Kingdom Plantae

Objectives:1) SWBAT describe the characteristics of all

plants.2) SWBAT explain plant classification, including

the major groups. 3) SWBAT describe plant evolution and draw a

cladogram depicting it.4) SWBAT compare and contrast nonvascular

and vascular plants, including examples.5) SWBAT describe each major group of plants.6) SWBAT summarize the processes of diffusion

and osmosis.7) Students will be able to explain the process of

photosynthesis, identify reactants and products, and write the balanced equation.

Plant Characteristics:1. Eukaryotic: cells with double

membrane-bound organelles.

Plant Characteristics:2. Multicellular: made of MORE than one

cell.

Plant Characteristics:3. Autotrophic- use photosynthesis to

make sugar (sugar is energy)

Plant Characteristics:4. Sexual and asexual reproduction

(alternation of generations)

Plant Characteristics:5. Cell wall of cellulose

Plant Characteristics:6. Almost all terrestrial

Plant Characteristics:7. Store energy as starch (many sugars

linked together)

Plant Characteristics:8. Waxy cuticle covering leaves

Plant ClassificationTwo Main Types1) Non-Vascular Plants: type of plant that

lacks vascular tissues to transport water and nutrients. Plants must move substances cell-to-cell via diffusion and osmosis. Grows only in damp environments.

2) Vascular Plants: type of plant that has vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients. Most widely distributed plant. Two types: no seeds or seed producing.

Plant ClassificationNon-Vascular Plants Mosses, hornworts,

liverworts Small in size Grows in damp moist

areas

Plant ClassificationNon-Vascular Plants No vascular tissues! Cells

are supplied with nutrients and water via diffusion and osmosis.

Plant ClassificationVascular Plants Vascular tissues present to transport nutrients

and water (can grow larger due to this) Two major groups: Seedless Vascular and

Vascular Seed plants

Plant ClassificationSeedless Vascular

Plants Club mosses, ferns and

horsetails Many have

sporophytes with strobili (compact cluster of spore-bearing structures)

Club mosses are the oldest group of vascular plants (ancestors could grow up to 40 m tall, modern day club mosses are less than 1 m tall)

Plant ClassificationSeedless Vascular

Plants Fern Structure

Frond: photosynthetic leafy structure

Rhizome: thick underground stem

Fiddlehead: small, young frond not yet uncoiled

Sori: clusters of sporangia full of spores

Plant ClassificationVascular Seed Plants Most widely distributed plants of Earth Seeds have many adaptations for dispersal

(limits competition between parent and offspring)

Two Main Groups: Gymnosperms (seed not part of the fruit) and Angiosperms (seed part of fruit)

Plant ClassificationVascular Seed Plants Gymnosperms: includes cycads,

gingko biloba, and conifers. Cycads are cone-bearing plants that grow in the

subtropics and tropics. Ephedra species of plants are used to ephedra,

a cold medicine. Gingko biloba is often used as an herbal

supplement for disorders related to memory loss. It is one of the longest living trees.

Conifers include pine trees, firs, cypress trees, and redwoods.

Plant ClassificationVascular Seed

Plants Conifers: woody

plants with cone-bearing seeds.

Male and female cones are often on the same tree but different branches.

Male cones are often smaller than female cones

Plant ClassificationVascular Seed

Plants Conifers Cutin (wax-like)

coating on needles/leaves prevents water loss

Most economically important gymnosperm group (sources of lumber, paper pulp, and resins).

Plant ClassificationVascular Seed Plants Angiosperms (seed part of fruit): plants

with flowers and that produce seeds enclosed in a fruit.

Two major groups: Monocots and Dicots Cotyledon: an embryonic leaf found inside a

seed. Monocots: have one cotyledon and vascular

bundles are scattered throughout. Dicots: have two cotyledons and vascular

bundles are arranged in a ring.

Monocots Vs. Dicots

Plant Classification Angiosperms

– many flower varieties.

