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SORAN UNIVERSTYSCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
Linear Heatconduction
Transort P!eno"ena La#
Prepared by: Reband Azad Raza
Dyar Abdullah
Mohammed muhsin
Supervised by: Dr.Rebwar koyi
Date 12!"2!1#
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$ontentsAi" o% t!is reort&''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' (
Introduction'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''(
T!eor) &''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' *
Readin+s to #e ta,en &'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''*
Procedure&''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' -
E.ui"ent and co"onents used&''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''/
Ta#0e o% Readin+&'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
Ca0cu0ation&''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 2
3iscussion&'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 1$
Conc0usion&''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1*
Re%erences &'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 14
Aim o% this report:
The aim of this experiment is to measurement linear thermal along z direction conductivity andto investigate and verify Fourier’s Law for linear heat conduction along z direction.
(William,!"#$
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&ntrodu'tion
The heat conduction unit consist of electrically heated module mounted on a %ench support
frame. The module contains a cylindrical metal %ar arrangement for a variety of linear
conduction experiments. Test section is e&uipped with an array of temperature sensors. 'ooling
water, to %e supplied from a standart la%oratory tap, is fed to one side of the test pieces in order
to maintain a steady gradient. The instrumentation permits accurate measurement of temperature
and power supply. Fast response temperature pro%es, with a resolution of .)', give direct
digital readout in )'. The power control circuit provides continuously varia%le electrical output
of * Watts with direct readout, 'onduction is defined as the transfer of energy from more
energetic particles to ad+acent less energetic particles as a result of interactions %etween the
particles. n solids, conduction is the com%ined result of molecular vi%rations and free electron
mo%ility. -etals typically have high free electron mo%ility, which explains why they are good
heat conductors. 'onduction can %e easily understood if we imagine two %locs, one very hot
and the other cold. f we put these %locs in contact with one another %ut insulate them from the
surroundings, thermal energy will %e transferred from the hot to the cold %loc, as evidenced %y
the increase in temperature of the cold %loc. This mode of heat transfer %etween the two solid
%locs is termed /conduction.
(heory :
f a plane wall of thicness (0x$ and area (1$ supports a temperature difference (0T$ then the
heat transfer rate per unit time (2$ %y conduction through the wall is found to %e 3
(
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it is necessary to find the temperature distri%ution through the solid and how the distri%ution
varies with time. 8sing the e&uipment set*up descri%ed a%ove, it is a simple matter of monitoring
the temperature profile variation during either a heating or cooling cycle thus
Facilitating the study of unsteady state conduction. 9:;
Fig. 2.3: Layout for Linear Heat Conduction Test Specimen (tafan,2010)
Fig. 2.4: Module for Linear Heat Conduction Test Specimen (M. Tirumales!ar )
Te rate of linear conduction eat transfer for tis system ("i#. $.1):
%ere,
& ' Termal conductiity
4
( ) B At
t x T T L
Ak
dx
dT Ak q −=−=
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' Cylindrical area of specimen
L ' Heat traelin# distance
T ' Temperature near eater
T* ' Temperature furter eater
Pro'edure:
• Turn on t!e 9ater su0) and ensure t!at 9ater is :o9in+ %ro" t!e %ree
end o% t!e 9ater iet o drain' T!is s!ou0d #e c!ec,ed at inter;a0s'
• Rotate t!e !eater o9er contro0 on t!e e0ectrica0 conso0e to t!e %u00)
anti<c0oc,9ise osition'
• Set t!e "ains ON=OFF s9itc! ON osition 9!en t!e di+ita0 readouts 9i00
#e i00u"inated'
• T!e te"erature 9i00 #e indicated on t!e te"erature readout
•
Set t!e !eater o9er on t!e 9att"eter
• Se0ect te"erature 1 on se0ector s9itc!
• T!e te"erature 9i00 no9 increase as t!e end o% t!e 0inear "odu0e is
!eated
• Se0ect te"erature $ on se0ector s9itc! and note t!at t!e indicated
te"erature decreases to9ards t!e 9ater<coo0ed end' Reeat unti0
nine te"eratures !a;e #een se0ected'
• Te"eratures s!ou0d #e c!ec,ed at re+u0ar inter;a0s unti0 reac!in+
stead) state'
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1
(
* 4 -
/
2
1>>
14
1*
1$
1(
11
/
• Co"issionin+ is ne9 co"0ete'
+,uipment and 'omponents used:
{3}
Fi+ure 1' &0inear !eat e.ui"ent?s @en+ineerin+
too0s$>11B
(able o% Readin*:
/
No. Ite No. Item
1. Linear !eat conduction "odu0e 2' ON = OFF s9itc!
2. Co0d 9ater in0et out0et ort 1>' $$>VAC %use
3. T!er"ocou0e orts 11' Linear=Radia0 "odu0e se0ector s9itc!
4. Te"erature se0ector s9itc! 1$' Modu0e c0i
5. Te"erature "eter 1(' Radia0 !eat conduction "odu0e
6. Heater su0) 1*' T!er"ocou0es
7. Po9er "eter 14' T!er"ocou0e orts
8. Po9er contro00er
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Temperature of barrel is 23.
