Kingdoms

3 Domains

Archaea

Bacteria

Eukayra

6 Kingdoms

Archaebacteria

Eubacteria

Protista

Fungi

Plantae

Animalia

• These 2 are sometimes combined together to form the Monera Kingdom when only 5 Kingdoms are used

Cell Types

Prokaryote • No nucleus

• No membrane-bound organelles

• Most 1 -10 μm in size

• Evolved 3.5 billion years ago

• Only Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Kingdoms

Eukaryote • Has nucleus

• Many organelles

• Many 2-1,000 μm in size

• Evolved 1.5 billion years ago

• Includes Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia Kingdoms

Types of Nutrition: Autotrophs

photosynthetic -organism that uses energy from the sun to make its own food, and

chemosynthetic -simple nonliving chemical nutrients such as H2S, sulfur, and iron is consumed and made into living tissue; makes its own food.

All autotrophs make their own food!

auto = self troph = nourish

Types of Nutrition: Heterotrophs

organism that cannot make its own food—must consume other organisms or organic wastes

Hetero = different troph = nourish

Absorber: organism that produces enzymes that break down food particles outside its body, then absorbs the digested molecules

Prokaryotic organisms (no nucleus) Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Kingdoms

Bacteria Shapes

Coccus (spherical shaped) Bacillus (rod shaped)

Spirillum(spiral/curved walls)

Singular Plural

Coccus cocci

Bacillus bacilli

Spirillum spirilla

Singular Plural

Coccus cocci

Bacillus bacilli

Spirillum spirilla

halophile

halophile

halophile

methanic

methanic

sulfurous

Archaebacteria

Archaea = ancient

Kingdom Archaebacteria

• Cell Type: Prokaryotic (no nucleus)

• Thought to be the original life form on earth that gave rise to eukaryotes; believed to be the ancestors of the protists

• Cell structure: no nucleus, no organelles, have cell walls that contain lipids found in no other organism

• Body Forms: unicellular

• Nutrition: autotrophs or heterotrophs

• Niche: extreme environments such as deep sea volcanic vents, hot springs, salt flats and brine pools, and black organic mud that lacks oxygen (anaerobic)

• Reproduction: asexual

• Neat Facts: fewer than 100 species

Examples of Archaebacteria

Halophiles (Salt lovers) halo = salt phile = love

Acidophiles (love acidic environments)

Sulfurous bacteria (high sulfur environments)

Methanic bacteria (high methane environments)

Anaerobic bacteria (no oxygen) a/an = not aerobic = oxygen

Kingdom Eubacteria

Kingdom Eubacteria

• Cell Type: Prokaryotic (has a nucleus) • Believed to give rise to eukaryote cell organelles; believed

to be the ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts; considered the “true bacteria”

• Cell Structure: no nucleus; no organelles; cell walls contain complex carbohydrates; all species have at least one inner cell membrane

• Body Forms: unicellular • Nutrition: photosynthetic and chemical autotrophs, and

heterotrophs • Niche: Common environments, live in and on organisms • Reproduction: asexual • Neat Facts: extremely diverse—5,000 species; many cause

disease; some make vitamins; used for food and drugs

Examples of Eubacteria

Streptococcus aureus

Cyanobacteria

Salmonella

Clostridium botulinum

E. coli

Bacterial Fossils of blue-green algae cyanobacteria

Algal mats preserved in rock Modern day

3.2 billion years old

2.6 billion years old

Eukaryotic Cells Kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia

Protists – yellow; fungi – red; plantae – green; animalia - blue

Kingdom Protista from microscopic to 150 feet large (the “catch-all kingdom”)

Diversity in Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Protista • Cell Type: Eukaryotes (“catch all” kingdom)

• Cell structure: have a nucleus, mitochondria, and some have chloroplasts

• Body Forms: mostly unicellular, some multicellular, some colonial

• Nutrition: autotrophic or heterotrophic; ingestion, absorption, or photosynthesis

• Niche: freshwater and ocean water, in and on organisms; anywhere where there is water or a moist environment

• Reproduction: asexual or sexual

• Neat Facts: autotrophic protists produce 1/3 of oxygen in the atmosphere; wide range of sizes

Examples of Protists

Euglena

Paramecium

Amoeba

Diatoms

Slime mold

Algae

Kelp

Red Tide

Kingdom Fungi

• Cell Type: Eukaryotes

• Cell structure: have a nucleus, mitochondria, but no chloroplasts; cell wall of chitin

• Body Forms: some unicellular, most multicellular

• Nutrition: heterotrophic (absorption); mostly decomposers

• Niche: most are terrestrial (land), some live on organisms

• Reproduction: asexual and sexual (rarely)

• Neat Facts: some cause disease; fix nitrogen; make medicine; release free oxygen into the atmosphere

Examples of Fungi

Bread molds

Mushrooms

Yeast

Mildews

Truffles

Penicillium

Kingdom Plantae

• Cell Type: Eukaryotes

• Cell structure: have a nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts; cell walls of cellulose; advanced differentiation of tissues (roots, leaves, reproductive structures)

• Body Forms: multicellular

• Nutrition: photosynthetic terrestrial autotrophs

• Niche: on land (terrestrial)

• Reproduction: sexual

• Neat Facts: provide oxygen; convert energy to food; used for paper, textiles, medicine

Examples of Plants

Trees

Flowers

Ferns

Mosses

Grasses

Kingdom Animalia

• Cell Type: Eukaryotes

• Cell structure: have a nucleus, mitochondria, but no chloroplasts and no cell walls; advanced differentiation of tissues and complex organs

• Body Forms: multicellular

• Nutrition: heterotrophic

• Niche: anywhere—land (most), water, sea and air

• Reproduction: sexual and asexual

• Neat Facts: used for food, clothing

Examples of Animals

Snails

Sponges

Fish

Amphibians

Reptiles

Mammals

Birds

Worms

Insects