King AbdulAziz University Faculty Of Computing & Information Technology 1 Going to the Library...

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King AbdulAziz University King AbdulAziz University Faculty Of Computing & Information TechnologyFaculty Of Computing & Information Technology

Going to the Library

2009 (SemesterSemester 1 1 ) CPIT 221

I.Samar Al-Taher I.Tagreed Baqais

2 CPIT221 – 1CPIT221 – 1stst Semester 2009 Semester 2009

Going to the Library • The main sections in our library.• What we can find in the library?

– We can find Research sources.• Books.• Reference books.• …….

• Using library re-sources.


Library classification systems- Dewey Decimal System

• Our library use Dewey Decimal System classification.• Every source in our library has a “Call Number” to locate the source on library shelves.• Dewey Decimal System divides all its content (books, journals,..) by sets of numbers into the

ten general subject categories, then each of these general categories is in turn divided into ten smaller categories. For example, the Technology classification (600-699) is broken down into the following sub-subjects.

• … ... … … … … … … …• … ... … … … … … … …• 500-599 pure sciences• 600-699 technology (Applied Sciences)

– 600-609 technology– 610-619 medical sciences

• … ... … … … … … … …• … ... … … … … … … …• 700-799 fine Arts• … ... … … … … … … …


Library classification systems- Library of Congress System

• Most Databases links in our-library-site use Library of Congress System classification.• Library of Congress System divides all its content (books, journals,..) by letters into major

subject categories, then all related topic occur under the major subject with letters attached to the major subject category letter

• … …. … … …• R medicine• S Agriculture• T Technology

– TA Engineering (general).– TB Civil Engineering (General)– TC Hydraulic engineering.

• … … … … … … • … … … … … …• U military since• … … … … …


Assignment 1 …… (printed, no hand writing)• The main sections in our library are:

• 1. reference books section• 2. …• ……….

• What we can find in the library? – We can find Research sources.

• 1. Books.• 2. Reference books.• …….

• We Searching library local Database (on computer) using:• 1. by title• 2. by subject• ………..

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King AbdulAziz University King AbdulAziz University Faculty Of Computing & Information TechnologyFaculty Of Computing & Information Technology

Essential of information research

Fact, Opinion, Claim, Support and Academic Argument


Definition: Fact, Opinion, Claim, Support and Academic Argument

• Fact - A verifiable, or verified, statement or piece of information. • Opinion - A belief about something. • Claim - As part of an argument, a claim is a statement of belief, opinion or

position on a subject or topic.• Support - Evidence which goes to prove a given claim.• Argument (Academic Argument) - A statement of opinion, belief, or position (a

claim) accompanied by supporting evidence which goes to prove the claim.


Practice (1)-Distinguishing fact from opinion

• Practice: Distinguishing fact from opinion

Label each of these statements as either fact or opinion if you think both fact and opinion are involved, then write both and be prepared to explain each of your answers. Remember, a fact need not be accurate to be a fact. It is a fact if it can be verified: you can claim that a movie ticket costs $10 or $90, and anybody can go to a movie theatre and check to see what the truth really is.


Practice (1)-Distinguishing fact from opinion

• Star Wars: A New Hope grossed over 10 million dollars in its first week, and it's one of the best movies of all time.

– Correct Answer: both

• It is wrong to cross the street when the light is red. – Correct Answer: opinion

• It is illegal to cross the street when the light is red. – Correct Answer: fact

• The speed limit on I-75 is 70 mph. – Correct Answer: fact

• The speed limit on I-75 is too high. – Correct Answer: opinion


Practice (2)- Recognizing claims and supports

• Practice: Recognizing claims and supports • Label the statements in this list as either claim or support, and be

prepared to explain each of your answers. • The basic parts of an argument are

claim and support• A claim is simply a statement of opinion, implicitly your opinion,

since you are the writer. A support, as the term suggests, supports, proves, or backs-up, the claim you've just made.


