്ള് (sons of king David ) ക്�നാ�നാ�യക്ക്�രന് ഇന്ന്� വെത്�ഴി�0�ളി� മു�സ്രത്� ?... John the Baptist പാഴിമുയവെ� ശക്തി�(�)ഞ്ഞ�)= Spirit We are Not at all Money making machine (press)!?

We health workers ..God’s own servants &–evangelists all over the world

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Alcoholism/Alcoholism/peer pressure?peer pressure?

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ബ്രാപാ�ര്ത്ഥനാംയു��ക�രാ�ണ്4വ�ബ്രാപാ�ര്ത്ഥനാംയു��ക�രാ�ണ്4വ�??

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St vincent de paul St vincent de paul societysociety

• The Knanites are known for their hospitality Together with the power of adaptability, they had the practice of sharing. They shared among themselves, to the other Christians and to all other people. They have shared their faith, their liturgy and everything .St vincent de paul society is the best example of Charity.

(Kunnacherry, Aug 1999, 3).

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‘Almighty God, who called your servant Vincent de Paul to serve you in the person of those in need: Help us, we may fulfil your commandments by defending and supporting the poor, Christ our Lord, who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit, one God. For ever and ever.’ Amen.

1581 - 1660

St. Vincent De Paul Society

Kottayam CC•എവെ( പാ�ത്���നാ�ല് അനാസ്ര4��ക്ക്വെപ്പട്ട�വെര �ര��നാ� .

• ഹോ0�ക്സ്ഥാ�പാനാ� മുത്ല് സജ്ജ്മു�ക്ക്വെപ്പട്ട�ര�ക്ക്ന്ന് ര�ജ�� അ�ക്�ശവെപ്പ�ത്തി��നാ� .

• എന്താ�ന്ന്�ല് എനാ�ക്ക്� ��ശന്ന് നാ�ങ്ങള് ഭാക്ഷി�ക്ക്�ന് ത്ന്ന്. എനാ�ക്ക്� ദാ�����, ഞാ� ന് പാരഹോദാശ� ആയ�രന്ന്, ഞാ� ന് നാഖ്�നാനാ�യ�രന്ന്, ഞാ� ന് ഹോര�4� ആയ�രന്ന്, ഞാ� ന് ക്�രസ്ര4�ത്തി�0�യ�രന്ന്,

നാ�ങ്ങള് എവെന്ന് ശ�സ്രശഷി���.

( Matthew 25, 34:35)

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Bരാണ്കരാ�ത്താ$ന്മാ�ര്$��Bരാണ്കരാ�ത്താ$ന്മാ�ര്$��സ്രപാ�ര്സ്രപാ�ര്ത്ഥനാത്ഥനാ ..?..?

  • പാ�ത്���യ ബൈദാ�ഹോമു, ക്ര്ത്തി���യ

ഹോയശ��വെ( ത്�രരക്തി�വെക്�ണ്ട്� അഹോനാക്�യ�ര� ശ�സ്രശ<ഷിക്വെര ക്ഴിക്ണംഹോമു. വെപാ�ത്�യണംഹോമു. പാര�ശദ്ധം�ത്മാ���വെക്�ണ്ട്� നാ�റിയക്ക്ണംഹോമു. അ�വെര ബൈദാ�മുക്ക്ളി�� ഹോയശ��വെ( ഹോസ്രപാഷി�ത്ര� ആക്ക്ണംഹോമു. ഇ�ര�ല്നാ�ന്ന്� ശ�സ്രശ<ഷിക്വെര നാല്ക്� ഞാങ്ങവെളി ശക്തി�ക്ര�ക്ക്ണംഹോമു.

• ഹോയശഹോ� നാന്ദി�, ഹോയശഹോ� ഹോസ�സ�സ്രത്�

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“A STUDY ON KNANAYA CATHOLIC COMMUNITY”!

Fr. Abraham Mukalel

KNOW OUR ORIGINS, LOVE OUR COMMUNITY, KEEP UP OUR FAITH, AND SERVE ALL PEOPLE.

1:3: TRADITION

1:3.1: ANCIENT SONGS

1.3.2: ORAL TRADITION

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January08,2006KCMWeekendBulletinPage4Vol.1,Issue15

KNOWOURORIGINS,LOVEOURCOMMUNITY,KEEPUPOURFAITH,ANDSERVEALLPEOPLE.ASTUDYONKNANAYACATHOLICCOMMUNITYByFr.AbrahamMukalel1:3:TRADITIONTheIndiansusuallytransmittedtheirhistorythroughoraltradition.Theydidintheformsoflegendsorinpoeticformsandlivedthroughsocialcustoms.Inthisregard,theKnanaitesareblessedabundantly.Theyhaveamuchlengthyandstrongtraditionabouttheirhistoryandexistence.1:3.1:ANCIENTSONGSOneofthemainsourcesofhistoryisthetraditionsoftheCommunityhandeddownbywordofmouthfromgenerationtogenerationandlivedthroughsocialcustomsandancientsongssungatweddingsandothercelebrations.ThesesongsareveryancientsincetheearlyEuropeanssuchasAmdorCorreiaSJ,DionisioSJ,andGouveatestifytothis.Wemaybeabletodistinguishthesesongsatleastintofivecategories,namely,Penpattukal(songsofthefemales),Anpattukal(SongsoftheMales),Pallippattukal(SongsabouttheChurches),Vattakkalippattukal(Songsofcirculardances)andVanchippattukal(Songsofboatrides),Margamkalippattukal(SongsofMargamkali)andPananppattukal(SongsungbyPanan)alsoareincludedinit.CertainancientsongsareveryimportantMalankara,InnuNeeNjangle,sincetheycontainhistoricalreferences.

