k‹ip¡^ u Ap^pfrigp A ¡ k‹ip¡^ ep¡S>...
Transcript of k‹ip¡^ u Ap^pfrigp A ¡ k‹ip¡^ ep¡S>...
‚L$fZ - 4
k¨ip°^__u Ap^pfrigp A_° k¨ip°^_ ep°S>_p
4.1 ‚ı[ph_p
4.2 rhje_p° D]π $ch
4.3 k¨ip°^_ `Ÿr[
4.4 Ïep`rhÔh A_° _d|_p `k¨]$Nu
4.5 D`L$fZp°_u k¨fQ_p
4.6 dprl[u A°L$”uL$fZ_u fu[
4.7 dprl[u `©\Ω$fZ_u fu[
93
‚L$fZ -4k¨ip°^__u Ap^pfrigp A_° k¨ip°^_ ep°S>_p
4.1 ‚ı[ph_p
ANpD_p ‚L$fZdp¨ k¨ip°^L° $ ‚ı[y[ k¨ip°^_ dpV° $ Ap^pfÍ$` b_°gp `|h£
\e°gp¨ k¨ip°^_p°_u kdunp [°dS> ‚ı[y[ k¨ip°^_ `|h£_p¨ k¨ip°^_p°_p k¨]$cÆdp¨
L$B ◊rÛV$A° rhriÛV$[p ^fph° R> °, [°_u `Z rhi]π $ QQpÆ lp\ ^fu l[u. k¨ip°^_
‚qæ$ep_y ¨ dl“h ı`ÛV$ L$f[p¨ X$u. A°. DQpV$ S>Zph° R> ° L° $ -
“ k¨ip°^_ A° A°L$ kyı`ÛV$, _Ω$f A_° h•opr_L$ ‚qæ$ep R>°.” 1
Apd, L$p °B`Z k¨ip°^_dp¨ ep°S>_pbŸ fu[ Qp°Ω$k dpN£ ApNm ^`[p¨ S>
›e°e ‚pr‡[ iºe b_° R> °, A_° dpV° $ S> k¨ip°^_ ‚qæ$ep_° kdS>hp k¨ip°^L° $ ‚ı[y[
‚L$fZdp¨ S>°_p `pep `f k¨ip°^_ r_cÆf lp°e R>° A°hu k¨ip°^__u Ap^pfrigp A_°
k¨ip°^_ ep°S>_p A¨[NÆ[ rhje_p° D]π $ch, k¨ip°^_ `Ÿr[, Ïep`rhÔh A_° _d|_p
`k¨]Nu, D`L$fZp°_u k¨fQ_p, dprl[u A°L$”uL$fZ A_° dprl[u `©\Ω$fZ S>°hp
dl“h`|ZÆ dyÿpAp°_u rhı[©[ QQpÆ L$fhp_p° D`æ$d ıhuL$pep£ R> °.
4.2 rhje_p° D]π $ch
k¨ip°^_ dpV°$_u kdıep `k¨]$Nu A¨N° lqfcpB ]°$kpB_y¨ (1992) _y¨ d¨[Ïe R>°
L°$-
“ k¨ip°^_$L$pf Nd° [° ‚Ô__° k¨ip°^__u kdıep [fuL°$ ıhuL$pf[p° _\u.
kdıep S>Í$qfep[dp¨\u S>fid° R>°. L$p°B ‚Ô__p° DL°$g _ dm°, L$p°B hp[ _ kd≈e
L°$ hZDL°$Îep° ‚Ô_ tQ[p S>fidph° –epf° k¨ip°^__u c|rdL$p [•epf \pe R>°” 2
k¨ip°^L$ R> °Îgp ¨ `p ¨Q hjp£\u rinZ dlprh¤pgedp¨ k¨ıL© $[ `Ÿr[_p¨
A›ep`L$ [fuL° $ L$peÆf[ lp°hp\u [pgudp\wAp°_p [pgud_p¨ cpNÍ$`° Ahpf-_hpf
]$f hj£ rhrh^ dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°_p ku^p k¨`LÆ $dp¨ Aph° R> °. Ap kde ]$frdep_
dp›erdL$ rinZ L$npA° L$peÆf[ k¨ıL© $[ rhje_p rinL$p° kp\° rhi°j[: dp›erdL$
L$npA° dp›erdL$ A_° D√Q[f dp›erdL$ rinZ bp°XÆ $, Np¨^u_Nf [fa\u g°hp[u
≈l°f `funpAp°_p¨ `qfZpdp°, ‚hÆ[dp_ k¨ıL© $[ rhje rinZ_p l°[yAp°, k¨ıL© $[
rhje_p° AÊepkæ$d A_° `pW$e`yı[L$, k¨ıL© $[ rhje_u A›ep`_ `Ÿr[Ap°,
k¨ıL© $[ rhje rinZ_p¨ kp^_p°, k¨ıL© $[ rhje_y ¨ k¨]$cÆ kprl–e, k¨ıL© $[ rhjedp¨
N ©lL $ pe Æ , k ¨ıL © $[ rhje kp\ ° k ¨L $mpe °g ‚h © r—Ap °, k ¨ıL © $[ rhje rinZ_u94
kdıepAp°, k¨ıL©$[ rhje_y¨ d|Îep¨L$_ A_° `qfZpd rhjeL$ rhQpf rhdiÆ ]$frdep_
k¨ip°^L$_° A_°L$ ‚Ô_p° ≈°hp d˛ep l[p. rhrh^ dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°_p rh¤p\wAp°_p
k¨ıL© $[ rhje_p op__u [`pk L$f[p¨ `Z k¨ip°^L$_° A›ee_- A›ep`_ k¨b¨^u
A_°L$ ‚Ô_p° ≈°hp d˛ep l[p.
L$p °B`Z rh¤p\w ƒepf° D√Q rinZ n°”° k¨ıL© $[ rhjedp¨ D√Q rkqŸ ‚p‡[
L$f° [°dp¨ dp›erdL$ rinZ dl“h_p° cpN cS>h[p° lp°e R>°. lpgdp¨ R>°Îgp¨ R>-kp[
hjÆ\u kfL$pf° ^p°fZ-6 \u k¨ıL© $[ rhje_° afrƒep[ rhje [fuL° $ ]$pMg L$ep£ R> ° [p°
bu∆ bpSy> ^p°fZ-10 dp¨ k¨ıL© $[ rhje_° h•L$sÎ`L$ rhje [fuL° $ fpM°g R>°. Aphp
k¨≈°Np°dp¨ dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨ k¨ıL©$[ rhje rinZ_u ‚h[Ædp_ `qfsı\r[ L°$hu
R> ° ? kp¨‚[ kdedp¨ k¨ıL© $[ cpjp_y ¨ S> ° dl“h R>° [°_° ›ep_dp¨ fpMu_° dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep°dp ¨ k¨ıL©[_y ¨ rinZ \pe R> ° Mfy ¨ ? k¨ıL© $[ rhje_y ¨ A›ee_ L$f[p ¨
rh¤p\wAp° A_° k¨ıL© $[ rhje_y ¨ A›ep`_ L$fph[p¨ rinL$p °_p Arc‚pep° iy ¨ R> ° ?
k¨ıL© $[ rhje_p° AÊepkæ$d A_° `pW$È`yı[L$p °dp¨ LB DZ`p° R> ° ? dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep°dp¨ k¨ıL© $[ rhje rinZdp¨ L$B A›ep`_ `Ÿr[Ap° [\p L$ep i•nrZL$
kp^_p°_p° D`ep°N \pe R>°? k¨ıL© $[ rhje rinZdp¨ A›ee_-A›ep`_ k¨b¨^u
L$B kdıepAp° _X° $ R> °?Ap A_° Aphp A_°L$ ‚Ô_p°_p D—fp° d°mhhp_p [°dS>
dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨ k¨ıL© $[ rhje rinZ_u ‚h[Ædp_ `qfsı\r[ ≈Zu [°dp¨
ky^pfp-h^pfp k|Qhhp_p l°[ykf ‚ı[y[ k¨ip°^_ rhje_p° D]π $ch \ep°.
4.3 k¨ip°^_ `Ÿr[
‚–e°L$ k¨ip°^__° r_rÚ[ Dÿ°Ìep° lp°e R>°. Ap Dÿ°Ìep°_u `|r[Æ dpV° $ k¨ip°^L$
‹pfp Qp°Ω$k h•opr_L$ `Ÿr[Ap° A`_phu AphÌeL$ dprl[u ‚p‡[ L$fu, kyep°¡e
rhÔg°jZ L$fu e\p\Æ r_ÛL$jÆ ky^u `lp¢Qhy ¨ A° AphÌeL$ bpb[ R>°.
k¨ip °^_ kdıep_y ¨ Qp °L $kpB`|hÆL $ ı`ÛVuL$fZ \B Nep bp]$ k¨ip °^L$
k¨ip°^__p l°[yAp°_° A_yÍ$` dprl[u d°mhhp_p k¨]$cÆdp¨ rhqiÛV$ L$pep£ L$f° R> ° S> °_°
k¨ip°^_ `Ÿr[ L$lu iL$pe. i•nrZL$ k¨ip°^_p°dp¨ Sy>]$u-Sy>]$u `Ÿr[Ap° D`ep°Ndp¨
g°hpe R>°. S> °dL° $, Ïesº[ AÊepk `Ÿr[, ‚pep°rNL$ `Ÿr[, A•r[lrkL$ `Ÿr[,
kh£nZ `Ÿr[ hN°f°. ‚ı[y[ k¨ip°^_ dpV° $ k¨ip°^L° $ kh£nZ `Ÿr[_p° D`ep°N
L$ep£ R>°.
John W. Best (1986) `p°[p_p `yı[L$dp¨ kh£nZ `Ÿr[ rhi° _p¢^° R> ° L° $ ,
95
“The Survey is an important type of study. It must be confused
with the mere clerical routine of gathering and tabulating figures.
