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KELEMBAGAAN PETANI SUATUKELEMBAGAAN PETANI SUATU

KENISCAYAAN DALAMKENISCAYAAN DALAM

PEMBANGUNAN AGRIBISNIS DIPEMBANGUNAN AGRIBISNIS DIINDONESIAINDONESIA

Lukman M BagaLukman M Baga

Departemen AgribisnisDepartemen Agribisnis

FEMFEM--IPBIPB

Kuliah Pertama

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Pembangunan Ekonomi yangPembangunan Ekonomi yang

HiperpragmatisHiperpragmatis

Pembangunan ekonomiPembangunan ekonomibangsa merupakan ajangbangsa merupakan ajangbisnis sejumlah kecil kronibisnis sejumlah kecil kroni

penguasa.penguasa. Indonesia lebih sulitIndonesia lebih sulit

bangkit dari keterpurukanbangkit dari keterpurukanpaska krisis moneterpaska krisis moneterdibandingkan negara lain.dibandingkan negara lain.

Hancurnya kohesivitasHancurnya kohesivitassosial bangsasosial bangsa

disebabkan 7 bentukdisebabkan 7 bentukkesenjangankesenjangan

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1. Ketimpangan

penyebaran aset

antara pengusaha

besar-kecil

3. Ketimpangan

pembangunan

antar wilayah

4 Ketimpangan

pembangunanantar sub-wilayah

2. Ketimpangan

laju pertum-

buhan antar 

sektor 

5. Ketimpanganpembangunan antara

Desa-Kota

6. Ketimpangan antar 

golongan sosial

ekonomi

7. Ketimpangan

pembangunan

SDM

Tujuh jenis ketimpangan yang menghancurkan kohesifitas sosial bangsa

Indonesia (Dikembangkan dari Chaniago, 2001)

Pemuliahan ekonomi nasional tidak cukup haya memperbaiki

aspek finansial dan ekonomi saja, namun juga harus diikutidengan pemulihan kohesivitas sosial

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Indonesian Agriculture at the CrossroadsIndonesian Agriculture at the Crossroads

Indonesian

Agriculture at the

Crossroads !!

Agricultural

development is

neglected

Low Productivity

Low Quality

Low Bargaining Power

Low Competitiveness

Small Farmers

are marginalized

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GROWTH OF AGRICULTURAL SUB-SECTORS(PERCENT PER YEAR)

-4.0

-2.0

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

Food r op 1.3 5.1 -0.1

Hort t r   2.7 3.3 3.9

Non-Food r op 0.8 5.3 2.9

Livestock 1.4 5.7 0.9

Fishir ies 4.6 4.4 4.3

For estry -1.5 0.7 -3.5

TOTAL 0.7 2.6 -0.1

1961-1967 1968-1992 1993-2000

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More Complicated ProblemsMore Complicated Problems

Traditional ways in management and lack of using proper Traditional ways in management and lack of using proper technology.technology.

The small size of farm units and lack of farmers¶ capital.The small size of farm units and lack of farmers¶ capital. A lack of infrastructure, especially outside Java, includes theA lack of infrastructure, especially outside Java, includes the

availability of input factors and facilities for post harvest availability of input factors and facilities for post harvest processing as well as marketing.processing as well as marketing.

The low bargaining position of farmers in gaining suitableThe low bargaining position of farmers in gaining suitableprice for their products.price for their products.

A lack of an integrated government policy that supportsA lack of an integrated government policy that supportsagribusiness as an integrated system.agribusiness as an integrated system.

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SistemAgribisnis dengan sekat Sektoral Pemerintahan

Note : Support system agribusiness such as research and development, information,

education, training and extension, consultation, financing, insurance, regulation, etc

Fertilizer

Pesticide

Machinery

Equipment

Seed, Feed

Transportation

Food Crop

Horticulture

Plantation

Fisheries

Livestock 

Forestry

Grading

Handling

Processing

Packaging

Storing

Advertising

Promotion

Negotiation

Distribution

Input Factor

Supplies

F a r m i n g Processing Marketing

Support System

Input Factor

Support System

Farming

Support System

Processing

Support System

Marketing

Source : Baga et.al., 1999

Agribisnis terbengkalai karena mahalnya nilaiAgribisnis terbengkalai karena mahalnya nilai

sebuah koordinasi efektif antar instansi pemerintahsebuah koordinasi efektif antar instansi pemerintah

