KISHO KUROKAWA

Academician, Japan Art Academy (Japan) President, The Japan Society of Landscape Design, Life Fellow, Architectural Institute of Japan, Life Fellow, Royal Society of Arts (U.K.) Honorary Fellow, American Institute of Architects (U.S.A.) Honorary Member, Union of Architects (Bulgaria) Honorary Fellow, Royal Institute of British Architects (U.K., 1986-) International Fellow, Royal Institute of British Architects(U.K., 2006-) Member, Ordre des Architects (France) Honorary Member, Bund Deustcher Architeken (Germany) Honorary Member, Union of Architects of the Republic of Kazakhstan.(Kazakhstan) Advisor, Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2000-2004) Advisor, People’s Government of Guangzhou, China (2000-2002) Advisor, People’sl Government of Shenzhen, China(1999-2002) Advisor, People’s Government of Jiaozuo, China Senior Advisor, Henan Provincial People’s, China

Born in Nagoya in 1934. Graduated Kyoto University, B. / Arch. Course, Department of Architecture (1957), Tokyo University, M. / Arch. Course, Graduate School of Architecture (1959)Tokyo University, Dr. / Arch. Course, Graduate School of Architecture (1964).

In 1960, at the age of 26, he made his debut into the world as one of the founders of the Metabolism Movement. Since then, he has been advocating the paradigm shift from the Age of Machine Principle to the Age of Life Principle. Concept he advocated such as 「Symbiosis」,「Metabolism」,「Information」,「Recycle」,「Ecology」,「Intermediate Space」,「Fractal」etc. are all important concept based on 「Life Principle」.

His publication includes "Urban Design", "Homo Movens", "Thesis on Architecture I and II", "The Era of Nomad", "Philosophy of Symbiosis", "Hanasuki", "Poems of Architecture", "Kisho Kurokawa Note", and "Revolution of City". "Philosophy of Symbiosis", which was awarded the Japan Grand Prix of Literature, was first published in 1987 and was revised in 1991. The book "Philosophy of Symbiosis" was translated into English and was cited Excellence from the AIA in 1992.

His major works in Japan are the National Ethnological Museum, the National Bunraku Theater, Nagoya City Art Museum, Hiroshima City Museum of Contemporary Art, the Museum of Modern Art, Wakayama,1994 Ehime Prefectural Museum of General Science,Osaka International Convention Center (Grand Cube Osaka), Oita Stadium, Toyota Stadium; his major works abroad are the Japanese-German Centre of Berlin in Germany, the Chinese-Japanese Youth Center in Beijing, China, Melbourne Central in Australia, and Pacific Tower in Paris, France,Republic Plaza, Singapore, the Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Malaysia, and 1999 New Wing of the Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam. His recent works include: The Japanese Nursing Association Building, The National Art Center, Tokyo, which will open in 2006, the Zhengdong New City of 1.5million for the Zhengzhou City, China, New Kunming Aiport City, China, International Financial Center, Chunking, China, Maggie’s Centre, England and Tea house and Japanese Garden of Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation, U.S.A..

In 1982, the traveling exhibition "Kisho Kurokawa " started at the French Institute of

Architecture, and then moved to Florence, Rome, Warsaw, Helsinki, Moscow, to finally become a permanent collection of the Architectural Museum in Wroclaw, Poland. The "Kisho Kurokawa Metabolism 1960-1975" exhibition was held at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris, France, from June 17 to September 29, 1997. The "Kisho Kurokawa Retrospective" started in January 20, 1998 at Maison de la Culture du Japon a Paris, France.Then it was held at the Royal Institute of British Architecture (U.K.), the Art Institute of Chicago (U.S.A.), House of the Culture of the World, Berlin (Germany), and New Wing of the Van Gogh Museum (Amsterdam). It was also traveled to several cities of Japan from 2000 to 2001 and was visited by 800,000 people.