It involves a clearly defined problem and definite objectives. It
requires expert and imaginative planning, careful analysis and
interpretation of the data gathered and logical and ski l l ful
reporting of the findings.” 3
cÀ$u A_° `¨X$ep (1971) S>Zph° R> ° L° $ ,
“ kh£nZ A°V$g° A°L$ kdy]$pe_p¨ k¨`|ZÆ ∆h_ A\hp [°_p L$p°B A°L$ `pkp¨
k¨b¨r^[ Ïehsı\[ fu[° S>Í$fu [’ep°_y ¨ k¨L$g_ A_° rhÔg°jZ L$fhp_u `Ÿr[
dpV° $ h`fp[p° `pqfcprjL$ iÂ] $‚ep°N.” 4
Apd, kh£nZ `Ÿr[\u lp\ ^fhpdp¨ Aph°g k¨ip°^_dp¨ rhrh^ ‚L$pf_u
dprl[uAp°_° kpfZu ‚dpZ° Np°W$hu, L$p°B Qp°Ω$k ‚L$pf_u kdıepAp°_° kpd°g L$fu,
[°_p l°[yAp° r_^pÆqf[ L$fu, L$pm∆`|hÆL$_y ¨ `©\Ω$fZ A_° A\ÆOV$_ L$fu, ‚r[cphp°_°
Ap^pf° L$p •ig`|ZÆ A_° [pqLÆ $L$ fu[° [°_p¨ [pfZp° ‚p‡[ L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R> °.
‚ı[y[ k¨ip°^_dp¨ ]$rnZ NyS>fp[_p¨ dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨ k¨ıL© $[ rhje
rinZ_u ‚h[Ædp_ `qfsı\r[ k¨]$c£ rhı[©[ dprl[u ‚p‡[ L$fhp_u lp°e kh£nZ
`Ÿr[_p° D`ep°N L$fhp_y ¨ k¨ip°^L$_° DrQ[ S>Zpey ¨ l[y ¨.
4.4 Ïep`rhÔh A_° _d|_p `k¨]$Nu
Ïep`rhÔh A° Ïesº[Ap°_y ¨ L$p °B`Z A°hy ¨ S|>\ R>° L° $ S> °_u A°L$ L° $ [°\u h^y
gpnrZº[pAp° kpdpfie lp°e R>° L°$ S>°dp¨ k¨ip°^L$_° fk lp°e R>°. Ïep`rhÔh A° rhriÛV$
‚L$pf_u b^u S> Ïesº[Ap°_y ¨ b_°gy ¨ lp°e R> °. L$p °B`Z k¨ip°^_ dpV° $ Ïep`rhÔh_°
Ïepøepre[ L$fhp_y ¨ A–e¨[ S>Í$fu b_° R> °.
Q°B_ Ïep`rhÔh A¨N° S>Zph° R> ° L° $,
“A population is the aggregate of all the case that conform to
some designated set of specification.”5
`pfiX ° $_p d[ d yS>b “ Ïep`rhÔh A°V $g ° kpdpfie A\Ædp ¨ L $ p °B`Z
kyÏepøepre[ L$fpe°gp hNÆ_p gp°L$p °, b_php° L° $ hı[yAp°_p b^p S> kÊep°.” 6
‚ı[y[ k¨ip°^_dp¨ ]$rnZ NyS>fp[dp¨ Aph°g Ly $g 1209 dp›eqdL$ rh¤pgep°
[°dS> ^p°fZ 8, 9 A_° 10 _p k¨ıL© $[ `pW$e`yı[L$_p Ly $g 11 fQre[pAp° A_° [S>op°
[fuL° $ huf _dÆ]$ ]$rnZ NyS>fp[ eyr_hrkÆV$u_p¨ rinZ dlprh¤pgep°_p k¨ıL© $[
`Ÿr[_p¨ 32 A›ep`L$p ° k¨ip°^__y ¨ Ïep`rhÔh l[y ¨.
96
k¨ip°^_dp¨ kpdpfie fu[° kde, isº[ A_° _pZp¨_u depÆ]$p_° gu^° b^p¨ S>
A°L$dp°_p° AÊepk L$fu iL$p[p° _\u. hmu, L° $V $guL$hpf b^p A°L$dp°_p° AÊepk
iºe `Z lp °[p ° _\u. [ °\u k ¨ip °^_dp ¨ S> °_p ° AÊepk L $fhp_p ° lp °e [ °_p °
‚r[r_r^–hÍ$` _d|_p° `k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R> °. A_° [°_p° AÊepk Qp°L$kpB`|hÆL$,
KX$pZ`|hÆL$ A_° Ïehsı\[ fu[° L$fu_° A¨]$pS> d°mhhpdp¨ Aph° R>° A_° [°_p¨ [pfZp°
Ïep`rhÔh D`f gpNy `pX$hpdp¨ Aph° R> °.
L$rgÆNf_p d[° “ _d|_p° A°V$g° Ïep`rhÔh_p° A°hp° cpN L°$ S>° Ïep`rhÔh_y¨
‚r[tbb L$f[p° lp°e R>°.” 7
e¨N_p d[° “ _d|_p° A° A°L$ı`ÛV$ kd|l_y ¨ gOy ıhÍ$` R>°.” 8
Apd, Ïep`rhÔh_p ‚r[r_r^–hÍ$` A°hp `k¨]$ \e°gp L° $V $gpL$ A°L$dp°_p
kd|l_° _d|_p° L$l°hpdp¨ Aph° R> °.
‚ı[y[ k¨ip°^_dp¨ ]$rnZ NyS>fp[_p¨ Ïep`rhÔhdp¨ kdprhÛV$ Ly $g 1209
dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp ¨\u ]$rnZ NyS>fp[_p rS>Îgp [\p [pgyL$p ‚dpZ° 605
(50 %) dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°_u epÿs√R>L fu[° `k¨]$Nu L$fhpdp¨ Aphu l[u. Ap
605 S> °V $gp¨ dp›eqdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨ k¨ıL© $[ rhje_y ¨ A›ep`_ L$peÆ L$f[p [dpd
rinL$p °_p° (839 rinL$p °_p°) _d|_p [fuL° $ kdph°i L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° l[p°. S> °dp¨\u
830 rinL$p ° ‹pfp ‚p‡[ dprl[u_° ›ep_dp¨ gu^u l[u.
‚ı[y[ k¨ip°^_dp¨ ]$rnZ NyS>fp[_p¨ rS>Îgp ]$uW$ _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ 605
(50 %) dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°_p 32 (5 %) dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°_p ^p°fZ]$uW$ A°L$-
A°L$ hNp£_u `k¨]$Nu `Z epÿs√R>L$ fu[° L$fhpdp¨ Aphu l[u, S> °dp¨ A›ee_ L$f[p¨
Ly $g 4716 rh¤p\wAp°_p° _d|_p [fuL° $ kdph°i L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° l[p°.
‚ı[y[ k¨ip°^_dp¨ ^p°fZ 8, 9 A_° 10 _p k¨ıL© $[ `pW$e`yı[L$_p Ly $g 11
fQre[pAp° `•L$u 6 (50 %) fQre[pAp°_u [°dS> [S>op° [fuL° $ huf _dÆ]$ ]$rnZ
NyS>fp[ eyr_hrkÆV$u_p¨ rinZ dlprh¤pgep°_p k¨ıL© $[ `Ÿr[_p 32 A›ep`L$p° `•L$u
16 (50 %) A›ep`L$p°_u `k¨]$Nu `Z epÿs√R>L$ _d|_p `k¨]$Nu_u fu[\u L$fhpdp¨
Aphu l[u.
Apd, ‚ı[y[ k¨ip°^_dp¨ _d|_p_u `k¨]$Nu epÿs√R>L$ _d|_p `k¨]$Nu_u
`Ÿr[A° L$fhpdp¨ Aphu l[u.
]$rnZ NyS>fp[_p X$p ¨N rS>Îgpdp¨ _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°
A_° rinL$p °_u kp¨søeL$ dprl[u kpfZu 4.1 dp¨ ]$ipÆh°g R>°.97
æ$d rS>Îgp°dp›erdL
$ rh¤pgep°_u Ly $g k¨øep
_d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$dp›erdL rh¤pgep°_u
k¨øep
_d|_pdp¨kdprhÛV$
rinL$p°_u k¨øep
1. X$p¨N 24 12 15
kpfZu 4.1
X$p ¨N rS>Îgpdp¨ _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° qinL$p°_u kp¨øreL$ dprl[u
kpfZu 4.1 _y¨ Ahgp°L$_ L$f[p¨ S>Zpe R>° L° $ k¨ip°^L° $ X$p ¨N rS>Îgp_p Ly $g 24
dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u 12 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°_p° A_° 15 rinL$p °_p° _d|_pdp¨
kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
]$rnZ NyS>fp[_p [p`u rS>Îgpdp¨ _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°
A_° rinL$p °_u kp¨søeL$ dprl[u kpfZu 4.2 dp¨ ]$ipÆh°g R>°.
kpfZu 4.2
[p`u rS>Îgpdp¨ _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° rinL$p°_u kp¨søeL$ dprl[u
kpfZu 4.2 _y ¨ Ahgp°L$_ L$f[p¨ dpg|d `X° $ R> ° L° $ ....
(1) k¨ip°^L° $ k¨ip°^_ l°W$m ]$rnZ NyS>fp[_p [p`u rS>Îgp_p ]$f°L$ [pgyL$p_p¨
dp›erdº rh¤pgep° A_° rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(2) r_Tf [pgyL$p_p Ly $g 10 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 5 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 5 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(3) Ïepfp [pgyL$p_p Ly $g 36 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 18 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 30 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
æ$d [pgyL$p °dp›erdL
$ rh¤pgep°_u Ly $g k¨øep
_d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$dp›erdL rh¤pgep°_u
k¨øep
_d|_pdp¨kdprhÛV$
rinL$p°_u k¨øep
1.
2.
3
4.
5.
r_Tf
Ïepfp
hpgp°X$
kp°_NY$
D√R>g
Ly$g
10
36
14
18
10
88
5
18
7
9
5
44
5
30
10
15
5
65
98
(4) hpgp°X$ [pgyL$p_p Ly $g 14 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 7 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 10 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(5) kp°_NY$ [pgyL$p_p Ly $g 18 dp›eqdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u 9 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°
A_° 15 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(6) D√R>g [pgyL$p_p Ly $g 10 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u 5 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°
A_° 5 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(7) k¨ip °^_ l °W $m ] $ rnZ NyS>fp[_p [p`u rS>Îgp_p L y $g 88 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep°dp¨\u 44 dp›eqdL$ rh¤pgep° A_° 65 rinL$p°_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R>°.
