Klein Winnicott

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Alexandru Trifan 25

OBIECTUL PRINCEPS CA BIG BANG

Doctrina promovat de Melanie Klein este maiaproape de polul constituionalist, orientat instinc-tual; la cel opus se afl abordarea determinrilor psiho-sociale ale conflictelor intrapsihice n timp de psihana-liza Eului promovat de Anna Freud ocup o poziieintermediar.

Contribuia esenial a Melaniei Klein, acceptndexistena celor dou instincte, de via i moarte, punemai nti accentul pe cel de-al doilea ca expresie a uneiagresiviti nscute. Prima sa manifestare este sadis-mul oral care constituie sursa primordiat a anxietiidifuze. Proiectarea n afar sub forma angoaselorpersecutorii se face asupra obiectului princeps, adicasupra snului mamei. Pentru adepii psihanalizeikleiniene att Tanatos ct i Eros exist sub formaunor fantasme incontiente nc de la nceputul vieiica precursoare ale urii i iubirii, facilitnd capacitateaformrii de simboluri. Invidia provine din frica re-tragerii voluntare a snului oferit care ncepe astfel sfie urt i s fie inta agresivitii i distrugerii. Invidiad natere i ntrete lcomia. Gelozia reprezint unafect aprut mai trziu odat cu instalarea perioadeiedipiene a relaiilor triunghiulare.

Melanie Klein postuleaz existena unui Eufuncional nc de la natere i fantasma persecuto-rie se refer la anihilarea acestuia. Toate senzaiileobinerii unui principiu al plcerii purificat n inte-riorul Eului sunt expulzate i proiectate asupra obiec-telor persecutorii.

MELANIE KLEIN I DONALD WINNICOTT

Alexandru Trifan1

REZUMAT

Trecnd n revist contribuiile concepiilor psihanalitice ale Melaniei Klein i ale lui Donald Winnicott, autorul insist asupravectorilor psihodinamici care acioneaz la copilul mic, dar ptrund i direcioneaz modurile de comportament ntlnite laaduli.Cuvinte cheie:obiect princeps, poziii fundamentale, geneza Supraeului, sentimentul de vinovie, obiecte tranziionale.

1 medic specialist Neurologie i Psihiatrie infantilRedactor principal la publicaia Viaa medical.

Adres de coresponden:str. Frosa Sarandi nr. 11, sector I, Bucuretie-mail: vmr@[email protected]

Instinctul de via, Erosul sau libidoul este obi-ectualizat primar prin snul bun. Tot ce se asociazcu el este investit cu libido i introjectat ca obiectebune infuzate cu plcere formnd zestrea ncrederii,

dorinei de a explora realitatea, de a nva i de a ti.Emoia predominent legat de Eros este recunotina,ca expresie a libidoului dirijat spre obiecte bune.Gratitudinea scade lcomia n contrast cu invidia pecare o crete, fiind la originea generozitii auten-tice, diferit de generozitatea reactiv, o defens m-potriva invidiei care eventual poate sfri n senzaiade furt afectiv. Vinovia, ca emoie predominant nstadiul ulterior, ntrete recunotina dar nu se aflla originea ei. Concepnd un Eu primar cu o parte

scufundat n incontient Melanie Klein i descriepatru funcii de baz, toate prezente de la nceputulvieii: A. actana unor defense mpotriva anxietii;B. promovarea proceselor de introjecie i proiecie;C. relaionarea obiectual; D. derularea funciilor deintegrare i sintez.

A) Coninutul anxietii este reprezentat iniialde teama fa de obiectele persecutorii. Ulteriorreintrojecia agresivitii sub forma obiectelor perse-cutorii devine teama de persecutorii externi i interni.

Aceasta din urm st la originea anxietii Supraeuluiprimitiv.

B) Neutralizarea instinctului letal se face prinproiecie, tensiunile interne fiind la originea fricilorparanoide, n timp ce proiecia strilor de plcere stla baza sentimentului de ncredere.

C) n privina relaiilor obiectuale, originalitateateoriei kleiniene este de prim importan. ntr-adevr, psihanalista descrie obiectul parial neles ndou feluri: snul mamei ca o parte de sine stttoaredin corpul total; astfel obiectul real ntreg se scindeaz


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26 Revista de Neurologie i Psihiatrie a Copilului i Adolescentului din Romnia - 2010 - vol. 13 - nr. 1

n dou jumti: bun i rea, cu desprirea lor i val-orizarea lor separat. Fenomenul este numit clivaj sausplitting.O persoan poate fi perceput fie numai cao jumtate bun fie doar ca o jumtate rea, dar fiecaresubstituit ntregului. Astfel obiectul este relaionatfie ideal, fie persecutor. Ulterior o sintez incompletreface un gen de unitate care este ns ambivalent.

D) Integrarea se bazeaz pe internalizarea obi-ectelor bune i proiectarea n afar a obiectelor relemenine puritatea principiului plcerii n Eul care,ulterior, face sinteza obiectelor pariale bune i relecuprinzndu-le n obiecte totale. Dezvoltarea excesiva idealizrii urmrete protejarea obiectelor ntregibune interne i externe din Eu. Agresivitatea excesivdetermin o funcionare exagerat a mecanismului declinaj avnd ca scop protejarea obiectelor interne bune

de contaminarea cu rutate.POZIII FUNDAMENTALE

Faptul c n stadiile developmentale timpurii(primele luni) toat agresivitatea este proiectat nafar n timp ce unica relaie obiectual este cea cuobiectele pariale i c n lunile urmtoare proieciaagresivitii se rentoarce retrojectat spre Sine astfelc obiectele rele exterioare se transform n persecu-tori interni a permis Melaniei Klein s construiascdou structuri psihice fundamentale:poziia paranoid-schizoidn care exist doar obiecte pariale ipoziiadepresivn care i face apariia obiectul ntreg. Primapoziie este caracteristic primei jumti a ntiuluian de via, iar cealalt constituind organizarea Euluiprimitiv n a doua jumtate a acestuia.

Poziia paranoid-schizoid st sub dominanarelaiilor cu obiectele pariale i a fricii de conservarei supravieuirii a Eului (angoasa persecutorie). Me-

canismele de aprare fa de aceasta din urm sunt: chivajul (splitting) idealizarea negarea realitii in-terne i externe igidizarea i artificializarea emoiilori identificarea proiectiv. Toate acestea se ntl-nesc, lsnd de-o parte psihopatologia, n organizareamental deviant a fanaticilor.

Despre clivajar mai fi de adugat c atunci cndagresivitatea este excesiv i legat exclsiv de obiectulru, acesta poate exploda ca urmarea unui clivaj se-cundar i teriar n mai multe fragmente. Fiecare frag-

ment ru poate fi proiectat asupra unui alt obiectexterior rezultnd astfel persecutori multipli.