Practice (2)- Recognizing claims and supports

• Some kinds of ice cream are very high in saturated fat. – Correct support

• Only 10% of respondents said they did not always wear a seat-belt. (in the car) – Correct support

• The speed limit on most major highways is too low. – Correct claim

• Victor Frankenstein is a very troubled individual in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. – Correct claim


Practice (3) - Detecting bias (1)

• A good example of how bias enters into the production of facts and opinions is provided by the world of political "think tanks." These are organizations who employ scholars, politicians, consultants, corporate leaders, and researchers-some of them often very high profile-in order to conduct research, produce reports and policy suggestions, and to ultimately influence public policy.



• Spokespeople for think tanks will often appear on talk shows and the news as experts in a particular area (and often they are experts in a given area, though sometimes they are just high profile spokespeople, like actors endorsing products); however, funding for think tanks often comes from a very specific political party, or is provided from other sources with clear political agendas.



• And so while the think tank itself may not show any evidence of overt political bias, it is often the case that they produce reports and policy suggestions that are highly biased.



• Many think tanks will purport to operate in the public interest, and the word "public" will often appear in the institute's name; but the think tank may have decided what the public's best interest is before it even begins any research.



• In order to discover how political bias can shape research and policy making, visit the think tank websites below and describe the bias each seems to show on an issue of your choosing. Describe how you might use that biased reporting in a paper. Remember, biased sources can often be balanced against each other.

• 1. The Heritage Foundation http://www.heritagefoundation.org

• 2. The Urban Institute http://www.urban.org• 3. CATO Institute http://www.cato.org/• 4. Center for American Progress http://

www.americanprogress.org• 5. RAND Corporation http://www.rand.org• 6. Center for Public Integrity http://www.publicintegrity.org• 7. Carnegie Endowment http://

www.carnegieendowment.org


When facts are in dispute (1)• Two legitimate sources may sometimes offer opposite versions of the facts. How

do you choose which side is correct? Puzzling out what facts to trust can be difficult, but a strong research paper will take the opportunity to discuss the varying viewpoints, and can show off your skills as a researcher, as you use various sources and detect possible biases within each source.

Sometimes "facts" are contradictory because they are not measuring the same things. When you balance a checkbook, you will come up with different numbers depending on whether or not you count checks you wrote that have not yet been cashed. Make sure, before you start, that you are comparing apples to apples.


When facts are in dispute (2)• Another important, and related, consideration needs to be whether you are indeed dealing

with facts or opinions. Bias covered in chapter3 and chapter5, involves the manipulation of facts – assumptions, selective quoting, interpretation – to support an opinion, and can often involve turning a fact into an opinion.

• The best course of action when you are writing a research paper is to be as transparent as possible. In other words, when you do run into the case where facts are in dispute, you should make this dispute clear to your reader. Let your reader know that even the basic statistics are reported differently. Never try to hide a dispute about facts: your academic integrity and honesty are at stake.

Checking multiple sources, mentioning discrepancies, and seeking out those sources that seem to provide facts within an unbiased framework, can help provide solid ground on which your paper can stand.


Definition: URL, Web, Internet • URL - URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. A URL is another name for a

“web address”, designating a specific location on the internet. • Web - A shortened form of World Wide Web (for which the "www" in web

addresses stands). The web is the entire collection of locations internet users can visit. Of course, the web is changing all the time as sites are added, deleted and altered.

• Internet - An extensive network of computers and servers able to communicate electronically with each other to store and display information. The internet involves so many different things, it is almost impossible to define.

• For web material be wear if the web-page is under construction: Is there any indication that the page is complete and is not still under construction?


Database sites

• In general sites either free or not-free ( required a subscription, password or CD-ROM to access them)

• Is it, Bibliographic Database sites, or Full text Database sites?– Bibliographic Database is an electronic version of “bibliographic index”.

Alphabetical listing of the entire source a writer has consulted or cited in his or her work. Give you abstract of an article

• "Bibliographies index" list books, periodicals and other research materials published in particular subject area.

• “Periodical index" list journal, magazines, and newspaper articles.– Full text Database give you the actual article -- full text of an article

• Locating the Full-text article, is a must if you going to use it in your research project

• Locating the Full-text of the E-book, also is a must if you going to use it in your research project

• Most Databases links on internet use Library of Congress System classification.