]$rnZ NyS>fp[_p _dÆ]$p rS>Îgpdp¨ _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°
A_° rinL$p °_u kp¨søeL$ dprl[u kpfZu 4.3 dp¨ ]$ipÆh°g R>°.
kpfZu 4.3
_dÆ]$p rS>Îgpdp¨ _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° rinL$p°_u kp¨søeL$ dprl[u
kpfZu 4.3 _y ¨ Ahgp°L$_ L$f[p¨ S>Zpe R>° L° $ ....
(1) k¨ip°^L° $ k¨ip°^_ l°W$m ]$rnZ NyS>fp[_p _dÆ]$p rS>Îgp_p ]$f°L$ [pgyL$p_p¨
dp›erdº rh¤pgep° A_° rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(2) X°$qX$ep`pXp$ [pgyL$p_p Ly$g 18 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 9 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 11 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(3) r[gL$hpX$p [pgyL$p_p Ly $g 10 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 5 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 5 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
æ$d [pgyL$p °dp›erdL
$ rh¤pgep°_u Ly $g k¨øep
_d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$dp›erdL rh¤pgep°_u
k¨øep
_d|_pdp¨kdprhÛV$
rinL$p°_u k¨øep
1.
2.
3
4.
5.
X° $qX$ep`pX$p
r[gL$hpX$p
_p¨] $p °] $
kpNbpfp
Ly$g
18
10
38
14
80
9
5
19
7
40
11
5
26
11
53
99
(4) _p¨]$p °] $ $ [pgyL$p_p Ly $g 38 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 19 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 26 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(5) kpNbpN$ [pgyL$p_p Ly $g 14 dp›eqdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 7 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 11 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(6) k¨ip °^_ l°W $m ] $rnZ NyS>fp[_p _dÆ] $p rS>Îgp_p L y $g 80 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep°dp¨\u 40 dp›eqdL$ rh¤pgep° A_° 53 rinL$p°_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R>°.
]$rnZ NyS>fp[_p _hkpfu rS>Îgpdp¨ _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°
A_° rinL$p °_u kp¨søeL$ dprl[u kpfZu 4.4 dp¨ ]$ipÆh°g R>°.
kpfZu 4.4
_hkpfu rS>Îgpdp¨ _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° rinL$p°_u kp¨søeL$ dprl[u
kpfZu 4.4 _y ¨ Ahgp°L$_ L$f[p¨ ı`ÛV$ \pe R>° L° $ ....
(1) k¨ip°^L° $ k¨ip°^_ l°W$m ]$rnZ NyS>fp[_p _hkpfu rS>Îgp_p ]$f°L$ [pgyL$p_p¨
dp›erdº rh¤pgep° A_° rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(2) NZ]°$hu$ [pgyL$p_p Ly $g 22 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 11 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 24 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(3) QuMgu [pgyL$p_p Ly $g 42 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 21 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 27 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(4) S>gpg`p°f $ [pgyL $p_p L y $g 24 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep °dp ¨\u _d|_pdp ¨ 12
dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep° A_° 15 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
æ$d [pgyL$p °dp›erdL
$ rh¤pgep°_u Ly $g k¨øep
_d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$dp›erdL rh¤pgep°_u
k¨øep
_d|_pdp¨kdprhÛV$
rinL$p°_u k¨øep
1.
2.
3
4.
5.
NZ]°$hu
QuMgu
S>gpg`p°f
_hkpfu il°f
hp¨k]$p
Ly$g
22
42
24
30
28
146
11
21
12
15
14
73
24
27
15
25
16
107
100
(5) _hkpfu il°f_p Ly $g 30 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 15 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 25 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(6) hp¨k]$p [pgyL$p_p Ly $g 28 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 14 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 16 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(7) k¨ip°^_ l°W$m ]$rnZ NyS>fp[_p _hkpfu rS>Îgp_p Ly $g 146 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep°dp ¨\u 73 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep° A_° 107 rinL$p °_p ° kdph°i
L$ep£ R>°.
]$rnZ NyS>fp[_p cÍ$Q rS>Îgpdp¨ _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ dp›eqdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° rinL$p °_u kp¨søeL$ dprl[u kpfZu 4.5 dp¨ ]$ipÆh°g R>°.
kpfZu 4.5
cÍ$Q rS>Îgpdp¨ _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° rinL$p°_u kp¨søeL$ dprl[u
kpfZu 4.5 _p° AÊepk L$f[p¨ dpgyd$ `X° $ R> ° L° $....
(1) k¨ip°^L° $ k¨ip°^_ l°W$m ]$rnZ NyS>fp[_p cÍ$Q rS>Îgp_p ]$f°L$ [pgyL$p_p¨
dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep° A_° rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(2) S>¨bykf [pgyL$p_p Ly $g 28 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 14 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 20 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
æ$d [pgyL$p °dp›erdL
$ rh¤pgep°_u Ly $g k¨øep
_d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$dp›erdL rh¤pgep°_u
k¨øep
_d|_pdp¨kdprhÛV$
rinL$p°_u k¨øep
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
S>¨bykf
TOX$uep
cÍ$Q il°f
hpNfp
hpqgep
lp¨kp°V $
A¨L$g°f
Apdp°]$
Ly$g
28
16
62
12
12
12
36
12
190
14
8
31
6
6
6
18
6
95
20
14
46
6
7
8
24
10
135
101
(3) TOX$uep [pgyL$p_p Ly $g 16 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 8 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 14 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(4) cÍ$Q il°f_p Ly $g 62 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 31 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 46 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(5) hpNfp [pgyL$p_p Ly $g 12 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 6 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 6 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(6) hpqgep [pgyL$p_p Ly $g 12 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 6 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 7 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(7) lp¨kp°V$ [pgyL$p_p Ly $g 12 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 6 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 8 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(8) A¨L$g°f [pgyL$p_p Ly $g 36 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 18 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 24 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(9) Apdp°]$ [pgyL$p_p Ly $g 12 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 6 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 10 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(10) k¨ip°^_ l°W $m ]$rnZ NyS>fp[_p cÍ$Q rS>Îgp_p Ly $g 190 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep°dp¨\u 95 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep° A_° 135 rinL$p°_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R>°.
]$rnZ NyS>fp[_p hgkpX$ rS>Îgpdp¨ _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ dp›eqdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° rinL$p °_u kp¨søeL$ dprl[u kpfZu 4.6 dp¨ ]$ipÆh°g R>°.
kpfZu 4.6
hgkpX$ rS>Îgpdp¨ _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° rinL$p°_u kp¨søeL$ dprl[u
æ$d [pgyL$p °dp›erdL
$ rh¤pgep°_u Ly $g k¨øep
_d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$dp›erdL rh¤pgep°_u
k¨øep
_d|_pdp¨kdprhÛV$
rinL$p°_u k¨øep
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
L$`fpX$p
^fd`yf
`pfX$u
hgkpX$ il°f
DdfNpd
Ly$g
22
26
50
54
22
174
11
13
25
27
11
87
14
16
33
40
14
117
102
kpfZu 4.6 _p° AÊepk L$f[p¨ ı`ÛV$ \pe R>° L° $....
(1) k¨ip°^L° $ k¨ip°^_ l°W$m ]$rnZ NyS>fp[_p hgkpX$ rS>Îgp_p ]$f°L$ [pgyL$p_p¨
dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep° A_° rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(2) L$`fpX$p [pgyL$p_p Ly $g 22 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 11 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 14 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(3) ^fd`yf [pgyL$p_p Ly $g 26 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 13 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 16 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(4) `pfX$u [pgyL$p_p Ly $g 50 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 25 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 33 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(5) hgkpX$ il°f_p¨ Ly $g 54 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 27 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 40 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(6) DdfNpd [pgyL$p_p Ly $g 22 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 11 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 14 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(7) k¨ip°^_ l°W$m ]$rnZ NyS>fp[_p hgkpX$ rS>Îgp_p Ly $g 174 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep°dp¨\u 87 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep° A_° 117 rinL$p°_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R>°.
]$rnZ NyS>fp[_p kyf[$ rS>Îgpdp¨ _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ dp›eqdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° rinL$p °_u kp¨søeL$ dprl[u kpfZu 4.7 dp¨ ]$ipÆh°g R>°.
kpfZu 4.7
kyf[ rS>Îgpdp¨ _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° rinL$p°_u kp¨søeL$ dprl[u
æ$d [pgyL$p °dp›erdL
$ rh¤pgep°_u Ly $g k¨øep
_d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$dp›erdL rh¤pgep°_u
k¨øep
_d|_pdp¨kdprhÛV$
rinL$p°_u k¨øep
1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.
L$pdf°S>Qp°epÆku`gkpZpbpfX$p °gudp¨Nfp°mdp¨X$hudlzhp
kyf[ il°fAp°g`pX$Ddf`pX$p
Ly$g
22471428182218312206
507
11247
149119
156103
254
15309
22131513203153
338
103
kpfZu 4.7 _p Ahgp°L$__p Ap^pf° ı`ÛV$ \pe R>° L° $....
(1) k¨ip°^L° $ k¨ip°^_ l°W$m ]$rnZ NyS>fp[_p kyf[$ rS>Îgp_p ]$f°L$ [pgyL$p_p¨
dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep° A_° rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(2) L$pdf°S> [pgyL$p_p Ly $g 22 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 11 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 15 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(3) Qp°epÆku [pgyL$p_p Ly $g 47 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 24 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 30 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(4) `gkpZp [pgyL$p_p Ly $g 14 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 7 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 9 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(5) bpfX$p°gu [pgyL$p_p Ly $g 28 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 14 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 22 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(6) dp¨Nfp°m [pgyL$p_p Ly $g 18 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 9 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 13 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(7) dp¨X$hu [pgyL$p_p Ly $g 22 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 11 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 15 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(8) dlzhp [pgyL$p_p Ly $g 18 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 9 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 13 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(9) kyf[ il°f_p Ly $g 312 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 156 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 203 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(10) Ap°g`pX$ [pgyL$p_p Ly$g 20 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 10 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 15 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(11) Ddf`pX$p [pgyL$p_p Ly $g 6 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 3 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 3 rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
104
(12) k¨ip °^_ l°W $m ] $rnZ NyS>fp[_p kyf[$ rS>Îgp_p L y $g 507 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep°dp¨\u 254 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep° A_° 338 rinL$p °_p ° kdph°i
L$ep£ R>°.