Idealizarea ca exagerare a tuturor calitilor obi-ectului bun intern sau extern satisface fanteziile uneigratificaii nelimitate din partea unui sn intarisabil.Ea ofer i o protecie mpotriva obiectelor persecu-tori i a externalitii intolerabile, cu preul pierde-rii capacitii de a testa corect realitatea. Idealizareadepresiv produce hiperdependena.

Prototipulnegrii realitiiinterne i externe estesatisfacerea halucinatorie a dorinelor conducnd deasemenea la defectarea testrii realitii.

Rigidizarea i artificializarea emoiilor rezult dindispersarea acestora ca urmare a clivajului excesiv iprotejeaz Eul de contientizarea propriei agresivitiii a angoasei persecutorii.

Identificarea proiectiv reprezint proiectarea nafar a unor pri clivate din Eu. Acesta se identific

i le asimileaz pe ele ca obiecte, n special ca obi-ecte bune interne, ns le separ de alte pri ale Eu-lui. Acesta rmne nafar dar ntreine relaii cu ele.Scopul procesului de identificare proiectiv este de aptrunde forat n interiorul unor obiecte externe i deale controla prin pri ale Sinelui. n acest fel, o parteinacceptabil a unui obiect intern al lui pune stpnirepe figuri externe silindu-le s poarte caracteristici in-acceptabile, devenind persecutorii i necesitnd a ficontrolate. Toate forele sunt percepute ca proveninddin exterior i Sinele este resimit ca srcit i slab.

Melanie Klein a susinut c la aproximativ ase luniprocesul de clivaj ncepe s decline. Bebeluul ncepes-i dea seama c cele dou obiecte bune i rele suntn realitate unul singur i c mama, ca un obiect ntregare i pri bune i pri rele. ntreaga proiecie n afara agresiunii din timpul poziiei paranoid-schizoidecare-i permite s cread n inexistena ostilitii internei n lipsa de vinovie fa de acest sentiment, devine

inoperant. Pe msur ce proiecia obine doar un succesparial, bebeluul devine contient c atacurile sale m-potriva obiectului ntreg cu prile lui bune i rele scoaten eviden partea sa intern rea. Teama predominantn poziia depresiv nu mai este cea de un atac externci de a nu distruge, prin agresivitate, obiectele bune ex-terioare i interioare. Preocuparea anxioas profundprivind supravieuirea obiectelor bune interne i ex-terne devenite acum mai important dect protejareaEului, constituind acum substana anxietii depresive

i a vinoviei. Obiectele interne rele neproiectate n afardevin embrionul Supraeului; dar n interiorul acestuia


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Alexandru Trifan 27

obiectele interne bune pot fi contaminate de cele releincubnd exigene crude de perfeciune.

Poziia depresiv se depete prin mecanisme deprelucrare: reparaia accentuarea testrii realitii ambivalena i recunotina.

Reparaia ca efort de a reduce vinovia atacriiobiectului bun prin ncercarea de a repara dauneleexprim ataamentul i gratitudinea fa de obiect,menajndu-i locul intern sau extern i stnd la origi-nea sublimrii.

Accentuarea testrii realitii se face pentru a obineconvingerea c obiectul bun n totalitate (la nceputmama) este nc viabil, n ciuda lcomiei i a fante-ziilor distructive, calmnd astfel teama de pierdere cedomin aceast perioad. Melanie Klein consider cprocesul de regret i doliu fa de agresivitatea proprie

i fa de prejudiciile imaginare aduse obiectelor buneca fiind cruciale n aceast faz.Ambivalena.Integrarea iubirii cu ura conduce la

o adncire a emoiilor, reflectat n apariia capacitiiempatice fa de tririle interioare ale celorlali.

Recunotina. Regretul i recunotina activeazataamentul fa de obiect i ntrete obiceiurilereparatoare. Acestea, asociate cu recunotin, elepromoveaz tolerana, creativitatea, nelegerea (nsensul de explicare), ncrederea n ceilali i capaci-

tatea de a da i primi dragoste.La grania dintre normal i patologic se afl grupripsihodinamice exacerbate: omnipotena exagerat identificarea cu Supraeul introjecia compulsiv triumfalismul i idealizarea extrem hipomaniacal.

GENEZA SUPRAEULUI

Alte contribuii importante ale Melaniei Kleinse refer la teoria Supraeului i la stadiile timpurii

ale complexului edip. Primul i-ar face apariia ncdin primul an de via ca parte a poziiei depresive,presiunea sa excesiv mpiedicnd depirea acesteifaze. El ar deriva, n viziunea Melaniei Klein, din obi-ectele rele reintrojectate cu figura complet dup ceau fost expulzate f ragmentat anterior. Astfel vinoviaprovine din reintroducerea lor, de data aceasta purtndo coad sadic crescut n faza anterioar. Obiecteleneutre sunt internalizate n Eu, n timp ce acelea car-acterizate prin aspecte prohibitive i exigente sunt

primite n Supraeu. Chiar i n condiii ideale n careacesta reuete s neutralizeze influena obiectelor

rele are loc o contaminare intern rubun. Pentru aevita aceasta, Supraeul i antreneaz calitile perse-cutorii i exigente oblignd obiectele bune la achiziiaperfeciunii. Cu ct exist un numr mai mare de obi-ecte bune internalizate n Supraeu, cu att exigeneleperfecioniste ale acestuia sunt mai intense. Sadismulrezult din ura Supraeului fa de Id (Se).

Pentru meninerea obiectelor bune i interiorul Eu-lui, Supraeul le idealizeaz i regleaz funcionalitateaprimului antrenndu-l spre reparaii i sublimare saumonitorizndu-l prin anxieti depresive figurate de

vinovia sau disperare fa de pericolele ce ameninobiectele interne bune.

n sfrit, o ultim tez a Melaniei Klein este aceeac organizarea edipic i are rdcinile n copilriaprecoce sub impulsul primatului conflictelor i drive-

ului oral, aa nct oralitatea i genitalitatea se supra-pun. Supraeul dezvoltndu-se n timpul fazei orale ianume n cadrul poziiei depresive, vinovia derivoriginar din culpabilitatea fa de conflictele orale.Dei vorbim de relaia de tip dou persoane nu putemcrede ntr-o excludere total a tatlui. nchiderea luintr-o schiat relaie precoce de trei persoane aparelogic, dei locul instinctual ocupat de acesta nu estebine definit. Este posibil ca bebeluul s perceap ro-lul su indirect n protecia gratificaiilor i gelozia sse nasc n cazul n care rolul su protector este distrasde mam sau de alte figuri apropiate.