He received Gold Medal from the Academy of Architecture, France (1986), Richard Neutra Award from California State Polytechnic University (1988), The 48th Japan Art Academy Award (highest award for artists and architects in Japan, 1992), and AIA Los Angeles Pacific Rim Award (first awarded, 1997). He was the first Japanese architect to become an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects and the Union of Architects in Bulgaria. Kurokawa was awarded Walpole Medal of Excellence (UK) and Shungdu Friendship Award (China) in 2005 and The Chicago Athenaeum Museum International Architecture Award in 2006 (U.S.A).

In 1994, The Art Institute of Chicago named their architecture gallery the "Kisho Kurokawa Gallery of Architecture".

Kurokawa was awarded Dedalo-Minosse International Prize (Grand Prix) 2003/2004 (Italy) for Kuala Lumpur International Airport in Malaysia, which is also certified as a sustainable airport by Green Globe 21, UN in 2003.

In 1997, DOCOMOMO International (Documentation and Conservation of Modern Architectural Movement) has selected Kurokawa's Nakagin Capsule Tower, Tokyo (1970) to be included in their short list for World Heritage of Modern Buildings and Sites. In 2003, DOCOMOMO Japan has selected Sagae City Hall (Yamagata, 1997) as one of 100 distinctive modern architectures in Japan. In 2006, Nakagin Capsule Tower has been included in the 125 distinctive modern architectures in Japan.

Kisho Kurokawa (黒川 紀章 Kurokawa Kishō?) (8 de Abril de 1934 – 12 de Outubro de 2007) foi um dos principais arquitectos japoneses e um dos fundadores do Movimento Metabolista.

[editar] Biografia

Nascido em Kanie (Aichi), Kurokawa estudou arquitectura na Universidade de Quioto, graduando-se em 1957. Frequentou a Universidade de Tóquio, tendo por orientador Kenzo Tange. Kurokawa recebeu o mestrado em 1959 e inscreveu-se para doutoramento mas não o concluiu, abandonando-o em 1964.

Com alguns colegas fundou o Movimento Metabolista em 1960. Era um movimento japonês avant-garde que procurava fundir e reciclar os estilos de arquitectura no contexto asiático. O movimento teve muito êxito, e os seus membros receberam grandes elogios do Cotillion Beautillion de Takara na Feira Mundial de 1970 em Osaka. O grupo desintegrou-se pouco depois.

Kurokawa escreveu extensivamente sobre filosofia e arquitectura e foi um professor muito activo. Escreveu que há duas tradições inerentes em qualquer cultura: a visível e a invisível. O seu trabalho, indicava, tinha a tradição invisível do Japão. Em 1972 recebeu uma bolsa da Fundação Graham para ensinar no Museum of Science and Industry de Chicago.

Faleceu de falha cardíaca em 12 de Outubro de 2007.

[editar] Impermanência

Nakagin Capsule Tower

Entrada para o Nagoya City Art Museum

Museum of Modern Art, Wakayama

National Art Center, Tóquio

Kurokawa notou que, com as excepções de Quioto e Kanazawa, a maior parte das cidades japonesas ficou destruída com a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Quando as cidades ocidentais são destruídas, tijolo e pedra ficavam como prova da existência no passado. Infelizmente, notava Kurokawa, as cidades japonesas eram principalmente construídas de madeira e elementos naturais, de modo que arderam completamente não deixando vestígios. Notou ainda que Edo (hoje Tóquio) e Quioto foram quase totalmente destruídas nas várias guerras nos séculos XV e XVI. A mudança de poder no Japão provocava sempre destruição das cidades. Além disso o Japão é propenso a desastres naturais como sismos, tufões, cheias e erupções vulcânicas. Esta contínua destruição deu à população do Japão, segundo afirmou, "uma incerteza sobre a existência, falta de fé no visível, uma suspeição do eterno."