] $rnZ NyS>fp[dp¨ _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ dp›eqdL$ rh¤pgep° A_°
rinL$p °_u kp¨søeL$ dprl[u kpfZu 4.8 dp¨ ]$ipÆh°g R>°.
kpfZu 4.8
]$rnZ NyS>fp[dp¨ _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° rinL$p°_u kp¨søeL$ dprl[u
]$qnZ NyS>fp[_p rS>Îgp ‚dpZ° _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° rinL$p °_u k¨øep _L$ip æ$dp¨L$ 4.1 dp¨ ]$ipÆh°g R>°.
]$qnZ NyS>fp[dp¨ _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV rinL$p ° dpV° $_p ¨ dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° rinL$p °_u V$L$phpfu Apg°M æ$dp¨L$ 4.1 dp¨ ]$ipÆh°g R>°.
æ$d [pgyL$p °dp›erdL
$ rh¤pgep°_u Ly $g k¨øep
_d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$dp›erdL rh¤pgep°_u
k¨øep
_d|_pdp¨kdprhÛV$
rinL$p°_u k¨øep
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
X$p¨N
[p`u
_dÆ]$p
_hkpfu
cÍ$Q
hgkpX$
kyf[
Ly$g
24
88
80
146
190
174
507
1209
12 (1.98%)
44 (7.27%)
40 (6.61%)
73 (12.07%)
95 (15.70%)
87 (14.38%)
254 (41.98%)
605
15 (1.81%)
65 (7.83%)
53 (6.39%)
107 (12.89%)
135 (16.27%)
117 (14.10%)
338 (40.72%)
830
105
kpfZu 4.8 _y ¨ Ahgp°L$_ L$f[p¨ dpgyd `X° $ R> ° L° $....
(1) k¨ip°^L°$ k¨ip°^_ l°W$m ]$rnZ NyS>fp[_p ]$f°L$ rS>Îgp_p¨ dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°
A_° rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(2) X$p ¨N rS>Îgp_p Ly $g 24 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 12 (1.98%)
dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep° A_° 15 (1.81%) rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(3) [p`u rS>Îgp_p Ly $g 88 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 44 (7.27%)
dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep° A_° 65 (7.83%) rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(4) _dÆ]$p rS>Îgp_p Ly $g 80 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 40 (6.61%)
dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep° A_° 53 (6.39%) rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(5) _hkpfu rS >Îgp_p L y $g 146 dp›erdL $ rh¤pgep °dp ¨\ u _d |_ pdp ¨
73 (12.07%) dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep° A_° 107 (12.89%) rinL$p°_p° kdph°i
L$ep£ R>°.
(6) cÍ$Q rS>Îgp_p Ly $g 190 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 95 (15.70%)
dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep° A_° 135 (16.27%) rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(7) hgkpX $ rS >Îgp_p L y $g 174 dp›erdL $ rh¤pgep °dp ¨\ u _d |_ pdp ¨
87 (14.38%) dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep° A_° 117 (14.10%) rinL$p°_p° kdph°i
L$ep£ R>°.
(8) kyf[ rS>Îgp_p Ly $g 507 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u _d|_pdp¨ 254 (41.98%)
dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep° A_° 338 (40.72%) rinL$p °_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(9) k¨ip°^_ l°W$m ]$rnZ NyS>fp[_p Ly $g 1209 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨\u 605
dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep° A_° 830 rinL$p°_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R>°.
rS>Îgp [\p [pgyL$p ‚dpZ° _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ rinL$p ° dpV ° $_p ¨
dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep° `qfriÛV$-6 dp¨ ]$ipÆh°g R>°.
108
]$rnZ NyS>fp[_p rS>Îgp]uW$ _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ dp›eqdL$ rh¤pgep°,
_d|_pdp ¨ kdprhÛV $ rh¤p\wAp° dpV ° $_p ¨ rh¤pgep ° A_° rh¤p\wAp°_u
kp¨søeL$ dprl[u kpfZu 4.9 dp¨ ]$ipÆh°g R>°.
kpfZu 4.9
]$rnZ NyS>fp[_p rS>Îgp]uW$ _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°,
_d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ rh¤p\wAp° dpV°$_p¨ rh¤pgep° A_°
rh¤p\wAp°_u kp¨søeL$ dprl[u
]$rnZ NyS>fp[dp¨ _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ rh¤p\wAp° dpV° $_p¨ dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° rh¤p\wAp°_u V$L$phpfu Apg°M æ$dp¨L$ 4.2 dp¨ ]$ipÆh°g R>°.
æ$d [pgyL$p °_d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$
dp›erdL rh¤pgep°_u
k¨øep
_d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$
rh¤p\wAp° dpV° $_p
rh¤pgep°_u k¨øep
_d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$
rh¤p\wAp°_u
k¨øep
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
X$p¨N
[p`u
_dÆ]$p
_hkpfu
cÍ$Q
hgkpX$
kyf[
Ly$g
12
44
40
73
95
87
254
605
1 (3.13%)
2 (6.25%)
2 (6.25%)
4 (13%)
5 (15.63%)
5 (15.63%)
13 (40.63%)
32
150 (3.18%)
298 (6.32%)
376 (7.97%)
535 (11.34%)
665 (14.10%)
809 (17.15%)
1883 (39.93%)
4716
109
kpfZu 4.9 _y ¨ Ahgp°L$_ L$f[p¨ S>Zpe R>° L° $....
(1) k¨ip°^L°$ k¨ip°^_ l°W$m ]$rnZ NyS>fp[_p ]f°L$ $ rS>Îgp_p¨ dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°
A_° rh¤p\wAp°_p° kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(2) X$p¨N rS>Îgpdp¨ _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ Ly$g 12 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°_p 5 % ‚dpZ°
_d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ rh¤p\wAp° dpV° $_y ¨ 1 (3.13%) dp›erdL$ rh¤pge A_°
150 (3.18%) rh¤p\wAp°_p° _d|_pdp¨ kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(3) [p`u rS>Îgpdp¨ _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ Ly $g 44 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°_p 5 %
‚dpZ° _d|_pdp ¨ kdprhÛV$ rh¤p\wAp° dpV ° $_p 2 (6.25%) dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 298 (6.32%) rh¤p\wAp°_p° _d|_pdp¨ kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(4) _dÆ]$p rS>Îgpdp¨ _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ Ly $g 40 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°_p 5 %
‚dpZ° _d|_pdp ¨ kdprhÛV$ rh¤p\wAp° dpV ° $_p 2 (6.25%) dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 376 (7.97%) rh¤p\wAp°_p° _d|_pdp¨ kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(5) _hkpfu rS>Îgpdp¨ _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ Ly $g 73 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°_p 5 %
‚dpZ° _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ rh¤p\wAp° dpV°$_p 4 (13%) dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°
A_° 535 (11.34%) rh¤p\wAp°_p° _d|_pdp¨ kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(6) cÍ$Q rS>Îgpdp¨ _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ Ly $g 95 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°_p 5 %
‚dpZ° _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ rh¤p\wAp° dpV° $_p 5 (15.63%) dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 665 (14.10%) rh¤p\wAp°_p° _d|_pdp¨ kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(7) hgkpX$ rS>Îgpdp¨ _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ Ly $g 87 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°_p 5 %
‚dpZ° _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ rh¤p\wAp° dpV° $_p 5 (15.63%) dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 809 (17.15%) rh¤p\wAp°_p° _d|_pdp¨ kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(8) kyf[ rS>Îgpdp¨ _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ Ly $g 254 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°_p 5 %
‚dpZ° _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ rh¤p\wAp° dpV° $_p 13 (40.63%) dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° A_° 1883 (39.93%) rh¤p\wAp°_p° _d|_pdp¨ kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
(9) k¨ip°^_ l°W$m ]$rnZ NyS>fp[_p _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ Ly $g 605 dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep °_p 5 % ‚dpZ° _d|_pdp ¨ kdprhÛV $ rh¤p\wAp° dpV ° $_p 32
dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep° A_° 4716 rh¤p\wAp°_p° _d|_pdp¨ kdph°i L$ep£ R> °.
rS>Îgp ‚dpZ° _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ rh¤p\wAp° dpV° $_p¨ dp›erdL$
rh¤pgep° `qfriÛV$-7 dp¨ ]$ipÆh°g R>°.
111
4.5 D`L$fZp°_u k¨fQ_p
k¨ip°^_ L$peÆ_° kam[p`|hÆL$ `|ZÆ L$fhp dpV° $ ≈°B[u S>Í$fu dprl[u ‚p‡[
L$fhp D`ep°Ndp¨ g°hp[p¨ kp^_p°_° k¨ip°^_ D`L$fZp° L$l°hpdp¨ Aph° R> °. k¨ip°^_
dpV ° $ dprl[u A°L $”uL $fZ L $fhp dpV °_p D`L $fZp ° OZp ¨ b^p ¨ R > ° . S > °dL ° $ ,
Arc‚pephrg, ‚Ô_phrg, æ$ddp`]¨ $X$, hgZdp`]¨ $X$, dygpL$p[, Ap°mMep]$u,
d_p°h•opr_L$ L$kp°V$u, d|Îep¨L$_`”, ]$ı[ph°∆ kprl–e hN°f°....
‚ı[y[ k¨ip°^_ A°L ApNhy¨ k¨ip°^_ R>°. Ap k¨ip°^_dp¨ Afie ‹pfp frQ[ L° $
Afie k¨ip°^_p\£ D`ep°Ndp¨ g°hpe°g D`L$fZp° `epƇ[ _ \pe. k¨ip°^L°$ k¨ip°^__p
l°[yAp°, ıhÍ$`, S>Í$qfep[ [\p k¨ip°^__p Ïep`_° ›ep_dp¨ fpMu ıh[¨” D`L$fZp°_u
fQ_p L$fhp_y¨ ıhuL$peyØ. S>° M|b S> dl“h_u bpb[ l[u. ApNhp k¨ip°^__u dprl[u
A°L$” L$fhp ApNhp¨ D`L$fZp° lp°hp M|b S> S>Í$fu R> °.