CE AVEM I CE NU AVEM N NOI

Unul din cei mai eficieni vectori psihodinamicieste sentimentul de vinovie. Importana lui con-sta n posibilitatea de a aciona ca un instrument demanipulare aEuluin aa fel nct pot fi culpabilizaiatt indivizi izolai ct i grupuri umane mai multsau mai puin numeroase. Exist posibilitatea in-ducerii culpabilitii, denaturrii ei, devierea direcieisau intei, exagerrii sau proieciei n scopul obineriiunui avantaj. Foarte important mai este i analizaautomanipulrii pe care culpabilizarea interioar orealizeaz n cadrul depresiei i nevrozei obsesive, pecare o face D. W. Winnicott. El se refer la: senti-mentul de vinovie al acelor indivizi care i-au dezvol-tat capacitatea de a-l o resimi originea culpabilitii

absena posibilitii de a se simi vinovat.


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n termeniEuId (Se)vinovia, ca sentiment, esteo angoas de tip particular, resimit ca urmare a con-flictului dintre ur i iubire implicnd ambivalena.Freud l plaseaz relativ trziu, n faza edipian, cndbiatul, ca rezultat al angoasei de castrare, resimte ungrad de ur fantasmatic fa de tatl su, dar cu alt

segment de afectivitate l iubete; acest conflict induceun sentiment de vinovie. n contradicie DonaldWinnicott l atribuie unei faze timpurii, ca prototip alciocnirii dintre iubire i ur proprie perioadei n carebebeluul face primii pai.

Introducnd n anul 1923 conceptul de Supraeu,Freud a indicat faptul cEuln lupta sa cuId-ul(Se-ul) ncepe s-l foloseasc n calitate de for aliatcare merit un nume. i de data aceasta Winnicottse distaneaz de Freud care-i plaseaz Supraeulcon-

temporan cu complexul Edip, atunci cnd vinoviarezid n intenie, descoperind c l putem gsi lafiecare bebelu sau copil n parte, aa cum se dezvoltael pornind de la frica brut la relaia cu o persoan

venerat care poate nelege i ierta.Pentru a studia vinovia la originea sa, psihanal-

istul pediatru se folosete de teoria Melaniei Klein,sitund-o n faza poziiei depresive care urmeazpoziiei paranoide la ase luni, atunci cnd bebeluul

percepe ngrijorarea.Aceasta din urm se refer la rezultatele posibildistrugtoare ale agresivitii asupra snului mameiea fiind n acelai timp iubit pentru c furnizeazngrijire. Figura matern are de ndeplinit o funcieimportant: aceea de a susine situaia de ngrijire operioad de timp suficient de lung cel puin ctevaore dup supt pentru ca bebeluul s aib certitudi-nea linititoare a supravieuirii obiectului snmami s dispun de timp suficient pentru a dezvoltatendina de a oferi sau separa. n special n aceastetap bebeluul nu este capabil s suporte schimbareacelor care l ngrijesc sau absena mamei. Nevoia deocazii n care s fac reparaii i restituiri, pentru casadismul oral s fie acceptat de ctre Eul imatur sededuce din contribuiile Melaniei Klein n acest do-meniu. n observarea originilor ngrijorrii, Donald

Winnicott arat c, bebeluul, descoperind c mamasupravieuiete i accept gesturile restitutive, devine

capabil s accepte responsabilitatea pentru fantasmaimpulsului instinctiv nendurtor, deschiznd drumul

milei i preocuprii. Nepsarea face loc sentimentu-lui de vinovie, crete treptat capacitatea insului dea tolera elementele agresive din tendina primitivde iubire. Perceperea diferenei dintre fantasm i re-alitate este concomitent cu recunoaterea capacitiimamei de aupravieui momentului pulsional i astfel

de a fi prezent pentru a primi i nelege gestul sepa-rator adevrat. Repetiiile stabilesc un cerc benign:trire pulsional acceptarea responsabilitii pe carese bazeaz culpabilitatea elaborarea gest restitu-tiv autentic. Dac ceva nu merge bine apare anulareacapacitii de a simi vinovia i nlocuirea acesteiacu inhiba pulsiuni sau cu una din formele primitive deaprare, cum ar fi scindarea obiectelor n bun i ru.La ntrebarea care este vrsta la care apare culpabili-tatea, psihanalistul d ca reper primul an de via adic,perioada n care bebeluul are o relaie de-dou-cor-puri cu mama lui.

La aceast vreme a poziiei depresive n cen-tru se afl ndoiala legat de rezultatul luptei din-tre bine i ru sau, n termeni psihiatrici, dintreelementele benigne i cele persecutorii. Construireabinelui i rului n primul an de via depinde decalitatea satisfctoare sau frustrant a elementelorfuncionale. Dar binele devine protejat de ru i esteadoptat un model complex drept sistem de aprarempotriva haousului dinuntru i din afar. Prin aces-tea, teoria psihanalitic ofer posibilitatea identificriiideii de valoare individual.

Un alt concept analizat de Donald Winnicott estecapacitatea de a fi ngrijorat.O poziionare dinamica sa l gsete situat ntre team i vinovie. Cndapare conine conotaii pozitive, spre deosebire de celenegative ale vinoviei care este o anxietate n legtur

cu ambivalena, implicnd un grad de integrare alEu-lui care s permit retenia imaginii obiectului bun nacelai timp cu ideea distrugerii acestuia.

ngrijorarea cu sensul su pozitiv apare ntr-operioad aflat naintea complexului Oedip, adic arelaionrii ntre trei persoane. Atunci trebuie s ocutm n perioada de-dou-corpuri, dar nu nainteca mama s fie perceput ca o persoan ntreag (sta-diul de Hopa-Mitic) atunci cnd ea este suprafaa

pe care bebeluul st ntr-un echilibru precar datoritfaptului c nu mai este luat n brae.


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Alexandru Trifan 29

O alt condiie este aceea ca s se fi aprut unEuindependent deEul auxiliaral mamei; primul conineo schem corporal i o via psihosomatic. Cuaceast avere personal se pot cumpra rafinamenteale ambivalenei care fac posibil apariia ngrijorrii.Aceste rafinamente sculpteaz dou statui, cea a mam-eiobiect i a mameingrijire. ngrijorarea nseamnprotejarea mameiobiect de fantasma asociat pul-siunilor sngeroase ale Id-ului (Se-ului) coninndatac i distrugere. ngrijorarea intete s pstrezemamangrijire, risipindu-se dac i se ofer suficienteocazii de a se convinge de supravieuirea ei. Dac nu,ngrijorarea se depreciaz infaust n vinovie i apareangoasa. Ocazia pe care de a oferi i de a face reparaieo asigur mama prin prezena ei de ncredere. Aceastal face pe copil mai ndrzne n a-i tri pulsiunile,

altfel spus elibereaz viaa pulsionat. Vinovia existdoar ntr-un stadiu potenial, ea aprnd ca depresie ncondiiile n care reparaia nu se produce. Din stadiulpotenial vinovia se poate ntoarce la ceea ce numimngrijorare, un sentiment cu conotaii pozitive, n carebebeluul este n stare s-i asume responsabilitateapentru propriile impulsuri emoionale i pentru actelecare decurg din acestea .

