1 An Introduction to Geology Ms. Pushie Geology 12 CHS 2010.
Kindom Animalia, Phylum Chordata pgs 448- 479 R. Pushie CHS 2011.
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Transcript of Kindom Animalia, Phylum Chordata pgs 448- 479 R. Pushie CHS 2011.
Kindom Animalia, Phylum Chordata pgs 448- 479
R. Pushie
CHS 2011
What characteristics set chordates apart from other phyla?
At some point in their development all chordates have these 4 structural characteristics: A notochord – becomes the vertebral column in humans A muscular pharynx with gill slits A post-anal tail – the coccyx in humans A hollow dorsal nerve chord – later modified into a brain
and spinal cord
These attributes are always found in the larval forms or early embryo, although they may be absent in the adult.
Phylum Chordata is divided into three subphyla Subphylum Urochordata
Example: tinucates
Subphylum Cephalochordata Example: Lancelets
Subphylum Vertebrata Examples: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds,
mammals
Subphylum Urochordata& Subphylum Cephalochordata
Represent 5% of chordates
Aquatic animals that possess the 4 characteristics of chordates.
No backbone or vertebral column
Perhaps represent a transient step between invertebrates and vertebrates
Subphyum Vertebrata 95% of all chordates All possess vertebrae, which are hollow
cartilaginous or bony structures that surround the dorsal nerve cord.
Body plan includes (pg 449): Endoskeleton Large brain with a protective skull Advanced nervous system Complex heart and circulatory system Special outer body cover One to two pairs of appendages Large coelom
Subphylum Vetebrata Terminology Endotherm – warm blooded animals. Internal
temperature remains constant regardless of environment. Ex: mammals and birds.
Ectotherms – cold blooded animals. Body temperature and metabolic rate change with the surroundings. Ex: all other vertebrates including fish, frogs, snakes etc.
12.2 Fish pg 452 Divided into 3
groups: Jawless –Class
Agnatha. Ex: lampreys, hagfish
Cartilaginous – Class Chondrictheys. Ex: Sharks, skates, rays
Bony fish - Class Osteichthyes. Ex: Salmon, trout, tuna.
Organ/Structure Function
Heart 2 chambered heart.
Circulatory System Blood vessels circulate oxygenated blood
Respiration Blood travel to Gills to be oxygenated
Nervous System Brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.
Reproduction Separate sexes. Internal and external fertilization.
Digestion One way, developed system.
Fish Circulatory System
Lobe-finned fish Amphibians Lobe-finned fish, have a fleshy lobe at the base of their fins that
is leg-like in appearance. Scientists believe that this fish is the ancestor of amphibians! Amphibians first appeared 350 million years ago.
*Figure 6, pg 454 Lobe-finned fish, were thought to be extinct until 1938, when a
coelacanth Latimeria was first captured by chance, they were known only from the fossil record. Since then several dozen have been captured and some of their behavior has been filmed using robotic cameras.
Latimeria is important because it provides an opportunity to compare observations from the fossil record with a living animal.
12.3 Amphibians pg 455
Reproduction external fertilization which only occurs in aquatic environments.
Gas exchange Young amphibians use gills as they live in aquatic
environments. Adult amphibians perform gas exchange through moist
skin, (cutaneous respiration), and poorly developed lungs with little internal folding and a small surface area as they are mostly terrestrial.
Nervous and Digestion Systems – highly developed nervous and digestive systems.
12.3 Amphibians pg 455
Circulatory System – Inefficient 3 chambered heart where oxygenated
blood and deoxygenated blood are mixed and then pumped to the body.
12.4 Reptiles pg 457
Reptiles are the first fully terrestrial animals. Reptiles first appeared 350 million years ago. 3 subclasses:
Anapsida – turtles, tortoises Lepidosaura – lizards, snakes, tuatara Archosaura – crocodiles, aligators and dinosaurs
Body plan includes: Thick skin with protective with surface scales to prevent water loss (gas
exchange) Highly developed lungs with much internal folding More developed 3 chambered heart The amniotic egg Lightweight skeleton Different joint positions allowing for more efficient movement
12.4 Reptiles pg 457
12.5 Birds pg 461Class Aves
Characteristics of birds: Descendant of reptiles, similarities retained include
skull structure, and presence of scales on beak, legs and feet.
The first endotherms Only animal with feathers (evolved from reptilian
scales) Their anterior limbs are modified as wings for flight,
while the posterior pair is adapted for walking, swimming, or perching.
12.5 Birds pg 461Class Aves
Characteristics for Flight Circulatory System –4 chambered heart. No
mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Respiratory System – Highly developed lungs and
the presence of air sacs which provide continuous oxygen as well as buoyancy.
Limbs – lighter, hollow bones. Excretion – purely semi solid, no urinary bladder Digestion – rapid and efficient Senses – excellent hearing and acute colour
vision. Superior sight during the day and night.
12.6 Mammals pg 465
Monotremes: mammals that reproduce by laying eggs. Descendant of a different reptilian ancestor than other mammals. Example – duck billed platypus.
Marsupials: mammals that give birth to partially developed embryo that continue further development in the mother’s pouch. Example – kangaroos, wallabies, and koalas
Placental Mammals: a type of mammal that has all of the embryo development within the uterus of the female. Includes 95% of all mammals. Example – humans, dogs, horses etc
12.6 Mammals pg 465
Mammalian Characteristics include: Hair Sweat glands Teeth Fleshy lips A diaphragm A four chambered heart A middle ear Mammary glands that produce milk (females) Endoskeleton A complex brain and nervous system
4 chambered heart
Application Questions Phylum Chordata
Read pgs 446-450, do questions pg 449, questions #1, 4, pg 452 #3, 4
Class Fish Read pgs 452-455, do questions pg
454, questions #1, 5, pg 455 #4,
Class Amphibian Read pgs 455-457, do questions pg
460, questions #1, 2
Application Questions Class Reptilia
Read pgs 457-461, do questions pg 460, questions #3, pg 461 #2,4,5
Class Aves Read pgs 461-465, do questions pg
465, questions #1, 2
Class Mammalia Read pgs 465-478, do questions pg
478, questions #6, pg 481 # 5, 7, 9