[editar] Projectos

(ordenados por ano de fim de construção)

[editar] anos 1970

Nakagin Capsule Tower (Ginza, Tóquio, 1970-1972) Sony Tower (Osaka, 1972-1976)

Tateshina Planetarium (Hiroshima, 1976) Headquarters of the Japanese Red Cross Society (Tóquio, 1975-1977) National Museum of Ethnology (Osaka, 1973-1977)

[editar] anos 1980

Saitama Prefectural Museum of Modern Art (Saitama, 1978-1982) National Bunraku Theater (Osaka, 1979-1983) Wacoal Kojimachi Building (Tóquio, 1982-1984) Chokaso (Tóquio, 1985-1987) Nagoya City Art Museum (Nagoya, 1983-1987) Japanese-German Center of Berlin (Berlim, 1985-1988) Osaka Prefectural Government Offices (Osaka, 1988) Hiroshima City Museum of Contemporary Art (Hiroshima, 1988-1989)

[editar] anos 1990

Chinese-Japanese Youth Center (Pequim, 1987-1990) Okinawa Prefectural Government Headquarters (Okinawa, 1988-1990) O Sporting Club de Illinois Center (Chicago, 1987-1990) Melbourne Central (Melbourne, Austrália, 1986-1991) Miki House New Office Building (Osaka, 1985-1991) Nara City Museum of Photography (Nara, 1989-1991) Louvain-La-Neuve Museum (Bélgica, 1990-1992) Pacific Tower (Paris, França, 1988-1992) Lane Crawford Place (Singapura, 1990-1993) Senkantei (Hyōgo, 1992-1993) Ehime Museum of Science (Ehime, 1991-1994) Ishibashi Junior High School (Tochigi, 1992-1994) The Museum of Modern Art Wakayama /Wakayama Prefectural Museum

(Wakayama, 1990-1994) Hotel Kyocera (Kagoshima, 1991-1995) Kibi-cho City Hall /Kibi Dome (Wakayama, 1993-1995) Republic Plaza (Singapore, 1986-1995) Fukui City Museum of Art (Fukui, 1993-1996) Softopia Japan (Gifu, 1990-1996) Fujinomiya Golf Club (Fujinomiya, 1994-1997) Kashima-machi City Hall (Kumamoto, 1995-1997) Shiga Kogen Roman Art Museum (Yamanouchi, 1994-1997) Aeroporto Internacional de Kuala Lumpur (Kuala Lumpur, Malásia, 1992-1998) Nova ala do Museu Van Gogh (Amsterdão, Países Baixos, 1990-1998) Amber Hall (Kuji, 1996-1999) O Residence (Tóquio, 1997-1999)

[editar] século 21

Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum (Katsuyama, 1996-2000) Osaka International Convention Center (Osaka, 1994-2000) Oita Stadium (Oita, 1996-2001, used for the Copa do Mundo de Futebol de

2002)

Toyota Stadium (Toyota City, 1997-2001) Aeroporto Internacional de Astana (Astana, Cazaquistão, 2000-2003) The National Art Center, Tokyo (Roppongi, Tóquio, 2000-2005) Singapore Flyer (Singapura, 2005-2008) Plano director da nova capital do Cazaquistão (Astana), suspenso por

dificuldades orçamentais Estádio do Zénite (São Petersburgo, 2006-2009)

[editar] Prémios

Gold Medal, Académie d'Architecture, França (1986) Richard Neutra Award, California State Polytechnic University (1988) 48th Art Academy Award, maior prémio para artistas e arquitectos no Japão

(1992) Renaming The Art Institute of Chicago to the Kisho Kurokawa Gallery of

Architecture (1994) Pacific Rim Award, American Institute of Architects, Los Angeles chapter

(primeiro premiado, 1997) Honorary Fellow, Royal Institute of British Architects, Reino Unido Honorary Member, União de Arquitectos, Bulgária Dedalo-Minosse International Prize (Grand Prix) for Kuala Lumpur

International Airport, Malásia (2003–2004) Certificação de aeroporto sustentável, Green Globe 21, Nações Unidas, pelo

aeroporto de Kuala Lumpur (2003) Walpole Medal of Excellence, Reino Unido (2005) Shungdu Friendship Award, China (2005) International Architecture Award, The Chicago Athenaeum Museum (2006)

Nasceu em Nagoya, em 1934.