OBIECTELE TRANZIIONALE

Odat cu momentul ctigrii unui grad de au-tonomie fa de corpul mamei, bebeluul ncepe sscindeze lumea n extern i intern. Apariia ultimeireprezint un pas selenar ctre umanizare, constitu-ind un cuptor n care impactele exterioare sunt coapten rspunsuri ale acestora. La nceput obiectele externesuntEu:degetul mare, pturica. Apoi formele din jurdevin Cellalt.Se formeaz astfel spaii relaionale ex-terne i interne separat de o grani care este trecutcu ajutorul obiectelor tranziionale.Faptul c ataareade un smoc de ln, de colul unei cuverturi sau alunei perne, se face la copilul mic n vrst de patrupn la dousprezece luni, l convinge pe Donald

Winnicott de oralitatea obiectului tranziional. Darlucrurile progreseaz odat cu automia care, copiluluineajutorat, i lezeaz libidoul omnipotenei. Atunci sedezvolt tendina de a manipula obiectele din spaiulexterior introjectndu-le n spaiul interior. De fapt

acolo se petrece manipularea, jucriile fiind investitefantasmatic cu caracteristicile scenariilor reale. Iluzia

manipulrii n imaginaie salveaz copilul de la dezi-luzia nonomnipotenei sale. Fenomenul tranziionaleste rezultatul unei creativiti primare. Odataprut ntr-un prim timp, ea se supune apoi pro-bei realitii ntr-un al doilea. ntre aceti doi timpise situeaz relaia cu obiectul tranziional care este

la jumtatea drumului dintre subiectiv i obiectiv.Obiectivul vine ntr-adevr din exterior, dar copilulnu-l situeaz acolo; el nu vine nici din interior, pentruc nu este o halucinaie. Nu numai c servesc copiluluin interiorizarea treptat cu lumini exterioare, dar obi-ectele tranziionale i fenomenele tranziionale aducpersoanei un dar preios i anume un cmp neutru deexperien n care scenariile pot fi probate i jucatefr teama de pedeaps i fr pericolul contestrii.Aparinnd domeniului iluziei, spaiul tranziional va

deveni mai trziu un domeniu al artelor, religiei, vieiiimaginative, creaiei tiinifice.

Donald Winnicott leag teoria sa de divizare a Sin-elui ntr-unul adevrat i altul fals de mprirea Sineluide ctre Freud ntr-o parte central ce conine ghemulde pulsiuni (sexualitate pregenital i genital) i o altantoars spre exterior i aflat n relaie cu lumea.

Eul bebeluului se ndreapt spre o stare n carecerinele Id-ului (Se-ului)vor fi resimite ca o parte

a Sinelui. Satisfacia devine un fortifiant al Euluialctuind premizele unui Sineformat prin oglindire.Prin acest fenomen se nelege nevoia copilului de a fioglindit pozitiv de prini.

Organizrile de tip Sine fals pot fi clasificateastfel:

a) Sinele fals se d drept adevrat i va fi cel pe careobservatorii vor tinde s-l ia drept persoana real. AiciSinele adevrateste meninut ascuns i cutat n cazuln care organizarea de tip Sine fals eueaz.

b) Sinele adevrateste recunoscut potenial i i estepermis o existen secret. Aici Sinele falsl apr pecel adevrat de condiiile anormale de mediu. Acestaeste o extindere a conceptului psihanalitic de valoare asimptomelor pentru o persoan bolnav.

c) Sinele fals are ca preocupare major cutareacondiiilor care fac posibil apariia Sinelui adevrat.Dac aceste condiii nu sunt realizate va trebuireorganizat, o nou aprare mpotriva Sinelui

adevratiar dac i aceast soluie nu poate fi gsitapare ideaia suicidar.


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d) Sinele falseste construit pe baza identificrilorcu persoane din jur.

e) Stare de sntate este stabilit atunci cndSinele falseste realizat de organizarea unei atitudinisociale politicoase i manierate. n alt ordine deidei frecvena, aliana dintre abordarea intelectual

i Sinele fals conine n nuce un potenial periculos.Donald Winnicott crede c atunci cnd la o persoancu potenial intelectual ridicat are loc organiza-rea unui Sine fals va aprea o puternic tendin camintea s devin domiciliul acestuia. Astfel activitateaintelectual va fi disociat de existena psihosomatic,producndu-se situaia faustian a nefericirii acade-micianului care se simte inautentic.

Etiologia Sinelui fals trebuie cutat n etapaprimelor faze ale relaiei de obiect. Pe timpul ct

mama ine bebeluul n brae acesta face gesturi careexprim n mod periodic impulsuri spontane. Sursaacestor gesturi este Sinele adevrat. Mama ns poate

veni sau nu n ntmpinarea omnipotenei infantilerelevate prin gest sau printr-o grupare senzori-moto-rie. Sinele adevrat este strns legat de gestul spontani mama suficient de bun tie s-l favorizeze ntrindputerea Eului slab al bebeluului. Altfel spus Sineleadevratnu poate deveni o realitate dect ca rezultat

al succesului mamei de a veni n ntmpinarea gestuluispontan sau a halucinaiei senzoriale a bebeluului. Elncepe s cread astfel ntr-o realitate exterioar carenu-i contrazice omnipotena. Dac potrivirea mameinu este ndeajuns de bun n a se adapta la halucinaiilei impulsurile spontane ale bebeluului, acesta crete,dar triete fals. Protestul su mpotriva faptului ceste forat la un trai fals este manifestat prin iritabili-tate, tulburri ale suptului i altor funcii, inclusiv alesomnului. El ajunge s fie redus la supunere, un Sine

fals ncepe s funcioneze i i construiete un set derelaii false. Cu ajutorul introjeciilor pune la punctscenarii care par reale; Sinele adevrat se ascunde,spontaneitatea dispare. Pn la un punct Sinele falsareun rol de aprare a Sinelui adevrat, dar n cazul uneiscindri profunde acesta din urm poate fi nu numaiexploatat i ascuns, dar i anihilat n cazul n caremama a fost bun i rea ntr-o manier chinuitoare ineregulat; nici mcar imitaia nu mai este capabil s

risipeasc o accentuat confuzie.

n etapa cea mai timpurie Sinele adevrateste celcare genereaz opiunea individual i gestul spon-tan. Acesta din urm este chiar Sinele adevrat naciune i numai el poate conferi sentimentul de real.Proveniena lui este viaa esuturilor i funciilor cor-porale, un fenomen primar ce nu deprinde de exterior.