Plant Classification Angiosperms – many

flower varieties.

Plant Classification Angiosperm Fruits

Plant Classification Angiosperms – common leaf structures

help botanists identify plants.

Plant ClassificationLife Spans of Flowering Plants

Annual Plants: sprout from seed and dies all in one growing season.

Biennial Plants: life span is two years. 1st year: plant produces leaves and a

strong root system 2nd year: stems grow, flowers and seeds

develop. Perennial: can live for several years and

usually produce flowers and seeds yearly

Plant EvolutionCommon Characteristics of Plants and Green Algae

Photosynthesis using same type of chlorophyll & other light-capturing pigments

Cell walls of cellulose

Store energy (sugar) as starch

Similar DNA sequences

= common ancestor

Plant Evolution

Adapting to Life on Land

Benefits of living on landLess competitionNo predatorsMore light

Problems – Adaptations Desiccation (drying out) - waxy cuticle Water underground & Light above ground

- separate roots and leaves

Vascular tissue (“plumbing”)

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis – process by which autotrophs

(algae and plants) trap energy from the sunlight with chlorophyll & use this energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into simple sugars (glucose). The by product is oxygen.

Photosynthesis Chloroplast – The cell organelle that contains

pigments and is where photosynthesis occurs.

Photosynthesis Pigments

Pigments – molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of sunlight; these molecules are contained within the thylakoid membranes to trap the energy from the sun’s light.

Chlorophyll – Most common and abundant pigment in chloroplasts.

PhotosynthesisPigments - Chlorophylls Chlorophyll a and b absorbs most wavelengths of

visible light, except for green. Green light is reflected, which gives leaves their green appearance.

PhotosynthesisAccessory Pigments Carotenoids – absorb light mainly in the blue

and green regions of the spectrum, while reflecting most light in the yellow, orange and red regions. When chlorophyll breaks down in the leaves of some trees, the carotenoids become visible. (Fall in some parts of the US)

Photosynthesis

Chloroplast Structure and Function

Thylakoids – flattened sac-like membranes that are arranged in stacks. Light-dependent reactions take place here.

Granum – Stack of Thylakoids. Stroma – fluid-filled space

outside the grana. Light-independent reactions of photosynthesis take place here.

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis occurs in two phases:

1. Light-dependent Reactions – this is when light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. This occurs on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.

2. Light-independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle) – this is when ATP molecules that were produced during the light-dependent reactions are used to produce glucose and RuBisCO to re-start the cycle again. This occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.

Photosynthesis Overview

http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/29603-assignment-discovery-photosynthesis-video.htm

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis:Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

Photosynthesis All of the oxygen released during

photosynthesis comes from water and all of the oxygen in carbohydrates (glucose) comes from carbon dioxide.

http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/calvin.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g78utcLQrJ4

Diffusion Main Idea: Cellular Transport moves

substances within the cell and moves substances into and out of the cell.

Diffusion – the net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Diffusion is a slow process because it relies on the random molecular motion of atoms.

Three Key Factors affect the rate of diffusion: concentration, pressure, and temperature

Three Key Factors in Diffusion1. Concentration of a substance

is the primary controlling factor on the rate of diffusion; the more concentrated a substance is, the more rapidly diffusion occurs. (ex. granulated sugar vs. cube of sugar)

2. An increase in temperature will result in more rapid molecular movement, thus increasing the rate of diffusion.

3. An increase in pressure also results in more rapid molecular movement, thus increasing the rate of diffusion.

Osmosis Osmosis – The diffusion of water across a

selectively permeable membrane. Regulating water flow through the cell membrane is an important factor in maintaining homeostasis in the cell. There must be a concentration gradient for osmosis to occur.

Most cells, whether in multi-cellular organisms, or unicellular organisms, are subject to osmosis because they are surrounded by watery solutions.

Osmosishttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPKvHrD1eS4