King HammurabiKing Hammurabi

King HammurabiKing HammurabiAncient Babylonian King who brought order out of Ancient Babylonian King who brought order out of

chaos by creating and enforcing harsh laws in what is chaos by creating and enforcing harsh laws in what is now Iraq. Hammurabi believed the best form of now Iraq. Hammurabi believed the best form of government was absolute monarchy enforced by government was absolute monarchy enforced by

clearly known written laws.clearly known written laws.

““Hammurabi’s Code” is one of the first set of laws in Hammurabi’s Code” is one of the first set of laws in recorded history. Many of Hammurabi’s punishments recorded history. Many of Hammurabi’s punishments

were retributive (vengeful) in nature. For example, were retributive (vengeful) in nature. For example, Hammurabi’s Code contains the famous phrase, an Hammurabi’s Code contains the famous phrase, an

“eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth.”“eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth.”

Jewish and Christian LawsJewish and Christian LawsFocused primarily on ethics (good and bad) Focused primarily on ethics (good and bad)

and morality (right and wrong).and morality (right and wrong).

Who Should Lead?Four Styles of Government

Opening

Which is the best way to make a decision?

One person choosesA few people chooseMany people chooseAll people chooses

• Summarize this book with your neighbor

• What does it say about human beings?

Lord of the FliesFamous book that uses the story of

schoolboys on an island as an allegory for the struggle between autocracy and democracy – and to comment on human nature.

Lord of the Flies Jack’s Way Ralph’s Way

Lord of the Flies Ralph’s Way• Multiple decision

makers (group)• Free speech• Relies on hope and

individuality• Peaceful

Jack’s Way• Individual decision

maker (leader)• No free speech• Relies on fear and

conformity• Violent

Leadership StylesDemocratic Way• Multiple decision

makers (group)• Free speech• Relies on hope and

individuality• Peaceful

Autocratic Way• Individual decision

maker (leader)• No free speech• Relies on fear and

conformity• Violent

Government StylesDemocracy• Multiple decision

makers (group)• Free speech• Relies on hope and

individuality• Peaceful

Autocracy• Individual decision

maker (leader)• No free speech• Relies on fear and

conformity• Violent

Government StylesDemocracyAutocracy

Decisions made by…

everyone through voting

Decisions made by…

a group of elected leaders

Decisions made by…

a group of unelected leaders

Decisions made by…

one unelected leader

Government StylesDemocraticAutocratic

Names/Notes…• Direct

Democracy

Ex: A Petition

Names/Notes…• In-Direct

Democracy• Constitutional

Monarchy• Republic• Representative

Democracy

Names/Notes…• Limited

Monarchy

Names/Notes…• Autocracy• Absolute

Monarchy• Dictatorship• Tyranny• Totalitarian• Emperor

Greek & Roman LawsGreek & Roman Laws

Focused primarily on property (ownership) Focused primarily on property (ownership) and power (rights).and power (rights).

Democracy – root wordDemocracy – root word

DEMOS = “the people”DEMOS = “the people”

KRATOS = “power”KRATOS = “power”

Ancient AthensBirthplace of Direct

Democracy

Ancient AthensAncient Athens

Between 500 BC and 450 BC, the city-state of Athens, Between 500 BC and 450 BC, the city-state of Athens, Greece overthrew its tyrant and experimented with Greece overthrew its tyrant and experimented with

Direct Democracy Direct Democracy during its “Golden Age.” during its “Golden Age.”

All All citizenscitizens were invited to speak freely and were invited to speak freely and votevote on laws on laws and important decisions in the Assembly. Citizens were and important decisions in the Assembly. Citizens were

chosen at random to serve on juries and serve on chosen at random to serve on juries and serve on leadership councils. leadership councils.

Athenian ValuesAthenian Values

Individuality: Individuality:

All citizens are able to think, speak and All citizens are able to think, speak and act as they choose.act as they choose.