Sites contents• Primary, secondary source

– Primary Sources—this category includes newspapers, studies, original statistics, original theory work, the classics and works of art and literature

– Secondary Sources—these are works that interpret other works. For example a journal article that analyzes someone else’s theory or a literature review

• Single, secondary web page – Single web page, is a complete in it self and is not connected to a

large, professional web project. – Secondary web page, is part of a larger, professional web project;

the page has a title but features the name of the project as well.


Where dose the Research sources come from?

1. Locate sponsor or publisher name.• Sites are sponsored by organization, Government, university, non-

profit-organization, company,….etc. • Site domain: org, gov, edu, com …• Example of good sponsor or publisher:

1. will-established publishing company.2. organizations: University press. (edu), a government agency.

(gov) or nonprofit organization 2. Locate author or creator name.

• It is often difficult to determine the author or organization responsible for website (don't confuse a "webmaster" with the author – webmaster may not create the text contained on a page).

3. organization and the author relationship• Example of good organization and the author relationship:

1. Scholarly journals that contain information written and reviewed by experts rather than reporters or journalists in main-stream periodicals (magazines or news-paper

2. Articles in online journals that use peer review by editors or web pages with articles that have been digitally reprinted from books or journals give evidence of being reliable and truthful


Look for the following to locate the name of an organization or author:

• A header, footer, or page watermark that announces the name of the organization.

• The name of organization or institution in the URL (This may indicate an official affiliation, but may not). For instance, a tilde (~) before a name usually indicates a personal site linked to an institution server. This is not an official page.

• A hyperlink at the bottom, top, or left side of the page to the "home page" (sometimes the link will be labeled "about us") or hyperlink at bottom of the page to the author's home page.

• A link that allows you to-email the organization, the author, or the site webmaster ( you can ask him/her about any affiliations)


Look for the following to locate the name of an organization or author: …cont.

• You can also try "backtracking" through the URL by systematically deleting each "layer" or section of the address located between slashes. This might lead you back to the home page.

• 1. Because organization name, publisher name and author name is a very distinctive search term, to obtain any additional information, we can use Keyword-match Search engine, e.g. GOOGLE. Search with the name enclosed in quotation marks " "(to indicate that both words should appear as phrase). By that you can find information related to it/him/her or you can find if it/him/her published other books or articles on the subject.

• 2. You might also see if an individual is listed at "http://www.whoswho-online.com/ ", a site called "Whois" at "http://ww.whois.net/" or the Biography index


Stages of evaluate the source1. Initial app-raise: (stage 1)

– Do not involve content. (you do not read the work)– Involve Some basic information abut the work :

• Article, Book title• Journal, magazine, or news paper title• Author or creator. (editor if presented)• Publisher or Site sponsor. • edition , volume, Issue number and Number of Pages.• Copyright date, publication date. For internet source, Date of: posted,

modification, and retrieval• Whither it contains references, index.• A Summary of the content, abstraction, or list of the contents • Name of database, Name of library subscriber.• Title of particular page, General website name, Web address.

2. Deep app-raise: (stage 2)– Involve the information in the work ( you read the work) :

1. Purpose.2. Content:

1. Level of complexity2. quantity of information presented in the work, which is related to your topic3. relevance of information, to the topic under consideration4. well researched and documented.

3. appropriateness of the sources for use.


Initial app-raise, using Basic information

• You’ll notice that almost all printed sources or subscription article databases will provide basic information citations about source, authorship, and date of publication very clearly.

• Example 1: Type of source: journal from an online database:Author: Quentin SmithYear: 2005Article title: Research Into Dark Matter and Its Potential UsesJournal title: Aerospace Research QuarterlyVolume: 13Pages: 67-100Date of retrieval: July 10, 2005Name of database: Science American Archives

Name of library subscriber: College of DuPage, Glen Ellyn, Illinois• Example 2: Type of source: web site : Author: Alison Smith

Publication date: December 2, 2004Title of particular page: "When Good Policy

Goes Bad"General website name: National Public RadioRetrieval date: February 16, 2005Web address: www.npr.org/specialfeatures/12022004/policy.html


1- Purposes, Deep app-raise• all documents deliver information, but what are their purposes? All

information has a purpose, a goal or hidden agenda. • a. Idea, belief (opinion).

– To discredit contradictory views about the same idea, first you must state arguments on all sides. Then support one of the arguments giving justifications or state your own arguments with supporting evidences.

