Kingdom

PlantaeMosses&LiverwortsDicots Monocots

Fern Gymnosperm

Presented By:

Miss Vrushali Gharat

Class XI

Archana Trust Jr.

Collage, Shahapur. Presented to:

Mr. Kailash Vilegave

Classification Of Kingdom

Plantae

Green algae

Habitat : They occur in all habitat. Only 10% are marine. Majority are fresh water. Many are subaerial, they grow on moist soils,walls, rocks and tree trunk. Some lives in hot water and also in snow. Nutrition : They may be epiphytic, endophytic or epizoic. Some act as parasiticCell wall: Cell wall contains cellulose with a few exceptions. Cellulose form inner layer and outer is called pectose.Food reservation: Food reserve is starch.Some algae may store food in the form of oildroplets.Reproduction: Vegetative reproduction takes place by fragmentation,stolons and tubers. Asexual reproduction occurs by both mitospores and meiospores. The asexual spores are zoospores, aplanospores, hynospores, alkinetes, autospores.Sexual reproduction takes place by isogamy, anisogamy and oogamy.

Life Cycle

Economic

importance Algae.

Food: Many are used as food,

e.g. Ulva,Caulerpa,

Enteromorpha. Chlorella can

yield food rich in lipids, proteins,

vitamins and minerals.

Chlorerella and Spiralling are

used as food supplementary

even by travellers.

Antibiotic: Antibiotic are

extracted from Chlorella and

Calera.

Cephaleuros reduces yield of

tea, coffee, pepper, citrus,etc.

Sewage Oxidation ponds

contain green algae

Life cycleHabitat: Ulothrix is a genus of filamentous green algae, generally found in fresh and marine water. Its cells are normally as broad as they are long, and they thrive in the low temperatures of spring and winter. They become attached to surfaces by a modified holdfast cell.Reproduction: Reproduction is normally vegetative.Cell type: The cells of Ulothrix are Eukaryotic and unicellular. They are one of the 5 classes of microorganisms

Ulothrix

ReproductionReproduction in Ulothrix takes place by means of vegetative, asexual and sexual methods.Vegetative reproductionThe common vegetative methods of reproduction are fragmentation and akinete formation.FragmentationVegetative cells of Ulothrix break into small pieces accidentally. Each fragment develops into a new filament.Akinete formationSome of the vegetative cells of Ulothrix are converted into thick walled akinetes. Food reserves are accumulated within the akinetes. When the conditions are favourable each akinete develops into a new plant.

Volvos

Volvo is an algae with 500-60000 fixed number of cells living together to form hollow structure called as coenobium. It shows thallus of flagellate colonies. Volvas shows oogamy mode of sexual reproduction.

Chlamydomonas(Haplontic)

Life cycleCell structure: Chlamydomonas is a microscopic, eukaryotic, unicellular, pyriform biflagellate green algae. Habitat: It is found in fresh water and marine water rich in ammonium salts. Cell organelles: It has an apical papilla, two contractile vacuoles for osmoregulation and excretion, cup like chloroplast with red eye spot or stigma and a pyrenoid for storage of starch.Cell wall: The cell wall does not contain cellulose instead glycoprotein is present.Life cycle: The life cycle of Chlamydomonas is haplontic.Reproduction: Sexual reproduction occurs towards the end of growing season and during unfavourable conditionsi.e.winter.

SPIROGYRA

Life cycleHabitat : It is an un-branched green filamentous alga found floating in the fresh water ponds. It is known as pond scum or water silk. Cell structure : It is covered by a layer of mucliage. The cells are usually longer than broad. The cytoplasm is in the form of a thin peripheral layer (primordial utricle).There is the single nucleus, it is suspended in the central vacoule by means of cytoplasmic strands.Reproduction : Spirogyra muiltiples vegetatively through fragmentation during rainy season. Asexual reproduction is rare and occurs by alanospores.