Graduado em Arquitetura pela Universidade de Kyoto , em 1957, com mestrado pela Escola de Arquitetura da Universidade de Tokyo , em 1959 e Doutorado pela mesma universidade, em 1964.

Em 1960, aos 26 anos, fez o seu “ debut ” no mundo da arquitetura, como um dos fundadores do Movimento do Metabolismo.

Suas principais publicações incluem "Urban Design", "Homo Movens ", "Thesis on Architecture I and II", "The Era of Nomad", "Philosophy of Symbiosis", " Hanasuki ", "Poems of Architecture", and " Kisho Kurokawa Note".

O seu livro " Philosophy of Symbiosis ", foi agraciado com o Grande Prêmio Japônes de Literatura, foi primeiramente publicado em 1987 e revisado em 1991. A obra foi traduzida para o Inglês e citada como “ Excellence ” pelo AIA , em 1992.

O seu principal trabalho no Japão são o Museu Nacional de Etinologia , o Teatro Nacional Bunraku , o Museu de Arte da Cidade de Nagoya, o Museu Contemporâneo da Cidade de

Hiroshima, o Museu de Arte Contemporânea em Wakayama , o Centro Internacional de Convenção de Osaka, dentre outros.

Os seus mais recentes trabalhos incluem o Centro de Arte Nacional de Tokyo , que sera inaugurado em 2007, e o Museu de Arte Yilanzhai , na China.

O arquiteto Kisho Kurokawa foi o escolhido pelas prefeituras de duas cidades japonesas, Oita e Toyota, para construir estádios com múltiplo uso, tendo em vista a Copa do Mundo de Futebol, que acontece no Japão e na Coréia em junho de 2002.

O autor desenvolveu complexos esportivos com sofisticada tecnologia construtiva, dotados de coberturas retráteis, mas sem perder a identidade com a cultura japonesa.

O estádio Oita tem capacidade para 43 mil espectadores e o Toyota pode abrigar 45 mil pessoas.

Ambos têm semelhanças de linguagem, fortemente marcada pelas curvas em forma de concha (no Toyota) e de calota (Oita), e pelas coberturas retráteis, com revestimento que utiliza materiais de última geração.

Essa é uma das marcas do conhecido arquiteto japonês, que adota a filosofia da simbiose como um de seus pressupostos e defende o “diálogo entre identidades locais, tendências globais e história”, conforme afirma em entrevista concedida há dois anos, em Brasília.

Kisho KurokawaThe National Art CenterTokyo, Japan

As the trees surrounding the building grow the atrium will become a forested public space.

The National Art Center, Japan’s largest exhibition facility, connects with the Roppongi downtown as an extension of the street.

Photo courtesy The National Art Center

The large atrium is enclosed in an undulating glass curtain wall, with exterior glass louvers to block direct light and ultraviolet rays.

Photo: arcspace

Photo: arcspace

Kurokawa also designed the new glass curtain wall for the existing library building. The reflection of the new Art Center on the facade makes a visual connection between the buildings.

Photo: arcspace

Visitors deposit their umbrellas in the circular pavilion and enter the atrium through a giant steel and glass cone. The cone is lit by recessed lighting placed in a red ring suspended from the apex.

Photo: arcspace

Photo: arcspace

Photo: arcspace

Photo: arcspace

Photo: arcspace

The building contains seven 2,000 square meter column-less galleries, that can be divided up into smaller spaces by a series of internal partitions. The partitions, each weighing 2.5 ton, can be moved by two people.

Photo: arcspace

Skylights and translucent spaces between the wood slatted walls admits daylight into the galleries.

Photo: arcspace

A vast outdoor exhibition space is located on the back side of the building.