– Scholarly writing relies on reasoning rather than ridicule or rude put-downs to make its points. Objectivity and balance are distinguishing features

of an academic research.• b. Advertisement, propaganda, biased vs. Unbiased

– A sarcastic or superior tone is frequently a sign of bias. Even un-biased information may contains hidden agenda intend to persuade the reader. A biased source can be voluble to your research but only if you recognize its slant. In academic work do not misrepresent facts or ignore information that challenges your conclusions or belief; do not be like the car dealer on your academic work

– You must see if the information is part of sales pitch or promotion. Even if a commercial web page or brochure contains accurate information, its undeniable bias makes it of questionable use in a scholarly project.

• c. Fact vs. findings


2- Content, Deep app-raise• Information content main characteristics.

–First: even if they provide technically correct information Level of complexity may vary (is it elementary and too basic for children/ high-school level, general popular audience or scholarly-

college academic level). Who is the intended audience?

–Second: quantity of information presented in the work, which is related to your topic (100 pages out of 500 pages, or less or more).


2- Content, Deep app-raise … cont.– Third: one indicator of valid academic resource –

on the web as in your own work—is thorough documentation; source must be well researched and documented What are the different between well researched article and article that has documentation but not well researched?

– Forth: information-relevancy, to the topic under consecration: Is the information in the source relevant to my subject? Is the page or site a comprehensive resource or does it focus on a narrow range of information? If a site or page is not comprehensive, and focuses on a narrow range of information it might be still be useful, just remember to look at the page critically and to make sure that relevant information has not been left out.


appropriateness sources

• There is no single marker that demonstrates appropriateness of the sources for use.

• You must analyze a Varity of clues in relation to how you plan to use the information.


Factors That Verify Appropriateness (A)

• A. If what you need are facts and statistics, then the factors that measure the quality of your source are:

1. Accuracy (correctness, precision)2. Timeliness - recent3. Reliability (trust, trust-worthiness, integrity)

• Time Line is important if your topic deals with a rabidly changing field.– When information was created and updated determine if it is still valuable

and relevant. – Even if your topic deals with a rabidly changing field, such as technology, an

older text might be valuable. Example: investigating the history or basic facts. Nonetheless, for many research topics most current information is the most desirable, to verify some of the scientific information, and to be accurate.

– Pay attention to copyright date, publication date. For internet source Pay attention to: posted date and last modification date.• Note: to determine when a website was last updated, enter

<javascript:alert(document.lastModified)> in the address filed and then press "enter". The last update information will appear in window.


Factors That Verify Appropriateness (B)

• B. If what you need is opinion that supports a position, then the factors that measure the quality of your source are:

1. Credible (believable, possible, logical).2. Reasonable (to be moderate, sensible, rational)3. From noted authoritative


Factors That Verify Appropriateness (c)

• C. If what you need is first-hand experience that is persuasive (positive, valid) because it is personal, then the factors that measure the quality of your source are:

• 1.It might not matter if the author is not well-known, or not famous• 2. It might be student's own experiences


Factors That Verify Appropriateness (D)• D. is it look like Scholarly work: Pay attention to the tone,

style, or proficiency of the writing– Scholarly work looks serious (simple plain, no fancy illustration,

graphs, or charts). The language used assumes an educated readership.

– Scholarly work offers various forms of evidential to confirm its credibility, e.g. footnotes (reference list) and parenthetical citations within the text as well as an Index.

– Scholarly works are well written, grammatically and spelling correct. An occasional mistake in punctuation or spelling is expected, but consistent writing errors should raise an alarm.

– The full-text display of the online catalog using the library search tools often will help you determine whether your text has the proper "pedigree" required of scholarly text; It has information about: Author, editor, edition, abstraction, summary, list of the contents and publication information: date/company. The book/ article have bibliography.

– Is the website well written and grammatically correct, and dose the general layout of the page (graphs, design, etc.) appear scholarly


Factors That Verify Appropriateness (E)• E-Reputation: What do others say about it? Reviews and

recommendation are another way to evaluate the merit of source.

• Find corroboration -confirmation by other sources .i.e. find other places that have the same ideas presented in the source.– Is it used by others: if it has been recommended by an instructor or

cited in another, reputable source, you can trust that it is credible.– Evaluative reviews and a reliability rating: Is the review positive?