Tributul la realitatea extern este pltit prinformareaSinelui fals,creat din toate piesele i subvenionat deaceasta. Sunt create condiiile formrii a ceea ce Freuda numit vezicula vie, cu un strat cortical receptiv saua unei membrane care separ interiorul de exterior.Sinele adevrat apare ca un spaiu virtual imediatce exist cea mai rudimentar form de organizarepsihic a individului nsemnnd nsumarea calitilorde a fi viu din punct de vedere senzori-motor. Atuncicnd se produce un grad nalt de scindare ntre Sinele

autentic i cel fals care-l ascunde pe cel adevrat, seobserv o slab capacitate de a crea i folosi simboluri,situaie cu importante implicaii n teoria obiectelor ifenomenelor tranziionale.

Cu alte cuvinte Sinele falsse dezvolt atunci cndpulsiunileId-ului (Se-ului) proprii copilului sunt des-calificate, ntr-o prim faz aprnd confuzia indecis.Un exemplu ar fi urmtorul: copilului i este foame;mama este ocupat cu altceva i nu vrea s-i dea demncare. Se comport ca i cum ar nega apetitulbebeluului sau n cazul n care copilul este mai marei spune abrupt: nu, nu i-e foame. Copilul devinedezorientat fa de realitatea drive-ului su instinctuali sfrete prin a renuna la opiunile sale autenticedevenind compliant la pulsiunile celor din jur.

Exemplul de mai sus este edificator pentrunelegerea direciei vicariante, deviate sau incon-secvente pe care o poate lua developarea compor-tamental.


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Alexandru Trifan 31

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Brazelton Berry T., Sparrow Josua D: Puncte de cotitur,Editura Fundaia Generaia, 2008

Dolto Francoise: Imaginea incontient a corpului,EdituraTrei, 2005

Freedman Alfred, Kaplan Harold,

Sadock Benjamin:Com-prehensive extbook of Psychiatry, Ed. a II-a, Williams andWilkins Co., 1975

Freud Anna:Normal i patologic la copil,Editura FundaieiGeneraia, 2002

Freud Anna: Te Psycho Analytical reatment of Children,Ed. Imago Publishing Co, LTD London, 1950

Fulford K. W. M.:Moral theory and medical practice, Cam-bridge University Press, 1989

Kristeva Julia: Noile maladii ale sufletului, Editura Trei,2005

Laplanche Jean, Pontalis J.-B: Vocabularul Psihanalizei,Editura Humanitas, 1994

Roudinesco Elisabeth, Plon Michel:Dicionar de psihanaliz,Editura rei, 2002

Vincent Michel: A ndura adolescena, Editura FundaiaGeneraia, 2008

Winnicott D. W.:Natura uman,Editura Trei, 2003

Winnicott D. W.: Procesele de maturizare, Editura Trei,20032004

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78 Journal of Romanian Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry - 2010 - 13thvol. - no. 1

THE PRINCIPAL OBJECTAS BIG BANG

Te doctrine promoted by Melanie Klein is closerto the instinctually orientated constitutional pole; at

the opposite pole there is the approach of the psycho-social determinations of the intra-psychic conflicts,

while the psychoanalysis of the Self promoted byAnna Freud occupies an intermediary position.

Te essential contribution of Melanie Klein, ac-cepting the existence of the two instincts, of life andof death, lays the stress on the latter as an expression ofan inborn aggressiveness. Its first manifestation is theoral sadism which constitutes the primordial source ofthe diffuse anxiety. Te outside projection, under the

form of persecutory anxieties, is made on the princi-pal object, meaning the breast of the mother.For the kleinian psychoanalysts anatos, as well as

Eros, exist under the form of some unconscious fan-tasies, even from the beginning of life, as precursorsof hate and love, facilitating the capacity of symbolbuilding. Te envy comes from the fear that the givenbreast would be voluntarily taken away, which deter-mines the individual to hate it and to make it the tar-get of of his aggressiveness, in a desire to destroy it.

Te envy gives birth and reinforces the greed.

Te jealousy represents an effect, which appearedlater, together with the installation of the Oedipal pe-riod of the triangle relationships.

Melanie Klein postulates the existence of a func-tional Self, even from the birth, and the persecutoryfantasy refers to its annihilation. All the sensations of

MELANIE KLEIN AND DONALD WINNICOTT

Alexandru Trifan1

ABSTRACT

In a review of the conceptual psychonalitic contributions of Melanie Klein and Donald Winnicott, the author emphasizesthe psychodynamic vectors acting in a young child, which penetrate and directing the behavoiur pattern of conduct seen inadults.Key words: princeps object, fundamental positions, the Super-ego genesis, culpability, tranzitional objects.

1 Specialist doctor of Child Neurology and PsychiatryMain editor of Publisher Medical Life

Correspondence address:

11 Frosa Sarandi Street no. sector 1, Buchareste-mail vmr@[email protected]

obtaining a principle of purified pleasure in the innerside of the Self are expulsed and projected over thepersecutory objects.

Te instinct of life, the Eros or the libido, is pri-mary objectualized in the image of the good breast.

Everything that is associated with it is invested withlibido and introjected as good objects infused withpleasure, building the patrimony of trust, of the wishto explore the reality, to learn and to know. Te emo-tion predominantly connected with the Eros is therecognition, as an expression of the libido directedtowards good objects. Te gratitude diminishes thegreed, in contrast with the envy which amplifies it, be-ing at the origin of the authentic generosity, and dif-ferent from the reactive generosity, which is a defence

against the envy which eventually can end in the sen-sation of affective robbery. Te guilt, as predominantemotion in the ulterior stage, fortifies the recognitionbut does not find itself at its origin. Conceptualizing aprimary Self with a part dived in the unconsciousness,Melanie Klein describes its four fundamental func-tions, all present from the beginning of life:

A. the appearance of some defences against theanxiety;

B. the promotion of introjection and projectionprocesses;

C. the object relation;D. the unroll of the integration and synthesis

functions.A) Te content of anxiety is represented initially

by the fear of the persecutory objects. After this, there-introjection of aggressiveness under the form ofpersecutory objects, transforms itself into the fear ofthe external and internal persecutors. Te latter staysat the origin of the primary Super-ego anxiety.

B) Te neutralization of the lethal instinct is made

through projection, the internal tensions lying at the


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Alexandru Trifan 79

origin of the paranoid fears, while the projection ofthe states of pleasure lies at the basis of the feelingof trust.

C) Concerning the objectual relations, the originalityof the kleinian theory is of the first rank importance.

Te psychoanalyst describes the partial object,understood as being of two types: the breast of the

mother as an independent part of the total body; sothat the real whole object is split in two halves: a goodone and a bad one, with their split and their separate

valorisation. Tis state is called splitting. A person canbe perceived only as a good half or as a bad half, buteach one substituting the whole. So that the objectis perceived ideal or persecutory. Ten, an incompletesynthesis rebuilds a type of unity which is ambiva-lent.