Photo: arcspace

The Center also contains a library, an auditorium, a restaurant, a cafe, a museum shop, and a rooftop garden. The restaurant and café are located in the upper part of two inverted concrete cones.

Photo: arcspace

Photo: arcspace

Photo: arcspace

Photo: arcspace

Five of the gallery spaces will be used for exhibitions by Japan's art associations, collectives of artists working in a particular media, that often have many hundreds of members.The two remaining galleries, one with a ceiling height of five meters, the other eight meters, will be used for "special exhibition” of contemporary art organized by the Center itself, or in collaboration with other institutions and newspaper companies.

Image courtesy The National Art CenterConcept sketch

Model photo courtesy The National Art Center

Model photo courtesy The National Art Center

Kisho KurokawaNakagin Capsule TowerTokyo, Japan

The Nakagin Capsule Tower was the first capsule architecture design, the capsule as a room inserted into a mega-structure, built for actual use.The Capsule Tower realizes the ideas of metabolism, exchangeability, recycleablity as the prototype of sustainable architecture.

Photo: arcspace

Located in the Ginza area of Tokyo, the Nagakin Capsule Tower, was originally designed as a Capsule Hotel to provide economical housing for businessmen working late in central Tokyo during the week.

The 14-story high Tower has 140 capsules stacked at angles around a central core. Kurokawa developed the technology to install the capsule units into the concrete core with only 4 high-tension bolts, as well as making the units detachable and replaceable.

Photo: arcspace

Photo: arcspace

The one-man-room capsule, a modified (4 x 2.5 meter) shipping container, has a circular window, a built-in bed and bathroom unit, and is complete with TV, radio and alarm clock. The capsule interior was pre-assembled in a factory then hoisted by crane and fastened to the concrete core shaft.

Photo: arcspace

Photo: arcspace

Photo: arcspace

Photo: arcspace

Residents in Japan’s most famous experiment in living and working in tiny pods are now plotting its demolition. Kurokawa's design theory was to replace the capsules when needed but the building has not been maintained in 33 years which has caused drainage and water pipes to be damaged.The international heritage protection group Docomomo, have unsuccessfully pleaded for the United Nations' heritage arm to protect this landmark building.

Architect: Kisho KurokawaDesign / Construction:1970-1972

Building Area: 429.51 metersTotal Floor Area: 3,091.23 meters

The Sony Tower (1976) in Osaka, also designed by Kurokawa, is another prototypical example of sustainable architecture. The capsules are the same size as those of the Nakagin Capsule Tower, but the exterior is made of stainless steel.

Photo: arcspace

Photo: arcspace

Kisho KurokawaBig Eye StadiumOita Prefectural Sports ParkOita City, Japan

Photo: Koji Kobayashi

Photo: Koji Kobayashi

"It might be just coincidence but we have a pineal gland in the brain that is said to be a degenerated eye-like organ. It seems that we had a third eye in our brain to look up the sky, rather than two eyes to see the world on the earth. Since people abandoned the universe to stay on the earth, the third eye became useless and degenerated. Seeing the Big Eye watching only the sky, such a thought came to my mind."Kisho KurokawaInterview by Makoto Takahashi

Sketch courtesy Kisho Kurokawa

The gentle curves of the spherical design resemble the curves of the surrounding landscape. The choice of a sphere, an expression of abstract symbolism, enables the retractable roof to move along its surface.

The retractable roofs are closed right above the spine, after gradually moving parallel up to the spine. They are pulled up with wires that have a winch member at the bottom. Each rib has a different curve ratio from the others, and each wire has a different load from the others. The giant’s blink is supported by advanced technology that calculates and controls the loads, and by external wires powered by computers.

Photo: Koji Kobayashi

Photo: Koji Kobayashi

A retractable seating system removes the seats, that are placed at the edge of the field to enhance the feeling of being part of the soccer arena, to accommodate track events.