‚ı[y[ k¨ip°^_ dpV° $ dprl[u A°L$”uL$fZ L$fhp dpV° $ k¨ip°^L° $ b° ‚L$pf_p
D`L$fZp°_p° D`ep°N L$ep£ l[p° (1) ıhfrQ[ D`L$fZp° (2) ]$ı[ph°∆ kprl–e.$
(1) ıhfrQ[ D`L$fZp°
‚ı[y[ k¨ip°^_dp¨ kdprhÛV$ Arc‚pe]$p[pAp°_u rhrh^[p [°dS> k¨ip°^__p
l°[yAp°_° ›ep_dp¨ fpMu_° k¨ip°^L° $ ”Z D`L$fZp°_u fQ_p L$fu l[u. S> ° _uQ°
dyS>b R>°.
(A) Arc‚pephrg
(b) ‚Ô_phrg
(L$) kpˇe`”L$
(A) Arc‚pephrg
(1) L$pdQgpD Arc‚pehrg
Arc‚pehrg [•epf L$fhp dpV° $ kp•‚\d k¨ip°^L° $ k¨ip°^_ k¨b¨r^[
dprl[u ‚p‡[ L$fhp rhrh^ k¨]$cÆ `yı[L$p°, g°Mp°, kpdreL$p° hN°f°_p° AÊepk
L$ep£ l[p°. Ap D`fp¨[ _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ L° $V $gp¨L$ dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°_p
k¨ıL© $[ rhje_p rinL$p °_u Í$bÍ$ dygpL$p[ gB ]$rnZ NyS>fp[_p¨ dp›erdL$
rh¤gep°dp¨ k¨ıL© $[ rhje rinZ_u ‚h[Ædp_ `qfsı\r[ k¨]$c£ QQpÆ lp\
^fhpdp¨ Aphu l[u. Ap QQpÆ_p am ıhÍ$` L$p °B`Z rhcpNuL$fZ rhlp°Zu
112
L° $V $gp¨L$ rh^p_p°_u A°L$ L$pdQgpD Arc‚pephrg fQhpdp¨ Aphu. k¨ip°^L$
A_° dpNÆ]$iÆL$Óu_u q]OÆ◊rÛV$ Ap L$pdQgpD Arc‚pephrg_° _uQ° dyS>b_p¨
rhrh^ 9 dyøe rhcpNp°dp¨ hNwL© $[ L$fhp D`ep°Nu _uhX$u. L$pdQgpD
Arc‚pephrg_p dyøe 9 rhcpNp° A_° [°dp¨ kdprhÛV$ L$fpe°g rh^p_p°_u
kp¨søeL$ dprl[u kpfZu 4.10 dp¨ ]$ipÆh°g R>°.
kpfZu 4.10
L$pdQgpD Arc‚pehrg_p¨ rhcpN [\p
[°dp¨ kdprhÛV$ rh^p_p°_u k¨øep
L$pdQgpD Arc‚pephrg_p Apf¨cdp¨ k¨ip°^L° $ rinL$p °_u kpdpfie
dprl[u_u fQ_p `Z L$fu l[u. S>°dp¨ rinL$_y ¨ _pd, ipmp_y ¨ _pd, rinL$_u
i•nrZL$ gpeL$p[, i•nrZL$ A_ych, Jdf, tgN, ≈r[, ipmp_p° rhı[pf
hN°f°_p° kdph°i L$ep£ l[p°. L$pdQgpD Arc‚pephrg_p A¨[dp¨ k¨ip°^L° $
Qpf dyº[ S>hpbu ‚Ô_p°_u fQ_p `Z L$fu l[u. L$pdQgpD Arc‚pephrg
`qfriÛV$-1 dp¨ ]$ipÆh°g R>°.
æ$d rhcpN_y ¨ _pd rh^p_p°_u k¨øep
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
‚h[Ædp_ k¨ıL© $[ rhje rinZ_p l°[yAp° A_°
[°_u agÓyr[
k¨ıL© $[ rhje_p° AÊepkæ$d A_° `pW$È`yı[L$
k¨ıL© $[ rhje_u A›ep`_ `Ÿr[Ap°
k¨ıL © $[ rhje rinZ_p ¨ kp^_p ° A_° [ °_u
D`gsÂ^
k¨ıL© $[ rhje A_° k¨]$cÆ kprl–e_p° D`ep°N
k¨ıL© $[ rhje A_° N©lL$peÆ
k¨ıL© $[ rhje A_° klAÊepk ‚h©r—Ap°
k¨ıL© $[ rhje rinZ_u kdıepAp°
k¨ıL© $[ rhje_y¨ d|Îep¨L$_ A_° `qfZpd
Ly$g rh^p_p°
12
12
9
11
12
13
13
12
13
107
113
(2) Arc‚pephrg_y¨ `|h£nZ
Arc‚pephrg_p `|h £nZ L$peÆ dpV ° $ k¨ip °^L ° $ fQ°g L $pdQgpD
Arc‚pephrg_° NyS>fp[ fpƒe_p rhrh^ rhrh¤pgep°_p _h S> °V $gp ¨
k¨ip°^__p [Sπ>op°_° V$`pg ‹pfp dp°L$ghpdp¨ Aphu. k¨ip°^L° $ [Sπ>op°_° b_u
iL° $ [°V$gu TX$`\u Arc‚pephrg V$`pg ‹pfp dp°L$ghp_u rh_¨[u L$fu. Ap
kp\° k¨ip °^L° $ `p °[p_p ¨ _pd kf_pdp¨hpmy ¨ V $`pg V$uL $uV $ Qp ¢V $pX ° $g L$hf
[Sπ >op °_ ° dp °L $gpÏey ¨ l[y ¨. b^p S> [Sπ >op °A° M|b S> Ap°R>p kdedp¨
Arc‚pephrg_° `p°[p_p k|Q_p° kp\° `f[ dp°L$gphu l[u. [° k¨ip°^L° $
_[dı[L° $ ıhuL$pf°g R>°. [Sπ>op° [fa\u L$pdQgpD Arc‚pephrgdp¨ ‚p‡[
\e°gp¨ k|Q_p°_u rhN[ kpfZu 4.11 dp¨ ]$ipÆh°g R>°.
kpfZu 4.11
L$pdQgpD Arc‚pephrgdp¨ [Sπ>op°
[fa\u ‚p‡[ \e°gp¨ k|Q_p°
æ $d [Sπ>o_y ¨ _pd/lp°ÿp°
1.
2.
X $ p ∑ . Apf. A °k. `V ° $g
rinZch_, N yS > f p[
eyr_hrkÆV$u, Ad]$php]$.
X$p ∑. q]$gu`cpB ey. `V° $g
r‚fik`pg,
A°_. A°Q. `V° $g L$p ∑g°S>
Ap°a A°ƒeyL° $i_, ApZ¨].$
rhcpN k|Q__y ¨ ıhÍ$` ep°¡e a°fapf
(A) _p
`°V$p rhcpN
1, 2, 7
(A) _p
`°V$p rhcpN
4, 5
- `°V$p rhcpN-1 _p
rh^p_ æ$dp¨L$ 3, 4, 6,
9, 10 f] $ L $fhp A_°
Ly $g ”Z _hp rh^p_p°
Dd°fhp
- `°V$p rhcpN-2 _p
rh^p_ æ$dp¨L$ 3, 6, 7
f]$ L$fhp.
- `°V$p rhcpN-7 _p
rh^p_ æ$dp¨L$ 1, 7, 9,
13 f]$ L$fhp.
- `°V$p rhcpN-4 _p
rh^p_ æ$dp¨L$ 1, 3, 5,
7 f]$ L$fhp A_° _hy¨ A°L$
rh^p_ Dd°fhy ¨.
- `°V$p rhcpN-5 _p
rh^p_ æ$dp¨L$ 4, 7, 8
f]$ L$fhp.
- ıhuL$pf
- ıhuL$pf
- ıhuL$pf
- ıhuL$pf
- ıhuL$pf
114
æ$d [Sπ>o_y ¨ _pd/lp°ÿp°
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
X $ p ∑ . d p °l_cpB `V ° $g‚p ° a °kf A_ ° A›en,N yS > f p[ rh¤p`uW $ ,Ad]$php]$.
X $ p ∑ . L ° $ . A °k. rgrMepfuX$f, rinZ ipı”ch_,kf]$pf `V° $g eyr_hrkÆV$u,hÎgc rh¤p_Nf.
X$p∑. S>°. u. d•epZu ‚p°a°kfA_° A›en, cph_Nfeyr_hrkÆV$u, cph_Nf.X$p ∑. S>e¨[ ÏepkfuX$f, rinZ ip˜ch_,cph_Nf e y r_hrk Æ V $ u ,cph_Nf.
X $ p ∑ . Ar_g A ¨bpkZp‚p°a°kf, rinZ ipı”ch_,kp•fpÛV≤$ eyr_hrkÆV$u, fpS>L$p°V$X $ p ∑ . Apf. ku. `V ° $gL$pg°S> Ap°a A°ƒeyL° $i_-CASE A °d. A °k.eyr_hrkÆV$u, hX$p °] $fp.X $ p ∑ . k y f °icpB `pX $h uA°g. A°_. L°$. L$p∑g°S> Ap°aA°ƒeyL° $i_, `pV$Z.
rhcpN k|Q__y ¨ ıhÍ$` ep°¡e a°fapf
(A) _p`°V$p rhcpN6, 9
kpdpfiedp rl[ u_ prhcpN
-
(A) _p`°V$p rhcpN1, 4, 6
-
(b)
(A) _p`°V$p rhcpN4, 5, 6
rhcpN(b)
- `°V$p rhcpN-6 _prh^p_ æ$dp¨L$ 1, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13 f]$ L $fhpA_° _hy A°L$ rh^p_ Dd°fhy.- `°V$p rhcpN-9 _prh^p_ æ$dp¨L$ 1, 3, 5,
6, 7 f]$ L$fhp.- iprÂ]$L$ a°fapf-tgNiÂ]$_° ı\p_° ≈[ue[piÂ]$ ‚ep°S>hp°.- kpdpfie dprl[udp¨Ddf [\p ipmp_prhı[pf_u bpb[ f] $L $fhu.- L $p °B k|Q_ ‚p‡[\e°g _\u.