SPIROGYRA

Spirogyra

Sexual Reproduction in SIPROGYRA In spirogyra one called male gamete is more active. It passes through the tube and fuses with other or female gamete. The male gamete shrinks before the female gamete. The cotaractile vacuole helps in pushing the male gamate into female cell. The diploid zygote develops a wall around it and forms a resting zygospores. Its nucleus under goes meiosis forming four haploid nuclei. Three degenerate and protoplast with the remaining haploid nucleus grows in size, beraks the zygospores wall and comes out as a germ tube. The germ tube develops into a filament. Life cycle is haplontic.

BryophyteMosses

Life cycle of Mosses

A typical moss plant like Funaria hygrometric (Cord Moss) is a radically symmetrical plant which is differentiated into stem or axis, leaves or phylloids and muilticellular branched rhizoids.Stem and leaves are not similar to those of tracheophytes as they are gametophyte and lack vascular strands.Moss plant multiply extensively by vegetative means. Sexually they multiply by forming sex organs. The sex organ in two receptacles borne at the tips of the male and female shoots. The life cycle is diplohaplontic with heteromorphy alternating of generations.

Mosses and Liverwort

Moss• Mosses posses radial symmetry.

• The plants are usually foliose.

• Branching is lateral.

• Rhizoids are multicellular and branched.

• Seta develops fully before the maturity of spores.

• Vascular tissues are absent.

• Sex organs are borne in clusters at the tips of main stem stems or branches. Abundant vegetative reproduction explains the gregarious nature.

Liverwort• Liverworts posses dorsiventral

symmetry.

• The plants are usually thalloid.

• Branching is dichotomous.

• Rhizoids are unicellular.

• Seta develops rapidly towards the maturity of the cell

• Vascular tissues are present.

• Sex organs are disposal variously. They may be embedded in the thallus, develop in the axils of the leaves or on the stalked receptacles.They may be produced either on the same or on different thallium.

Pteridophytafern

Life cycle:Adiantum (Maiden hair fern) and Dryopteris (Male shield fern)are the two common fern. Ferns grow in moist, cool, shady places. Adiantum occurs under bridges, water courses and walls of old wells. Plant body is perreinal independently living evergreen saprophyte. Roots are adventitious. Stem is an underground rhizome. Rhizome is sparingly branched in Dryopteris, moderately branched in Pteris and Adiantum. Leaf base possess an adventurous bud in Dryopteris. Lamina is unipinnate in Adiantum. Root has an epiblem, a cortex, endodermis, pericycle, two bundles of phloem and plate of diarch exarch xylem.

Pteridophytaeg:Nephrolepis

• The teridophyta are also known a vascular cryptogams.

• These where the first vascular plants on the land and considered as the first terrestrial plants with true roots, stem &leaves.

• The plant Nephrolepis consists of pinnate(feather like) leaves.

• These plants have primitive conducting system and they are the only cryptogams with vascular tissues.

• They do not produce flowers, fruits & seeds.

• These plant are small, terrestrial, either annual or perennial and grows in moist and shady places.

• The xylem consists of only tracheid and phloem consists of sieve cells only. Secondary growth is not seen due to absence of cambium.

• They show asexual reproduction and produces spores by meiosis.

Life Cycle

Reproduction in fernThe fern multiplies vegetatively by fragmentation of rhizome and development of adventitious buds.In Dryopteris the adventitious bud present at the lef base seperates and grows into a new plant. In Adiantum caudatum adventitious buds develops at leaf tips . When these tips touch the soil, they form new plant . Because of this reason it is also called walking fern . In certain season the mature leaflet bear stalked sporangia in cluster called sori . This soris are on the under surface of leaf lets it is called as main shield fern .The spore mother cell divides by meiosis and produce haploid force . The spore mother cell divide meiotically to form spore . Sperms are attached to the open archegonia , it fuses with an oosphere to form a diploid , it gives rise to embryo which forms fern plant . The life cycle is diplohaplontic with heteromorphic alternation of generation