The elliptical roof opening runs along the north-south axis for the field to get proper sunlight exposure. The economical structure of the main beam arch, with perpendicular horizontal-running sub-beams, corresponds to the elliptical shape of the roof opening. The vastness of the site made this type of pipe-arch structure possible and also the most reasonable.

Photo: Koji Kobayashi

Photo: Koji Kobayashi

A slit is cut between the roof and the spectator seating to allow for natural ventilation in the summer, and to create a feeling of openness and a view of the mountains. The use of

ultra-modern teflon membrane panels with 25% light-permeablity removes the need for artificial lighting during daylight hours.

Photo: Koji Kobayashi

A moving camera is placed on the main beam, the world’s first, to deliver dynamic images to the rest or the world.

Photo: Koji Kobayashi

Stadium, feature several facilities including a general fitness center, a training and lodging center, a botanical pool, 2 multi-purpose athletic fields, 2 soccer and rugby training fields, a sub-training field, a softball field, a public baseball field, 11 tennis courts, a throwing event practice field, a gate-ball field and an open track that can be used year-round because of the retractable roof feature.

Photo: Koji KobayashiTea lounge on the first floor

Photo: Koji KobayashiEntrance lobby for the VIP room on the first floor

The Oita Stadium, chosen as an arena for the World Cup Games in 2002, will continue to grow striving to become a large-scale and extensive all-purpose sports park ready for the 2008 Second Tour of the Japanese Inter-Prefectural Athletic Competition.

Drawing courtesy Kisho Kurokawa Architect & AssociatesFirst Floor Plan

Drawing courtesy Kisho Kurokawa Architect & AssociatesSection

Sketch courtesy Kisho Kurokawa

7

Kisho Kurokawa & AssociatesTechnopolisEco-Tec CityOne-North, Singapore

The 123,000 square meter building, internally referred to as “Technopolis”, will be the first major development in the Central Exchange - the cluster for the Infocommunications & Media (ICM) industries in One-North. The design by Kisho Kurokawa was selected as the winning proposal in the International Competition on April 18, 2002.

Image courtesy Kisho Kurokawa & Associates

Eco-Tec City  is created by multi-dimensionally layering differing elements (residential, office, public services, commercial). The more layers, the higher the level of vibrancy. A Layered City is created by a new method called Vertical Zoning instead of conventional Horizontal Zoning

Image courtesy Kisho Kurokawa & Associates

In principle, residences are placed in the top layer with Roof Garden that is beneficial from the perspective of both the scenic prospect and the privacy it provides. Offices are, in principle, zoned between level 2 and the residential layer.

To successfully apply Vertical Zoning, each building is clearly divided into a specialized core for office floors, specialized core for residential floors, and direct elevator to the sky garden and public service floor, and each is provided with its own entrance lobby on the ground floor level. While keeping these vertical zoning systems, it is possible to separately control each tower, with Plot A as RIC + Housing for RIC Researcher, Plot C as ICT + Housing, and Plot B as ICT Annex + Housing.

Image courtesy Kisho Kurokawa & Associates

Narrow street on the ground surface are cracks (void spaces) of atriums opening to the level zero.  Natural light reaches underground level zero through the cracks (void spaces) in the ground. This crack (void space) is an atrium containing escalators and stairways linking level zero with level one, and it is covered with a roof of transparent glass. The urban underground space that was formerly a black box is now visible from above through this crack (void space). Sidewalks at ground surface level guarantee a width of 4 m on the inside of the building line. The three-dimensionally layered artificial ground level (Super Slab) is occupied by gardens, groves of trees, urban public services, sports facilities, cultural facilities, stores, bars and restaurants, cafe and entertainment facilities. These are called the Common.