- `°V$p rhcpN-1 _y ¨rh^p_ _¨bf$ 5, `°V $prhcpN-4 _ y ¨ rh^p__ ¨bf $ 11 A_° ` ° V $ prhcpN-6 _ y ¨ rh^p__¨bf$ 5 _L$pf b_phhy ¨.- L $p °B k|Q_ ‚p‡[\e°g _\u.
- dyL[ S>hpbu ‚Ô_p°æ$dp¨L$ 3, 4 f]$ L$fhp
- `°V$p rhcpN-4 _prh^p_ æ $dp ¨L $ $ 4, 6,
` ° V $ p rhcpN-5 _ prh^p_ æ$dp¨L$ $ 10, `°V$prhcpN-6 _p rh^p_æ $dp ¨ L $ 2, 5, ` ° V $ prhcpN-7 _p rh^p_æ$dp ¨L $ $ 4, 10, 11 _uhpºe fQ_pdp¨ a°fapf.- dyL[ S>hpbu ‚Ô_p°dp¨_hp° A°L$ ‚Ô_ Dd°fhp°.
- ıhuL$pf
- ıhuL$pf
- ıhuL$pf
- ıhuL$pf
-
- ıhuL$pf
-
- ıhuL$pf
- ıhuL$pf
- ıhuL$pf
115
kpfZu 4.11 _p° AÊepk L$f[p dpg|d `X° $ R> ° L° $....
(1) Arc‚pephrg_p kpdpfie dprl[u_p rhcpNdp¨ tgN iÂ]$_° ı\p_° ≈[ue[p
iÂ]$ a°fapf L$fhp_u kp\° Jdf [\p ipmp_p rhı[pf_u bpb[ f]$ L$fhpdp¨
Aphu.
(2) rhcpN (A) _p `°V$p rhcpN-(1) _p rh^p_ æ$dp¨L$ 3, 4, 6, 9, 10 A°d
Ly$g `p¨Q rh^p_p° f]$ L$fpep [°dS> Ly$g ”Z _hp rh^p_p° Dd°fpep. Ap D`fp¨[
rh^p_ æ$dp¨L$ 5 _L$pfp–dL$ b_phpey ¨.
(3) rhcpN (A) _p `°V$p rhcpN-(2) _p rh^p_ æ$dp¨L$ 3, 6, 7 f]$ L$fpep.
(4) rhcpN (A) _p `°V$p rhcpN-(3) _p rh^p_p°dp¨ L$p °B`Z ‚L$pf_y ¨ `qfh[Æ_
S>Zpey ¨ _ l[y ¨.
(5) rhcpN (A) _p `°V$p rhcpN-(4) _p rh^p_ æ$dp¨L$ 1, 3, 5, 7 A°d Ly $g
Qpf rh^p_p° f]$ L$fpep [°dS> _hy ¨ A°L$ rh^p_ Dd°fpey ¨. Ap D`fp¨[ rh^p_
æ$dp¨L$ 11 _L$pfp–dL$ b_phpey ¨. [°dS> rh^p_ æ$dp¨L$ 4 A_° 6 _u hpºe
fQ_pdp¨ a°fapf L$fu rh^p_p°_u `y_:fQ_p L$fhpdp¨ Aphu.
(6) rhcpN (A) _p `°V$p rhcpN-(5) _p rh^p_ æ$dp¨L$ 4, 7, 8 f]$ L$fpep.
[°dS> rh^p_ æ$dp¨L$ 10 _u hpºe fQ_pdp¨ a°fapf L$fu rh^p_p°_u `y_:fQ_p
L$fhpdp¨ Aphu.
(7) rhcpN (A) _p `°V$p rhcpN-(6) _p rh^p_ æ$dp¨L$ 1, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13
f]$ L$fpep. [°dS> rh^p_ æ$dp¨L$ 5 _L$pfp–dL$ b_phpey ¨. Ap D`fp¨[ rh^p_
æ$dp¨L$ 2 A_° 5 _u hpºe fQ_pdp¨ a°fapf L$fu rh^p_p°_u `y_:fQ_p L$fhpdp¨
Aphu.
(8) rhcpN (A) _p `°V$p rhcpN-(7) _p rh^p_ æ$dp¨L$ 1, 7, 9, 13 f]$ L$fpep.
[°dS> rh^p_ æ$dp¨L$ 4, 10 A_° 11 _u hpºe fQ_pdp¨ a°fapf L$fu rh^p_p°_u
`y_:fQ_p L$fhpdp¨ Aphu.
(9) rhcpN (A) _p `°V$p rhcpN-(8) _p rh^p_p°dp¨ L$p °B`Z ‚L$pf_y ¨ `qfh[Æ_
S>Zpey ¨ _ l[y ¨.
(10) rhcpN (A) _p `°V$p rhcpN-(9) _p rh^p_ æ$dp¨L$ 1, 3, 5, 6, 7 f]$ L$fpep.
(11) Arc‚pephrg_p ‘b’ rhcpNdp¨ dyº[ S>hpbu ‚Ô_p° A¨[NÆ[ ‚Ô_ æ$dp¨L$ 3
A_° 4 f]$ L$fpep. [°dS> _hp° A°L$ ‚Ô_ Dd°fpep°.
116
(3) Arc‚pephrg_u `y_:fQ_p
L$pdQgpD Arc‚pephrg A¨[NÆ[ [Sπ>op° ‹pfp ‚p‡[ \e°gp¨ D`eyƺ[
k |Q_p °_ p k ¨ ] $c Ædp ¨ dpN Æ ] $i Æ L $Óu kp\ ° rhiÿ QQp Æ rhdi Æ_ ° A ¨[ °
Arc‚pephrgdp¨ S>Í$fu a°fapf L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep A_° Arc‚pephrg_y¨ A¨r[d
ıhÍ$` _Ω$u L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey ¨. Arc‚pephrg_y ¨ A¨r[d ıhÍ$` kpfZu 4.12
dp¨ ]$ipÆh°g R>°.
kpfZu 4.12
Arc‚pephrg_y¨ A¨r[d ıhÍ$`
A¨r[d Arc‚pephrg `qfriÛV$-2 dp¨ ]$ipÆh°g R>°.
(b) ‚Ô_phrg
‚Ô_phrg A°V$g° ‚Ô_p°_p° kd|l ‚Ô_phrg k¨]$cÆdp¨ b°f, X° $rhk A_°
≈°lfik_ S>Zph° R> ° L° $, “ Ïep`rhÔh_p S>° _d|_p `pk°\u dprl[u Bs√R>[
R>° [°d_° Ap`hp_p ‚Ô_p°_y ¨ Ïehsı\[ k¨L$g_ A°V$g° ‚Ô_phrg” 9
æ$d rhcpN_y ¨ _pd rh^p_p°_u k¨øep
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
‚h[Ædp_ k¨ıL© $[ rhje rinZ_p l°[yAp° A_°
[°_u agÓyr[
k¨ıL© $[ rhje_p° AÊepkæ$d A_° `pW$È`yı[L$
k¨ıL© $[ rhje_u A›ep`_ `Ÿr[Ap°
k¨ıL © $[ rhje rinZ_p ¨ kp^_p ° A_° [ °_u
D`gsÂ^
k¨ıL© $[ rhje A_° k¨]$cÆ kprl–e_p° D`ep°N
k¨ıL© $[ rhje A_° N©lL$peÆ
k¨ıL© $[ rhje A_° klAÊepk ‚h©r—Ap°
k¨ıL© $[ rhje rinZ_u kdıepAp°
k¨ıL© $[ rhje_y¨ d|Îep¨L$_ A_° `qfZpd
Ly$g rh^p_p°
10
9
9
8
9
8
9
12
8
82
117
(1) ‚Ô_phrg_y¨ ‚pf¨rcL$ ıhÍ$`
_d|_pdp ¨ kdprhÛV $ ] $ rnZ NyS>fp[_p ¨ dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep °_p
rh¤p\wAp° `pk°\u dprl[u A°L$” L$fhp dpV° $ k¨ip°^L° $ ‚Ô_phrg_u fQ_p
L$fu l[u. `|h£ \e°gp¨ k¨ip°^_p° A_° dpNÆ]$iÆL$Óu_u kgpl\u k¨ip°^L° $
‚Ô_phrg_y¨ ‚pf¨rcL$ ıhÍ$` [•epf L$ey Ø l[y ¨. S>°dp¨ r_e¨r”[ ıhÍ$`_p Ly $g 28
‚Ô_p°_u fQ_p L$fhpdp¨ Aphu l[u. Arc‚pe]$p[pAp°A° S> °_p D—fp° ‘lp’
A\hp ‘_p’ dp¨ Ap`hp_p l[p¨. ‚Ô_phrg_y ¨ ‚pf¨rcL$ ıhÍ$` `qfriÛV$-3
dp¨ ]$ipÆh°g R>°.
(2) ‚Ô_phrg_y¨ `|h£nZ
‚Ô_phrg_p L$peÆ dpV° $ k¨ip°^L° $ fQ°g ‚Ô_phrg_p ‚pf¨rcL$ ıhÍ$`_°
NyS>fp[ fpƒe_p rhrh^ rhÔhrh¤pgep°_p _h S> °V $gp¨ k¨ip°^_ [Sπ>op°_°
dp°L$ghpdp¨ Aphu l[u. b^p S> [Sπ>op°A° M|b S> Ap°R>p kdedp¨ ‚Ô_phrg
`f[ dp°L$gphu l[u. S> °dp¨_p Ly $g ”Z k¨ip°^_ [Sπ>op°A° ‚Ô_phrg_p
‚pf¨rcL$ ıhÍ$`dp¨ k|Q_p° ]$ipÆh°g l[p. S> ° k¨ip°^L° $ _[ dı[L° $ ıhuL$pf°g
R>°. R> S>°V$gp¨ k¨ip°^_ [Sπ>op° ‹pfp ‚Ô_phrg_p ‚pf¨rcL$ ıhÍ$`dp¨ L$p °B`Z
k|Q_ ‚p‡[ \e°gy ¨ _ lp°[y ¨. [Sπ>op° [fa\u ‚p‡[ \e°gp¨ k|Q_p°_u rhN[
kpfZu 4.13 dp¨ ]$ipÆh°g R>°.
kpfZu 4.13
‚Ô_phrg_p ‚pf¨rcL$ ıhÍ$`dp¨ [Sπ>op° ‹pfp ‚p‡[ \e°gp¨ k|Q_p°
æ $d [Sπ>o_y ¨ _pd/lp°ÿp°
1.