Athenian RightsAthenian Rights

Freedom:Freedom:

All citizens can vote to decide what the All citizens can vote to decide what the society will do.society will do.

Athenian ResponsibilitiesAthenian Responsibilities

Equality:Equality:

All citizens should contribute to All citizens should contribute to society by serving in the military, society by serving in the military,

serving on juries, or holding a serving on juries, or holding a leadership position.leadership position.

Ancient RomeBirthplace of In-Direct

(Representative) Democracy

Ancient Roman RepublicAncient Roman Republic

Between 500 BC and 46 BC, the city-state of Rome, Italy Between 500 BC and 46 BC, the city-state of Rome, Italy experimented with experimented with Indirect (representative) DemocracyIndirect (representative) Democracy..

All All citizenscitizens were invited to were invited to votevote to to choose wise choose wise representativesrepresentatives to speak freely, and make laws and to speak freely, and make laws and

important decisions by voting. Senators were elected to important decisions by voting. Senators were elected to reflect popular public opinion in lawmaking and reflect popular public opinion in lawmaking and

leadership.leadership.

Twelve Twelve TablesTables

The Ancient Roman The Ancient Roman Republic’s legal code. Republic’s legal code.

The tables described how The tables described how senators were elected, senators were elected,

how laws were made, and how laws were made, and how power was used.how power was used.

The Roman Republic’s The Roman Republic’s “Constitution”“Constitution”

Dictatorship (in Rome)Dictatorship (in Rome)During times of crisis, the elected leaders of During times of crisis, the elected leaders of Rome would vote to give power to a military Rome would vote to give power to a military

leader. leader.

When the crisis was over, the military leader When the crisis was over, the military leader would return power to the elected leaders.would return power to the elected leaders.

The military leader was called a dictator.The military leader was called a dictator.

Julius CaesarJulius Caesar Emperor AugustusEmperor Augustus

Two men who changed Rome from a Two men who changed Rome from a Republic to an Empire.Republic to an Empire.

SocratesSocratesAncient Greek philosopher who started Ancient Greek philosopher who started

a school that a school that taught students to taught students to question everything.question everything.

His method was to His method was to ask questions that ask questions that could not be answered.could not be answered.

He argued that “the unexamined life is He argued that “the unexamined life is not worth living.”not worth living.”

He was accused of “corrupting the He was accused of “corrupting the youth” for teaching students to question youth” for teaching students to question

the wisdom of their parents, religion, the wisdom of their parents, religion, society and democracy. society and democracy.

He was sentenced to death for his He was sentenced to death for his “crime,” but committed suicide rather “crime,” but committed suicide rather than be punished for thinking freely.than be punished for thinking freely.

PlatoPlatoAncient Greek philosopher who was a Ancient Greek philosopher who was a

student of Socratesstudent of Socrates..

He thought that He thought that democracy’s trust in democracy’s trust in the average citizen to make decisions the average citizen to make decisions

was a bad idea.was a bad idea.

He believed that if all citizens were well He believed that if all citizens were well educated, democracy could be good, educated, democracy could be good,

because they are not, it is bad.because they are not, it is bad.

He argued that the best form of He argued that the best form of government was leadership by one government was leadership by one

person, the smartest man in society, a person, the smartest man in society, a “philosopher king.”“philosopher king.”

His famous book is “The Republic.”His famous book is “The Republic.”

AristotleAristotleAncient Greek philosopher who Ancient Greek philosopher who was a was a

student of Plato.student of Plato.

He thought democracy’s trust in people He thought democracy’s trust in people of different classes to vote for what’s of different classes to vote for what’s

best overall was a bad ideabest overall was a bad idea..

He believed the rich vote to take He believed the rich vote to take advantage of the poor and that the poor advantage of the poor and that the poor

vote to take from the rich. Therefore vote to take from the rich. Therefore the only people who could be trusted to the only people who could be trusted to

vote fairly were the middle class vote fairly were the middle class (educated but not rich). (educated but not rich).