Image courtesy Kisho Kurokawa & Associates

Eco-Tec City has a layered Super Slab. The urban structure of Eco-Tec City is artificial ground (Super Slab) with multiple layers: the underground is considered to be level zero ground, the surface ground to be level one, the above-ground floors to be levels 2 to Xn, and the roof-top artificial ground level to be level Xr. (Roof Garden). The structure of the building is the most advanced super structure consisting solely of a core column and cantilever Super Slab. The buildings of Eco-Tec City achieve column free space thanks to the core columns and the Super Slab. The system of buildings proposed for Eco-Tec City must be expandable to the entire Science Hub.

The Super Slab also has equipment and mechanical space that is called the Mechanical Wafer.  Distributing the mechanical rooms inside the Super Slab allows the number of vertical ducts and piping space that are normally needed to be sharply reduced. People can enter the Super Slab to perform maintenance and repair work at any time.

Vertical air ducts (natural ventilation system from the interior to the outside) The void in the center of every building is a vertical fresh air channel that supplies clean air to every floor. It is a natural ventilation system that continually supplies filtered and compressed fresh air to every residential and office floor and discharges air from the interior through the space inside the exterior wall of the double skin. Polluted air outside the building cannot penetrate the building even if the windows are opened.

Image courtesy Kisho Kurokawa & Associates

Because the exterior wall of the building is a double skin made of glass, wind pressure is not applied directly to the inner exterior wall, even during a wind storm, and there is no danger of polluted air penetrating the building from the outside. And when sunlight strikes the outside glass of  the double skin, the warm outside air is discharged from the top by a rising air current inside the double skin from bottom of double skin curtain wall with zeolite filter. The suction helps forcefully exhaust the interior air. Photo apartment

Image courtesy Kisho Kurokawa & Associates

Image courtesy Kisho Kurokawa & Associates

The master plan concept calls for high-density narrow streets (for pedestrians). Because this means that the buildings are close together, it is necessary to guarantee privacy. Priority is given to the inhabitants for scenic views and privacy by arranging residential parts of each building at differing levels. Where an office part faces a residential part, the exterior wall of the office is recessed, and constructing a Sky Garden creates pleasant buffer zones that provide privacy to both the office and the residential sides. Outside glass of the double skin of the facade is screened so that it protects the privacy of the rooms behind it while remaining transparent. Technically, this is done by printing a screen pattern on the outside glass so that the outside is clearly visible from the inside, but the inside  is difficult to see from the outside.

Image courtesy Kisho Kurokawa & Associates

The roof of the building is made of solar panels (new product) that are half transparent and symbolize an Eco-building that uses solar energy. By allowing part of the light to pass through, it supports the growth of trees in the Sky Garden. The solar panels are placed on the floor of horizontal Cat Walk for the maintenance in the double skin facade.

Sky GardenRooftop gardens (Sky Gardens) are planned for the roof or other level of each Super Slab, and all are linked with bridges increasing the frequency they are used.

Recycling of Home GarbageGarbage produced from residential zones is composted or processed to form solid fuel. The former is used to fertilize the trees in the Sky Garden and the latter used as fuel for home generators.

Recycling rainwaterUsed water is purified for use as recycled waste water: for flushing toilets and watering the trees.  Rain water is collected from the sidewalks and used along with the recycled waste water.

Recycling body heatPart of the heat generated by the bodies of people in the offices and other spaces is recovered for use as a heat source.

The double skin sharply reduces the penetration of heat from the outside. The road pavement is all rainwater permeable paving that allows that part of rainwater not recycled to return to the ground for keeping eco-systems.

All these systems are the characteristics of a sustainable Eco-building.

Image courtesy Kisho Kurokawa & Associates

Kisho KurokawaToyota StadiumToyota, Japan

Photo courtesy Kisho Kurokawa & Associates

The Toyota Stadium was planned adjacent to the Toyota Bridge in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of municipalization of the City of Toyota.

Photo courtesy Kisho Kurokawa & Associates

The Toyota Bridge is a part of the main pedestrian-based road system of the city. This super-modern bridge attaches an importance to pedestrians and not to cars, by giving pedestrians more space than the roadway, and it also provides movable stairs giving direct access to the waterfront. In addition, the bridge provides a direct pedestrian access to the plaza of the stadium for large numbers of people when soccer games or any other events are held.

