KINGDOM ANIMALIA

CHARACTERISTICS

EUKARYOTIC

MULTICELLULAR

HETEROTROPHIC (ingestive)

LACK CELL WALLS

TRENDS IN ANIMAL EVOLUTION

CELL SPECIALIZATION

CEPHALIZATION

EARLY DEVELOPMENT

BODY SYMMETRY

BODY CAVITY FORMATION

CELL SPECIALIZATION

CELLS FORM TISSUES, TISSUES FORM ORGANS, ORGANS FORM ORGAN SYSTEMS

– EPITHELIAL (skin, lining of cavities)

– CONNECTIVE (bone, blood)

– MUSCULAR (heart, biceps)

– NERVOUS (brain, nerves)

CEPHALIZATION

CONCENTRATION OF SENSE ORGANS AND NERVE CELLS AT FRONT END OF BODY

EARLY DEVELOPMENT

FERTILIZATION FORMS A ZYGOTE

BLASTULA (hollow ball of cells)

GASTRULA (germ layers form)

GERM LAYERS

The gastrula is made up of three parts:

– Ectoderm, a layer of cells on the outer surface of the gastrula, grows and divides developing into skin and nervous tissue.

– Endoderm, a layer of cells lining the inner surface of the gastrula, develops into the lining of the animal’s digestive tract.

– Mesoderm, made up of two layers of cells lying between the ectoderm and endoderm, forms muscles, reproductive organs and circulatory vessels.

2 TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT

PROTOSTOMES

– mouth forms from the opening (blastopore) of the gastrula

– Mollusca, Annelids, Arthropods

DEUTEROSTOMES

– anus forms from the opening (blastopore) of the gastrula during development

– Echinodermata and Chordata

3 TYPES OF BODY SYMMETRY Asymmetrical-no symmetry (ex,

sponge) Bilateral- body plan in which single line can divide body into 2 equal parts

Radial-body plan in which body parts repeat around center of body

ANATOMICAL TERMS

Dorsal- top or back

Ventral- bottom

Anterior- head end that goes first

Posterior- tail end that follows

Lateral- along the side (lengthwise)

BODY PLANS OR BODY CAVITY FORMATION

ACOELOMATE- no body cavity b/w digestive tract and outer body wall

ex. Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

BODY PLANS OR BODY CAVITY FORMATION

PSEUDOCOELOMATE- slight body cavity between the mesoderm and endoderm

Ex. Nematoda (roundworms)

BODY PLANS OR BODY CAVITY FORMATION

COELOMATE- body cavity forms and cushions organs, allows for growth of organs.

Ex. Annelids (earthworm)

FEEDING HETEROTROPHS

HERBIVORES- eat vegetation such as plants

CARNIVORES- eat other animals

FEEDING HETEROTROPHS

OMNIVORES- feed on both vegetation & other animals

FILTER FEEDERS- feed by

straining tiny floating plants

FEEDING HETEROTROPHS

DETRITUS FEEDERS- feed on tiny

bits of decaying matter

PARASITES- feed on living organisms

usually destroying or injuring the host organism

PROTECTION AND SUPPORT

Though not all animals have a skeleton, those that do can be divided into two groups:

– Those with an EXOSKELETON – a hard, waxy coating on the outside of the body that protects internal organs, provides a framework for support, and a place for muscle attachment.

– Those with an ENDOSKELETON – support framework within the body that protects some organs and a brace for muscles to pull against.

PHYLA IN KINGDOM ANIMALIA

There are around 2 million species and 35 phyla in kingdom Animalia, the majority of organism are represented in just 9 of those phyla.

• Porifera

• Cnidaria

• Platyhelminthes

• Nematoda

• Annelida

• Arthropoda

• Mollusca

• Echinodermata

• Chordata

2 MAIN GROUPINGS OF ANIMALS

INVERTEBRATES

– 95% of animal species

– No backbone

VERTEBRATES

– 5% of animal species

– Contains backbone

Invertebrates

Porifera- The Sponges

– Marine

– Asymmetical

– Filter feeder

Cnidaria- The Cnidarians

– Marine

– Stinging tentacles

– Radial symmetry

Invertebrates

Platyhelminthes- The Flatworms

– Marine or terrestrial (parasite)

– Bilateral symmetry

– Acoelomates

Nematoda- The Roundworms

– Marine or terrestrial (parasite)

– Bilateral symmetry

– Has mouth and anus

Invertebrates

Annelida- The Segmented Worms

– Marine or terrestrial

Arthropoda- The Arthropods

– Exoskeleton and jointed appendages

Invertebrates

Mollusca- The Mollusks

– Terrestrial or marine

– Bilateral symmetry

Echinodermata- The Echinoderms

– Marine

– Radial symmetry

– “spiney skinned”

Chordates

Organisms with a notochord.

Subphylum Vertebrata

Chondrichthyes and Osteichtyes

– The fish: cartilaginous and bony

– a vertebrate that lives in water, swims, has gills and fins and is usually covered with scales

– simplest and largest group of vertebrates

Vertebrata

Amphibia – a cold-blooded vertebrate

that generally spends some time in water and some time on land

– Smooth, moist skin

– Live in moist, cool places

– Lose gills and grow lungs as they grow up

– Most lay eggs in water

– Examples: Frogs, toads, salamander, and mud puppy

Reptilia – a cold-blooded vertebrate that is

covered with scales or horny plates

– Dry, rough skin

– Most lay eggs on land

– Live in warm, dry places

– Have lungs all their lives

– Examples: lizards, snakes

Vertebrata

Aves

– a warm-blooded vertebrate with a beak, wings, and feathers

– Additional Adaptations MOST Birds Have: ability to fly, instinct to migrate

– Penguins are birds even though they cannot fly

Mammalia

– a warm-blooded vertebrate with hair or fur that nurses its young and has babies that are born live