2.
3.
X$p ∑. dp°l_cpB `V° $g ‚p°a °kf A_°
A›en, N yS > f p[ rh¤p`uW $ ,
Ad]$php]$.
X $ p ∑ . q ] $g u`cpB e y . `V ° $g
r‚fik`pg, A °_. A °Q. `V ° $g
L$p ∑g°S> Ap°a A°ƒeyL° $i_, ApZ¨]
X$p ∑. kyf°icpB `pX$hu
A °g. A °_. L ° $ . L $ p ∑g °S > Ap ° a
A°ƒeyL° $i_, `pV$Z$
k|Q__y ¨ ıhÍ$` ep°¡e a°fapf
- ‚Ô_ æ $dp ¨L $ 2, 3, 28 f] $
L $fhp.
- ‚Ô_ æ$dp¨L$ 14, 15, 28 f]$
L $fhp.
- ‚Ô_ æ$dp¨L$ 10 [\p 19 _L$pf
b_phhp.
- ‚Ô_ æ$dp¨L$ 8, 9 [\p 20 _u
hpºe fQ_pdp¨ iprÂ]$L$ a °fapf.
- ıhuL$pf
- ıhuL$pf
- ıhuL$pf
- ıhuL$pf
118
kpfZu 4.13 _p° AÊepk L$f[p dpg|d `X° $ R> ° L° $....
(1) ‚Ô_phrg_p ‚pf¨rcL$ ıhÍ$`dp¨\u ‚Ô_ æ$dp¨L$ 2, 3, 14, 15, 28 A°d Ly $g
`p¨Q ‚Ô_p° f]$ L$fpep.
(2) ‚Ô_phrg_p ‚pf¨rcL$ ıhÍ$`dp¨\u ‚Ô_ æ$dp ¨L $ 10 [\p 19 _L$pfp–dL$
b_phpep.
(3) ‚Ô_phrg_p ‚pf¨rcL$ ıhÍ$`dp¨\u ‚Ô_ æ$dp¨L$ 8, 9 [\p 20 _u hpºe fQ_pdp¨
iprÂ]$L$ a°fapf L$fu rh^p_p°_u `y_:fQ_p L$fhpdp¨ Aphu.
(3) ‚Ô_phrg_u `y_:fQ_p
‚Ô_phrg_p ‚pf¨rcL$ ıhÍ$` A¨[NÆ[ [Sπ>op° ‹pfp ‚p‡[ \e°gp¨
D`ey ƺ[ k|Q_p°_p k¨]$cÆdp¨ dpNÆ]$iÆL$Óu kp\° rhiÿ QQpÆ rhdiÆ_° A¨[°
‚Ô_phrgdp¨ S>Í$fu a°fapf L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep. S> °_p am ıhÍ$` ‚Ô_phrg_p
‚pf ¨rcL$ ıhÍ$` A¨[NÆ[ L y $g 28 ‚Ô_p °dp ¨\u L y $g 5 ‚Ô_p ° f] $ L $fp[p
‚Ô_phrg_p A¨r[d ıhÍ$`dp¨ Ly $g 23 ‚Ô_p° A¨[NÆ[ ‚Ô_phrg_y ¨ A¨r[d
ıhÍ$` _Ω$u \ey ¨. A¨r[d ‚Ô_phrg `qfriÛV$-4 dp¨ ]$ipÆh°g R>°.
(L$) kpˇe`”L$
^p°fZ-8, 9 A_° 10 _p k¨ıL© $[ `pW$È`yı[L$p °_p fQre[pAp° [°dS>
[Sπ>op° [fuL°$ huf _dÆ]$ ]$rnZ NyS>fp[ eyr_hrkÆV$u_p¨ rinZ dlprh¤pgep°_p¨
k¨ıL© $[ `Ÿr[_p A›ep`L$p ° `pk° ‚ı[y[ k¨ip°^_ A\£ dprl[u ‚p‡[ L$fhp
k ¨ip °^L ° $ kpˇe`”L$_u fQ_p L $fu l[u. ` |h £ \e °gp ¨ k ¨ip °^_p ° A_°
dpNÆ]$iÆL$Óu_u kgpl\u k¨ip°^L° $ kpˇe`”L$_y ¨ ‚pf¨rcL$ ıhÍ$` [•epf L$ey Ø $
l[y ¨. S> °dp¨ dyº[ S>hpbu ‚L$pf_p Ly $g 8 ‚Ô_p°_u fQ_p L$fhpdp¨ Aphu l[u.
kpˇe`”L$_p `|h£nZ L$peÆ dpV° $ k¨ip°^L° $ fQ°g kpˇe`”L_p ‚pf¨rcL$
ıhÍ$`_° NyS>fp[ fpƒe_p rhrh^ rhÔhrh¤pgep°_p _h S> °V $gp¨ k¨ip°^_
[Sπ>op°_° dp°L$ghpdp¨ ApÏey ¨ l[y ¨. b^p S> [Sπ>op°A° M|b S> Ap°R>p kdedp¨
kpˇe`”L$ `f[ dp°L$gpÏey¨ l[y¨. `f¨[y _hdp¨\u L$p°B`Z k¨ip°^_ [Sπ>o ‹pfp
kpˇe`”L$_p ‚pf¨rcL$ ıhÍ$`dp¨ L$p°B`Z ‚L$pf_p k|Q_p° ‚p‡[ \ep _ l[p¨.
Ap\u dpNÆ]$iÆL$Óu kp\° rhiÿ QQpÆ rhdiÆ_° A¨[° kpˇe`”L$_p ‚pf¨rcL$
ıhÍ$`_° S> kpˇe`”L$_y ¨ A¨r[d ıhÍ$` _Ω$u L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey¨. kpˇe`”L$_p
ıhÍ$`_° `qfriÛV-5 dp¨ ]$ipÆh°g R>°.
kpˇe`”L$ D`L$fZ A¨[NÆ[ _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ `pW$È`yı[L$_p
fQre[pAp° A_° [Sπ>op°_p _pdp° `qfriÛV$-8 dp¨ ]$ipÆh°g R>°.
119
(2) ]$ı[ph°∆ kprl–e
‚ı[y[ k¨ip°^_dp¨ k¨ip°^L°$ ]$rnZ NyS>fp[_p¨ dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨
k¨ıL © $[ rhje rinZ_u ‚h[Ædp_ `qfsı\r[_p AÊepk A\£ ] $rnZ
NyS>fp[_p¨ dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°_p ^p°fZ-10 _p R>°Îgp¨ ]$i hjp£_p¨ ipmp_p
kdN∞ A_° k¨ıL© $[ rhje_p `qfZpdp°_u dpql[u ‚p‡[ L$fhp dpV° $ ]$rnZ
NyS>fp[_p dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°_p ]$ı[ph°∆ kprl–e_p° D`ep°N L$ep£ l[p°.
]$rnZ NyS>fp[_p¨ dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°_p ^p°fZ-10 _p R> °Îgp¨ ]$i hjp£_p¨
ipmp_p kdN∞ A_° k¨ıL© $[ rhje_p `qfZpdp° ]$ı[ph°∆ kprl–e_° Ap^pf°
‚p‡[ L$fu_° k¨ip°^L° $ Ap `qfZpdp°_u kfpkfu V$L$phpfu ip°^u_° ipmp_p
kdN∞ kfpkfu `qfZpdp° A_° k¨ıL© $[ rhje_p kfpkfu `qfZpdp°_u [yg_p
hjÆ, [pgyL$p [\p rS>Îgp ‚dpZ° L$fu l[u.
4.6 dprl[u A°L$”uL$fZ_u fu[
NyS>fp[ fpƒe_p rhrh^ rhÔhrh¤pgep°_p rinZ rhcpN_p _h S>°Vgp¨ rhje
[Sπ>op°A° k|Qh°g ky^pfp-h^pfp `R>u Qp°L$kpB`|hÆL$ [•epf \e°gp¨ D`L$fZp°_u
dprl[u ≈° Qp°L$kpB`|hÆL$ _ d°mhhpdp¨ Aph° [p° D`L$fZ A_° A°L$r”[ dprl[u
r_f\ÆL$ _uhX° $. Apd, k¨ip°^_dp¨ D`L$fZ_u kf¨Q_p S> °V$gu S> AN–e_u bpb[
dprl[u A°L$”uL$fZ_u R>°. k¨ip°^__p l°[yAp°_° kyk¨N[ fu[°, k¨`|ZÆ kpQu A_°
rhÔhk_ue dprl[u ‚p‡[ L$fhp k¨ip°^L$ ‹pfp dprl[u A°L$” L$fhp dpV° $_u `|hÆ
Apep°rS>[ ‚qæ$ep k¨`|ZÆ`Z° A_ykfhpdp¨ Aphu l[u.
‚ı[y[ k¨ip°^_dp¨ k¨ip°^L° $ _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ 605 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°dp¨
k¨ıL© $[ rhje_y¨ A›ep`_L$peÆ L$f[p 839 rinL$p ° `pk° Í$bÍ$ S>B [°dS> V$`pg ‹pfp
Arc∞‚pephrg `lp¢Q[u L$fu l[u A_° rinL$p°A° Ap`°g kde depÆ]$pdp¨ Í$bÍ$ S>B
[°dS> ‚r[r_r^Ap°_u d]$]$ gB Arc‚pephrg `f[ d°mhu l[u. L° $V$gp¨L$ rinL$p°A°
Arc‚pephrg V $`pg ‹pfp `f[ L $fu l[u, S> °dp ¨\u 830 rinL $ p ° `pk °\u
Arc‚pephrg k¨`|ZÆ cfpB_° `f[ d°mhu l[u, Ap 830 rinL$p° ‹pfp ‚p‡[ \e°g
Arc‚pephrg_u dprl[u_° ›ep_dp¨ gu^u l[u.