'Photo courtesy Kisho Kurokawa & Associates

The Stadium was originally designed to accommodate 60,000 spectators when Toyota was selected to be one of the fifteen cities for the Japan World-Cup Semi-Final Game. Later as Japan and South Korea cosponsored the World-Cup, the possible venues were reduced to tencities. Toyota City in Aichi Prefecture was left out of the selection, despite the fact that it has the third largest population density. As a result the design, already in process, was reduced to accommodate 45,000 spectators.

Photo courtesy Kisho Kurokawa & Associates

Photo courtesy Kisho Kurokawa & Associates

To accomodate that many spectator on a site, only half the size of the Oita Stadium site, that included a river embankment and an irrigation ditch for the preservation of the area, Kuokawa designed inclined vertical wall pillars to support the seating sections, and four huge independent masts to carry the roof.

Photo courtesy Kisho Kurokawa & Associates

Photo courtesy Kisho Kurokawa & Associates

In order to enable a multifunctional usage of the facility, a movable roof became an additional condition of the new design. The roof was designed for natural light to reach the lawn on the ground while closed and still cover the main stand seats completely when opened.

Photo courtesy Kisho Kurokawa & Associates

Both wings of the suspended roof, reminiscent of the traditional shape of the Japanese roof, were designed parallel to each other to enable the light-weight roof to move along the rails, opening and closing like a folding Japanese fan, by an air-pillow method.

Photo courtesy Kisho Kurokawa & Associates

The spectators’ seats in the Toyota Stadium, said to be the "Number One" in the world among experts and professional players, are located up to the very last extention along the line of the stadium field.

Photo courtesy Kisho Kurokawa & Associates

The entire structure is steel covered with fireproof pre-cast slabs enabling a reduction of the overall weight of the structure. The structural concept of the Toyota Stadium was done incollaboration with Ove ARUP & Partners Japan Ltd.

Photo courtesy Kisho Kurokawa & Associates

Sketch courtesy Kisho Kurokawa

Sketch courtesy Kisho Kurokawa

Drawing courtesy Kisho Kurokawa & AssociatesSite Plan Section

Drawing courtesy Kisho Kurokawa & AssociatesPlan

Drawing courtesy Kisho Kurokawa & AssociatesSection

Drawing courtesy Kisho Kurokawa & AssociatesSection

Curriculum Vitae

1934 Born in Nagoya City1957 Graduated from Kyoto University, Department of Architecture1962 President, Kisho Kurokawa Architects & Associates1964 Graduated from Tokyo University, Graduate School of Architecture,        Masters and Doctors Degree1985 Honorary Professor, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina1986 Professor, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China1988 Doctor Honoris Causa of Sofia University, Bulgaria

Awards:

1986 Gold Medal from the Academy of Architecture in France1988 Richard Neutra Award from California State Polytechnic University         in Pomona1989 Grand Prix with Gold Medal at The Fifth World Biennale of Architecture        in Sofia1990 Prize of the Architectural Institute of Japan

Major Projects:

1977 National Ethnological Museum, Osaka, Japan1982 Saitama Prefectural Museum of Modern Art, Japan1988 National Bunraku Theater, Osaka, Japan1988 Hiroshima City Museum of Contemporary Art, Japan1990 Sporting Club at Illinois Center, Chicago, United States1991 Melbourne Central, Australia1992 Pacific Tower, Paris, France1994 Ehime Museum of Science, Japan1995 Republic Plaza, Singapore

After 1997 Shiga Kogen Roman Art Museum, Nagano, Japan                Exhibition Wing for the Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam                Musée de Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium                Resort Hotel in Menorca, Spain                Nara City Photographic Museum, Japan                Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Malaysia                The Museum of Modern Art, Wakayama, Japan                Eco-Media City 2020, Malaysia