Do the various reviewers agree on the value or attributes of the source?

– Has the website received good reviews or been recommended in a summary or abstract?


Assignment 2…… (printed, no hand writing)

• Using your own way, locate and retrieve sources from library about: Research process and methods of scientific writing). (printed and electronic forms)– Books.– Periodicals articles.

• Journals (scholarly articles)• magazines.• news papers.

– Web pages. • evaluate the sources, if the source good then submit it (photo copy, print ,or print

screen for three sources only) • Photo copy, print ,or print screen:

– the first and second internal pages, first and second pages of Preface or introduction of the book..

– Note: Must contain URL Address, if from internet.• Photo copy, print ,or print screen:

– first and second pages of the periodical article• Must contain URL Address, if from internet.

• Print ,or print screen:– first page of the web page

• Must contain URL Address, if from internet.• Note: you must locate the full text.


Understanding web page layout• When checking a Web document, you must become familiar with the

three main components: the header; the body; and, the footer. Types of information typically found in each section:

• Header:• Link to local home page • Institution or Organization

Logo• Body:• Content or substance of the

page and site. • Intended audience. • Purpose of the information.• footer :• Author, Organization, and contact information. • Link to local home page. • Date of creation or revision date.


Evaluating sites

• These two pages provide information on fibromyalgia, an arthritic-like condition that affects millions of people

• Site#1:– http://www.umm.edu/patiented/articles/what_fibromyalgia_its_sympto

ms_000076_1.htm• Site#2

– http://home.rica.net/lkbowman/fibro4.html


Site#1: “Header”


Site#1: “Body”• General Description of Fibromyalgia Symptoms• Pain. The primary symptom of fibromyalgia is pain. The pain

can be in one place or all over. The exact locations of the pain are called tender points. The pain of fibromyalgia is often is described as follows:– Tender point pain occurs in local sites, usually in the neck and

shoulders. The pain then spreads out from these areas. The actual pain starts at the muscles. The joints are not affected. There are no lumps or nodes associated with these points of pain, and there are no signs of inflammation (swelling). Those who are diagnosed with fibromyalgia feel pain in at least 11 of 18 specific tender points. [See section on Diagnosis: Criteria for Classifying Fibromyalgia .]

– Widespread pain is similar to that of arthritis and has been described as stiffness, burning, and aching. The pain also radiates, which means it spreads from the original point to nearby areas. Most patients report feeling some pain all the time, and many describe it as "exhausting." The pain can vary depending on the time of day, weather changes, physical activity, and the presence of stressful situations. The pain is often more intense after disturbed sleep.


Site#1: “Body” (cont.1)• Fatigue and Sleep Disturbances. Another major complaint is

fatigue, which some patients report as being more unbearable than the pain. Sleep disturbances, particularly restless legs syndrome, are also very common. Fatigue and sleep disturbances are, in fact, almost universal in patients with fibromyalgia. Some experts believe that if these symptoms are not present, doctors should seek a diagnosis other than fibromyalgia.

• Depression and Mood. Up to a third of patients experience depression. Disturbances in mood and concentration are also very common.

• Other Symptoms. The following symptoms may also be present:


Site#1: “Body” (cont.2)• Other Symptoms. The following symptoms may also be

present:– Dizziness – Tension or migraine headaches – Tingling or numbness in the hands and feet – Digestive problems, including irritable bowel syndrome with gas, and

alternating diarrhea and constipation – Urinary frequency caused by bladder spasms – Painful menstrual periods

• Symptoms in Children. Although children and adults have similar fibromyalgia symptoms, some experts suggest that children may not have a set number of pain tender points. In one study, children had an average of 9.7 tender point locations compared to the minimum of 11 in adults. In general, children with fibromyalgia most often experience sleep disorders and widespread pain.


Site#1: “footer ”


Site#1: “footer ” (cont 2)


Site#2: “Header+ Body”


Site#2: “footer + Body”


Assignment 3 (printed, no hand writing)

1. Evaluate Site#1 2. Evaluate Site#23. Compare: Site#1 and Site#2

King AbdulAziz University Faculty Of Computing & Information Technology 1 Going to the Library...

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