8 T1 T$ T( T* T4 T- T/ T
(> >1>>'- 2/'2 7 2'$ '2 7 /('$
-> > 21'$ 2'- 7 -'1 4'/ 7 /*'
8 T1 T$ T( T* T4 T- T/ T
(> >
1>>'- 2/'2 2('- 2'$ '2 1'1 /('$
-> > 21'$ 2'- /'2 -'1 4'/ >'( /*'
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$al'ulation:
No' 57 T 5T D @"B @ B @ B
@ '
B
1 <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<<<$ >'>1> (/('- $'/ $$-'/4
( >'>$> (/>'2 *'( 1*$'(
* >'>(> (--'- *'* 1(2'1*
4 >'>*> (-$'$ >'( $>*>'
- >'>4> (-1'2 /' /'*2
/ >'>-> (4*'1 /'2 //'*2 >'>/> (*-'$ <<<<<< <<<<<<<
2
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1>
1>
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Dis'ussion:
1-
Here are t!e %actors t!at aect t!e rate o% conductionAB Te"erature dierence
B Cross<sectiona0 area
CB Len+t! @distance !eat "ust tra;e0B
3B Ti"e
2-
T!e t!er"a0 conducti;it) o% an o#ect is deendent on itsco"osition and di"ensions @cross<sectiona0 area and0en+t!B'
For t9o connected o#ects o% t!e sa"e di"ensionconnected to !ot and co0d reser;oirs t!e !i+!er t!ete"erature dro t!e 0o9er t!e t!er"a0 conducti;it)
-
In contact oint 9i00 "a,e error #ecause 9!en 9e oin t!e eace o% "ateria0 9i00 "a,e a sace t!atcause to !eat 0osses'
/-
To "easure t!e te"erature distri#ution %or stead)<stateconduction o% ener+) t!rou+! a co"osite 0ane 9a00 anddeter"ine t!e O;era00 Heat Trans%er Coecient %or t!e:o9 o% !eat t!rou+! a co"#ination o% dierent "ateria0s
1$
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1(
in series
#-
) increasin+ area and JT t!er"a0 conducti;it) decrease&
ut #) increasin+ J7 t!er"a0 conducti;it) increase
"-
K!) 9e ne+0ect t!e rst rate o% te"'
ecause o% t!e distance is ero and read te"'as "inus'
0-
K!at is t!e ad;anta+e o% coo0in+9ater To "a,e t!e dierence#et9een t!e te"'
1(
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$on'lusion:
Fro" t!is 0a# session 9e !a;e de"onstrate !o9 t!e e.uation can #e used to
re0ate t!e te"erature dierence !eat :o9 and distance in so0id "ateria0 o%
constant cross sectiona0 area and t!er"a0 conducti;it)' Increased o% !eat :o9
roduces an increased te"erature +radient' Ke a0so can see %or one<di"ensiona0
stead)<state conduction in a 0ane 9a00 9it! no !eat +eneration t!e !eat :u is a
constant indeendent o% ' 9e !a;e 0earnt !o9 to in;esti+ate t!e t!er"a0
conducti;it) and t!er"a0 contact resistance o% dierent t)es o% "ateria0 #) usin+
%or"u0a' At t!e sa"e ti"e 9e !a;e stud) on t!e dierent "et!od o% insu0ation o%
t!e s)ste" 9it! t!at 9e ,ne9 "ateria0s t!at !a;e 0o9 t!er"a0 conducti;it) suc! as
#ric, cor, +0ass +ranite 0i"estone 9oo0 aer ru##er and sand stone' An) o%
t!ese "ateria0 is a0ied as insu0ator ut in #et9een a !i+! t!er"a0 conducti;it)
"ateria0s t!e rate o% !eat trans%er 9i00 #e 0ess do9n ' T!en %or t!e a0ication o%
t!is eeri"ent t!is concet can #e a0) in a desi+n o% a !eat sin,' A !eat sin, is
desi+ned to increase t!e sur%ace area in contact 9it! t!e coo0in+ "ediu"
surroundin+ it suc! as t!e air' Aroac! air ;e0ocit) c!oice o% "ateria0 n or ot!er
rotrusion desi+n and sur%ace treat"ent are so"e o% t!e %actors 9!ic! aect t!e
t!er"a0 er%or"ance o% a !eat sin,' Heat sin, attac!"ent "et!ods and t!er"a0
inter%ace "ateria0s a0so aect t!e e;entua0 die te"erature o% t!e inte+rated
1*
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circuit' So t!is eeri"ent is a +ood eosure to student to 0earn and ,no9 t!e
concet o% !eat trans%er in conducti;it) "ec!anis" "ore #etter' As conc0usion 9e
can see t!at t!e o#ecti;es o% t!e eeri"ent !a;e ac!ie;ed and #een co"0eted '
@)ounis'A$>>1B
Re%eren'es :
Website
+1 ttp:--en.!i&ipedia.or#-!i&i-Heattransfer
+2 ttp:--!!!.taftan.com-termodynamics-"/3.HTM
+$ ttp:--en.!i&ipedia.or#-!i&i-Heatsin&4Heattransferprinciple
+5 ttp:--!!!.en#ineerin#tool6o7.com-conductie'eat'transfer'd528.tml
Books
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