Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
-
Upload
andi-setiawan -
Category
Documents
-
view
227 -
download
0
Transcript of Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
1/43
Shinta Rosalia Dewi
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
2/43
The term usually refers to elements otherthan C, H, O, and N that are present in foods.
Regulate body processes
Give structure to things in the body No calories (energy)
Cannot be destroyed by heat
Minerals into two groups, the major salt
components and the trace elements.
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
3/43
Major minerals Calcium
Phosphorus
Magnesium Electrolytes
(sodium, chloride,
potassium)
Trace minerals Copper
Flouride
Iodine Iron
Manganese
Selenium Zinc
Chromium
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
4/43
Some of the major mineral constituents,especially monovalent species, are present infoods as soluble salts and mostly in ionizedform.
For example, to the cations sodium andpotassium and the anions chloride andsulfate.
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
5/43
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
6/43
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
7/43
An element is essential for life if its removalfrom the diet or other route of exposure to anorganism results in a consistent andreproducible impairment of a physiological
function
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
8/43
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
9/43
~25% absorption
Vitamin D aids absorption
75 is obtained from dairyproducts
Many products are fortifiedwith it
Deficiency : Osteoporosis
9
Very hard for vegans to getenough calcium
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://nirmukta.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/cow_and_calf.jpg&imgrefurl=http://nirmukta.com/2008/10/04/cows-excreta-as-medicine-insult-to-humanity/&usg=__8w8zbIg_PnQ9J7ZRo-VKSQnZnug=&h=1121&w=1561&sz=452&hl=en&start=20&tbnid=9ppKsSqhntIJWM:&tbnh=108&tbnw=150&prev=/images?q=cow&gbv=2&hl=en -
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
10/4310
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
11/43
Easily absorbed by the body Enhanced by Vitamin D
Deficiency are rare
Soda, phosphoric acid
11
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
12/43
Extra calories
Poor nutrientdensity
Interferes withcalcification
Replaces morenutritious drinks
12
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
13/43
minute amount, but critical energy metabolism, catalyst, ATP production
critical to heart function
Deficiency Abnormal nerve & muscle function
toxicity is rare, but can be fatal Large dose supplements Intestinal distress, alterations in heart beat
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
14/43
fluid volume regulator, electrolyte balancer deficiency
must be replaced with water if blood sodiumdrops
toxicity edema and hypertension
diet moderate in sodium is recommended
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
15/43
essential nutrient fluid and electrolyte balance
abundant in foods (especially processed) part of sodium chloride
rarely lacking
dehydration due to water deficiency
Deficiencies
Metabolic alkalosis Increased bicarbonate compensates for decreased Cl
Growth retardation
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
16/43
maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance in blood found in both plant and animal cells
less found in processed foods
deficiency hypertension most common electrolyte imbalance muscle weakness Diarrhea & vomiting Hypokalemia
toxicity rare from food over consumption of supplements
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
17/43
small amounts found in the body small amounts needed
deficiency can be fatal, excess can be deadly
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
18/43
essential nutrient Source : red meats, fish, poultry, eggs,
legumes are good sources mostly found in
hemoglobin carrier of oxygen
myoglobin protein in muscles, making oxygen available
iron balance is critical deficiency
fatigue and anemia Toxicity
6 12 vitamins with 100% iron content will kill a smallchild
(The dose makes the poison.)
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
19/43
cofactor for many enzymes affecting growthand digestion
deficiency growth retardation
sexual immaturity
impaired immune response
protein containing foods are a good source ofzinc
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
20/43
converted to iodide in GI tract essential component of thyroid hormone
regulates temperature, reproduction, growth, cellproduction
deficiency goiter: enlarged thyroid gland cretinism
during pregnancy
irreversible mental and physical retardation
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
21/43
essential antioxidant nutrient deficiency associated with heart disease
seafood, meats, whole grains, vegetables dependent on soil content
toxicity loss and brittleness of hair and nails
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
22/43
important player in several enzyme reactions deficiency is rare
food sources are legumes, whole grains, nuts,shellfish, seeds
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
23/43
cofactor for many enzymes that metabolizecarbs, lipids and amino acids
deficiency is rare
too much can affect the nervous system
found in nuts, whole grains, leafy veggies
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
24/43
presence makes bones stronger teeth more resistant to tooth decay
fluoridated water is best source
most bottled water is lacking too much can damage teeth
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
25/43
essential nutrient involved in carbohydrateand lipid metabolism maintains glucose homeostasis
deficiency creates diabetic like symptoms
sources include liver, whole grains, yeast
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
26/43
heavy metals lead
mercury
cadmium
enter food through water, soil, airpollution
interfere with nutrients
bioaccumulation
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
27/43
Bioavailability may be defined as theproportion of a nutrient in ingested food thatis available for utilization in metabolicprocesses.