D) Te integration is based on the internalization

of good objects and the extern projection of the badobjects maintains the purity of the pleasure principle inthe Self, which makes the synthesis of the partial goodand bad objects, making them total objects. Te exces-sive development of idealization follows the protectionof the good internal and external whole objects fromthe Self. Te excessive aggressiveness determines an ex-aggerated functioning of the splitting mechanism, hav-ing as aim the protection of the internal objects properfor the contamination with the bad.

FUNDAMENTAL POSITIONS

Te fact that in early developmental stages (thefirst months of life) the whole aggressiveness is pro-

jected outside, while the only objective relation is thatwith the partial objects and that, in the followingmonths, the projection of aggressiveness returns pro-

jected retrograde to the Self, so that the bad externalobjects change into internal persecutors, has allowedMelanie Klein to construct two fundamental psychic

structures: the paranoid-schizoid position, in whichonly partial objects exist and the depressive position,in which the whole object appears. Te first positionis characteristic for the first half of the first year of lifeand the other builds the organization of the primitiveSelf in the second half of the year.

Te paranoid-schizoid position stays under thedominance of the relations with the partial objectsand of the conservation and survival fear of the Self(Ego) (the persecution anxiety).Te defence mecha-

nisms of the latter are: the splitting, the idealization,the negation of the inner and outer reality, the rigi/

dity and artificiality of the emotions and the projec-tive identification. All these are met, aside from thepsychopathology, in the deviant mental organizationof the fanatics.

About the splitting we could add the fact thatwhen the aggressiveness is excessive and exclusivelybound to the bad object, this could explode in frag-

ments as a consequence of a secondary and tertiarysplitting. Every bad fragment can be projected onanother external object, resulting through these mul-tiple persecutors.

Te idealization as an exaggeration of all the quali-ties of the good internal or external object, satisfiesthe fantasies of an unlimited gratification from an un-touchable breast. Tis offers a protection against thepersecutory objects and the intolerable externality, atthe price of losing the capacity of correctly testing

the reality. Te depressive idealization is provokingthe hyper-dependence. Te prototype of negating theinternal and external reality is the hallucinatory sat-isfaction of the wishes, determining the defection oftesting the reality.

Te rigidity and artificiality of emotions result fromthe dispersion of these as a consequence of the ex-cessive splitting and protect the ego from being con-scious about the own aggressiveness and the persecu-tory fear.

Te projective identification represents the outsideprojection of some split parts of the Ego. Te Ego(Self) remains outside but keeps relations with them.

Te aim of the projective identification process is forsome external objects to enter forcefully inside and tocontrol them through parts of the Self. In this way, anunaccepted part of an internal object of the Self takesthe external figures into possession, obliging them to

wear unacceptable characteristics, becoming persecu-tory and necessitating to be controlled. All the forcesare perceived as coming from outside and the Self isperceived as poor and weak.

Melanie Klein sustained that, at six months old, thesplitting process begins to decline. Te infant beginsto realize that the two objects, the good one and thebad one are, in reality a whole one and the same thing,and that the mother, as a whole has good parts as wellas bad parts. Te whole projection of the aggressionoutside from the period of the paranoid-schizoid po-sition, which allows the infant to believe in the in-existence of the inner hostility and in the absence of

the guilt for this feeling, becomes inoperative. As thetime is passing by, while the projection obtains only a


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partial success, the infant becomes conscious that hisattacks against the whole object, with its good andbad parts puts his inner bad part into evidence. Tepredominant fear in the depressive position is no lon-ger that of an external attack but that of not destroy-ing, through aggressiveness, the good external andinternal objects. Te profound anxious preoccupation,concerning the survival of the good internal and ex-

ternal objects, becomes now more important than theprotection of the Self, representing the substance ofthe depressive anxiety and of guilt. Te bad internalobjects, which are not projected outside, become theembryo of the Upper-Self; but in its inside, the goodinternal objects can be contaminated by the bad ones,incubating cruel perfection exigencies.

Te depressive position is surpassed through han-

dling mechanisms: the reparation, the exacerbation ofthe reality testing, the ambivalence and the gratitude

Te reparation, as an effort to reduce the guilt ofthe attack of the good object, through the trial to re-pair the damage, expresses the attachment and thegratitude for the object, protecting its inner and outerplace and staying at the origin of sublimation.

Te emphasis on testing the reality is done in or-der to obtain the conviction that the object good intotality (in the beginning the mother) is still viable,

in spite of the greed and of the destructive fantasies,calming like this the fear of lost, which dominates thisperiod. Melanie Klein considers that the process ofregret and mourning for the ones own aggressiveness

and for the fictitious prejudices brought to the goodobjects, as being crucial in this phase.

Te ambivalence. Te integration of love withhate conducts to a deepening of emotions, reflectedthrough the appearance of the empathic capacity for

the internal happenings of the others.Te gratitude.Te regret and the gratitude activatethe attachment for the object and fortifies the repara-

tory habits. Tese, associated with gratitude, promotethe tolerance, the creativity, the understanding (in the

way of explaining), the trust in others and the capacityto give and receive love.

At the border between normality and pathology,psychodynamic groups are exacerbated such as: exag-gerated omnipotence, the identification of the Super

- ego, the compulsive introjections, the triumphalismand the extreme hippomaniac idealization.

THE GENESIS OF THE SUPEREGO

Other important contributions of Melanie Kleinare referring to the theory of the Super-ego and to theearly stages of the Oedipuss complex. According toKlein, the Super-ego would appear even from the first

year of life, as a part of the depressive position, its ex-

cessive pressure blocking the overriding of this phase.It would derive, in the vision of Melanie Klein, fromthe bad re-introjected objects with the complete figureafter having been fragmented and expulsed before. Sothat the guilt comes through their reintroduction, thistime, wearing a sadist tail grown during the anteriorphase. Te neutral objects are internalized in the Ego,

while those characterized by prohibitive and exigentaspects are received in the Super-ego. Even in idealconditions, under which this succeeds to neutralize

the influence of the bad objects, a bad-good internalcontamination takes place. In order to avoid this, theSuper-ego trains its persecutory and exigent qualitiesconstraining the good objects to the acquisition ofperfection. With the existence of a bigger number ofgood objects internalized in the Super-ego, its perfec-tionist exigencies are more intense. Te sadism resultsfrom the hate of the Super-ego for the Id (Se).

For the maintenance of the good objects and theinterior of the Ego, the Super-ego idealizes and reg-

ulates the functionality of the former, training it torestoration and sublimation or monitoring it throughdepressive anxieties figured out by the guilt or des-peration in front of the dangers which threaten thegood internal objects.