Pheneroganesgymnosperm - Pine

Life cycle of pine:In India six species of pine have been reported. The common ones are:1Pinus roxburghii, 2 Pinus guardian, 3Pinus excelsa.Vegetative reproduction is absent. Pinus is monoecious i.e. Both male and female cones are borne on the same plant. A male cone is also called as strobilus or staminate cone, it has a number of micresporophylls(60-150), which are spirally arranged. Each microrsporophyll bears two microsporangia. The life of a male cone is a few weeks and after pollination it whithers off and falls.In the sporangium the diploid microspore mother cells undergo meiosis and form haploid microspores.At maturity the yellow pollen grains are released and dispersed by air currents.They form yellow clouds or sulpher shower in the pine forest.Each pollen grain has two air sacs or wings for making it light.

Structure of seed of pine

The upper surface layer of ovuliferous scale, close to ovule, becomes memberanousand develope as a wing of the seed. This

helps in seed dispersal.The outer fleshy layer of integument degenerates.The middle stony layer of integument forms the brown coloured testa or seed coat.The inner fleshy layer of integument perists in the form of thin membrane.The nucleus is used by the female gametophyte.A small remaining portion of nucleus papery structure known as perisperm.The haploid female gametophyte surrounding the embryo forms an oily white kernal.The plumule is surrounded by 8-14 cotyledons which are green in colour.The germination in pinus is epigeal.

Life cycle of Gymnosperm

Life cycle of pine

Life cycle of pine.

Cycas

Life cycle of Cycas:

Cycas is called as living fossils as it posses

many characters of extint petridosperm and

cycads. It is an evergreen small palm like or

fern tree like saprophyte.

It reaches a height of 0.4m to 20.0m.In the

male plant the leaf base are of two types and

in females the leaf base are of three types.

The top bears a crown of leaves. The leaves

are of two types large green foliage and

small brownish scale leaves.

Reproduction:

Vegetative reproduction occurs by fleshy

bulbils which arises in the crevices in

persistent leaf bases, on the basal portion of

the trunk. These bulbils are small ovoid

adventitious buds.

Seed of cycasSeed of cycas is orange-red colour which is fleshy outer sarcotesta for attracting birds which help in seed dispersal.Middle sclerotesta is stony, while the innermost seed coat is generally papery. Seed n=enclose a papery persistent nucleus a food laden endosperm or female gametophyte and a straight embryo a embedded in the middle. The mature embryo is dicotyledonus.It take 5-6 months between embryo embedded in the middle.A mature seed of cycas representes 3 generations-Testa and nucleus represent the sporophytic parent generation. The endosperm of female gametophyte represents the second generation i.e gametophyte.The embryo represents third generation i.e next sporophytic generation.

ULVALife cycle:It is also called as sea lettus leaves. Ulva lactuca is very common on rocks and on other algae on shores. It is particularly prolific in areas where nutrients are abundant. The sporangial and gametangial thalli are morphologically alike. The diploid adult plant produces haploid zoospores by meiosis, these settle and grow to form haploid male and female plants similar to the diploid plants. When these haploid plants release gametes they unite to produce the zygote which germinates, and grows to produce the diploid plant.

Structure of Ulva

Life Cycle of Ulva

Selaginella(club moss/spike moss-Diplohaplontic.

The small evergreen vascular pteridophyte/cryptogram is found in the tropical rain forest and wet temperature.The leaves are microphyllous,sessile with cordate(heart shaped) base,unbranched midribs.In some species the leaves are isophyllus. Leaf has stomata in the both upper and lower epidermis.Rizophores:In many species of selaginella,several long,leafless, colorless,thread like structure originates from the point of dichotomy of stem, they are called as rizophorous.