In the case of mineral nutrients,bioavailability is determined primarily by theefficiency of absorption from the intestinallumen into the blood
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
28/43
Bioavailability influenced by: Genetics Nutritional status Nutrient interactions Aging
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
29/43
Fortification of the U.S. food supply began in1924 with the addition of iodine to salt toprevent goiter, a prevalent public healthproblem in the United States at the time
vitamin D be added to milk to prevent rickets
In 1943, the government issued an ordermaking enrichment of flour with iron,
riboflavin, thiamin, and niacin mandatory.
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
30/43
Breakfast cereals and other products.calcium, zinc, and other trace minerals
The sailors consume sweet wine laced withiron filings to strengthen their resistance to
spears and arrows and to enhance sexualpotency
Addition of iron to foods is a difficult
balancing act because some forms of ironcatalyze oxidation of unsaturated fatty acidsand vitamins A, C, and E.
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
31/43
Ferrous sulfate is the cheapest, mostbioavailable, and most widely used ironsource for food fortification.
Results of several studies have indicated that
off odors and off flavors occur in bakeryproducts made from flour that was heavilyfortified with ferrous sulfate and stored forextended periods of time
Ferrous sulfate should not be used to fortifyis to be used in mixes containing added fats,oils, or other easily oxidized ingredients
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
32/43
In recent years, elemental iron powders havebeen the sources of choice for fortification offlour for home use, breakfast cereals, andinfant cereals. These are all products with
long shelf lives. Elemental iron powders are relatively stable
and do not appear to cause serious problemswith oxidation in foods.
Bioavailability of the powders is variable,probably due to differences in particle size.
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
33/43
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
34/43
Calcium Calcium plays a major regulatory role in
numerous biochemical and physiologicalprocesses.
For example, calcium is involved inphotosyntheses, oxidative phosphorylation,blood clotting, muscle contraction, celldivision, transmission of nerve impulses,enzyme activity, cell membrane function, andhormone secretion.
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
35/43
Its multiple roles in living cells are related toits ability to form complexes with proteinscarbohydrates and lipids.
Calcium binding is selective. Its ability to bind
to neutral oxygens, including those ofalcohols and carbonyl groups, and to bind totwo centers simultaneously allow it tofunction as a cross-linker of proteins andpolysaccharides
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
36/43
In living systems, phosphates serve a varietyof functions.
For example adenosine triphosphate (ATP) isthe principle source of energy in cells.
Phosphoproteins (ferritins) are involved iniron storage. Phospholipids are majorcomponents of membranes.
Hydroxyapatite, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, comprises
the mineral phase of bone. Sugar phosphates, such as glucose 6-
phosphate, are key intermediates incarbohydrate metabolism.
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
37/43
These include phosphoric acid, theorthophosphates, pyrophosphates,tripolyphosphates, and higherpolyphosphates.
Phosphate food additives serve manyfunctions including acidification (soft drinks),buffering (various beverages), leavening,stabilizing, emulsifying, water binding, andprotection against oxidation
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
38/43
The primary significance of nickel from a foodprocessing perspective is its use as a catalyst forthe hydrogenation of edible oils
Copper is a cofactor in many enzymes includingphenolase and is at the active center ofhemocyanin, an oxygen carrying protein in somearthropods.
Both Cu1+ and Cu2+ bind tightly to organicmolecules and thus exist primarily as complexes
and chelates in foods. On the negative side, copper is a potent catalyst
of lipid oxidation in foods.
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
39/43
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
40/43
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
41/43
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
42/43
-
8/13/2019 Kimpang Meet 8 Mineral
43/43