Finally, a last thesis of Melanie Klein is that, theOedipic organization has its roots in the early child-hood under the impulse of the conflicts and the oraldrive, so that the orality and geniality are superposed.

While the Super-ego develops during the oral

phase, specifically in the depressive position, the guiltderives originally from the culpability for the oralconflicts. Even though we are speaking about the re-lation of the type two persons, we cannot believe inthe total exclusion of the father. His closing insidean early three person relation appears logical, eventhough the instinctual place occupied by him is not

well defined.It is possible that the baby perceives his indirect

role in the protection of gratifications and the jealousy

to appear in the case in which his protective role isdistracted by the mother or by other close figures.


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Alexandru Trifan 81

WHAT WE DO HAVE AND WHAT WEDO NOT HAVE IN OURSELVES

One of the most efficient psychodynamic vectorsis thefeeling of guilt.

Its importance lies in the possibility to act as a ma-nipulation instrument of the Ego, so that the isolated

individuals, as well as the more or less numerous hu-man groups, can be blamed. Tere exists the possibi-lity of inducing culpability, its distortion, the devia-tion of the direction or target, the exacerbation orprojection aiming to obtain an advantage.

Te self-manipulation analysis, which is realizedby the interior culpability in the frame of depressionand obsessive nervousness, made by D.W. Winnicott,is very important, too. He is referring to: the guilt feel-ing of these individuals who developed the capacity to

feel it again, the origin of culpability, the absence ofthe possibility to feel guilty.In terms Ego-Id (Se) the guilt, as a feeling, is an

anxiety of a particular type, felt as a consequence ofthe conflict between hate and love, implying the am-bivalence.

Freud puts him relatively late, in the oedipal phase,when the boy, as a result of the castration anxiety, feelsa grade of fantastic hate for his father, but with an-other segment of affectivity, he loves him; this conflictinduces a feeling of guilt. By contrast, Donald Win-nicott confers him to an early phase, as a prototypeof the bounce between love and hate, specific for theperiod in which the baby makes the first steps.

Introducing, in 1923, the concept of Super-ego,Freud indicated the fact that the Self in its battle withthe Id (Se) begins to utilize it in the quality of anallied force which deserves a name. Tis time too,

Winnicott distances himself from Freud, who putshis contemporary Super-ego with the Oedipal com-plex, then, when the guilt resides in the intention, dis-

covering that we can find it in each baby or child inpart, as he is developing starting from the brute fearto the relationship with a venerable person who canunderstand and forgive.

In order to study the guilt at its origin, the paedia-tric psychoanalyst is utilizing the theory of MelanieKlein, positioning it in the depressive position phase,

which follows the paranoid position at 6 months old,when the baby perceives the concerning.

Te latter is referring to the possibly destroying re-

sults of the aggressiveness on the mothers breast, she isbeing at the same time lover because she provides care.

Te maternal figure has to accomplish an impor-tant function: that of sustaining the situation of carea sufficiently long period of time- at least some hoursafter the breast-feeding in order for the baby to havethe comforting certitude of the survival of the objectbreast-mother and to have enough time to developthe tendency to offer or split.

Especially in this phase, the baby is not capable totolerate the change of those who are his caregivers orthe absence of the mother. Te need for occasions in

which he makes reparations and restorations, in orderfor the oral sadism to be accepted by the immatureSelf is deduced from Melanie Kleins contributions inthis field. Trough observing the origins of concern,Donald Winnicott shows that the baby, discoveringthat the mother survives and accepts the restorativegestures, becomes capable to accept the responsibil-

ity for the phantasm of the cruel instinctive impulse,opening the way of pity and concern. Carelessnessmakes place for the feeling of guilt, the capacity ofthe individual to tolerate the aggressive elements de-

velops gradually from the primitive tendency towardslove. Te perception of the difference between fantasyand reality is concomitant with the recognition of themothers capacity to survive the pulsing moment andso to be present to receive and understand the realseparator gesture.

Te revisions establish a benign circle: pulsing ex-perience - Acceptance of the responsibility on whichthe culpability is based - the elaboration - authenticrestorative gesture. If something does not work well,the capacity to feel the guilt is annulled and it is re-placement with one of the primitive defensive forms,like the splitting of the objects into good and bad,does not inhibit the pulsing. At the question which isthe age at which the culpability appears, the psycho-analyst gives as clue the first year of life, meaning theperiod in which the baby has a relation of two-bodies

with his mother.At this period of depressive position, in the centre

lies the doubt about the result of the battle between thegood and the bad or, in psychiatric terms, between thebenign and the persecutory elements. Te constructionof the good and bad in the first year of life depends onthe satisfactory or frustrating quality of the functionalelements. But the good becomes protected from thebad and a complex model is adopted as a defence sys-tem against the chaos from inside and outside. Trough

these, the psychoanalytical theory offers the possibilityof identification of the individual value ideas.


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Another concept analyzed by Donald Winnicottis the capacity to be concerned. A dynamic positioningfinds it situated between fear and guilt.

When it appears, it contains positive connotations,in contrast to the negative ones of guilt, which is ananxiety connected to the ambivalence, implying a de-gree of integration of the Self which should permit

the retention of the image of the good object simulta-neously with the idea of its destruction.

Te concern, in its positive sense, appears in a pe-riod before the Oedipal complex, meaning the relationbetween three persons. Ten, we have to search it in thetwo bodies period, but not before the mother is beingperceived as a whole person, when she is the surface on

which the baby stays in a poor balance because of thefact that it is not taken in her arms anymore.

Another condition is that of an independent Self

Should have developed from the auxiliary Self of themother; the first contains a body scheme and a psycho-somatic life. With this personal wealth, ambivalencetones, can be bough, which make the appearance ofconcern possible. Tose refinements sculpt two sta-tues, that of the mother-object and of the mother-care. Te concern means the protection of the mother-object of the fantasy associated with the bloody puls-ing of the Id (Se) containing attack and destruction.

Te concern aims at keeping the mother-care,

scattering away if sufficient occasions occur to con-vince that mother will survive.

If not, the concern becomes guilt and the anguishappears.

Te mothers presence makes the child more com-fortable in his pulsions, making the pulsing life free.

Te guilt exists only in a potential stage, appearing asdepression in the conditions under which the restora-tion does not take place. From the potential phase, theguilt can come back to what we call concern, a feeling

with positive connotations, in which the baby is ableto assume the responsibility for his own emotionalimpulses and for the their resulting acts.

TRANSITIONAL OBJECTS

Once the autonomy of mothers body is gained,the baby starts the scission between external and in-ternal world. Te appearance of the latter representsa lunar step towards humanization, constituting anoven where the external impact is ripped in answers.