120
‚ı[y[ k¨ip°^_dp¨ k¨ip°^L° $ ]$rnZ NyS>fp[_p kp[ rS>Îgp ]$uW$ _d|_pdp¨
kdprhÛV$ dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°_p 5% dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep° (32 rh¤pgep°) _p
^p°fZ ]$uW$ A°L$-A°L$ hNÆ_p rh¤p\wAp° `pk° Í$bÍ$ S>B [°dS> ‚r[r_r^Ap°_u d]$]$
gB ‚Ô_phrg ‹pfp dprl[u A°L$” L$fu l[u.
‚ı[y[ k¨ip°^_dp¨ k¨ip°^L° $ ^p°fZ-8, 9 A_° 10 _p k¨ıL© $[ `pW$È`yı[L$_p
6 (50%) fQre[pAp°_u [°dS> [Sπ>op° [fuL°$ huf _dÆ]$ ]$rnZ NyS>fp[ eyr_hrkÆV$u_p¨
rinZ dlprh¤pgep°_p k¨ıL© $[ `Ÿr[_p 16 (50%) A›ep`L$p °_u Ïesº[N[
dygpL$p[ dpV° $ kde dp¨Nu [°d_u Ïesº[N[ dygpL$p[ gB kpˇe`”L$ ‹pfp dprl[u
‚p‡[ L$fu l[u.
‚ı[y[ k¨ip°^_dp¨ ]$rnZ NyS>fp[_p¨ dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°_p ^p°fZ-10 _p
R>°Îgp¨ ]$i hjp£_p¨ ipmp_p kdN∞ [\p k¨ıL©$[ rhje_p¨ `qfZpdp°_u dprl[u k¨ip°^L°$
S> °-[° ipmp_p S>°-[° rhcpN_p L$peÆgedp¨ Í$bÍ$ S>B [°dS> S>°-[° ipmpdp¨ k¨ıL© $[
rhje_y ¨ A›ep`_L$peÆ L$f[p rinL$ [°dS> ‚r[r_r^Ap°_u d]$]$ gB ]$ı[ph°∆
kprl–e ‹pfp ‚p‡[ L$fu l[u.
4.7 dprl[u `©\Ω$fZ_u fu[
‚ı[y[ k¨ip°^_dp¨ k¨ip°^L°$ ‚p‡[ dprl[u_p `©\Ω$fZ dpV°$ V$L$phpfu, L$pBhNÆ
d|Îe, kf°fpi cpfp ¨L $, rh^p__p° AN∞[pæ$d A_° hZÆ_p–dL$ `©\Ω$fZ S> °hu
A¨L$ip˜ue ‚rhr^_p° D`ep°N L$ep£ l[p°.
‚ı[y[ k¨ip°^_dp¨ _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ \[p 605 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°_p
k¨ıL© $[ rhje_p 830 rinL$p° `pk°\u Arc‚pephrg ‹pfp ‚p‡[ \e°g Arc‚pep°_y ¨
`©\Ω$fZ L$fhp dpV° $ k¨ip°^L° $ ‚–e°L$ rh^p_ dpV° $ L$pBhNÆ ( c2 ) d|Îe_u NZ[fu
L$fu l[u. L$pBhNÆ ( c2 ) d|Îe ip°^hp dpV° $ _uQ°_p k|”_p° D`ep°N L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep°
l[p°.
S (fo - fe) 2
fe
fo = r_furn[ Aph©r—
fe = A`°rn[ Aph©r—
S = b^p_p° kfhpmp°
c2 =
121
`|h£_p k|”_p° D`ep°N L$fu Arc‚pephrgdp¨ ‚p‡[ Arc‚pep° D`f\u ‚–e°L$
rh^p__u kp\ÆL$[p [`pkhp dpV° $ L$pBhNÆ ( c2 ) d|Îe ip°^u [°_y ¨ A\ÆOV$_ L$fhpdp¨
ApÏey ¨ l[y ¨. Ap D`fp¨[ k¨ip°^L° $ Arc‚pephrg_p¨ ]$f°L$ rh^p_p°_u kpd° `¨Qtb]y $
`f Arc‚pep°_u S>° Aph©r—Ap° ‚p‡[ \B [° ‚–e°L$ Aph©r—_u V$L$phpfu ip°^u l[u.
[°dS> Arc‚pephrg_p ]$f °L $ rh^p_ dpV° $ kf°fpi NyZcpf ip°^u [°_° Ap^pf°
rh^p_p°_° AN∞[pæ$d Ap‡ep l[p°. _L$pfp–dL$ `¨Qtb]y$ rh^p_p° dpV° $ NyZp¨L$ A_yæ$d°
1, 2, 3, 4 A_° 5 ƒepf° lL$pfp–dL$ `¨Qtb]y $ rh^p_p° dpV° $ 5, 4, 3, 2 A_° 1 NyZp¨L$
d|L$hpdp¨ ApÏep l[p.
‚ı[y[ k¨ip°^_dp¨ _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ \[p 32 dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°_p 4716
rh¤p\wAp° `pk°\u ‚Ô_phrg ‹pfp ‚p‡[ \e°g ‚r[Qpfp°_y ¨ `©\Ω$fZ L$fhp dpV° $
k¨ip°^L° $ ‘lp’ A_° ‘_p’ _p D—fp° ‚dpZ° Aph©r— d°mhu V$L$phpfu ip°^u l[u.
‚ı[y[ k¨ip°^_dp¨ Arc‚pephrg D`L$fZdp¨ rinL$p °_° gN[u kpdpfie
dprl[u [°dS> dyº[ S>hpbu ‚Ô_p °_u NyZp–dL$ dprl[u A_° `pW$È`yı[L$_p
fQre[pAp° [\p [Sπ>op° ‹pfp kpˇe`”L$ D`L$fZ ‹pfp ‚p‡[ \e°g NyZp–dL$
dprl[u_y ¨ kpdpfieuL$fZ L$fu `©\Ω$fZ A_° A\ÆOV$_ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey ¨ l[y ¨.
‚ı[y[ k¨ip°^_dp¨ ]$rnZ NyS>fp[_p¨ dp›erdL$ rh¤pgep°_p ^p°fZ-10 _p
R>°Îgp¨ ]$i hjp£_p¨ ipmp_p kdN∞ A_° k¨ıL© $[ rhje_p¨ `qfZpdp°_u dprl[u ‚pr‡[
dpV°$ ]$ı[ph°∆ kprl–e_p° D`ep°N L$ep£ l[p°. S>°dp¨ ‚p‡[ \e°g `qfZpdp°_u kfpkfu
V$L$phpfu ip°^u dprl[u_y¨ k¨øep–dL$ [\p NyZp–dL$ `©\Ω$fZ A_° A\ÆOV$_ L$fhpdp¨
ApÏey ¨ l[y ¨.
‚ı[y[ ‚L$fZdp¨ k¨ip°^__u Ap^pfrigp A_° k¨ip°^_ ep°S>_p_° ‚ı[ph_p,
rhje_p° Dÿch, k¨ip°^_ `Ÿr[, Ïep`rhÔh A_° _d|_p `k¨]$Nu, D`L$fZp°_u
k¨fQ_p, dprl[u A°L$”uL$fZ_u fu[ [\p dprl[u `©\Ω$fZ_u fu[ hN°f° dyÿpAp°_p
ıhÍ$`° rhı[©[ Í$`° fS|> L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep. lh° `R>u_p ApNpdu `p¨Qdp¨ ‚L$fZdp¨
ıhfrQ[ D`L$fZp° [°dS> ]$ı[ph°∆ kprl–e_° Ap^pf° ‚p‡[ dprl[u_y ¨ `©\Ω$fZ
A_° A\ÆOV$_ A¨N° rhı[©[ QQpÆ lp\ ^fhp_p° D`æ$d fpMhpdp¨ ApÏep° R> °.
122
ñ: kprl–e r_]£$i :-
(1) X$u. A°. DQpV$, (1997). k¨ip°^_ kdıep `k¨]$Nu_p k•Ÿp¨r[L A_° Ïehlpfy
Ap^pfp° $. fpL$p °V $ : kp•fpÛV≤ $ eyr_hrkÆV$u, NyS>fp[ fpƒe$. `©.129.
(2) A°Q. ∆. ]°$kpB, A_° L°$. ∆. ]°$kpB$, (1997). k¨ip°^_ `Ÿr[Ap° A_° ‚rhr^Ap°$.
R>Ã$u Aph©r—, Ad]$php]$ : eyr_hrkÆV$u N∞ ¨\ r_dpÆZ bp°XÆ $, NyS>fp[ fpƒe.
`©.85.
(3) J. W. Best, and J. Y. Khan, (1986). Research in Education. Edition - Fifth,
New Delhi : Prentice Hall of India. P.81.
(4) Apf. A°d. cÀ$u, A_° A°d. bu. `¨X$Èp, (1999). kpdprS>L$ k¨ip°^_ `Ÿr[Ap°.
Ad]$php]$ : A_X$p ‚L$pi_. `©.75.
(5) J. W. Best. Research in Education. U.S.A. : U.S.A. Prentice Hall Inc.
Clliffs., 195. P.4.
(6) K. P. Pandey, (1983). Fundamentals of Education Research. First Edi-
tion, Gaziabad : Amita’s Prakashan. P.139.
(7) F. N. Kerlinger, (1993). Foundation of Behavioral Research. New York :
Educational and Psychological Inquiry. Rine Hat and Winston in. P.148.
(8) X$u. bu. ipl, (2004). i•nrZL$ k¨ip°^_. Ad]$php] : eyr_hrkÆV$u N∞ ¨\ r_dpÆZ
bp°XÆ $, NyS>fp[ fpƒe$. `©.413.
(9) A°Q. ∆. ]°$kpB, A_° L°$. ∆. ]°$kpB, (1997). k¨ip°^_ `Ÿr[Ap° A_° ‚rhr^Ap°.
R>Ã$u Aph©r—, Ad]$php]$ : eyr_hrkÆV$u N∞ ¨\ r_dpÆZ bp°XÆ $, NyS>fp[ fpƒe.
`©.93.
123