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Cannibalization AgribusinessCannibalization Agribusiness

the cannibalization of the cannibalization of national productionnational production

rice, sugarrice, sugar

the cannibalization of the cannibalization of commoditiescommodities coconutcoconut

the cannibalization of the cannibalization of interinter--subsub--system of thesystem of theagribusinessagribusiness cloveclove

the cannibalizationthe cannibalizationamong intraamong intra--subsub--system of farmingsystem of farming

poultrypoultry

SmallFarmersas thevictims

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SistemAgribisn dengan Sub-sistem Penunjang yang Terintegrasi

Fertilizer

Pesticide

Machinery

Equipment

Seed, Feed

Transportation

Feed Crop

Horticulture

Plantation

Fisheries

Livestock 

Forestry

Grading

Handling

Processing

Packaging

Storing

Advertising

Promotion

Negotiation

Distribution

Input Factor

Supplies

F a r m i n g Processing Marketing

Research and development, information, education, training and extension,

consultation, insurance, regulation, etc

Supporting Service Sub-system

Siapa yang mampu memainkan peran Support System ini ???

Koordinasi Efektif Dimulai dari SubKoordinasi Efektif Dimulai dari Sub--sistemsistem

Penunjang!!Penunjang!!

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Peran Kelembagaan PetaniPeran Kelembagaan Petani

Very small farmingsize

Low productivity and

quality Lack of capital among

farmers

Lack of infrastructure

Weak of bargainingpower

Agribusiness supportsystem is not wellorganized

PeranKelembagaan

Petani MenjadiHal Yang

Penting untukPengembangan

Agribisnis

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Kelembagaan Sosial, EkonomiKelembagaan Sosial, Ekonomi

dan Sosialdan Sosial--EkonomiEkonomi

Kelompoktani

Kelompencapir 

KP2A

Asosiasi komoditiKTNA

HKTI

K

O

P

E

R

A

S

I

UD

Firma

CV

PTPIR

Kemitraan

CF

Bursa

Sosial EkonomiSosial-

Ekonomi

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SHOs with member-owned enterprises

operating for the benefit of their members:

Co-operatives

SHO SHO with mainly

Political goals: political parties

Religious goals: religious asso-

ciations

Socio-cultural goals: sport clubs,

youth clubs

SHO without joint

enterprises

SHOs for changing the structures of factor-

and commodity- markets for the benefit of 

their members: trade unions, cartels

SHOs as associations or pressure groups to

improve the economic and political

framework conditions for the benefit of 

their members

SHOs for receiving (external) aid

for the benefit of their members

SHO with

mainly

economic

goals

Different Types of Self-Help Organizations (SHOs)

(Sumber: Hanel, 1992)

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ChallengesChallenges : :  Bagaimana Memberi Bagaimana Memberi 

emahaman kepada MahasiswaPemahaman kepada Mahasiswa

Koperasi sebagai lembaga yangKoperasi sebagai lembaga yangpowerfull bagi pengembanganpowerfull bagi pengembanganagribisnis, khususnya yagagribisnis, khususnya yagdidominasi oleh petani kecil.didominasi oleh petani kecil.

Koperasi sebagai LembagaKoperasi sebagai Lembagaberdimensi dua yang unikberdimensi dua yang unik dual dual 

identity of membersidentity of members A CoA Co--operativeoperative is not is not a company a company 

but but hashas a company a company 

Anggota yang membutuhkanAnggota yang membutuhkankoperasi bukannya koperasi yangkoperasi bukannya koperasi yangmembutuhkan anggotamembutuhkan anggota

Koperasi harus mampu mengejarKoperasi harus mampu mengejarkeuntungan maksimal bagi usahakeuntungan maksimal bagi usahaanggotanya, bukan untuk dirinyaanggotanya, bukan untuk dirinyasendirisendiri

Koperasi merupakan terobosanKoperasi merupakan terobosan

dunia kerja yang potensialdunia kerja yang potensial

I `

V !