At the beginning, external objects are representedby Me: the thumb, the little blanket. Ten the forms

around become Te other. In that way external andinternal relational spaces are formed, separated by aboundary which is passed by means of transactionalobjects. Te fact that the attachment to a woollen tuft,to a blanket or to a pillow corner takes place with afour to twelve month old infant has convinced Don-ald Winnicott that the transactional object is oral. Te

things go forward with the autonomy that affects theomnipotent libido of the clumsy child.

Now, the tendency of handling objects develops inthe external space and evolves into the internal space.Actually, the manipulation takes place here, the toysare phantasmagorically invested with the characte-ristics of real scenarios. Te illusion of handling in hisimagination saves the child from the disillusion of notbeing omnipotent.

Te transactional phenomenon is the result of aprimary creativity. Once appeared for the first time,it is submitted to a reality test in a second time. Be-tween those two moments the relation with the trans-actional object is placed, being situated at the mid-point between the subjective and the objective. Teobjective is a part of the exterior, but the child doesnot situate it there; it does not come from the interioreither, because it is not a hallucination.

Not only do the transactional objects and phe-nomena serve to the gradual internalization of the ex-terior world but they also bring to the child a precious

gift, namely, a neutral experience field where the sce-narios can be proved and played without the fear ofpunishment or the danger of being contested. Beinga part of the illusion field, the transactional space willlater become art, religion, imaginative life, scientificcreation field.

Donald Winnicott makes a connection betweenhistheory of self divisionin a true one and a false oneand Freuds self division in a central part which con-tains the pulse ball (pregenital and genital sexuality)and another one turned to exterior and being in rela-tion to the world.

Te babys ego goes forward to a state where theIdsdemands will be felt like a Self part. Te satisfactionbecomes anEgo fortifier forming the pre-requisites toa reflection of the Self. Trough this phenomenon onemay understand the need of the child to be positivelyreflected by his parents.

Te false Self systematization can be classified asfollows:

a) Te false Self, pretends to be true and will be

the one that the observers tend to perceive as the realperson.


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Alexandru Trifan 83

Te true Self is maintained hidden and is lookedfor if the false Self systematization fails.

b) Te true Self is potentially recognized and hasthe permission to live a secret life. At this point, the

false Self protects the real one from abnormal environ-ment conditions. Tis is an extension of the psycho-analytical concept that has a symptom value for a sick

person.c) Te false Self main preoccupation is to look for

the conditions which make it possible for the trueSelf s to appear. If those conditions are not accom-plished, a new protection system against the true Selfmust be reorganized, and if a solution can not befound suicidal ideation appears.

d) Te false Self is built up based on the identifica-tion of the surrounding persons.

e) Te health status is established when the false

Self is built by the systematization of a polite andwell-mannered social attitude In other words, the fre-quency, the alliance between the intellectual approachand thefalse Self contains a dangerous potential.

Donald Winnicott believes that when a high in-tellectually powerful person organizes in a false Selfthere isa strong tendency for the mind to become itsresidence Tus, the intellectual activity will be dissoci-ated from the psychosomatic existence and will createa Faustian situation of the academicians unhappinessbecause feels apocryphal.

Teaetiology of False Self must be looked for inthe first stages of object relation. While the motherheld her baby in her arms it manifests by gesturesthat express spontaneous impulses periodically. Tesource of those gestures is the true Self.Te mothercan interfere or not with infantile omnipotence whichis revealed through gesture or through a sensory-mo-tor group. Te true Self is strongly bound by the spon-taneous gesture and the mother is good enough tofavour the child, reinforcing the babys weak Self. In

other words, the true Self becomes a reality only if themother manages to meet with the babys spontane-ous gesture or with the sensory hallucination. Ten,he begins to believe in an exterior reality that doe notcontradict his omnipotence.

If the mothers adjusting ability to hallucinationand to the a spontaneous gestures of her baby is notgood enough, he grows up but he lives a false life. Hisprotest against the fact that he is forced to live false alife is manifested by irritability, sucking trouble, sleep

trouble and more. In order to be obedient, he gets, afalse Self which starts working and he builds himself a

set of false relations. With the help introspection hemakes scenarios that seem real; the true ego hides,the spontaneity disappears. Up to a point thefalse Selfhas a defending the true Self role, but if a profounddissociation takes place, the true self not only can beexploited and hidden but also annihilated as an ex-pression of mothers behaviour who has been both

good and bad in a tormenting and irregular way; noteven the imitation is capable to dissipate such an em-phasized confusion.

In the earliest phase, the true Self is the one thatgenerates individual option and spontaneous gesture.

Te latter is the true self in action and it is the onlyone that can confer the feeling of being real. It has itsorigin in bodily tissues and corporal functions, and isa primary phenomenon that does not depend on theexterior. Te external reality tribute is paid off by all

of the pieces of false self formation and subsidized bythat. Conditions are created of forming what Freudcalled the living bladder, with a cortical receptive layeror of a membrane that separates the interior from theexterior. Te true Self appears like a virtual space assoon as that the most primitive psychic organizationform of the individual comes into e xistence, meaningthe totality of living qualities from a sensory-motorpoint of view. When a strong dissociation betweenthe authentic and false Self is produced a dim capacityto create and use symbols can be observed; this situa-tion has important implications in object theory andtransactional phenomenon.

Better said, thefalse Self develops when the ownIdchild pulses are disqualified leading, in a first, phase toirresolute confusion. For the example: the child is hun-gry; the mother is busy and she does not want to feedit. She acts as if she denied the babys appetite or if thechild is older she tells him abruptly: no, you are nothungry. Te child becomes perplexed in front of thereality of his instinctual drive and ends up renouncing

to his authentic options and becoming compliant tothe others impulses.

Tis example is illustrative for understanding thedeviated inconsequent direction of the behaviour de-

velopment.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Brazelton Berry ., Sparrow Josua D: Puncte de cotitur,

Editura Fundaia Generaia, 2008

Dolto Francoise: Imaginea incontient a corpului,Editura

rei, 2005

Freedman Alfred, Kaplan Harold,

Sadock Benjamin:Com-prehensive extbook of Psychiatry, Ed. a II-a, Williams and

Wilkins Co., 1975

Freud Anna:Normal i patologic la copil,Editura Fundaiei

Generaia, 2002

Freud Anna: Te Psycho Analytical reatment of Children,

Ed. Imago Publishing Co, LD London, 1950

Fulford K. W. M.:Moral theory and medical practice, Cam-

bridge University Press, 1989

Kristeva Julia: Noile maladii ale sufletului, Editura rei,

2005

Laplanche Jean, Pontalis J.-B: Vocabularul Psihanalizei,

Editura Humanitas, 1994

Roudinesco Elisabeth, Plon Michel:Dicionar de psihanaliz,

Editura rei, 2002

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Klein Winnicott

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Transcript of Klein Winnicott