He argued that the best form of He argued that the best form of government was a king advised by government was a king advised by

philosophers from the middle classphilosophers from the middle class..

His famous book is “The Politics.”His famous book is “The Politics.”

Julius CaesarJulius Caesar Popular Roman Popular Roman general who led his general who led his

army into the city and army into the city and overthrew the overthrew the

elected senators and elected senators and became dictator.became dictator.

One of the men who One of the men who changed Rome from changed Rome from

a Republic to an a Republic to an Empire.Empire.

Critiques of Democracy

People are too slow to make decisions.

People are too selfish to make decisions.

People are too stupid to make decisions.

People are too sheepish to make decisions.

Socrates Plato Aristotle Caesar

Thomas Hobbes

Thomas HobbesThomas HobbesEnglish philosopher who argued that the best English philosopher who argued that the best

form of government was form of government was Absolute MonarchyAbsolute Monarchy, so , so long as the king was good to his subjects.long as the king was good to his subjects.

He believed people were naturally evil and He believed people were naturally evil and wicked, and therefore need rules (a “social wicked, and therefore need rules (a “social

contract”) to escape what would otherwise be contract”) to escape what would otherwise be “nasty, brutish and short” lives“nasty, brutish and short” lives..

His famous book is “The Leviathan”His famous book is “The Leviathan”

John Locke

John LockeJohn LockeEnglish philosopher who argued that the best form of English philosopher who argued that the best form of government was one that respected people’s “natural government was one that respected people’s “natural rights” to “life, liberty, and property.” To him, the best rights” to “life, liberty, and property.” To him, the best

form of government was Indirect Democracyform of government was Indirect Democracy..

He believed that leaders who do not protect their He believed that leaders who do not protect their people’s “natural rights” are breaking the “social people’s “natural rights” are breaking the “social

contract” and deserve to be overthrowncontract” and deserve to be overthrown. This idea . This idea helped inspire the American Revolution.helped inspire the American Revolution.

His famous book is “Two Treatises of Government”His famous book is “Two Treatises of Government”

Baron de Montesquieu

Baron de MontesquieuBaron de MontesquieuFrench philosopher who argued that the best form of French philosopher who argued that the best form of government was government was anything that divided the legislative, anything that divided the legislative,

executive and judicial powers amongst peopleexecutive and judicial powers amongst people..

Montesquieu believed that Montesquieu believed that when too much power is when too much power is given to one person, they become corrupt, and the given to one person, they become corrupt, and the

society suffers. As a result, rather than give all power society suffers. As a result, rather than give all power to a king, he argued for a “separation of state power” to a king, he argued for a “separation of state power”

into executive, legislative, and judicial branchesinto executive, legislative, and judicial branches..

His famous book is “The Spirit of the Laws”His famous book is “The Spirit of the Laws”

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Jean Jacques RousseauJean Jacques RousseauSwiss born philosopher who argued that the best form Swiss born philosopher who argued that the best form

of government of government was Direct Democracywas Direct Democracy..

Unlike Hobbes and Locke, who believed that people Unlike Hobbes and Locke, who believed that people need rules to avoid killing each other, need rules to avoid killing each other, Rousseau Rousseau

believed that people were naturally good, and that believed that people were naturally good, and that goodness could be fostered through education. To goodness could be fostered through education. To

Rousseau, the “social contract” was meant to Rousseau, the “social contract” was meant to empower, not enslave.empower, not enslave.

His famous book is “On the Social Contract”His famous book is “On the Social Contract”

ClosingClosing

To be completed To be completed inin your notebook: your notebook:

1) Choose 1) Choose oneone of the four Enlightenment thinkers and of the four Enlightenment thinkers and discuss his ideas of government using discuss his ideas of government using twotwo of the 3 of the 3

perspectivesperspectives