Seed habit of selaginella:

Selaginella shows traits which resemble the characteristic

essential for formation of seed .

i) Heterospory

ii) Formation of two types of gamatophytes, i.e. male & female.

iii) Gametophyte are nutritionally dependent on parent sporophyte.

iv) Gametophyte shows precocious development which is also

endospermic.

v) The functional mega spores mother cell is only one.

vi) In some species , a single megaspore develops into a mega

sporangia.

vii) In some species the megaspore is not shed but develops

completely inside partially opened mega sporangia. Microspores

reach there and form male gametophyte. Fertilization and

development of embryo also occurs there. However, seed

formation does not occur.

Reproduction in selaginella

Reproduction takes place by fragmentation,

bulbils(fleshy perennating shoot tip) & tuber

(underground perennating structure).

Selaginella is hetrosporous. The plant body

produces haploid spores which serve a means of

asexual reproduction.

The spores are produce inside the sporangia borne

in the axils of porophylls.

The zygote forms the embryo and embryo i

developed in endoscopic.

In salginella the life cycle i diplohaplontic with

hetromorphic alternation of generations.

Life cycle of selaginella

Angiosperm Angiosperm are the most highly evolved plants.

They range in size from tiny, almost microscopic

Wolfia to tall trees of Eucalyptus.

Sporophylls are aggregated to form flowers.

Pollination is through several agencies but most

prominent is by animals.

Archegonia are absent.

Xylem contains vessels.

Phloem contains sieve tube and companion cells.

Secondary growth occurs in stem and root of some

angiosperm(dicots)

Reproduction in Angiosperms:

In the Angiosperms the pollen grains reach at the tip of

megasporophyll and form a pollen tubes enter the

embryo-sac where two male gamates are discharged.

One of the male gamate fuses with the egg cell to form

a zygote (symgamy). The other male gamate fuses with

the diploid secondary nucleus to produce the triploid

primary endosperm nucleus. Because of the

involvement of two fusion, this event is termed as

double fertilization, an event unique to angiosperms.

The zygote develops into an embryo & the primary

endosperm nucleus develops into endosperm which

provides nourishment to the developing embryo. The

synergids and antipodals degenerate after fertilization.

During these events the ovules develops into seed and

the ovaries develops into fruit.

Life cycle in Angiosperm

Life cycle of

Angiosperm

Life cycle in Angiosprem

Angiosperms

Economic importance of

angiosperm Food: Cereals, pulses, fruits, nuts & vegetables are

obtained.

Oils: Edible oil are obtained from groundnut, sunflower, cottonseeds, coconut.

Spices: They include Cinnamon, Cloves, Chillies, Black paper, Caraway(jera).

Medicines: Some of them are aconite, belladona, liquorice, quinine, etc.

Beverages: Tea, Coffee, Cocoa are got from flowering plant.

Timber: It is mostly obtained from dicotyledonous trees.

Angiosperms are sub-divided

into two classes:

1.Monocotyledonae

2.Dicotyledonae

1.Monocotyledonae

These plants have single cotyledon in their

embryo.

They have adventitious root system and the system

is rarely branched.

The leaves generally have sheathing leaf base and

parallel venation while the flowers are generally

trimerous.

The vascular bundles of stem are conjoint,

collateral and closed.

In monocots, secondary growth is absent due to

absence of cambium.

2.Dicotyledonae

These plants have two cotyledons in their embryo.

They have a tap root system and the stem is generally

profusely branched.

The leaves show reticulate venation while the flowers show

tetra or pentamerous symmetry.

The vascular bundles of stem are conjoint, collateral and

open.

In dicots, secondary growth is commonly found.

Eg: Helianthus annus(Sunflower), Hibiscus rosa-

sinensis(China rose).

Sporophyte

It is the diploid generation in the life cycle.

Sporophyte may bear spore producing organs called as sporangium.

Inside the sporangium diploid pore mothers are present.

Spore mother cells undergoes meiosis to produce spores. This spores are called meiospores.

These spore are differentiated into megaspores(female) and microspores(male).

These haploid meiospores interlink the two generations as they are formed from diploid sporophyte by meiosis and give rise to haploid generation by germination.

Life

Cycle

Life Cycle of Sporophyta

Thank you !