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Existance of Knanayits survey? Existance of Knanayits survey? (Abraham mukalel)(Abraham mukalel)

• should the Knanaya Community exist? yes (97.5%) “Why it should exist?’ Due to the cultural aspect (70%) Due to the unity (25%) • separate existence in the church? yes (61%)existence in the church as it is a closed group ? No/doubtful

(39%)• stood for endogamy(55%) strongly opposing (35%)

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Who is our Enemy?...

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ReferencesReferences

• BIBLIOGRAPHY• SOURCE WORKS• Kollapparambil, Jacob. The Babylonian origin of the Southists among St. Thomas Christians

Rome: Pontifical Intitutum Studiorum Orientalium, 1992.• Tharayil, Jose, Unpublished Note (Type-written). 1998.• Vellian, Jacob and S. Kurian Vembeni. Thanimayil Pularunna Oru Janatha, Kottayam: Jyothi

Book House, 1991.• Vellian, Jacob (ed.). Symposium on Knanites. Kottayam: Jyothi Book House, 1986.• BOOKS• Adappur, A. Mathavum Samoohavum, Ernakulam: St. Paul Publishers, 1992.• Balakrishnan, V. History of the Syrian Christians of Kerala. Trissur: Kerala Publishers, 1999.• Bernard Thoma. Marthoma Christyanikal, Kottayam: Pellissery publishers, 1992.• Chazhikattu, Joseph. The Syrian Colonisation of Malabar, Kottayam: Catholic Mission Press,

1961.• Guanaco, Gabriel Gonsum, “Message of the SECAM Bishops to the Churches of the Great

Lakes Region and the Rest of Africa and Madagascar.” African Christian Studies 13, June 1997, 63-73.

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• Choondal, Chummar, Knanaya Kristyanikalute Samudayika Prasnangal, Kottayam: Jyothi Book House, 1985.

• Edamaruk, T.C. Joseph. Keralathile Kraisthava Devalayangal, Kottayam: Manorama Publishing House, 1961.

• Vellian, Jacob and Chummar Choondal, Margamkali Attaprakaram. Kottayam: Hadusa, 1995.

• Vellian, Jacob and S.K. Vebeni. Kalyanathinte Kalchilamboli. Kottayam: Jyothi Book House, 1996.

• ARTICLES• Cherukara, Thomas, “Knanaya Samskaram.” Apnades 13 (July 1998): 10.• Chettiyath, Alex. “Kottayam Roopatha Sthapanam, Charithra Sathyangal.” Apnades

16 (August 1997): 1.• Choondal, Chummar, “Margamkali.” Symposium on Knanites, 29 August 1986, 1-12.• “Church and Racism.” Concilium, January 1982, 81.• Clemese, Abraham Mar, “Nammal Our Sabhayile Amgangalakum.” Apnades 16

(August 1998): 10.• Central committee: Report of the Moderator. “The Question of Ethnicity Today.” The

Ecumenical Review. January 1997, 96-106.• Fuller, C.J. “Kerala Christians and the Caste System.” Social Stratification, Delhi:

Oxford University Press. 1998.

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• John Paul II, “Church is Missionary by her Nature.” L. Osservatore Romano, 26 April 1995, 10-13.

• Jessay, P.M. “The Wedding Songs of the Cochin Jews and of the Knanite Christians of Kerala: A Study in Comparison.” Symposium on Knanites, 29 August 1986, 1-8.

• Kachiramattam, John. “Almayare Aadaricha Knanaya Samudayam. “ Apnades 12 (June 1999): 1.

• Karunan, Vistor. “Indian Theological Association Discusses Three Rites.” ?Examiner, May 1993, 9,10.

• Kollaparambil, Jacob, “Historical Sources on Kanites.” Symposium on Knanites, 29 august 1986, I-XXI.

• Koodapuzha, Xavier, “Catholic Church: Unity in Diversity: Raison Detre for Knanite Community and Diocese. Symposium on Knanites, 29 August 1986, 1-4.

• Kunnassery, Mar Kuriakose, “Pravrithikalil Prathiphalickunna Knanaya Samskaram.” Apnades 15 (August 1999): I

• Melandassery, Mathew. “Knanaya Kudiyettam: Kodungallur Muthal Muttam Vare.” Golden Jubilee Souvenir, Muttam Church, 1997, 27-30.

• Mundadan, A.M. “What the Leadership of Thomas Cana (and the People who possibly Came with him) Gave to the Early Christian Community in India.” Symposium on Knanities, 29 August 1986, I-VII.

• Plakkoottathil, Johnson, “Knanaya Samudayavum Acharangalum.” Golden Jubilee Souvenir, Muttam church, 1997, 117-124.

• Pullappally, P.M. John, “Kerala Sabhayil Thanathaya Vyaktitvam Pularthunna Kottayam Roopatha.” Apnades 5 (April 1997): 7

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Wishing you all Peace, Love, and Happiness

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